english 12 unit 2 cultural diversity

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PHẦN VI - ASPECTS OF SPEECH
I- EMPHASIS:
1. Kinds (Classification):
1.1. Pronunciation: using stresses and intonation. e.g. Are you free? Really?
1.2. Written forms (transformation): e.g. She could hardly understand. ~Hardly could she understand.
2. Styles:
2.1. Verbs: do/ does/ did + bare infinitives
e.g. He visited us yesterday. ~ He did visit us yesterday.
Hoa loves romantic films. ~ Hoa does love romantic films.
2.2. Adjectives: It is/was + adjs + to infinitives.
e.g. + Knowing your limitation is important. ~ It’s important to know…
+ He found that learning English was difficult. ~ He found that it was
2.3. Reflexive pronouns: myself/ yourself/ himself/ herself/ itself/ ourselves/ …
e.g. She did it. ~ She herself did it. He thought that. ~ He himself thought that.
2.4. Emphasis case: It is/ was …that …(cleft sentences)
e.g. I hated him. ~ It was him who I hated.
I need a replacement not others. ~ It is a replacement, not others that I need.
2.5. Inversion case: here/ restricted adverbs
e.g. He could never find out the truth. ~ Never could he find out the truth.
We seldom eat snails. ~ Seldom do we eat snails.
II- QUANTITIERS:
1. Single verbs agreements:
1.1. each/ every/ either/ neither + N(s)/ of N(s) + singular V.
e.g. Each person has his own thought. Neither of my children gets up late.
1.2. each/ every + N(s)/ each/ every + N + singular V
e.g. Each day and each night passes without me missing her./ Each of the boys has his own books of photos.
1.3. every/ some/ no + singular V(s) e.g. Someone was sitting outside. No-one knows him.
1.4. plural forms but singular verbs: news/ physics/ economics/ politics/ linguistics/ genetics/
athletes/ mumps/ the United States/ the PhiliP.Pines/ Wales/…
e.g. The United States was shock by the bombing on September 11

th
.
The Philippines is a developing.
1.5. uncountable nouns: furniture/ water/ traffic/ progress/ homework/ knowledge/…
e.g. Water is composed by Oxygen and Hydrogen. At this time of day, traffic is very heavy.
1.6. distance/ time/ money:
e.g. Five miles is a relatively far distance. Fifty billion dongs is a big sum of money.
1.7. titles of books/ articles/ stories: e.g. “Tom and Jerry” is well-known all over the world.
“The seven dragon pearls” is a picture book.
1.8. subjective clauses: e.g. All that he needed was a full apology. What I really like is an ice cream.
2. Plural verbs agreements:
2.1. combination “and”: e.g. Tom and his friends were walking to school.
2.2. “the + adj(s)” form: e.g. The English are cool. The rich are not always happy.
2.3. collective nouns: e.g. Cattle are driven to the field.
2.4. some/ a few/ a lot of/ both/… e.g. Some boys are resigned.
3. Various agreements:
3.1. Either or
Neither + N1 nor + N2 + V
Not only but also (but ….as well )
e.g. Either Tom or his friends are coming. Neither the Prime Minister nor his ministers have been injured.
3.2. The number of + N(s) + singular V
A number of + N(s) + plural V
e.g. The number of attendants is poor. A number of visitors are killed.
3.3. Pronoun1/ N1 + pre + pronoun2/ N2 + singular V.
e.g. A pair of shoes is cheaper than a table. Two pairs of shoes is much more expensive than a table.
3.4. All/ some/ plenty / a lot singular N(s) + singular V
Half/ most/ the rest/ lots + of + plural N(s) + plural V
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CREATED BY DO QUOC BINH – TEACHER OF ENGLISH - /
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e.g. A lot of money is lost. All of them have been arrested.
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CREATED BY DO QUOC BINH – TEACHER OF ENGLISH - /
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