Giáo trình môn Văn hóa doanh nghiệp

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GIÁO TRÌNH MÔN VĂN HÓA DOANH NGHIỆP
TỔNG QUAN VỀ VĂN HÓA VÀ VĂN HÓA DOANH NGHIỆP
1. Văn hóa và văn hóa doanh nghiệp
1.1 Khái quát về văn hóa
1.1.1. Khái niệm

!"!# $%&'()*+,-.%&'
$(%&(/*+01 2"3,('
- Theo nghĩa gốc của từ
4!*56708((9:;<=0;<&!>7?((:;<
@">A(B(B"C.D;E(() %0FG0H
7*5I(C((*+J$)0)BK
$-(F0&L0  !&,G%M*
4!*5@H0;<N&O0C3 P)QR S
T!10&T!"0U('*,*+3V(
(W3M &"XY Z[(7\].QR
 9&:&T!0&/0UY>,M0&L '
;^0/_70U 7
#*_70C(7`!*5@H !*567(
$)(3M &0(F&*:3F&
0HF BK$ *>0a)  * ($
/J`/T!5
- Căn cứ vào phạm vi nghiên cứu
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b69!`"($0 O,(.&X_
 ;Z*&[(&2Xc
d0< <*8<.e*`-
J *0<'!&(7. 3M*V
 '*

\`09) 70eM&$
*- .(7*Z%U0.&;<!"Bc<.
$%<0UX BK$N$ $MB(&
X_ ;ZV&L*%&G*E'E
f %M&E'Ef($/
69g#hI\i0Q $!",0O,&e*0'
;Z0_0"0MA%G`3M$$F
20B 0[(/0BK$A%H-3F'(_0*5
 M//0.[(753M*0.'&X0.(7
/1*WAR
69NF\UjkQ2SF0a*2LU($/0 *
& !&H.0.<0"0!&!(_0%G0H
&0G'(_0.HL  7e00J
&!*5;'0!*5"cL 3$(lm& !&"
  O+!G!*5"3,('
  *KMVU".(Z(/0 ]
nFR
69hN9kQ &](%*K[(`M0 &
o]<((%*KGMR
b69)T!0 .$ &X;Z
*6! 70%G:&G0_PG0GA> 
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'(_:G0'MA>*+ !'U'/

b69)T!5.0*$ E E'
(_,!3'& %<%f(_%&
- Căn cứ theo hình thức biểu hiện
*+! _ &;Z07
Y509&! 73F_,:39> 

!_,:39>
\&0M[(01Xca*&M!p(7
/*k6@HNF0/q&6 0& 0&"A(($2
_,\&!L0_![(&0& '(73M&X0&
(p"$$A ($2!_,6(7_70
!`a-)*5/3J2$M!p
*M7<(/Q_,R Q!_,R*&.(2 &H23
.(5(0F (0*& U*R@,2*
%HF`&$67#(7`0p(&_,
.(2F.F0.`0.*YC0
.  0 H_3MA &H2*J0!
& [(5e0 &F0%H &XX
c
#*_70%&'$0.&X_ ;Z
*+cL MX*//0P0F  $
r$ & `,*5&Y0&/0&T!0/
[('.* *0.*` H*BK$
?&'kQ  3$.&X_ ;Z  *
[(&2XcR
3
4
1.1.2. Các yếu tố cấu thành văn hóa
 $!!"! @,,(3M0
ZB9Bs&7<(/( d %&'0,
 )53M _ ;Z
8_
_  3$.&X&*+,'&
M_*@ &M!p 0HL$0*
'(;`(05JZ%<*H0H;0(F*+t5
JZBK$*"%n90 J0'/&L 5JZ

 U* 03M,0XL UBK$_
*+,'[(/_[(/\U2_7_S
M*J<2$U0//& `%<

j$,*(P%B9Bs<_0YB9Bs&
* .M!p_,'J;<3$%f(_ '(_0
 Y 6<3$%f(_ H'KM*J<"/
 Y!MU.&X ;BK$UL*<( $[(/
;`3$%f(_0*U; /' G;*JV,%,&
.(BM7/G#.&XGa`_3J2G
"/5#*_70$_**+ %<[(M
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2*< 
- Văn hóa !nh thần
D  3$.$;Z* BK$3F%<
"0&!L0_![(&0[(90&"Bc0H.:3FMH
. H.%H>0&&X &$0&$'
(_0H&0&L0&!*5";<! &"O"BK$
4
5
b?<" / Z(0**+$&2
"3V2$G02$;<!( _L%<"%G0'
/%<"*+(!&0_" *+1a703O(
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b\&!L_![(& .[(*H*($/ 
 7*`e*< 0&cL&F(/3.0&Bc
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. $U1"I!!L_![(&%H!M
 [(0*!-3X %H3<&*Bc"U%3X
 *n7B(B2<0** ,*+"'

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BK$0' &_!L,7_([(M`G\u*_!
L3F&7<(/*`&& $$!0v0(0
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b6[(9 .& !O3<eK2 C*
\&*Bc . *+B9 Y$BK$`3'6
[(9'&_*+ 0&*Bc*+%'YU
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[(9 70G )<"`) %H%"
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(4&*D;,!_'<^0*J= &!0
Y &X#*jf*cL!3$%**#_
M7*<  3p
bw&X .; (p($_!,**+&
`!_0]&$ &&0M_0!MM*
$_`&&XUL&$([("(O(`
\U!#_qM** %H'U0GV
5
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 *  %H7`(*6&$(F/C.&X0UL
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(]"B<!  ,:&$>
b#H. $7<(/<"[(G&2 !*5;'
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6
7
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G_!,5IG*(<&0 (&0$e
%(7<%U;Z&r&  BK$J`$
5te%&0)&a (77<(/`'.&&0
,7M*JB(<P"&'C&_!,`
 BK$(|K$jf UL,2 7IG_!,0
&_!_!,S*5+o(0$S,&
7
8
 `P"&'C&BK$6(7`
.BK$G_!,,3X <(1$ ;Z%
|K$#_qM $UL,2 72.P
&0*jf;<!L H5#_qM Z('.
M!p !*5"%
Thứ hai là sự phân cấp trong xã hội: \$/BK$%M&!!
 "$(7,O.&!!:UL*}@$0=
~(/>6%J$/BK$%&0%M&!!U50*
5'(7,O!:UL*jf>#.&($
!!BK$(*($Z!*+&L/5
 5$'  /5\&&BK$ "$

(7,O.&!!2%5$*5`.Z!5
6 %<BK$ .[(X`e&*Bc0_UG
MG '76%0.&BK$ "$
(7,O.&!5$*5`.Z!5@X
X$&*+B&X7<(3V H3M"%H
!M3V$&,^ U(7,C!$`!
*+*(6< jf0*HG.* 
(F/!%s0%J=.**<-*+ Q*J
MG R"%H3*+BK$*+*(!_M
Thứ ba là 3nh đối lập nữ quyền hay nam quyền.6$/BK$0/[(
'.1 ]CH' •s6H
*[(70]1[(G0!3'. .
6H* 70 H'!&. Ue
-e2"&XUH'.Z(*%H
*+M'
Thứ tư là thái độ đối với rủi ro.6BK$(7/&!_
.(%H0*€ !_<C.(
8
9
 G%H3<•NGV($/So;<!L.
BM76H* 705(&O"**+B7U
$0&3M(_a%H( & [(MPB(*
!_0F{'7<$&O" 7*
 (` ( 3M#.[(/,2&
 = @j#*+0.BK$(7/&%H!
_.(%H0*(H(HM73$v
(/5F 0G(H(/&.B(*,3V(Z(
 ;S &(7`73<G#.O"
($& 7*B7($O"0
(3M((_ & [(MP*U%!_6{'

7$&O" 7a!5 /` (G
aU5@5c.* 7 @"0#_067q#
1.1.3. Những nét đặt trưng của văn hoá
- Văn hoá mang 3nh tập quán:&[(X. *+!_
7%H*+!_BK$L,\._![(&T!0F(
*$%uXs$&$& 7
&%&0*_![(&QZ(R*'#0_![(&&<(.#
%&3 2 (/Ia._![(&%H^2MH
7*_![(&Q RJ$/$,(/J'#
- Văn hoá mang 3nh cộng đồng:&%H,FU3M
 !M 0&$[( /G `
BK$&* $[(*(& `$F@
./0._!L $$F*(9$&
`0%HZs!3($j$*  %&S3X$F`&e
B&(7VBse!&!P.' %H2 !
!&!
9
10
- Văn hoá mang 3nh dân tộc:&`<!(7) M_(
C$ *$%&%H^2,(*+2< $(
(7'*, *&**567* 7*
*\(zu72 *JM2_7$H'!
J.*%&(,P)  %&(
8Văn hóa mang 3nh chủ quank*J&%&((7
)0&&%&($'j$c-G7 Y[(Z
F<`3 ,M3 $Z7&,*+ 32
*J*jf0& %H,!_*+J(*\(z
8Văn hóa mang 3nh khách quank,'[(,[(
C$0*M$[(&22 1Xc0BK$0
*+S (7C<' 7<'%&0%H!L(/ P(/

[(r*F%&[(%,M& `
$F\Y-,Gn&0!_0"%H
,'Y9P(/[(20u0[('•‚G
%.‚‚K(Xc'#0%H^3XB3n*+
- Văn hóa mang 3nh kế thừak 1L 0  
M& M0r<'($`.se*`
3'2 $*%(7<'(4r<
'[(.&a,3XC `[(MI
 G 1L[(K /$J` (0
!!Y ;%<5
- Văn hóa có thê học hỏi đượck%H-*+(7C 7
%&0 ]!MGn@/.%<":$3,(
'> $**+ G 5 3pKd
_70* /*+C5 `0,]G
*+C.5%&0.%&
10
11
8Văn hóa luôn phát triển:j$%H3- 33<
#*+(H(H7O $#(H(-
!+!2$ v26[(&2$_! 
%&0,;<!(.&X;<3$0e1&
%&#*+a&$M*J&%&
'3*+.se*YZ23
[(&0$J &$_G.#_3<Z7
(.e* 7SY!YB&X*+] 3,('
/BK$( $%`
1.2 Văn hóa doanh nghiệp
1.2.1 Khái niệm văn hóa doanh nghiệp
6$BK$$0r'!*+ $BK$(n
|K$(0BK$n:'!>aZB7

2$`#7X(M*J Fa
$3$!_( `(#*hI90$ [(MX
O;<*jfKkQ'!:!9((9>
BK$'!]nCYP( '([(MM
B(0CYP[('+0[('.**#$0<( 
3$MB((*+B7`$'!2$
0MB(SC3M$0CU"'7R
 Z(.lƒ0( HW&H7#_qM0
&H7jf3Z(YPv,((7`o<. H
\LCQ!9((9„…;((9R:'!0]G
BU'!0H7>K*+&(7``"(O"
& [(MPcL,U$.&7<(o< 
H&H7#_`%!<
@Z(<%{†ƒ0*3Z((`"(v,(.
‡ˆ( a*.&$/!&,
11
12
$'!@K(%&''!*+*
*<7o*$X) *+U"H_
8‰w999I9j90(7`*&!'!n
 C0K*X)*(kQVăn hóa doanh nghiệp là tổng hợp các giá
trị, các biểu tượng, huyển thoại, nghi thức, các điều cấm kỵ, các quan điểm triết học,
đạo đức tạo tàhh nền móng sâu xa của doanh nghiệp”.
j$X)%&O"$[(/<:Š9;D3(
i…;EŠDi>kQVăn hóa doanh nghiệp là sự trộn lẫn đặc biệt các giá trị, các !êu
chuẩn, thói quen và truyền thống, những thái độ ứng xử và lễ nghi mà toàn bộ chúng
là duy nhất đối với một tổ chức đã biết”.
6(7`0X)!O3< *+!_$K X
)(7``"(&O"hI9kQVăn hóa ôcng ty là tổng
hợp những quan niệm chung mà các thành viên trong công ty học được trong quá

trình giải quyết các vấn đề nội bộ và xử lý các vấn đề với môi trường xung quanhR
\&%&'`(K_!<./;Z
'!*k\&[('(0&&X0&(70"A
'!**_!</_E/[(G
'!
d0`5J%<C.`"(&GM '/
`"( %0'!*+X
)*(k
QVăn hóa doanh nghiệp là một hệ thống các ý nghĩa, giá trị, niềm !n chỉ đạo,
cách nhận thức và phương pháp tư duy được mọi thành viên trong doanh nghiệp
cùng đồng thụân và có ảnh hưởng ở phạm vi rộng đến cách thức hành động của
từng thàh viên trong hoạt động kinh doanh, tạo nên bản sắc kinh doanh của doanh
nghiệp đó”.
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13
1.2.2 Các mức độ văn hóa doanh nghiệp
69hNI90'!, 3"$
:99>%&(0 &"$M_*+&&X
'!7&%& 1.(2&&X@7 &;<!
_$&0C'*+<3M$0Y!Y
,($&Z7 (.3$!_( `
#.[(&2 (
j"$" Y.(2
'!:Ar!facts)
j"$" #.&X*+!
#_:h!(9(9>
#.[('(
j"$"3  :qg97
=(!;>
Hình 1 :Các mức độ của văn hóa doanh nghiệp

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a/ Mức độ thứ nhất : Những qúa trình và cấu trúc hữu hình của doanh nghiệp
qFM.'*+ _ $*,209
M_%;<!BY$O"B*k
8?<Y0&3 U0H'0M!p
8\5(O"0&!]3'!
8\&3M[(7X(7`$'!
8D^ ^$ 
8\&3,(*+00%p('(0 '([(M&'!
8#H.0&e0!*5;'0"0&3,($MBY0
 "Bc*7& ` & '
'!
8#.((7' .(7O"
8N2"o(KM!p
86&$ (&"Bc& `'!
@7 !$,_77Z;<!BYZ(;`0
.7<(/_*k%<Y03 U0F!LA\!$ 7
e,( M*J1H'%H70[(
,*KA6(7`0!$ 7^7O U%,
'*+.&X'!
3„j"$"k#.&X*+(7`3/:3F&U`*+0L
;`(0<P'!>
14
15
d'! a[(7X0(7`0<P0<*+ L;`(
`0 %-$ 3$` **+
'!H3/$KHY@7aU .&X*+H3/0
$3$!_'!
Q#.UX(7`3/Ra1.(22*,_

3< ^Y$&• 0UB&\Y'Y
*o& `'!&"/!$/v
<53M ‹(7'&"Bc& `H*
'!
„j"$Y3k#.[('(.P);0_"0
(7) vM1H"0e`*+H_'!>
63"!$ :$0%0
'!A>a(&[('(0(lŒ2  F
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G*!L" 2]H' BK$ "
7<(6%!*567[('k#*!L.[(7
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@,2 *+&[('(0$$F:J3%•!
$ >!MM[([(&2$( 0 BcP(v(/
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%.R/KJ [('((0(!$
|K$ 7 0*2$G 7 
15
16
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H3/3 ToQ5R0%Bs"`0.
*$0$.2HoUG*52Q"
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'p0KF37 %H,7O: 
%M L>

j$%O"K2 *+[('(0" & 
`(Ž $9Y[('(0GS%
!_. *+UL0$M*5*
$0&H7jf (*\(=(*(9[('
M9\U2_70$*$Ž%,_*+"
*57CZ(
1.2.3 Tác động của văn hóa doanh nghiệp đối với sự phát triển của doanh nghiệp.
#'!7<(%&(SM*J1
e;`(/!&,'!
6&$1'!
'!`!&'!0Y!!3'
'! 7'!%&
'!F(3$!_ 7<(/+! k6<P%
0&_!L0^0[(90&G! 0 0&L0_UM
(7(7<0(7C5&_!'!6M.7<(/
!&'! !3'&'!0&O"BK
$%&&]*Q%H%U *R0M*J<
$  7'!
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*    & `'!UL%3*
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16
17
F!L&`0%p(. `•d97:*Q$
Yj%97/7R) Q3 '/7R>0!&"Bc(
:(H*5* X%& > .vM(:( 2
*+ 'H7>
'!`* '!
j$/Y!'!(Y  /]
( `/'!

#*$%H- '2; ]2.(Z(%&
69=j•0(Z(* $2&FB<!9
"C!<k#(Z(Pt(Z(t(Z(BK$E;<!t
(Z(*+%UG (Z(%uX,;<3$\&(Z(`
.(3_%&((/1%&[(JO&#
 .$Yp7*G$*%H< P
*JG
6CH2=j•0,7_Z<($'!
V-ZM*5 S(Y0(72*+ #`-
(  3( %G7"Y '‡*
'!0M_*+3Z(%H%U(H'! %M
%uX2,;<6$'!*+0
& `_"n]3MO"0G '
2LU L;`((
'!%U'[(&2O <
6.'! H*XSSM7
_!UJ"$0) &`*+%(7<
%U,&3' *%<0_UM&`5JI%U'
 7S!!Z!&(71$&& `0 5J
17
18
[(&2‘’dH7je%&0. H`H
'S$3GH7(  15
36&$;`('!k
6<"VZ(<0&'! H(_!
+!&Q;oR6%0&'! 1(%s
($$Gk?H_!+!;[(&e9(O
L;`( U %HL;`(1X14$%U
 70&'!G$%s('!
Q;`(R

j$'!;`(, '! 5
<[(MP"9%,(+!F0$0(7`[(7 '/O
"[(9(07%H%UL$0+KJ&`0%<G&$
5e//K@a, $'!%HP
X`$/9' %&..`][('H
'0  _!+!2*]]B0-CH7
#*[(MP-!/+!&/G0 < .a
*+$"20*;* H '!2%H

6`<0%HU&'!'79Q R 7U
L*&H7f!p0*+!p0G,;< (7,LF 
L0_U `3& $,0%H[(
<2$G`\&H7 7M*5`H
[(/%`Z(M!pG3&*+&#<($`%H3&
*+2&0*S%H_%nM C!UH7
6*+!G3X/0H7a%H<$e3' 6_U<($
 `B-'  70GS(753X' 
18
19
j$(%H,!_ <.&Xe;
'!1;`(2SM*J<*
'!\H'B&X!Z($'#[(7<X
Y\H'M*J< B&Y\H
'M*J<[(7+0&;`(%,a*3'_Y#
[(7<X<[(7+0&Y(%*(0/_
Y .YSe!!MY0dY
 .YSe!!MYd<(H*JH
7%H 0%H1SM*JB(<P '
` &$;`(<%<[(M%]H7
2. Sự hình thành văn hóa doanh nghiệp

2.1 Các yếu tố ảnh hưởng đến sự hình thành văn hóa doanh nghiệp
~(&22 '! $[(&2(  X(
&$(7<(/0“7<(/M*J[(7<X k
$t*Kt]nCH*3` \YSZ
*+!1C7<(/ 7 "$M*JY[(&2X2
r'!
2.1.1 Văn hóa dân tộc
I!M<($`'! $(
7<(qM'! $;,(V
$j$&'!a($ $
$L,0$!Z&(9&&X$ %
_!+! $$2L;`(H(_E$'!E
.& 7S9.s&6O+!.s
& 7 `$!Z&'!0 &X
$%H,!_*+
'B&X.&X$!MM$
'! (<"%%2$ $!$
19
20
 C(*+@K(H2`"(_!<&$
$</'!0*+3<<( H2
w99N”990(7`PG*N D6]‡;< (
_!/'(&$ &&X5ˆƒƒƒƒ`CŒ“* %(
`< '_! Šqj#ˆ†l•HKB(3M(/&Q
#.M*JR:\((9‚9[(99>0(/& 7`L
*+&3M((
\(/&_!<.&H<O"H[($
H2G QjH2N–99R&M*3/Q3</RUF
M&$a*&'!%&
(:(_.Q3</R*+,-&X&7<(/ 77OJr

%&(> k6U/_!.)& )_!
,t!![(7t1pGt(*[(7/_!.
[(7
2.1.2 Người lãnh đạo
#*K%H- *[(7<X5(O" H'
'!0 ] *&&3,(*+0&P"'0H.0
;0^ (7A'!~([(&2B7 [(M
P'!0'**J 1&KS*+!M<(`
'!
@,2 `'/&X0; e3' [('(
 '!]n$[(&2( 0H[((2"
%&(0'%`$/&(7k
6*;<!BY.*K `k#.!&3,(
(H&($G!0.(XC!]( S%H(7<
!L3VU $ K ;<!BY*B(7`&
`2\,[(&2;<!BY 7 [(&2(7.
20
21
&X0;0[(7 K`~(0.&X
 [(7S*+%,'! H_0J Q'/oR(
 '!
\a,cL&(7'%,0(70(7(7<A *$
!*5"'([(M,(7 (H*W.&X(
\YO%U G $0P)`0 `
K`H720H7 H*($,/<
 !&(7G6w90$_! O;<jf]*(
(7((7'6O&/G0d(q((0$($G!
*`K_!“[(M" Z(*e&` [(%&
(L$M!p3`X*2.%<%(7<2"
qV2"QC!Rq(((/,'• HZ72!M

X(!Z&''K B(eH7
\&^$0^%{'03(Oe!e03,(*+0!'(Aa]
'(7'/&X0;0[(7Aw!!Z
.se`C'!0a/*%<67
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<(HA
6(7`0$'!0&<'K%&(aS
.&X%&(j"$M*J/*+K/
2 '!  `&_!  K6
&_!` *[(7<X'2 '/&X3M
'! .*K%<_ * `7O
'!
?'!7O K0( 7,F)'
'!!M/e$v(/(k:ˆ>'!S
(7,$0.7OS5(O"0$
a0**<*+!&,0.7O 77<(So
21
22
<.7O53M'!t:x>v(/(ŽUQ
(R50 Ko.(7`*/<*+a03$&7
%H.7O[(GA6(7`0%,Mv(/ 70
'!aS7O
2.1.3 Những giá trị tích lũy
\.&X'!%H!L($$0a
%H!M K& _!,`'!
`0*+G .%'Gn*+\Y2 eH
"eP" M*JY<$'!,
ˆa,;`(N2".&XGn*+*
!!Y0!O3< k
Những kinh nghiệm tập thể của doanh nghiệpk@7 .%'!

*+%BcP&(0(Y*+(7`(7 !O3<(
 5X ;<!L*+(7&<'`@,
 .%'X%& 0!LL7`(Z(%&
ea, %'"!.7OA
Những giá trị được học hỏi tử các doanh nghiệp kháck@ %<[(M[(&
2`"(X*0`"(/0.*52
*(.&'!$ 0.%  
'! 7J`J'!%&A6H*3Z(
$`'!;<!(.&X (7
F'!%&e.* 7P;<!(YAI($0&
&XJ Q_![(&R( '!
Những giá trị văn hóa được !ếp nhận trong quá trình giao lưu với nền văn hóa
kháck@7 *+!!O3<&H7 B(7`[(/0&
'!c`.% J* 0&'!
/& ** AUL*$!*567,G*+
22
23
;Z '_!,*_0*—_!Gn[(9Y
*jfA
#*&_!H7•Ej:jf>0I•0%[($
B*JMB(39JN ~(/0HK*+3J&HJ
73Z( '23V.3 _!,LŽ9
 ((7' *‰G7 •<P(P&% 'R K&!
LH72w70r3(O&c •8j&
`LG! 3Z( 7 '3V.((7'(Ž 
*\U&"*_7KY!``"%J0'
vH' aJG(H)<'L/2
  ]%& 
Những giá trị do một hay nhiều thành viên mới đến mang lạik';<!_
.&X 7*M[($ 0$&P"eH"U

L0%*` 70'!*[(9M[(7<%<(
%& ]xm:[(9`>d'/
H'0`*+%& c*%9+0*+&/%9
*J\&`%&a*50o<2 `s
'!
Những xu hướng hoặc trào lưu xã hộik|(*cL'$0B(
* %<5 '0G.;GA
j$UL,2  7 ('!'#'
&71 cL*,c:9>H'& '
`a7O90*%0G'ZO(!M[(
e!e;<!e'#*70*,OGH
'F'!e/&e *[(*'cC
G0C;<%'!U6_UJ('!0`*($
*'c &Q!H'R*n0G0T]0
`(o(A#'cZ2 0]n%f
23
24
cL&710,(3<99& ` 7 
#2(%/%`&2".&XGn*+
'!0-3<V0.%' 7U!e K
0 !ZY_!,`#. K%H
 .*3<&"Bc.%' 7,*+'([(M
[(MX0`H*r+$
'!
2.2 Các giai đoạn hình thành văn hóa doanh nghiệp
2.2.1 Giai đoạn non trẻ
#M2 '!!L($  &_!
.[('(G#<(*'! H0M 7S
;<!LF !&,0J $+<0 sO3_0`3'
'!  5J,%<& ` $,/

6Z(0'!!M_!(.&X
%&3'&/0/.(&X (7.*
:eG!+!.&X 7>#
.'!Ž **+%<C(k:ˆ>#.
*&_!oFt:x>\UKY!'!
%uX2 !&,H*Z7t:“>‘(&X
  [(MY%<*+[(&22  !&
,'!
\U2_70 70'7O'!<%
^0C%.7<(/&$C3` *%M%<
%</ +(_LM0M!p'!
3`X*A?0S^[(&27O<(.3 7 
M(71 3'*&_!E KS'
'
24
25
2.2.2 Giai đoạn giữa
?*&_!%H].]/XeK(7,[(7
Ux<'d'!(3<O ,B('.
B($.!93M !9O:.*(/7O
'!,/(71 [(73M>
@((7,%7O'! 7 .
Qe,R*&_![(K(0r7
<.e, 7Se'! c&k<(. `
[(`V.!G*+2 C 3 GY%<
C;^ %' H[(&%"0G,S/7O
.&X G_*Z<
I7O-Z<%.7<(/CY!'!
 HJ`r7OH*3`  [(G5
 H*3`

2.2.3 Giai đoạn chín mùi và nguy cơ suy thoái
6 7'!%H;<!L*J.X*
K3K]eM!pJ`rIU%H  !L($
 "$(0[(7H7/<'K'! /r
!MM/[('[(.M!p'! .5$
<X*$
6(7`0"$(a][(G'7O
'!#<([(&%"'!$ !&,
 H 2 *+.&X0e3' [('(
`202S%7O2.&X 7!MM  ]
H_!,
25