tiểu luận môn giáo dục việt nam và thế giới tìm hiểu nền giáo dục australia
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ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA TP. HỒ CHÍ MINH
TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC KHOA HỌC- XÃ HỘI - NHÂN VĂN
KHOA GIÁO DỤC
BÁO CÁO BÀI TẬP NHÓM
Môn: GIÁO DỤC VIỆT NAM VÀ THẾ GIỚI
ĐỀ TÀI:
TÌM HIỂU NỀN GIÁO DỤC AUSTRALIA
TP.HỒ CHÍ MINH, THÁNG 9 NĂM 2013
GVHD: PGS. TS. PHẠM LAN HƯƠNG
NHÓM: 11
SVTH:
1. ĐỒNG SĨ THIÊN CHÂU
2. NGUYỄN TRƯỜNG GIANG
3. TRẦN THANH LIÊM
4. NGUYỄN THỊ BÉ MƯỜI
5. TRẦN HOÀNG QUANG MINH
NỘI DUNG
!
Chính phủ Australia qui định khung hệ thống chương trình học và bằng cấp chung trên cả nước. Tuy
nhiên, các điều kiện về độ tuổi nhập học có sự khác biệt giữa các bang, hiện tại Australia được chia ra
làm 6 fểu bang: Tiểu bang New South Wales, bang Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria, ,
Tasmania Queensland và 2 vùng lãnh thổ 11
Hệ thống giáo dục do chính phủ từng bang phụ trách quản lý. Tuy nhiên, các kỳ nhập học chính tại
nước này đều giống nhau, chương trình học tập do từng bang sắp xếp và quy định 11
"#$%
TÌM HIỂU NỀN GIÁO DỤC AUSTRALIA
1. TỔNG QUAN VỀ TÌNH HÌNH KINH TẾ, XÃ HỘI, ĐỊA LÝ, CHÍNH TRỊ CỦA
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1.2 Địa lý
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6#$%GV$%Z</"&$Z‰)W=)F#/6gmW$Q[$.Y))F#$%'9+,[$GI# /"#0+#T6N$0($G'P)
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2. TỔNG QUAN VỀ NỀN GIÁO DỤC AUSTRALIA
"#$%E
2.1 Sơ lược về nền giáo dục Australia
;))]3V/6`/6?$%%+A2mf)"^/T6A//"+X$Z(+/~0`G+6:))#2$6^//6l%+(+Z<6`/6?$%
,L$%)^T>-?)/l+`$$#= /"#0+#Gq$%/6q!/"2$%.?)A)$'()$]+/+l$%$6Z_
0'P$%6:).+$6m-62) /"#0+#)-$%)^T)62.+$6Z+&$>-?)/l@62[$%kbbbb@6]#
6:)/j+bb/"'9$%Gj+6:)Z<)A)/"'9$%mj=$%6_
652GA$6%+A)F# t2"0m$+Z5".+/=#$@+$%Z<+35.+%65"—m-)#/+2$1b8
$'();)6+`$)]D/"'9$%Gj+6:)$L3/"2$%/2Tbb/"'9$%Gj+6:))])6^/0'P$%G<2
/j2/?/$6^//"&$/6l%+(+Z<k/"'9$%Gj+6:)$L3/"2$%/2T„bb-$m5"kb…1/2Tbb
/"'9$%Gj+6:)/?/$6^//6l%+(+62j/GV$%m'(+kb$w38
k/6<$6T6?)F#;)G'P),R$6)6:$/"2$%m#$6.A)6!b/6<$6T6?GA$%.?$%$6^/m<$6
)62.+$6Z+&$>-?)/lmy#/652/†0`.+$6Z+&$3q).+$662j/T6J6PT0K)6^/0'P$%.?$%
/?/Z<)S6V+0<3/6&3
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6:)6#=)6-=&$$%<$6=&-/6J)6/"&$/^/)[)A)0‡$6Zy)/}<2/j2$%H$$%z<2/j2
)6q$%)6†$%6_Gl$)A)@6]#6:)/6-c/$6'+$6/l62#6:)%6`/6-c/š.'H$%
$%6`“C'P)6w3.]).q)@6‰5
•),+`/Z(+,^/)q)6-=&$$%<$6G<2/j2$<2$'();)){$%)]J/$6^//"'9$%Gj+6:)
$L3/"2$%/2Tkb)F#/6l%+(+
2.1 Hệ thống giáo dục và bằng cấp tại Australia
2.1.1. Hệ thống giáo dục tại Australia:
QV+A2mf)+&$,#$%)6I-/"A)6$6+`3Z_)A))6J$6.A)6%+A2mf)Z<G[3,[23V/.y
$6^/>-A$){$%$6')6-ƒ$3y)/"2$%T6j3Z+/^/)[)A),#$%Z<6j//"2$%$'()%'9+
;)/+$"L$%%+A2mf)0<3V/T6N$)F#>-=_$/6}#@l)F#)2$536:m2G])V$%Gr$%Gs
/6#3%+#"^/.W-Z<2Z+`)%+A3.A/)A))6-ƒ$3y)%+A2mf)•;))A)$z.+$6G'P)
@6J)60`GXGj/)i$%3q)6:)Z^$$6'$#3.+$6
`/6?$%%+A2mf))F#;)G'P))6+#/6<$6k)^T*
• x€-%+A2
• +X-6:)
• "-$%6:)
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•6'S$%T6AT%+A2mf)M;))]$6+_-G+X3@6A),+`/.2Z(+%+A2mf))A)$'()
@6A)Z+`)/6+6<$6@~0-c/Z<%6+$6(,<+6:)@6H$%G'P)>-#$/":$%0Y36#=Z<2G]
0<Z+`)/y)6^T6<$6@~0-c/Z+`)/y@6A3T6A@+l$/6q)Z<G•/)W-6‰+$6L3@6J)60`.y
>-#$/W3Z<$6+`//R$6)F#/"”/"2$%6:)/cTA)/"'9$%62)G_-@6J)60`T6f6-=$6
/"2$%Z+`)/6#3%+#Z<2Z+`)6:))F#6:).+$6N-6l/)A)/"'9$%G_-)]6+`T6V+T6f
6-=$6Z<%+A2Z+&$6+`T6V+$<=G]$%Z#+/"e>-#$/":$%/"2$%.+$662j/$6</"'9$%%W=
>-š)62$6</"'9$%Z<%]TT6N$>-=l/GI$6$6z$%$V+m-$%%R$&$%+[$%mj=/j+/"'9$%
"#$%a
2.1.2 Hệ thống bằng cấp Australia:
+X3@6A),+`/)F#6`/6?$%%+A2mf) /"#0+#.2Z(+$6+_->-?)%+#@6A)0<`
6?$%QL$%^T /"#0+#1 /"#0+#$-#0+7+)#/+2$.’"#3542"@Š’8`/6?$%
’0+&$@l/k02j+Zw$`/6?$%’)62T6‚T6:).+$6)6-=X$)^T62•))6-=X$
/"'9$%3V/)A)6mˆm<$%3+ˆ$0</6‰#3s$)A)=&-)N-Z_Z+.#m-6:)+_-$<=)62.+$6
Z+&$$6+_-.'0y#)6:$Z<0+$6GV$%/"2$%Z+`)0&$@l62j)6)62.y$%6+`T^/)[)A)
Zw$,L$%/"2$%6`/6?$%’%+ŒT.+$6Z+&$)6-ƒ$,I)62Z+`)6:)0&$/+lT){$%$6'
/"2$%3H+/"'9$%0<3Z+`).#-$<=
Hệ thống bằng cấp tại Úc (AQF)
3. GIÁO DỤC TIỂU HỌC
3.1 Chương trình:
"#$%b
6J$6T6F /"#0+#>-+GI$6@6-$%6`/6?$%)6'S$%/"R$66:)Z<,L$%)^T)6-$%
/"&$)[$'()-=$6+&$)A)G+_-@+`$Z_GV/-g+$6cT6:))].y@6A),+`/%+z#)A),#$%
6+`$/j+ /"#0+# G'P))6+#"#0<3B/+X-,#$%* +X-,#$%54 2-/6t#05.,#$%
t5./5"$ /"#0+# 2-/6 /"#0+#+)/2"+##.3#$+#-55$.0#$mZ<Zi$%0s$6/6g
`/6?$%%+A2mf)m2)6J$6T6F/}$%,#$%T6f/"A)6>-[$0K-=$6+&$)A)@‹
$6cT6:))6J$6/j+$'()$<=G_-%+?$%$6#-)6'S$%/"R$66:)/cTm2/}$%,#$%.YT\lT
Z<>-=GI$6
u +A2mf),Y/,-V)G?+Z(+/"”53/"2$%GV/-g+/}BGl$B1(Tu(Tb8Z<
@‚2m<+/"2$%!$w3Qc)/+X-6:)*bB$w362•)bD$w3*
QY/GN-/}0(T3V/Z<@l//6Œ)M0(TB62•)0(TD/i=/652/}$%,#$%ZR)],#$%
T6[+6:)Gl$0(TD){$%)],#$%,Y/,-V)6:)0(T3€-%+A216:).+$6/}BGl$
62•)!/-g+8Qc)/+X-6:)*)6'S$%/"R$66:)"^/$6žZ}#6:)Z}#)6S+
u 6'S$%/"R$6%+[$%mj=,c)/+X-6:)*%r3)A),V3H$)6J$60<#$6Zw$/2A$3š
/6-c/@š/6-c/Z<$%H$$%z/6Xmf)W3$6j)
u 6'S$%/"R$6Z<T6'S$%T6AT%+[$%mj=6+`$Gj+3#$%Gl$$6z$%6•/"P/?+G#
@6-=l$@6J)6.yT6A//"+X$)A)@š$w$%)A$6W$Z<.y/y/+$)F#6:).+$6
3.2 Hệ thống các trường tiểu học của Australia đều có chương trình tiếp nhập học
sinh quốc tế:
u "'9$%)H$%0cTQ#$%+)/2"+#1)],c)/+X-6:)8
u A)"'9$%)H$%0cT/j+Q#$%t5./5"$ /"#0+#1)],c)/+X-6:)8
u A)/"'9$%)H$%0cT/j+Q#$% 2-/6 /"#0+#1)],c)/+X-6:)8.
4. GIÁO DỤC TRUNG HỌC
4.1 Bậc trung học của Australia
r3B$w3,Y/GN-/}0(TD1“5#"D8Gl$0(T1“5#"8Z<)6+#0<36#+,c)*
uv-$+2" 5)2$m#"=1“5#"Dub8Z<
u 5$+2" 5)2$m#"=1“5#"u8
"2$%,c)6:)v-$+2" 5)2$m#"=6:).+$6T6[+6:))A)3H$,Y/,-V)0</+l$%
$6/2A$@62#6:)/y$6+&$Z<@62#6:)\s6V+
6+62<$/^/(Tb6:).+$6)]6#+0y#)6:$*62•)6:)/+lT0&$0(TZ<"r+0(T
O62•))6-=X$.#$%@6]#6:)$%6_1Z2)#/+2$#0C42"@/"#+$+$%T"2%"#3.8/}/"R$6GV/6^T
$6^/0<5"/+7+)#/5Gl$5"/+7+)#/5/i=/652@6[$w$%)F#6:).+$6G]•3V/Z<+
,#$%6:).+$66:)6l/(Tb)]/6XG'P)/"#23V/Zw$,L$%)6J$6/6q))62,c)6:)
$<=N-6l/6:).+$6)6:$6:)/+lT0&$(TZ<•,c) 5$+2" 5)2$m#"=6:).+$6
,Y/GN-)])A)0y#)6:$3H$6:)G#mj$%/i=/652GI$66'($%/'S$%0#+)F#3R$6
"#$%
l/(T6:).+$6)]/6X)6:$*62•)6:)@6]#’2-$m#/+2$)2-".5.$w316#=
)e$%:+0<’2-$m#/+2$=5#"8GX6:)my,IGj+6:)O62•)Z<2@6]#6:)$%6_M,c)
5"/+7+)#/5
l/0(T0^=)6q$%)6†/?/$%6+`TT6g/6H$%/"-$%6:)1 5$+2".5)2$m#"=
5"/+7+)#/5275m-)#/+2$86:).+$6)]$6+_-0y#)6:$6S$*62•))6'S$%/"R$6’2-$m#/+2$
my,IGj+6:)$w3O62•)@6]#6:)$%6_5"/+7+)#/5$6'/"&$%2<+"#)A)6:).+$6
)]$w$%0y)6:)/cT@6A%+‰+)e$)])A)0y#)6:$@6A)$6'*Z<2/6‘$%$w3Gj+6:)O
62•)/652@6]#6:)$%6_/"R$6GV+T023#?+Z(+)A)6:).+$6Gw$%@KZ<2Gj+6:)
/"'9$%/"-$%6:).˜)^T,[$%G+X3C/6q6j$%/?/$%6+`TGX$VTA)/"'9$%Gj+6:).˜
\53\‚/@l/>-[/?/$%6+`TGX/-=X$6:).+$6Z<2/"'9$%3R$6xV/.?/"'9$%/6#=ZR/"#2
)6q$%)6†/?/$%6+`T/"-$%6:))626:).+$6>-?)/l.˜)626:)3V/@6]#’2-$m#/+2$GX
Z<23V//"'9$%Gj+6:))f/6X$<2G]
4.2 Hệ thống trường trung học ở Australia:
A)/"'9$%/"-$%6:)/j+;))]/6X0</"'9$%)H$%0cT1/"'9$%)F#)6J$6T6F862•)
/"'9$%/'/6f)1/6-V)/g)6q)/H$%+A262•)GV)0cT8
4.2.1 Trường phổ thông công lập
A)/"'9$%T6g/6H$%)H$%0cT/j+;)1%2Z5"$35$/.)6220.8m2)A) M%+A2mf)Ÿ
G<2/j2)F#,#$%>-[$0KG_-)])6J$6.A)6/+lT$6c$6:).+$6>-?)/lZ<26:))6-$%Z(+
6:).+$6,[$\qA)/"'9$%T6g/6H$%){$%)]/6X)])A)@6]#G<2/j2$%6_/(+/"R$6GV
)6q$%)6†15"/+7+)#/58:).+$6>-?)/l6:)/j+/"'9$%)H$%)F#;)T6[+/"[6:)
T6J
4.2.2 Trường trung học tư (non-government schools)
:)T6J)F#/"'9$%/'/6'9$%)#26S$/"'9$%)H$%$6+_-/"'9$%/'m2)A)/g
)6q)/H$%+A2>-[$0KZ<G+_-6<$6
"2$%/"'9$%/"-$%6:);)Z#+/"e)F#%+A2Z+&$0<6•/"P)626:).+$6Gj/G'P)
)A)3f)/+&-)A$6W$)F#3R$6A)62j/GV$%6:)/cT/"2$%0(T,#2%r3/6y)6+`$)A)
GrA$3H$6:)0<3)A),<+/cT$6]3Z</y6:)N-6l/)A)/"'9$%G_-)]>-=GI$6
Gr$%T6f) ‡.?0(TG'P)%+zM3q)/?+/6+X-)]/6XG'P)GX%+A2Z+&$)]/6X/6'9$%
\-=&$/'S$%/A)Z(+/}$%536:).+$6+96:),Y/GN-/}a*bb.A$%Gl$!*bb)6+_-}
/6q#+Gl$/6q A-:).+$6>-?)/lG'P)6•/"P/+l$%$6GX)]/6X6e#$6cTZ(+3H+
/"'9$%6:)/cT3(+
4.3. Cấu trúc chương trình trung học ở Australia:
^-/"Œ))6'S$%/"R$66:)>-?)%+#)F#;)/cT/"-$%T6A//"+X$)A)@š$w$%@+l$
/6q)/6A+GVZ<%+A/"I)F#6:).+$6/"2$%E0s$6Zy)6:)/cT*+l$%$6O/2A$O@62#6:)
/y$6+&$O)H$%$%6`O@62#6:)\s6V+Z<3H+/"'9$%O%+A2mf)=/lZ</6X)6^/O)A).+$6
$%z@6A)OZ<3š/6-c/
_)H$%$%6`;)G•),+`/)6Œ/":$%Gl$Z+`)%+[$%mj=)H$%$%6`/6H$%/+$Z<
/"-=_$/6H$%/"2$%$6</"'9$%T6g/6H$%Z<$6z$%@š$w$%q$%mf$%)A))H$%$%6`$<=
Z<2G9+.?$%RZc=)A)/"'9$%T6g/6H$%/j+;)G_-G'P)/"#$%,I"^//?/Z<GN=GF)A)
3A=/J$6$6z$%G'9$%/"-=_$mz0+`-@š/6-c/.?Z</"-=_$/6H$%T6+3[$6Z</"-=_$
"#$%
6R$6)A)Zc/0+`-u23G+X3/+lT)c$+$/5"$5/ J$6+`-Z`/+$6Z'S$/(+/c$$6z$%
GI#T6'S$%\#\H+
6z$%=l-/?$<=%+ŒT)A)/"'9$%T6g/6H$%/j+;)G'P)\lTZ<26<$%GN-/6l
%+(+/"2$%Z+`)q$%mf$%)H$%$%6`Z<2%+A2mf)
5. GIÁO DỤC TRUNG HỌC PHỔ THÔNG
+A2mf)T6g/6H$%,#2%r3Z<+A2mf)/"-$%6:)T6g/6H$%)]$6z$%
)6'S$%/"R$66:)/"#$%,I)626:).+$6$6z$%$_$/[$%)62Z+`)$%6+&$)q-Z+`)0<3Z<
)-V).?$%/"'M$%/6<$6/"2$%/'S$%0#+ +^=)6q$%$6c$/?/$%6+`T "-$%:)•6g
6H$%.˜G'P)/"#2@6+62<$/6<$60(T3•+/+X-,#$%Z<0s$6/6g.˜)?3V//&$%:+
@6A)$6#-Z_%+^=)6q$%$6c$$<=
%2<+"#)e$)])A)%+^=)6q$%$6W$/?/$%6+`TT6g/6H$%$%2<+6`/6?$%/"'9$%
)H$%0cT)6‘$%6j$$6'$6z$%,L$%Œ/<+-?)/l
"-$%6:)T6g/6H$%,#2%r3Z<-[$0KZ+`)%+A2mf)0(TZ<0<
/"A)6$6+`3)F#V+Gr$%%+A2mf)•1Q 8
5.1 Chương trình giảng dạy
A)@6]#6:)/"2$%G'P)T6A//"+X$,M+)A)/"'9$%6:)my#/"&$@6-H$@6g
)F#Q A)@6]#6:),#2%r33V/.?GS$ZI],?$02j+@6]#6:))62/6^=G'P)
)A)3q)GV@6A)$6#-*
• xV/@6]#6:)T6f%r3/J$)6†
• xV/@6]#6:))6J$6J/$6^/!k/J$)6†
• xV/@6]#6:))6J$61T6f8%r3kk/J$)6†
• <3V/@6]#6:))6J$6@‚T%r3D/J$)6†
Các khóa học được phân loại như sau:
• A)@6]#G'P))H$%$6c$,M+QV+A2mf)$6L3GX/"#$%,I6:).+$66:)0&$
%+A2mf)Gj+6:)6<$6/J)6/"2$%)A)3H$6:))]/6X0</+&-)6JGX/"'9$%Gj+6:)0^=
0<3)S.M/-=X$.+$6
• A)@6]#G'P)/6+l/@lZ<G'P))H$%$6c$,M+3V//"'9$%Gj+6:);)Z<G'P)
QV/6H$%>-#:\W=my$%)6'S$%/"R$60(T162•)8Z<)]/6XG'P))H$%$6c$,M+
)A)/"'9$%l/>-[6:)/cT/j+)A)/"'9$%$<=G'P)0<3/+&-)6JGX\‚//-=X$.+$6G#I
6:)
• A)@6]#G'P))H$%$6c$,M+QV+A2mf)Z</6J)66PT)62/^/)[6:).+$60(T
Z<A)@6]#6:)$<=@6H$%G'P))6^T$6c$0<3/+&-)6J\‚//-=X$GN-Z<2/-=X$
.+$6Gj+6:)
• A)@6]#xG'P))H$%$6c$,M+QV%+A2mf)6R$6/6q)0<%+A2mf)/6y)6<$6
/6J)66PT)62$6z$%6:).+$6)]3V//6l3j$6)f/6X$<2G]A)@6]#6:)$<=@6H$%
G'P))6^T$6c$GX\‚//-=X$/"y)/+lTZ<2/"'9$%Gj+6:)
"#$%!
• A)@6]#G'P)Gw$%@KZ(+QVZ<G'P)/g)6q)GXT6i6PT)62T6A//"+X$)A
$6W$%+[+/"J62•))A)62j/GV$%T6f)Zf)V$%Gr$%A)@6]#6:)@6H$%G'P))6^T
$6c$GX\‚//-=X$Z<2/"'9$%Gj+6:)
• A))6'S$%/"R$6mj=$%6_G'P))H$%$6c$,M+QVZ<)]/6XG'P))^T)6q$%)6†
$%6_V+m-$%)F#)6'S$%/"R$6my#/"&$)A)$w$%0y)G'P)\A)GI$6/"2$%)A)%]+G<2
/j2)]0+&$>-#$Z</652=&-)N-)F#@6-$%G<2/j2)6^/0'P$%;)1’86'S$%
/"R$6mj=$%6_)]/6X0<62•))A)@6]#6:)x
:).+$6){$%)]/6X6:)M)A)@6]#6:),&$$%2<+)6'S$%/"R$66:))6J$6/6q)
Q#2%r36:)$%6_/"2$%/"'9$%6:))62T6‚T6:).+$662<$/6+`$$%6_Z</"R$6GV@š
/6-c/)6-=&$3H$/"2$%>-A/"R$66:)T6g/6H$%)F#6:
5.2 Trình độ chuyên môn và đánh giá
+^=)6q$%$6c$0(TG'P)/"#2,M+Q /6523V/)6'S$%/"R$6/6?$%
$6^/)F#Q 6q$%)6†0(T0+`/@&m#$6.A)6)A)/J$)6†Z<)A)@6]#6:)
$%6+&$)q-Z(+=&-)N-/?+/6+X-0<D/J$)6†Z<myJ/$6^/kk%+96:)/"&$0(T6z$%
.+$6Z+&$@6H$%62<$/6<$6$6z$%=&-)N-)F#)6q$%)6†$<=.˜)6†G'P)/"#2
3V/,[$0'-16r.S8T6g/6H$%3</6H+
•0(TZ<Z+`)GA$6%+Am+ˆ$"#0+&$/f)Z</i=/6523•+/"'9$%(+@6]#
6:)02j+Z<)A)>-=/"R$6GA$6%+Am+ˆ$"#/6'9$%\-=&$Z}#T6[+)]>-=/"R$6Z<
my#/"&$.yGr$%/6-c$GXmˆ.2.A$6)A))6†/+&-Z(+$6#-/"&$/2<$6`/6?$%A)@6]#
6:)Z</652GI$66'($%)6q$%)6†$%6_G'P)GA$6%+Amy#/"&$)A)/+&-)6-ƒ$Z_
$w$%0y)3<3V/$%<$6)H$%$%6+`T)N$x•+GS$ZI0(T6:)G'P),A2)A2my#/652
/6#$%kG+X3/}Gl$—Z(+0<3q)/6<$6/J)6)#2$6^/^/)[)A)%+A2Z+&$T6[+
GA$6%+A)A)0(T6#+0N$3V/$w3/"2$%/^/)[)A)@6]#
5.3 Tiếp cận với giáo dục đại học
A).+$6Z+&$/?/$%6+`T/"-$%6:)T6g/6H$%3<)]KGI$6/+lT/f)6:)0&$Gj+6:)
.˜$6c$G'P)3V/Q[$%/6H$%,A2$6cT6:)1— 8Z<6†.?/-=X$.+$6j+6:)18
:).+$6.|mf$%,[$%GX\+$Z<2)6'S$%/"R$6Gj+6:)/65232$%3-?$)F#6:
:).+$6)]/6X6V+GFG+_-@+`$)623V/— /6H$%>-#62<$/6<$63V/%]+—
/"2$%G],#2%r3/?+/6+X-0<b/J$)6†/"2$%/69+%+#$6:)0(TZ<Z<)]/6#3%+#
/"2$%@‹+X3/"#3M"V$%)F#;)1 8x'9+/A3/J$)6†T6[+$L3/"2$%@6]#6:)
62•)Gr$%/69+)]J/$6^/,#3H$)6-=&$$%<$6Z<3V/3H$T6f)F#@6]#
V+Gr$%/"-$%6:)T6g/6H$%1Q 8.|mf$%‹@+X3/"#3M"V$%1 8
GX/c$mf$%)A))6†.?/6?$%@&)F#,[$%G+X302j+/"&$@6YTZ<GA$6%+A)6‚2
%+z#)A)/"'9$%Gj+6:)Z(+3f)GJ)6/J$6G'P)6†.?/-=X$.+$6j+6:)18‹
@+X3/"#3M"V$%)F#G'P)3M"#GXG20'9$%)A)@š$w$%)6-$%)]0+&$6`Gl$.y
/6<$6)H$%/j+/"'9$%Gj+6:)]){$%%+ŒT)A).+$6Z+&$)j$6/"#$63V/)A)6)H$%,L$%
@6H$%T6f/6-V)Z<2/"'9$%3<6:G#$%6:)
"#$%n
A))6†.?/j+)A)/"'9$%Gj+6:) tZ<G'P)>-[$0K,M+"-$%/W3
\‚//-=X$Gj+6:)1 tZ<8G'P)/J$6my#/"&$/6#$%G+X3)F#!3H$)6-=&$
$%<$6$6^//6-V)$6]3)V$%Z(+3V/T6N$/+lT/652.?G+X3/?/$6^/Z</6X6+`$$6'
3V//6q6j$%T6N$/"w3/"&$/6#$%G+X3/}bubbZ(+@62[$%)A)6bbk
6. GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO NGHỀ
`/6?$%+A2mf)Z<G<2/j2$%6_1—8)F#;)G'P)/6<$60cT/"&$.y6PT/A)
%+z#)6J$6T6FZ<$%<$6)H$%$%6+`Tj+m+`$)F#)A)/cTG2<$)H$%$%6+`TZ<$6<
/-=X$mf$%G]$%3V/Z#+/"e/"-$%/W3Z<>-#$/":$%/"2$%Z+`)\A)GI$6)A))6J$6.A)6
Z<)A)/":$%G+X3/"2$%>-A/"R$6T6A//"+X$Z_/"R$6GVG<2/j2$6L3G530j+)A)@š$w$%
)N$/6+l/)620y)0'P$%0#2GV$%3<$6</-=X$mf$%)N$
"2$%6S$k$w3>-#6`/6?$%G<2/j2>-?)%+#)F# /"#0+#Gs)-$%)^T
)6'S$%/"R$6G<2/j2)6^/0'P$%)#2G'P))H$%$6c$/"&$/2<$>-?)Z<G'P)T6A//"+X$
,M+$%<$6)H$%$%6+`T)62@62[$%3V/T6N$/A30')0'P$%0#2GV$%)F#;)`/6?$%
G<2/j2my#/"&$$w$%0y).yT6i6PTZ(+=&-)N-/"2$%$'()Z<)6^/0'P$%G'P)G[3
,[2
6.1 Giáo dục và đào tạo nghề tại Australia
j+ /"#0+#)A)@6]#6:)$%6_G'P)mj=/j+)A)/"'9$%)#2G‘$%1)2005%5.8Z<
)A)/"'9$%/"-$%6:)T6g/6H$%A)@6]#6:)$%6_T6A//"+X$.2$%.2$%Z<0+&$/6H$%
Z(+6`%+A2mf)T6g/6H$%6:)/6-c//}0(TbGl$$w3/6q6#+Gj+6:):).+$6)]/6X
)6-=X$Gg+0+$662j/%+z#6`$<=
6.2 Sự liên thông giữa hệ đào tạo nghề và hệ phổ thông, học thuật
S$ako)A)/"'9$%T6g/6H$%/j+ /"#0+#)])A)@6]#6:)$%6_)626:).+$6
,c).5$+2".5)2$m#"=1“5#"“5#"8+_-$<=)62T6‚T6:).+$6T6g/6H$%Z}#6:)
GX0^=)6q$%)6†/?/$%6+`TT6g/6H$%/"-$%6:)1 5$+2" 5)2$m#"=5"/+7+)#/58Z}#)]
/6XG'P)/"#$%,I$6z$%@+l$/6q)@š$w$%/6y)/l$%6_$%6+`TGX/6<$63V//6y)/cT
.+$63V/$%'9+G+0<3,L$%)A)6/6#3%+#)A)G'9$%m€$6'($%$%6+`T
6+62<$/^/(TbT6g/6H$%6:).+$6)]6#+0y#)6:$*62•)6:)/+lT0&$0(T
Z<"r+0(TO62•))6-=X$.#$%@6]#6:)$%6_1Z2)#/+2$#0C42"@/"#+$+$%T"2%"#3.8/}
/"R$6GV/6^T$6^/0<5"/+7+)#/5Gl$5"/+7+)#/5/i=/652@6[$w$%)F#6:).+$6G]
l/(T6:).+$6)]/6X)6:$*62•)6:)@6]#’2-$m#/+2$)2-".5.$w316#=
)e$%:+0<’2-$m#/+2$=5#"8GX6:)my,IGj+6:)O62•)Z<2@6]#6:)$%6_M,c)
5"/+7+)#/5
l/0(T6:).+$6)]$6+_-0y#)6:$6S$*62•))6'S$%/"R$6’2-$m#/+2$my,I
Gj+6:)$w3O62•)@6]#6:)$%6_5"/+7+)#/5$6'/"&$%2<+"#)A)6:).+$6)]
$w$%0y)6:)/cT@6A%+‰+)e$)])A)0y#)6:$@6A)$6'*Z<2/6‘$%$w3Gj+6:)$l-
G'P)\‚//-=X$)6^T$6c$O62•)/652@6]#6:)$%6_/"R$6GV+T023#
A)/"'9$%)#2G‘$%$S+G<2/j2)6J$6)F#6`6:)$%6_,#2%r3/"'9$%)#2G‘$%
)H$%0cT1’—8Z</"'9$%)#2G‘$%/'/6f)A)@6]#6:)/j+/"'9$%)#2G‘$%"^/G#
mj$%* /} )A) @6]# /+l$% $6 1—$%0+.6 0#$%-#%5 )2-".5.8 Gl$ )A) @6]# 6:) $%6_
"#$%k
1Z2)#/+2$#0C42"@/"#+$+$%)2-".5.8my,IGj+6:)1-$+Z5".+/=T"5T#"#/2"=)2-".5.8/6c3
)6J3V/.?@6]#Gj+6:)/"R$6GV)|$6W$
?+Z(+6`6:)$%6_/j+/"'9$%)#2G‘$%62<$/^/@6]#+T023#.+$6Z+&$)]/6X
)6-=X$/+lT0&$$w3/6q6#+)F#3V//"'9$%Gj+6:))])H$%$6c$@6]#6:)+T023#G]
'S$%/y$6'Zc=.+$6Z+&$)#2G‘$%$%6_62<$/^/@6]#mZ#$)5m+T023#.˜)6-=X$
/+lT0&$$w3!Gj+6:)A)@6]#6:)$%6_)e$T6A//"+X$M/"R$6GV.#-Gj+6:)Z(+)A)
)6q$%)6†$%6_.#-Gj+6:)12)#/+2$#0"#m-#/55"/+7+)#/58Z<,L$%+T023#$%6_.#-
Gj+6:)12)#/+2$#0"#m-#/5+T023#8
2/J$6)6^/0+&$/6H$%0&$Gj+6:)mˆm<$%/})A)@6]#6:)$%6_/"R$6GV+T023#
Z<mZ#$)5m+T023#0j+)].¡$)A)/"-$%/W3$6$%zZ<)A)@6]#6:)my,IGj+6:)
$&$)A)/"'9$%)#2G‘$%){$%0<3V/G'9$%m€$Z<2Gj+6:);)"^/T6i6PT@6H$%)6†
)62.+$6Z+&$,[$\q3<)e$0<0y#)6:$)F#$6+_-.+$6Z+&$>-?)/l@6+6:)6'#GF/+&-
)6-ƒ$)j$6/"#$6GXZ<2/"y)/+lTGj+6:)
6'Zc=)]/6X/6^=G?+/'P$%6:)$%6_"^/G#mj$%@6H$%T6W$,+`/.+$6Z+&$,[$
\q6#=$'()$%2<+/})A)6:).+$6T6g/6H$%3-?$/"#$%,I$6z$%@š$w$%$%6_$%6+`T
GXG+0<362•)mi$%)A)@6]#6:)$%6_$6'3V/G'9$%m€$@6A)GXZ<2Gj+6:)Gl$
$6z$%$%'9+G#$%G+0<3/6c3)6JGs/?/$%6+`TGj+6:)$#=3-?$T6A//"+X$@š$w$%
$%6_$%6+`T)F#3R$662•)6:)3V/$%6_3(+
6.3 Danh mục các khóa học nghề
#$63f))A)@6]#6:)$%6_)y)@‹G#mj$%Z<GF3:+/"R$6GV/}5"/+7+)#/5Gl$
)|$6W$Z<)A))6q$%)6†.#-Gj+6:) #-GW=0<)A)0s$6Zy)G<2/j2$%6_"^/T6g,+l$
/j+;)*
• +$6m2#$6Z<>-[$/"I1Q +$5 #$mx#$#%535$/8*
• I)6Zf)V$%Gr$%Z<=/l1233-$+/=.5"Z+)5.Ÿ5#0/6)#"58
• H$% $%6` /6H$% /+$ Z< /"-‹&$ /6H$% 1233-$+)#/+2$ #$m +$72"3#/+2$
/5)6$202%=8
• 6+l/@lZ<3š/6-c/15.+%$#$m/65#"/.8
• š/6-c/Z<\W=my$%1—$%+$55"+$%#$m,-+0m+$%8
• 6A)6.j$Z<m-0I)612.T+/#0+/=#$m/2-"+.38
• -[$ /"I G^/ G#+ $H$% $%6+`T $%6_ )A Z< $%6_ "}$% 1#$m 3#$#%535$/
#%"+)-0/-"57+.65"+5.#$m72"5./"=8
• 6X/6#2Z<%+[+/"J1.T2"/#$m)"5#/+2$8
Các chứng chỉ và bằng cấp nghề
A)/"'9$%)#2G‘$%$%6_G<2/j2"#E02j+,L$%)^T)6q$%)6†$%6_/}/6^TGl$)#2*
Bằng cấp/Chứng chỉ Thời gian học
5"/+7+)#/5 !uB/6A$%
"#$%B
16q$%)6†$%6_,c)8
5"/+7+)#/5Ÿ
16q$%)6†$%6_,c)Ÿ8
Bu/6A$%
5"/+7+)#/5
16q$%)6†$%6_,c)8
$w3
+T023#
1QL$%+T023#$%6_8
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mZ#$)5m+T023#
1QL$%+T023#$%6_$W$%)#28
uk$w3
2)#/+2$#0"#m-#/55"/+7+)#/5
16q$%)6†$%6_.#-Gj+6:)8
B/6A$%
2)#/+2$#0"#m-#/5+T023#
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uk$w3
Yêu cầu đầu vào và chi phí học tập
]+)6-$%GX,Y/GN-3V/@6]#5"/+7+)#/56:)Z+&$T6[+)]3V/)6q$%)6†/'S$%
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kk62•)™—’k!bukkbA)6:)Z+&$){$%)]/6XG'P)\53\‚/>-A/"R$6G<2/j262•)
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>-A/"R$66:)/cT/"'()GW=15)2%$+/+2$27•"5Z+2 5#"$+$%•8
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6:)
7. GIÁO DỤC ĐẠI HỌC VÀ SAU ĐẠI HỌC CỦA AUSTRALIA
7.1 Các lợi thế khi học Đại học và Sau đại học tại Australia
u /"#0+#6+`$G#$%)-$%)^T6S$Dbbb@6]#6:)/}#2G‘$%Gl$+l$ šZ(+
)A))6-=&$$%<$6)6J$6*+$6m2#$6+$6/l6'S$%3j+š.'š/6-c/w$
)6'S$%+A2mf)-c/62#6:)s6V+6+l/@l+l$/"Œ)H$%$%6`6H$%/+$“
/l'P)62#6:) Gl$)A).+$6Z+&$/"2$%$'()Z<6S$bb>-?)%+#@6A)Gl$
6:)QL$%)^TG'P))A)/g)6q))6-=&$3H$Z<>-?)/l)H$%$6c$
u /"#0+#)]3V/,V0-c/,[2Z`>-=_$0P+)62.+$6Z+&$>-?)/l$6L3G[3,[2
.+$6Z+&$)]3H+/"'9$%6:))6-=&$$%6+`T)6^/0'P$%
"#$%D
u A).+$6Z+&$>-?)/l)])S6V+M0j+0<3Z+`).#-@6+/?/$%6+`T?+Z(+)A) +$6
Z+&$62<$/^/)6'S$%/"R$66j).šZ(+/69+%+#$6:)$w3/"M0&$6:)]/6XM0j+0<3
Z+`)$w3/j+ /"#0+#+&$%)A).+$6Z+&$62<$/^/@6]#+l$.š$%6+&$)q-!$w36:
)]/6XM0j+ /"#0+#!$w30<3Z+`)Z<n$w3ATmf$%)62)A) +$6Z+&$62<$/^/@6]#
+l$.š/J$)6†Z(+/69+%+#$6:)0<n$w3
u xV/.?/"'9$%"-$%6:))H$%0cT/j+)A),#$%ATmf$%)6J$6.A)63+ˆ$62•)
%+[36:)T6J)62)2$)F# +$6Z+&$6:) #-j+6:)/j+ /"#0+#+&$%G?+Z(+
ZPC)6r$%)F#.+$6Z+&$)]/6XG+0<3/2<$/69+%+#$3<.+$6Z+&$$<=G#$%6:)
A)02j+,L$%)^T)6J$6m2)A)/"'9$%Gj+6:);))^T%r3)]*
• Bậc Đại học
• Bậc Sau đại học
Sơ đồ chuyển tiếp bậc Đại học lên Sau Đại học
"#$%E
7.2 Chất lượng
7.2.1 Về kiểm định chất lượng
A)/"'9$%Gj+6:);)/y)6I-/"A)6$6+`3>-[$0K)6^/0'P$%$6'$%){$%T6[+
/-W$/652)A)>-=GI$6)F#)6J$6T6F
A))S>-#$)6J$6T6F)6I-/"A)6$6+`3)6J$6)62%+A2mf)Gj+6:).#-Gj+6:)
Z<$%6+&$)q-0<*
• QV +A2 mf) +`) 0<3 )F# ;) 15T#"/35$/ 27 —m-)#/+2$ —3T02=35$/ #$m
t2"@T0#)550#/+2$.8
• QV[+)A)6H$%$%6+`T62#6:)Z<%6+&$)q-15T#"/35$/27$$2Z#/+2$
$m /"= )+5$)5#$m5.5#")68
6^/0'P$%)F#/"'9$%Gj+6:)G'P)G[3,[2>-#)A)GP//6#$6/"#GI$6@‹)F#S
>-#$+X3GI$6)6^/0'P$%)A)/"'9$%j+:);)1 /"#0+#$$+Z5".+/+/5.-#0+/=
%5$)=u8
7.2.2Các hình thức học tập đối với sinh viên học các chương trình đại học và sau đại
học:
• :)/"&$%+[$%G'9$%15)/-"5.8
• :)$6]31-/2"+#0.8
• V+/6[2/6-=l//"R$61 53+$#".•"5.5$/#/+2$.8
• 6[2.A//6y)/l1—\)-".+2$.’+50m"+T.8
• y6:)1 507u./-m=8
a) Các hình thức đánh giá:
"#$%a
• +l//+X-0-c$1 +%$35$/8Z(+@62[$%bbb/}
• +X3/"#%+z#@‹
• 6+)-?+@‹
Đăng ký nhập học
• “&-)N-GN-Z<2)F#3•+)6'S$%/"R$66:)m2/}$%/"'9$%>-=GI$6
u +`)\‚//-=X$Gj+6:)/6'9$%my#/"&$)S.M62<$/^//g$%)V$%!$w36:)T6g
/6H$%xV/.?/"'9$%)]/6XT6‰$%Z^$\‚/6r.S62•)$w$%@6+l-)F#$%'9+6:)Z<6N-
6l/)A)/"'9$%G_-)])A))6'S$%/"R$6)6-=X$/+lTm<$6)626:).+$6)6'#"9+%6l$6<
/"'9$%1$2$u.)622005#Z5"8
u +`)\‚//-=X$.#-Gj+6:)G'P)/6y)6+`$)w$)q/"&$)6'S$%/"R$6G<2/j2/"'()
G])F#/6J.+$6
u +`)\‚//-=X$G?+Z(+)A))6'S$%/"R$6+l$.š/6'9$%my#/"&$/6<$6/J)66:)/cT
$g+/"V+M)6'S$%/"R$66j).š%6+&$)q-/"'()G]62•)/6J.+$6G]Gs62<$/^/)6'S$%
/"R$6|$6W$Z<Gj/’+"./0# 2$2-".1Ebubbo862•) 5)2$m0# 2$2-"+Z+.+2$
1DkuDao8GX0^=,L$%|$6W$#$6my
u A)@‹$6cT6:)G?+Z(+)6'S$%/"R$6Gj+6:)Z<.#-Gj+6:)M;)0<Z<26A$%
Z<6A$%D6'S$%/"R$66j).š$%6+&$)q-62•)+l$.š)]/6X$6cT6:),^/@‹/69+
G+X3$<2/"2$%$w3
7.2.3 Các trường Đại học hàng đầu của Australia:
a) Nhóm 8 trường Đại học hàng đầu Australia - Group of Eight (Go8):
• $+Z5".+/=27x50,2-"$$51+)8
• x2$#.6$+Z5.".+/=1+)8
• $+Z5".+/=27m50#+m51 8
• 65$+Z5".+/=27-55$.0#$m18
• 65$+Z5".+/=27t5./5"$ /"#0+#1t8
• $+Z5".+/=27 =m$5=1 t8
• 65$+Z5".+/=2754 2-/6t#05.1 t8
• 65 /"#0+#$#/+2$#0$+Z5".+/=18
b) Các trường Đại học Công nghệ của Australia - Australian Technology
Network of Universities (ATN):
• -"/+$$+Z5".+/=275)6$202%=1t8
• $+Z5".+/=27 2-/6 /"#0+#1 8
• x18
• $+Z5".+/=275)6$202%= =m$5=1 t8
"#$%b
• -55$.0#$m$+Z5".+/=275)6$202%=18
c) Các trường có thế mạnh về nghiên cứu và cải tiến - Innovative Research
Universities Australia (IRU Australia):
• ’0+$m5"$+Z5".+/=1 8
• "+77+/6$+Z5".+/=18
• #"2,5$+Z5".+/=18
• x#)>-#"+5$+Z5".+/=1 t8
• x-"m2)6$+Z5".+/=1t8
• 65$+Z5".+/=2754#./051 t8
8. KHẢ NĂNG HỢP TÁC GIÁO DỤC, CÁC ĐỀ XUẤT VÀ KINH NGHIỆM RÚT
RA
8.1 Khả năng hợp tác giáo dục:
u /"#0+#0<$'()$]+/+l$%$6)]$_$%+A2mf)/+&$/+l$%N$+`/#3$6^/
u /"#0+#0<$'())].?0'P$%+`/+_-@6A0($$&$$6+_-.+$6Z+&$)],<)2$/j+
/"#0+#,[2/"PZ_3•//<+)6J$6
u _$%+A2mf) /"#0+#/+&$/+l$Z(+$6+_-/"'9$%Gj+6:)0($Gq$%6<$%GN-)F#
6l+(+,L$%)^TG'P))H$%$6c$/"&$/2<$/6l%+(+
u 6J$6.A)6)F#)6J$6T6F /"#0+#3M"V$%Z(+Z+`))^T+.#Z<)[Z+`)G+0<3
/6&3/"2$%/69+%+#$6:))62.+$6Z+&$
u :)T6JZ<)6+T6J.+$662j//'S$%G?+
u S6V+GI$6)')#2
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)]$lT.?$%)#2#$/2<$Z<6<+6e#%'9+mW$ /"#0+#"^//6W$/6+`$Z</y/+$
• /"#0+#6:).+$6G'P)/ym20y#)6:$3V/0V/"R$6T6i6PTZ(+$6z$%3f)
/+&-)f/6X)F#3R$6Z<)]6<$%$%<$@6]#6:)GX6:).+$60y#)6:$
/"#0+#@6-=l$@6J)6T6A//"+X$/'m-=Gg+3(+.A$%/j2Z<GV)0cT:).+$6.˜
6:))A)60<3Z+`)/652$6]3%+#2/+lT6+`->-[Z(+$6z$%$%'9+@6A)){$%$6'T6A/
/"+X$$6z$%@š$w$%/6y)/+ˆ$Z<$w$%0y)/"J/-`GX/6<$6)H$%/"&$/2<$)N-
+_->-#$/":$%$6^/0<6:).+$6.˜G'P)6:))A)6.|mf$%.A$%@+l$)F#3R$6
+A2Z+&$.˜@6-=l$@6J)66:).+$6 =$%6‡Z_$6z$%%+[+T6ATGV)GA2Z</6y)/l)62
)A)Z^$G_/6y)/+ˆ$
(+6`/6?$%)A)/"'9$%Z<6:)Z+`$0W-G9+T6'S$%T6AT%+[$%mj=6:)G+GH+
Z(+6<$6$&$3•+$w3G^/$'()\+$6GžT$<=G]$6<$%)6f)Zj$.+$6Z+&$Gl$6:)/cTZ<
$%6+&$)q- 2Z(+)A)$'()$]+/+l$%$6@6A) /"#0+#0<$'())]/g$%.?m-6:).+$6
"#$%
Gq$%6<$%/6q!.#-$6-?)Z<2#‹j+3V/.?$'() /"#0+#Gq$%GN-m#$6
.A)6)A)>-?)%+#G'P)m-6:).+$6'#)6-V$%$6^/0<3V/$'())]3V/$_$%+A2mf)/j2
)626:).+$6.y@6A),+`//6y).y +$6Z+&$/?/$%6+`T/j+ /"#0+#)]/6X/R3G'P)Z+`)
0<33V/)A)6mˆm<$%Z<3V/.?$Y3%+z$6z$%)6q)Zf>-#$/":$%@6+\+$/6526:))A)
@6]#6:)M/"R$6GV.#-j+6:)/j+)A)/"'9$%j+6:)$g+/+l$%6l+(+
`/6?$%%+A2mf) /"#0+#)]-=/J$>-?)/l3j$63˜$g+/+l$%Z_)S)^-6+`-
>-[Z<$6z$%T6A//"+X$)]/J$6Gg+3(+/"2$%)6J$6.A)66+_->-?)%+#@6A)/"&$/6l
%+(+Gs6:)6‰+@+$6$%6+`3)F# /"#0+#GX)[+/6+`$6`/6?$%%+A2mf))F#6:
6J$6.A)6)F# /"#0+#/j23:+G+_-@+`$GXm-6:).+$6G'P)6:)/cT3V/)A)6
#$/W3$6^/)6‘$%6j$$6'*6:).+$6m'(+E/-g+/6R)6#62•)3žG'P)G+/652GX)6w3
.]))6r$%CZPG+6:))]/6X3#$%/652ZPC)6r$%Z<)2$)A+/652.+$6Z+&$G'P)T6‚TG+
0<3/6&3Z<$6<$'()){$%>-=GI$63q)0'S$%/?+/6+X-)62$%'9+0#2GV$%.+$6Z+&$
G'P)T6‚T3-#$6< Z</"&$6l/0<)S6V+GI$6)')#2.#-@6+/?/$%6+`T/j+ /"#0+#
/"#0+#0<3V//"2$%$6z$%$'())]/+&-)6-ƒ$.?$%)#2$6^/6l%+(+$6'$%)6+
T6J.+$662j/)6†M3q)/'S$%G?+"-$%,R$63V/m-6:).+$6/j+ /"#0+#)6+@62[$%
!BbC/-N$,#2%r3)A)@62[$$6'*w$M%+[+/"Jm+)6-=X$G+`$/62j+Z<)A))6+T6J
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/}$%GI#G+X3Z<T62$%)A)6)6+/+&-)F#/}$%6:).+$6
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,j$6:)G'P)Z<$6z$%,L$%)^T,j$Gj/G'P)/}$_$%+A2mf)Z<G<2/j2)F# /"#0+#
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/+&-)6-ƒ$$<=%+z#)A)/"'9$%@6H$%>-A)A)6,+`/
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>-?)/l6+3V/.+$6Z+&$>-?)/lGsG]$%/+_$)62/"'9$%)F# /"#0+#3</"'9$%G]
@6H$%3#=,IG]$%)|#/6R.+$6Z+&$G]G'P))6-=X$$%#=.#$%3V//"'9$%@6A))])i$%
$%<$6.+$6Z+&$Gw$%@K3<@6H$%T6[+G]$%/6&3,^/@‹3V/@62[$T6J$<2@6A)
^/$'() /"#0+#){$%0<3V//"2$%$6z$%$S+/?/$6^/GX.+$6.?$%]0<3V/
G^/$'()/"”/"-$%/6W$/6+`$Z<$w$%GV$%$S+6:).+$6)]/6X.+$6.?$%6:)/cTZ<
/"'M$%/6<$6QM+Zc=$l-,j$3-?$6'M$%3V/$_$%+A2mf))6^/0'P$%Z<3V/0?+.?$%
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T6'S$%%+z#+`/#3Z< /"#0+#G#$%G'P)Gƒ=3j$6/"&$$6+_-3•/G•),+`/0<%+A2
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+`/#38Gs)]$6z$%G]$%%]T0($/"2$%Z+`)/6Œ)Gƒ=$%<$6%+A2mf)/6H$%>-#)A)
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@l/$6'$%<=aCkCb!*/j+•xm+ˆ$"#,[$@K,+&$,[$,[$%6+$6(6PT/A)%+A2
mf)G<2/j2>-?)/l%+z#QV+A2mf)Z<V$%Gr$%,#$%54 2-/6t#05.1 tu;)8
Z(+ Mu•xZ<—x—m-)#/+2$+`/#3V+m-$%6PT/A)Z_/"#2Gg+
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•6A//"+X$3j$%0'(+)A)/"'9$%)#2G‘$%18/"-$%)^T)6-=&$$%6+`T18
)]%+[$%mj=)6'S$%/"R$6Z<G<2/j2$%6_O)-$%)^T,[$>-=_$T6N$3_3/+l$%
$6O%+ŒTG–6•/"PZ_/"#$%/6+l/,IG<2/j2%+A2Z+&$ %<=DCECb!/j+/"f.MQV
Ÿ 6q /"'M$% QV Ÿ "N$ -#$% -K Gs /+lT $%<+ j+ .q -%6
Q2""243#$)F# /"#0+#V+$%6IG•/3f)/+&-6PT/A)/"2$%)A)0‡$6Zy)Z_@+$6/l
Zw$6]#G•),+`/0<%+A2mf)/"2$%3?+>-#$6`%+z#)2$$%'9+Z(+)2$$%'9+
8.2 Kinh nghiệm và các đề xuất:
XZ+`)0+&$@l/%+A2mf)Z(+;)$%<=)<$%T6A//"+X$)6J$6T6FT6[+)])6J$6
.A)6Z<GN-/'/"2$%%+A2mf)GŒ$%GY$Z<@IT/69++`$$#=$'()/#G#$%)]6PT/A)/?/
Z(+;)l-)])6J$6.A)6GŒ$%GY$/6R>-#$6`%+A2mf)6#+$'()G'P)$W$%)#2.˜)]
$6+_-.+$6Z+&$.#$%;)6:)/cTZ</}$%,'()6:)6‰+@+$6$%6+`3%+A2mf);)GX
T6A//"+X$$_$%+A2mf)+`/#3
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