Bàn về tính ưu việt của kỹ năng đọc có phê phán đối với việc học ngoại ngữ

BAN VE TINH UU VIET
CUA
KY
NANG
DOC
CO
PHE PHAN 061 vol VIEC
HOC
NGOAI
NGQ
NGUYEN
HOANG
LAN
Khoa Anh - DHNN Hd
Ndi
Gilo due Viet Nam dang hudng tdi mot xa hdi tri thflc
vl
tbdng
tin vdi rat nbieu dac trung nhu: tbdng tin cd
gil
tri khdng dai, khdi
lugng
tbdng tin tang nbanh, ndi dung tbdng tin ngay
cing chuydn
sau Bdi the, nen giao due
ngly
nay tu dat ra yeu du mdi ngudi bgc
phli
the bien
duge cli
Ban nga cua minh qua nang

lue
phe
phin,
dinh
gil khi nhin dc su vat bien tugng trong the gidi
khich
quan. Tu duy
phe
phIn
da tfl
lau
trd tbanh mot pham
chit
khdng the thieu cua nhflng
con ngudi trong thdi dai mdi. Vay ta
nen
hieu
khii
niem "Tu duy phe
phIn"
nhu the nao?
Crittical thinking is a technique for evaluating information and
ideas, for deciding what to accept and believe. Critical thinking
involves reflecting on the validity of what you have read in light of
your prior knowledge and understanding of the
world.
(Dan Kurland)
Ndi mot deb
khic,
tu duy phe

phIn
la ky nang danh gil tbdng
tin va dc y kien
khae
nhau de tfl dd
xlc
dinh tbdng tin "sach" -
nhflng tbdng tin ed the tin cay va chap nhan dugc. Ky nang nay
ydu
du phai cd su ket hgp vdi vd'n hieu biet va kinh nghiem cua
bin
thin
ve the gidi.
KhIi
niem eo sd tren ddng vai trd lam nen tang cho nhflng hieu
biet ve Dgc cd phe
phIn
- dd'i tugng nghien
euu
chinh
ciia bli
viet nay:
Critical Reading is a type of reading that engages the critical
thinking and problem-solving skills of students as they
read.
It is an
333
active, engaged approach to reading that requyres students to interact
with the material that is being
read,

not merely to
"consume "
it. (Critical
Reading Initiative
http:llminerva.stkate.edulAeademiclcri.nsf).
Dgc cd phe
phIn
la mot
loai
ky nang dgc ddi hdi ky nang tu duy
phe
phIn
vl kha nang giai quyet van de d ngudi dgc. Dd la mot deb
tie'p can mdi me va chu ddng vdi ky nang dgc va ddi hdi ngudi dgc
phai cd su
tuong tic
chfl khdng don thuan chi
II
su tiep thu mot deb
phie'n dien gifla ngudi dgc va van
bin
dugc dgc.
Ndi mot deb don
thuin,
neu so dd
hoi khIi
niem dgc theo hai
hinh thflc nhu sau:
'^fJocMngpai'^-^lJ
Docs^u

thi dgc cd phe
phIn thudc
hinh thflc thfl hai, giup cho ngudi dgc hieu
van ban vl ren
luyen
tri nhd dai ban cua minh. Nd dac biet him ich dd'i
vdi
viee
bgc ngoai ngfl. Theo 70% nhflng ngudi theo bgc ngoai ngfl
tham gia dieu tra, dgc cd phe
phIn II
deb dgc tdi uu nbat, dem
lai
nhflng ket
qui
vugt bac trong viec xfl
ly
ngudn tbdng tin vdi nhflng
dac diem nhu tren. Viec phat trien ky nang nay se tao dieu kien de cho
mgi ngudi bgc cd the thich flng kip thdi vl khien cho viec bgc trd
ndn
de
ding
ban.
Ddi vdi nhflng sinh vien Trudng Dai hgc Ngoai ngfl - Dai bgc
Qudc Gia Ha Ndi, nhflng
gilo
vien ngoai ngfl tuong lai, thi ky nang
dgc cd phe
phIn

lai cd vai trd dac biet quan trgng:
• Thfl nbat, Dai hgc la tu hgc va ky nang Dgc la co sd cho viec tu
hgc.
Viec tu hgc se gap khd khan trong viec cbgn ngudn tai lieu tu hgc
tfl
sicb,
bio,
tap chi va
gin
day la
blng
edng eu Internet. Neu sinh
334
vien biet dgc cd phe phan thi se
gili
quyet dugc khd khan dau
tidn
cua
viec tu hgc - cbgn tai lieu tu hgc.
• Thfl hai, dgc cd phe
phIn
cdn la tidn de de ngudi sinh vien
hoan tbien vd'n hieu biet cua minh trong
tit
d dc
llnh virc khIc
cua
cudc song. Biet
phit
trien ky nang

nly,
sinh vien ngoai ngfl se khdng
chi don thuan gidi ngoai ngfl rieng ma cd vd'n hieu biet toan dien ve xa
hdi eung nhu cudc sdng. Ddi ngfl gilo vien se dugc hoan tbien ve chat
lugng. Day se
II
tin hieu
ding
mflng cho nen gilo due Viet Nam.
• Thfl ba, nhflng gilo vien day ngoai ngfl trong tuang lai neu cd
ky nang dgc cd phe
phIn
cd the' truydn lai va
phIt
trien ky nang nay
trong nhflng the he ngudi hgc tiep theo. Ky nang dgc phe phan cdn
giup cho edng viec giang day va truyen thu kien thflc hieu qua ban, cd
quy cu ban va cung khien cho viec hgc cua hgc sinh dd dang ban, he
tbdng
hon.
Tuy nhien,
thay
dugc su uu viet cua dgc cd phe
phIn
mdi chi
II
budc
diu
de cbflng ta tao cho minh y thflc ren luyen ky nang nay.
Ngan ngfl Anh cd

cau
"Practice makes perfect". Ren luyen mdi la con
dudng tat yeu de ta cd dugc mot ky nang hoan
hlo.
Tdi xin dugc de
xuat de budc ren luyen ky nang dgc cd phe
phIn nblm
giup nhflng
ngudi
yeu
thich nghe
thuat
dgc ndi ehung va nhflng ngudi hgc ngoai
ngfl ndi rieng ren luyen ky nang nay.
KI
nang dgc cd phe
phIn
dugc hinh tbanh qua 7 budc co ban nhu sau:
Dgc
ludt
c/ua
tdi lieu
Phan tieh bdi ednh
Dgt edu hdi de hieu vd nhd tdi lieu
Kiem tra
Igi
khd nang hieu vd ghi nhd cua ban than
Khdi qudt bd cue vd
torn
tat

Igi
tdi lieu
Ddnh gia cde
ludn
diem
- Budc 7: So sdnh ddi chii'u cde ngudn tdi lieu cd
liin
quan.
Sau day la nhflng hudng
din
cu the cho tflng budc
Budc 1: Doc ludt qua tai lieu
Trudc khi di sau vao tim hieu nhflng dieu ma van ban mudn truyen
335
- Budc
1.
- Budc 2:
- Budc 3:
- Budc 4:
- Budc 5:
- Budc 6:
dat tdi cbflng ta, ngudi dgc cd tu duy phe
phIn nen
dgc ludt qua mot
lln
de xem:
• Ndi dung bao
quit
cua toan bd van ban la gi?
• Van ban dd dugc trinh bay theo bd cue nhu the nao?

Cdng viec nay giup hinh tbanh trong ngudi dgc hieu biet ehung ve
van
bin,
tfl dd tu dua ra nhflng du
doln
rieng cua minh, chuan bi so
sinh
vdi nhflng gi minh se dugc dgc trong van ban.
Ngudi dgc se tiet kiem dugc thdi gian dgc ludt qua
tli
lieu blng
deb di theo nhflng budc nhu sau:
• Nghien cflu nhan de cua tai lieu, thudng thi nhan de la nod tap
trung y chinh va
khai quit
y chinh cua toan bd van ban. VI du nhu neu
ta nhin
vio
mot bai
bio
cd nhan de
"CIc
yeu to cua boat ddng
Idi
ndi",
ta cd the' biet dugc ngay bai
bio
dd trinh bay ve dc yeu td cua
boat ddng
Idi

ndi vl tim hieu mdi quan he cua dc yeu td dd blng deb
so
sinh
cbflng mot deb bien cbflng.
• Xem xet dc tai lieu hudng
din
cd lien quan. Mot van ban dugc
bd trg blng dc bai viet ve gilo due thi khdng the trinh bay ve cdng
nghiep vl
nguge
lai.
• Nhin ludt qua van ban de cd the
nim
dugc ndi dung bao
quit
cung nhu bd cue va be tbdng
luan
diem dugc trinh bay.
Den day ngudi dgc da cd dugc nhflng hieu biet ehung ve van
bin,
qui
trinh dgc ludt ket thflc de chuyen sang
qui
trinh phan tieh
bdi dnh.
Bude
2: Phan tieh bdi canh
O giai doan nay, ngudi dgc
bit dIu
dat

van
ban
vIo
trong nhflng
bdi dnh
lich
sfl, tieu sfl cua ban than vl nhflng bdi dnh ve Van
hoi
khIc.
Khi dgc
bit
cfl mot tai lieu nao, ngudi dgc cung khdng
ndn
suy xet
ehung blng
lang
kinh chu quan cua minh. Ngudi dgc khdng
ndn
dung
nhflng dieu kien cua xa hdi bien tai ma hg dang sdng de dd'i chieu
nhflng su kien da
didn
ra tfl trudc dd
rlt
lau. Hg chi cd the hieu dugc
mot tbdng tin ml tai lieu mudn truyen dat va tam quan trgng cua
tbdng tin dd khi hg
thue
su dat cbflng vao trong nhflng dieu
kidn

lich
336
sfl cu the trong nhflng tinh hudng cu the. De dgc dugc mot
each
cd phe
phan, ngudi dgc can phai bdi dnh hda van ban va nhan biet phan biet
dugc nhflng su
kbic
nhau gitta nhflng quan niem tfle thdi vdi nhflng
quan niem da ton tai trudc nd mot khoang thdi gian. Ngudi dgc
ettng
phai
vach
dinh rd rang gitta y kien rieng cua hg vdi nhttng y tudng do
van
bin
trinh
biy
de cd the nhin nhan su viec mot
deb
khach quan
nbat, "phe phan" nbat.
Chang ban khi nhin
vIo
van
bin
sau:
"Bao gid cho den thdng ba
Ech cdn cd ran tha ra ngodi ddng "
neu ngudi dgc khdng tim hieu bdi dnh cua cau ca dao tren se

din
den
quan niem sai
llm
ve mot bien tugng tu nhien: ech
cin
cd
rin.
Ngudi
dgc phai tim hieu de biet dugc
ring
day la mot the loai ca dao ndi
nguge, mgi bien tugng dugc trinh bay trong ca dao nguge ddu phli
dugc hieu
nguge
lai, dd la mot net van
hoi
rieng trong
kho
tang van
hgc dan gian Viet Nam.
Qui
trinh tim ra ket luan nly chinh la
qui
trinh bdi dnh boa van ban ma ehung ta dang nghien cflu.
Budc 3: Dat cau hoi de hieu va nhd tai lieu
Tiep den se la
qui
trinh di
sau

vao tim hieu ndi dung van ban
thdng qua he tbdng cau bdi. Sinh vien cbflng ta da
qui
quen vdi viec
dugc gilo vien dat ra dc cau hdi trong bd mdn dgc hieu. Cach gilo
vien dat
cau
hdi thudng td ra hieu qua bdi nd giflp sinh
vidn
hieu rd
hon ve van de dugc trinh bay vl dua ra nhflng
phIn
bdi tieh cue. Tuy
nhien, neu ngudi dgc thue su mudn
nIm
van
bin
mot deb
sau
xa ban
thi tot nbat la hg
nen
tu dat ra dc cau hdi cho rieng minh ngay tfl lln
dau tien tiep xflc vdi van ban. Ngudi dgc cd the ap dung chien luge
nay vdi mgi
loai
van ban, nbung dd'i vdi nhflng van ban trinh bay ly
thuyet trflu tugng thi dc cau hdi nen dugc dat ra ngay sau mdi y hay
mdi doan van ban nbat dinh. Mot van de ma ngudi dgc cung nen
luu

y
la dc
cau
hdi phai tap trung vao dc y
Idn
chfl khdng phai la dc
cau
hdi cho dc thdng tin de minh boa hay dc thdng tin qua chi tiet
ciia
van ban. Neu ngudi dgc chi tap trung vao dc thdng tin cu
the
thi dc
thdng tin se trd
ndn
vun vat, ghep ndi, va dgc cd
phd phIn
se khdng
phat buy dugc muc dich ciia minh.
337
Dd'i vdi mot doan van ban nhu sau:
"Nghe thuat chinh
Id
chii'c
chia
khod khai md nhdng gi ggi
Id
huyen bi thiing
liing
cua cudc sdng con ngUdi, vi thi' nd ed khd nang
phdt trien tinh cam, md rgng tri tudng tugng, phdt huy dc nhan thdc

chinh xde vdi nhdn tinh, vdi cudc ddi. Song su thudng ngogn mang
dam nit ed tinh cua
ngUdi
dgc vd tuy thudc vdo kinh nghiem tham my
cua mdi ngUdi."
NEN dat cac
cau
hdi
Vai trd cua nghe
thuat la gi?
Tai sao nghe thuat
lai cd vai trd ay?
Cac tinh chat cua su
thudng ngoan?
KHONG NEN dat cac
cau
hdi
Chie'c chia khoa khai md
nbung
gi ggi la
buydn
bi thieng
lieng
cua cudc sdng con ngudi dugc
hieu nhu the' nao?
Nghe thuat khai md
nhiing
gi trong ddi sdng
con ngudi?
Su thudng ngoan la gi?

(Phuang phdp tii'p nhdn tde phdm van hgc, 1998, Tr. 33)
Budc 4: Kiem tra lai kha nang hieu va ghi nhd
ciia
ban than
Ngudi dgc da cd dugc mot vd'n hieu biet nbat dinh ve van ban sau
khi dat xong dc cau hdi va tu tim ra cau
tri Idi
cho
ridng
minh. Cd the
ndi ngudi dgc da hoan
thinh
xong giai doan dgc. Chuyen sang giai
doan phe
phIn,
ngudi dgc
bit dIu
blng viec kiem tra lai su
phIn
hdi
cua minh dd'i vdi van
bin
ddng thdi kiem tra
khi
nang ghi nhd cua ban
than. Nhflng thdng tin ml ngudi dgc ghi nhan dugc cd the se trd tbanh
nhflng thfl thich dd'i vdi nhflng nidm tin va ly tudng hg da cd tfl trudc,
thfl thich vdi d nhflng gi hg hinh dung ve tinh hinh thue tai va vi the
cua hg. Bdi vi the, hg
cIn

tuan thu nhflng bude sau day:
• Khi dgc van
bin
lln
dIu
tien, ngudi dgc
nen dinh
dau vao
nhflng luan diem ma hg thay
khIc
vdi nhflng quan niem va niem tin
cua chinh minh.
• Chu thich lai nhflng gi hg dm nhan ve ndi dung dd, va nhirng
diem khdng tuong ddng gifla ndi dung dd vdi quan
didm sin
cd cua hg.
• Dgc lai nhflng dieu ghi chu va tim ra nguyen nhan cua su khac
338
nhau, giai thich su khac nhau dd va tdng ket lai quan diem dung
din
nhl't,
neu dn thi dieu chinh lai niem tin, quan niem
ciia
minh.
Budc 5: Khai quat bd'
cue
va torn tat lai tai lieu
6
budc nay, ngudi dgc dinh hinh lai dc y chinh da dugc trinh bay
va dflng

Idi le
cua minh de
didn
dat lai.
Bude
khIi quit
lai bd cue va tdm
tit
tai lieu dac biet
phIt
huy hieu
qui
trong viec giup ngudi dgc hieu ndi dung va du
true
cua tai lieu
ma hg da cbgn. Viec
khIi quit
bd
cue
se tli bien lai du
true
cua van
bin
va viec tdm
tit
lai se be thdng lai dc luan diem chinh. KhIi
quit
bd cue ddi khi cd the dugc trien khai trong qua trinh chu thich van ban
hoac cd the duge trien khai mot deb rieng re. Dieu quan trgng ma
ngudi dgc dn chfl y khi thue bien

khIi quit
bd cue hay tdm
tit II
phai
phan biet dugc luan diem vdi luan cfl va luan cbflng. CIc luan diem
hinh tbanh nen bd
khung
dan y, ngudi viet dua
vIo
bd kbung nay de
them dc y tao tbanh mot bai viet
holn
chinh. Hon the nfla, khi
khIi
quit
lai bd cue ngudi dgc
nen
su dung ngdn ngfl cua rieng hg chfl
khdng nen dung
Idi
le cua
tic
gil.
Tdm
tit
se dugc thue bien
bit dIu
blng viec ghi lai bd
cue
nbung

thay blng viec chi don
thuIn liet
ke lai dc y chinh,
qui
trinh tdm
tit
se tdng ket lai dc y dd va ket hgp cbflng lai de hinh tbanh mot van
bin
mdi. Khac vdi budc
khIi quit
bd cue holn toan phu thudc vao van
ban, budc tdm
tit
ddi hdi phli cd su tdng hgp
sing
tao. Khi ngudi dgc
biet
sip
xep lai dc y theo hieu biet cua minh mot deb cd dgng hon
chinh
la
khi hg da
phIt
huy dugc uu the vugt trgi cua ky nang dgc cd
phe
phln.
Budc 6: Danh gia cac luan diem
Day la budc ngudi dgc kiem tra lai tinh xlc thue, dung
din,
tinh

logic va nhflng hieu flng ma thdng tin mang lai.
Ta't d dc
tic
gia khi tao nen mot
tic
pham nao dd deu cd
ging
thuyet phuc ngudi dgc tin vao nhflng luan diem ma hg dua ra. Vi the,
mot ngudi dgc cd tu duy phe phln nen td ra
sing
sud't khi tiep nhan
thdng tin. Ngudi dgc khdng
ndn
tin vao nhflng thdng tin be mat, ma
nen nhin nhan
ehung
nhu la mot luan diem dn phai xlc minh lai.
Mot luan diem thudng bao gdm hai phln chinh: phln nhan dinh va
phan giai thich.
^39
Phln nhan dinh dua ra mot ket luan - mot y tudng, mot quan niem,
mot
Idi
nhan xet
dinh
gil ml ngudi viet mudn ngudi dgc chap nhan.
Cdn phan gili thich dua ra nhflng ly do (nhflng quan niem
gin
gid'ng
nhu vay) vl

din
cbflng (sd lieu,
thue
te ) de thuyet phuc ngudi dgc
tin
vIo
nhan dinh dd. Khi
dinh
gil mot nhan dinh, ngudi dgc cung di
theo mot chu trinh nhu ngudi viet: gili thich, tim nguyen nhan,
can
nhic
mflc do tin cay cua thdng tin. Ngudi dgc phli xem xet dc
din
cbflng vl mflc do phuc vu cho luan diem cua dc
din
cbflng trudc khi
quyet dinh cd
nen
tin
vIo
nd hay khdng.
Bude 7: So sanh dd'i chieu eae ngudn tai lieu ed lien quan
CIc
tic
gil viet ra dc
tic
pham deu cd ehung mot mdi quan tam tdi
su viec dugc trinh bay nhflng hg trinh bay d nhirng khia canh
khIc

nhau
va nhin nhan theo nhflng
cich khIc
nhau. Vi the, de cd duge mot cli
nhin toan dien ban ve van de minh quan tam, ngudi dgc nen tim hieu
dc bai viet cd Uen quan: dc bai viet cflng chu de, cung
llnh
vuc
Ngudi dgc cd the tim hieu dc bai biet cua dc
tic
gia
khIc
nhau cflng
nghien ciru mot van de bay dc
tic
pham cua cflng mot
tic
gia trong dc
giai doan
khIc
nhau. Sau dd vdi tu duy phe phln cua minh, ngudi dgc
cd the so
sinh
dd'i chieu vl tu hinh tbanh kien thflc nen ehung cho minh
tfl ket
qui
tdng hgp cua nbieu ngudn tai lieu
khIc
nhau.
Sau khi ngudi dgc cd hinh dung

khIi quit
ve dc bude dgc cd phe
phln, cbflng tdi xin dua ra mot vi du nhu sau de tai bien lai dc budc
nay giflp ngudi dgc thue
hinh
dc budc hg vfla dgc.
Kit luan:
Thue
tidn nghien cflu cho thay sinh vien Viet Nam ndi
rieng va ngudi hgc ngoai ngfl Viet Nam ndi ehung chua cd y thflc ve
ky nang dgc cd phe phln hoac chua quan tam dflng muc tdi ky nang
nay. Dd chinh
II
ly do phln
Idn
nhflng ngudi nly khdng
yeu
thich
mdn dgc. Blng
cIch
tdng hgp nbieu
phuong
phap nghien cflu khac
nhau, bai nghien cflu cua tdi da di sau
ngbidn ciJu
ve ky nang dgc cd
phe phln trong viec hgc ngoai ngfl cua sinh vien nam thfl
nhlt.
Bai
nghien cflu da chi ra thue trang

Ip
dung ky nang dgc cd phe phln,
nghien cflu nhflng khd khan cua viec Ip dung nay va cung de ra nhflng
gili
phip
thie't thue giflp
phIt
trien ky nang dgc cd phe phln trong sinh
vien. Tdi rat hi vgng
ring
nghien cflu cua tdi se gdp phln di tbien tinh
hinh Ip dung ky nang dgc cd phe phln trong sinh vien, giflp sinh vien
340
y thflc hon ve tam quan trgng va vai trd cua dgc cd phe phln ddi vdi
de ky nang
khIc
cua bd mdn ngoai ngfl, de viec tu hgc cua hg cd hieu
qua hon va
tieh
cue ban.
Tai lieu tham khao
1.
Aebersold,
J.A. va Field. M.A, From reader to reading teacher,
1997.
2.
CoUoins. N.D., Teaching critical reading through literature,
1996.
3.
Hoing

Van Van, Phdt Men vd bdi dudng nang khii'u ngogi
ngu,
Tap chi Khoa hgc, Dai hgc Qudc gia Ha Ndi,
2003.
4.
Jones, L., Let's
talk
1, Nxb. Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh, 2002.
5.
Krai, T. Creative classroom activities, 1989- 1993.
6.
MacAndrew,
R., English observed, 1991.
7.
Nguydn
Lan Trung, Tii'ng me de trong mot md hinh gidng day
ngogi
ngU,
Tap chi Khoa hgc, Dai hgc Qudc gia Ha Ndi,
2003.
8. Nguydn Phuong Sflu, Yi'u td van hda trong dgy, hgc vd ddnh
gid ndng
lue
ngogi
ngd.
Tap chi Khoa hgc, Dai hgc Qudc gia,
HI
Ndi,
2003.
9. Nguydn Thanh Hflng, Hieu vdn - dgy vdn, Nxb. Gilo due,

2000.
10.
Nguydn Thi Thanh Huong, Phuong phdp tii'p nhdn
tde
phdm vdn
hgc a trudng phd thdng trung hgc, Nxb. Gilo due, 1998.
Nguon tham khao dien tu
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