1
B O
I HI
VN DT KIN TO TRONG DY H
C CHO HC SINH GITHCS
y hc b
: 62.14.01.11
T LUN C HC
i - 2014
2
i:
i hi
ng dn khoa hc:
1. Tit
2. PGS. TS Nguyn Anh Tun
Phn bin 1: G
Phn bin 2:
Phn bin 3:
-
Lu c bo v c Hng chm lup Tng
t
i gi
u lui:
-
-
3
M U
i hi XI cng
2011 Phn tr c
ng hii
1
. M
ng nguc, nhc
ch
2
. c rt c
c qu, kinh t,
mn ngu
lc, bn quan trng
ni Vit Nam
3
n thc hin s m
c cn vic bng hc sinh gii ngay t cp
Tiu h
Vi nhm ct kin to (LTKT), vin
dng trong dy h ng
ca hc sinh. Hc hc bc tip ti
hon to tri thi s ng dn
c i tri thn k
n bng HSG.
u vn d t
kin to nhn thy hc, tron k :
- Von n tng ca LTKT trong dy hc v
lun.
1
i hi bic ln th t b Quc gia, trang 103
2
i hi bic ln th t b Quc gia, trang 103
3
o hi bic ln th XI, trang 77
4
- m v DH theo
m kin tc.
- Jerome Bruner vn dng lt c
dy hc d hc ta hc sinh
Bu t nh
y hc LTKT nhKarplus vThier (1962) [68], Nossbaun vNovick
(1981, 1982) [79], Cosgrove vOsborne (1985) [80], Lawson vAbraham
(1988) [57], nhm CLIS (1988) [54] , Hewson v Hewson (1988) [67],
Bybee(1992) [51], Eisenkraft (2003) [60]
T c nhi c
c m rng c khu v- i
nhiu hi thp huc t chc Malaixia, Philippin, Vit
Ti Vi u vn dt kin
to nhn thy hc nhng m yn Hu
Ti
Trong dy h n thu GV quan
n vic dy hc tip ct kin to
trong dy hc biy hc (HH) THCS
cho hc sinh gip nhi
c ti cp, gii quyt v
c tiu h HH dng vt, nh th,
p THCS v
thng). Do vi
v h nh.
5
Nhiy. Vi nhic,
t gi gi hi
sm thy r tn,
Ngay c i vi hc sinh gi
th c li gii cc chkin t
it v i vi HS.
c sinh gi
i, c
kh thn dng
o ngay kin thc va hi v
hc,
u biri
T nh c ch Vn d
thuyt kin ty hc mt s ch
2. Gi thuyt khoa hc
Dt kin tm ca hc sinh gii THCS, nu
t to vn, ty hn
to mt s ch a to ra
nim tin, s hc hc tp, vc gi
.
3. Mu
M xu ng bi vn d
thuyt kin tdy hc mt s ch c cho hc sinh gii THCS
ng to ra nim tin, s hc hc t
lc gin cho hc sinh.
6
-
-
5. Nhim v u
5.1. u nhng v n v t kin t
5.2. Thc trng
xut mt s bi hc cho hc sinh gii THCS
m kin to
5.4. Thc nghi kim nghi u qu ca
6u
dng nh
u ch yu sau:
6.1. n
- u nhu v n dy h ng ph
- u nht kin to.
- ng ph
u v bng hc sinh gi
6.2. ng vu tra
- gi nhu thc tin dy hc HH c
bi t kin to nh thc tin ca
v u.
7
- Phng v.
- u tra, x lic nghim.
6.3. c nghim
Thc nghi c tin ca
xut.
7. D kin kt qu
- y h c cho HSG THCS theo
LTKT.
- xuc mt s biy hc cho hc sinh gii
THCS theo LTKT.
- Thit kt s t kin to cho hc
sinh gii THCS.
8. C
:
c tin
t s biy hc cho hc sinh gii THCS
hc nghim
8
C TIN
1.1. Tng quan v v u
u
Scorates (469 BC - 399 BC) t h
nhng trong vic to ra LTKT.
u th k 20, John Dewey (1859-1952 nhn mnh tm quan
trng ca s n kin thc hc sinh t kinh nghi
n th kin thc th ng cho h
phc ti h tr ng
dn.
Jean Piaget (1896-t hc ni ting
i Thc bi thuyt kin
to. Theo J. Piaget, hc thc cho
ch gii
chc l.
Lev Vygotsky (1896- c
c thuyt kin t
i trong m
i nhnh.
t h
ng rt l thuyt kin to n
cc,
t s lum v DH theo quan
m kin to.
Jerome Bruner (1915- n s
thuyt ht s ng ln v hc tp.
Bu t nh
y h
9
(19
Bybee .
T nh
p hc kin t
c m rng khu v- u hi ngh, nhiu lp tp
huc t chc nhi
Campuchia.
u c
Thi gian gi Viu luu
vn d thuyt kin to nhn thy hc nhng m
ng dy mt
s nh lup 10 THPT theo quan
m kin to
Cao Th (2006), Dy hc mt s ch
hm kin to
u t chy hc mt s
ni dung vc tiu h
s vn dng ca t kin to.
Nguyu t chc dy hc mt s kin
thc Vt kin to
u v kin to
trong dy hc ph
u c
Trn Vui, Trn Ki u chi tit v
dy hm kin to, tip cy h
vn dng kin to trong dy hc mt s ch c th.
Tuy m
t c u nhn ma kin thc, kinh nghim sn
i h chc sao
i h th c, ch ng kin thc cho b
10
1.1.3. Nhng khkhn, hn ch trong dy hc kin to
Mt s ng ch y hc kin
to dng dn ging dy c cho rng, mt cn tr
i v s nhn m
nhng cc sinh ch thng tr kt lun ca
a, tr ngi ln trong s i
h i ging dy c nh truyn thng (Prawat,
1992).
Thu t cc k quan trng trong vic thc hin DHKT
bp hc kin tu thng
dn tri thc.
Vim mt s ng gia s tham gia ho
cc tt ra mc. Ving dn
ng kin to ca hc sinh
m cthuy dc
m nh thuc cht ch i
ng d
lch s kt hp linh hoc c
u kin cn thi to ra hiu qu c cao. Trong ging dy
ng hc sinh gii, nhng h
ti ha, qua thit k ng kin to
i thc nghim ging dy rng dy hc kin t
mang li nh
ng hc tp ca hy hc truyn thng.
1.2. t kin to
1.2.1. Slc v v pht
t kin t thuyt v n gc t trit
hu khin h
11
Tri th ng tip nhn ng ch ng b
ch th nhn thc.
Cha nhn thng vic t ch
kinh nghim ch n chy
cng.
Mt s lun ca LTKT:
Lu m 1. Tri th c kin to m c bi ch th
nhn thi tip thu m ng t
Lum 2. Nhn th chc li th
gii quan ci. Nhn tht th
gi th nhn th bit ti.
Lum 3. H em
dn t ca nhi xung quanh.
Trong lp hn t
i bao gm vic gi
Lum 4. Nhng tri thc mi ca mc t vic
u chnh li th gii quan ca h cn ph
thc trt ra.
Lum 5. Hc tri thc m
m nghi (Tht bc mi
1.2.2. Dy hc kin to
1.2.2.1. Quan nim v dy hc kin to
c ti tri thc, h
ch i hn ra vn
, gii quyt v bu ng kin th
c sinh
khc kin thc lc m
h gia kin thc sn thc mi, tc vn kinh nghi
thc mi cho b
12
i kin to trong dy hc
Xu bn cht ca LTKT trong dy hc, nhiu
n to trong dy hi:
kin tn ti.
a) Kin tn ( Radical Constructivism)
D ng ca Piaget, Glaserfeld (1987,1989) cho rng
kin tn d
Kin tht qu ca hong kin to c th nhn
thc.
Nhn thi h
u m s
cng.
b) Kin ti (Social constructivism )
Kin tng dn:
Tri thng v
cu ca t c trt ra.
i hc mi bn thc bao gm
u t: D m nghim, tht bc mi.
c sinh trong dy hc kin to
y hc kin to
y hc kin to cn ph
n
- lit li n
- S dt ng nhn thi,
c.
- Khuyp nhc lo ca hc sinh.
- li ca h dn dc, dch chuyn
chic ging du chnh ni dung.
13
- u nhng s hiu bit ca hc sinh v mt v c
khi chia s s hiu bit c v
- Khuyi nhng tho thui v
n hc.
- i h c, s dng nh
hi m c sinh hi ln nhau.
- c mt b c d nhu
ca hc sinh.
- p b
n vi gi thiu ca h
hc sinh tho lun.
- Cung cp thi gian ch i hi cho hc sinh.
- Cung cp thi gian cho h h n thc, to tri thc
mi.
b)a hc sinh trong dy hc kin to
Trong dy hc kin to hc sinh c:
- Hc sinh c ri tri
thc khoa hc.
- i hn bc l ng c
- i hc c u.
- i hc cn s tr n hc ho
- i hc cc bit h hi h
- i hc t quynh nim tin ca h.
1.2.2.4. Mt s y hc kin to (Constructivist
learning cycle models)
y hc cung cp mt l c tp qua kinh
nghim ging dy cc s
mt my h
s dc t d h
tr. Nh y h o ra nhng dng
i hc, cung cp th
14
hi hc my hc
t kin t t. (Bybee, 1997).
Vic xy hc kin tc quan
c bit trong thi gian g
Thier (1967) trong d Science Curriculum Improvement Study).
Tia
(1988), Hewson
y
hc kin t c c
u qu trong vic dy hc kin to.
c 1. G- Tp trung s
kin thc ti a hc
sinh.
(Exploration) - Hc sinh hot
ng chia s nhng kin thc,
kinh nghi
th liu.
c 3. Gi
(Explanation) - S d
li gii quyt v
th vi thiu
m mi.
ng (Elaboration) - Chuyn dch v
nii hc
- b
Tip ni hiu qu cEisenkraft (2003)
c 1.G- Tp trung s
kin thc ti a hc sinh.
15
c 2. Gi m (Elicit) - c kin thc ti.
- Hc sinh hong chia s nhng
kin thc, kinh nghi liu.
c 4. Gi- S dng li gii quyt
v vi thim mi.
ng (Elaboration) - Chuyn d
nii hc
-
c 7. M rng (Extension) - Chuyn dch kin thi
i.
i 5E ch nhn mnh
ng ca vic gc chu
kin thc ti c m rm hc.
Nghy hc c
t s nh : M
c chung sau:
- n thn hoc cung cp
kin thc cn thin ni dung mi cho hc sinh t
tn to tri thc.
- y ving ni dung mi ca hc sinh
- i dung mi cho hc sinh
1.3. Thc trng dc cho hc sinh gii THCS ti Vit Nam
1.
m hc sinh THCS.
m hc sinh gii THCS
1.4. Qui n to trong dy hc c cho HSG THCS
Chng ti xut mt qui trnh dy hc gm 4 bc:
16
Bc 1. Tip cn ni dung mi
s d t
hc sinh tip cn ni dung mi:
i h
Gi h
ng nhng xu ni b c
Bc 2. i nghim
c 1. Tip cn
c 2. Tri nghim
c 3. i dung mi
c 4. Cng c n ni dung mi
Kinh nghim sn
n x
t,
tng hp
Lp k hoch, thc hin
c
c
X
Nhn thc
.Kolb
17
thuyt tri nghim ny c Kolb cng b vo nm 1984, theo
Kolb: Hc l qu trnh trong kin thc nhn c t s bin i kinh
nghim. Lthuyt ca Kold ch ra mt cch xy dng vs an xen gia
cc kha hc, cung cp mt cch hiu c th mt phn hoc ton b kha
hc nn c dy nhth no ngi hc cth hc tt hn. Tri nghim
tp trung vo vic t hc ca tng cnhn, cth khng cn s hng dn
ca gio vini hi mt n lc ln t ngi hc. thuyt tri nghim ca
Kolb bao gm mt chu trnh gm 4 giai on:
- Kinh nghim si h th ca
hom thc t v mt s vt hing.
- n x (Reflective Observation): Ngi hc s
dm ca b
- t, tng hi hc c gng
nhc.
- Hong th nghii hc lp k
ho kic lp k hoch cho kin thc
sp tc to ra,
chuy phn x v m, bi i
n kin thc, to thun li cho vic la chc,
kinh nghim mi.
hc sinh thc hin qutrnh tri nghim khm phni dung
mi, GV tht chc cho hc sinh tham gia vo cc hot ng quan st,
v hnhc lngo c, so snh, ct ghp hnh, xt cc trng hp c
bit, tnh ton, d on trn hnh v, cc mhnh hnh hc hoc cc vt
tht. Qua nhng tng y, hc sinh cth pht hin ra cc tnh cht v
cc quan h ming thi lin tng n cc tnh hung quen thuc (khi
nimnh ltnh cht, bi ton). T cc em bit cch phn tch (so snh,
i chiuc bit ha, tng t tin hnh hot ng suy on.
- Nu nhHS cth ng ha ngay ctri thc mi thGV s t
chc cho hc sinh thc hin tip bc 3.
18
- Nu nhHS gp khkhn, GV s nng va sc thc y HS
tip tc ng ha hoc iu ng (nu cn thit).
Bc 3. Hnh thnh ni dung mi
c sinh thnh nh ni dung mi mt ch hiu ng
thi n luyn cho c sinh mt stduy lgic tduy ngn ng, o
vin tchc c tng sau p c em tnh y ni dung mi:
- Nu nh ngha khi nim (nu cpht biu nh ltrnh by cch
chng minh nh ltrnh by li gii ca bi ton.
- Nu cc cch din t khc nhau ca ni dung mi (nu c
Bc 4. Cng c vpht trin ni dung mi
Trong bc ny gio vin t chc cho hc sinh tham gia cc hot ng
sau:
- Cng c trc tip ni dung mi thng qua hot ng nhn dng v
th hin (tmc n ginn phc p)
- Khai thc vpht trin ni dung mi
- Tm hiu vxc nh quan h ni dung va hc vi tri thc khc
MT S BIN DT KIN T
DY HC CHO HC SINH GII THCS
ng
2.2. Mt s bin dt kin ty hc
cho hc sinh gii THCS .
D xut mt s bi
2.2.1. Bio vn kin th kinh nghim cho hc sinh
kin to tri thc
2.2.1.1. M
19
t kin t hc sinh t ng kin th
dn kin thi trang b vn kin th
nghip cho h
c thc hin
d thc hin bi
a. t 1. S dng h th b sung cho hc sinh mt s
c
th thut) gi
b. chc li kin th
n ni dung kin to
2.2.2.1. Mc
Theo y h t thit k
c t y vic hc t dy
h h tr c tc thit k
hp vi nhu cu ca hc sinh nhc
tp [112].
Trong lu ng
i, gu hong cm tnh
ting hong cn thit trong
n to tri thm "g
ng tay v
C
s dng nh
i, nhng g dn dc sinh
ng kin to
20
c sinh
t ch
mt s i go g dn dt hng minh
- ng quy?
- ng cao c
ng sau cng phng
trung trc?
- to ra mng trung trng
cao c
- nh c i phi l i ba
ng cao cnh ca tai phi song song
vi ba cnh c ti tha
Qua m nh A, B, C k ng thng song song vi c i din,
t nhau tc sinh to r
T c chng minh.
ng kt qu trung gian
(t v nh hc sinh gii quyt vn
tc)
ng hng hp
t
dc ti
D
H
F
E
B
C
A
21
nng cho hc sinh m
khi cn thit
2.2.3.1. M
c thc hin
thc hin bi s du
a, K
Gi h
Gi h
ng nhng xu ni b c
s d:
chc cho hng th
22
d -ta-
c sinh tri nghim
b
m
u h
h ca di
dnh.
.
chc HS kim
nghi ng d
a h
y h h tr hc sinh trong
ng hp cn thit
h i dung mi mu quo
s d
d suy lun
t tri thc m
t 4.
thc hi chc cho h
ng sau:
* Cng c ni dung mng nhn d hin mc
n
* S dng hc sinh vn dng linh hon
thc
3 cm
4 cm
23
* kin to ni dung mi
*
u
*
2.3. dy hc
nip c cho hc sinh gii.
hc sinh tip cim
c 2. GV t chc hc sinh tri nghi
m
m (tri thc mi)
, vn dm
2.3.2.
c 1. G
c 2. Tri nghim.
c 4. Cng c
2.3.3. Dy hc gic.
c 1. Tip cn v ng vc 1 - a)
c 2. Tri nghing vc 2 -
i ging vc 3 -
c 4. Cng c ng v c 4-
- THC NGHIM
3.1. Mu, ni dung thc nghim
24
Thc nghim d
hc lp 8, gm 25 tit.
.
3.2. Thi gian, qui thc nghim
-
-
.
3.2.3. Quy
3.3. Tic nghim s phm
y:
- V
c nghin thy hc
c son thp vi thc t dy hc. Hi vic
t lc quen vi vic vn dng, viu chnh tri th
gii hung mp hc cp thc nghi
ni i vi chi v
25
li chng lp hc trm, hc sinh g ng tip thu kin thc do
t, mt s c sinh hc kh li tuy
c li vp thc nghim, hc
sinh c h lc sinh tip thu tt,
c u hin v c th hi
ng kin th gii quyt v
h
- V ng:
C
ch ng hc tp c . Kt qu cht
p thc nghii chng.
KT LUN
Lut qu
1. n c
c sinh trong dy hc kin to; mt s y hc kin to;
thc trng dc cho HSG u kh n
dy hc THCS
2. y h thuyt kin to (bao gm
m th i vi dy h
n xut 3 bi
ng mt s k thut dy h thc hin dy h
thuyt kin to.
3. Vn dng mt s biy h
gic cho hc sinh gii THCS, th hin qua h th
p minh ha.
4. chc thc nghi minh h u qu
ca nhng bi xut. Kt qu thc nghim cho thy
xu c hiu
qu tt.