Động từ kết chuỗi trong tiếng Anh, có đối chiếu với một số nhóm động từ tương ứng trong tiếng Việt

DONG
TD KET
CHUOI
TRONG
TIENG
ANH,
c6
D6\
CHIEU
vdi
MOT
SO
NHOM
DONG
TD
TUONG
QNG
TRONG TIENG VIET
Nguyin
Thi
Hong Hanh
Ban
Qiian
he
Quoc
te,
DHQG
Hd Not
Trong tieng Anh
c6
nhieu nhdm dong

t\i,
vi du nhu
dong
tiif
chuyen
dong, dong
til
tong hdp, dong gidi
tif
trong
dd
dong
t\i
ket
ehuoi (eater-
natives)
la mot
nhdm dong
tit kha dac
biet,
luon
doi hoi cac
dong
tu:
khdng
chia khac ciing xuat hien.
Vi du:
He kept talking.
(Anh ay
tiep

tue ndi
chuyen.)
I
saw
John come
up the
street.
(Toi
nhin thay John
di
tren
pho.)
Trong
hai vi du
tren,
cac
dong
tijt
"kept", "saw",
dting
d vi tri dau
tien trong dong
ngii
chinh
la
dong tu:
ket
chudi.
Chung
ddi hoi cac

dong
tif
di sau
chung phai xuat hien
d
dang
thijfe
khong chia
cua
dong
tijf:
"talking"- hinh thai
-ing
(V-ing); "come"
-
dong
tif
nguyen dang khong
CO
"to".
So'
lUdng
cae
dong
t\i
ciing
xuat hien trong
mot
ngfl
theo kieu

nay
la khong
cd
gidi
ban: tat ca cac
dong
tir,
trif
dong
i\i
diing
sau
ciing,
deu
la
dong
tuf
ket
chudi.
Trong
mot
dong
ngiJ
cd the cd hdn hai
dong
ttt
ket
ehuoi.
Vi du:
He kept

on
ashing
her to
help
him get it
finished.
(Anh
ay
tiep
tue de
nghi
c6 ay
giup
anh ket
thue
cong viec.)
*Dong
t\X
ket
ehuoi'
va cac
dong
tii
di sau no cd mot moi
quan
he
cu phap
va
ngijt
nghia

kha
'chat
che',
vi du
khong
the ndi "He
kept
to
talk",
"I
want going
to
London".
630
Trong bai viet nay, chung toi se tim hieu cac cau true cd ban va
ngut
nghia cua nhdm dong tu: ket ehuoi, lam cd sd doi chieu mot so'
nhdm dong tii tUdng
dUdng
trong tieng Viet.
I.
TifiU
CHI
PHAN LOAI
DONG
Ttf
K^T
CHu6l
F.R.Palmer trong cud'n "The Grammar English Verb", 1974 da
dua

ra hai bo tieu
chi
de phan
loai
dong
t\i
ket ehuoi trong tieng Anh
dUa tren cac cau tnic ma chung xuat hien:
(i)
Thii nhdty
c6 4 hinh thai cua dong
ti£
c6
thedi
sau dong til ket
ehuoi:
• Dong
tijf
nguyen dang khdng cd tieu
tuf
'to":
He didn't hear her get up.
(Anh khong nghe thay c6 ay
thufe
day.)
I saw him come out of the house.
(Toi nhin thay anh ay ra khdi nha.)
- Dong
tix
nguyen dang cd

ti§u
t\i
"to":
I
didn*t
want to look at the time.
(Toi khong muon xem dong ho.)
I don't want anyone to touch you. (Toi khong mud'n bat
cijf
ai
cham
vao ngudi em.)
- Dong til
CO
duoi -ing (-ing form):
After a time, she quit talking. (Sau mot hoi, c6 ay
ngijtng
ndi.)
She kept talking. (Cd ay
vin
tiep
tue
ndi.)
- Dong
ttt
cd dudi -en (-en form) :
He got short in the riot. (Anh ay bi bin trong cuoe noi loan.)
Tuy nhien,
chi
cd hinh thai

thii
hai va
thii
ba la thich hdp doi vdi
phan
Idn
cac dong
tii
ket ehuoi.
631
(it)
ThiJt
hai, danh
ngit
c6 the xuat hien
givta
dong tii ket chuSi
vd dong tit di sau no, theo
trqt
tit:
(a) Dong tu: ket
ehuoi
+ (b) ed/khong cd danh ngi3 (vdi
chiic
nang
bd
ngut) + (c) dong
tuf
khdng chia.
John wanted to talk. (John mud'n ndi

ehuy§n)
a + e (nguyen dang cd tieu
ttr
"to")
John kept talking. (John tiep tue ndi chuyen.)
a + c (V-ing)
John wanted the man to talk.
a + b + e (nguyen dang cd tieu
tif
"to")
(John mud'n ngUdi dan
dng
ndi chuyen.)
John kept the man talking.
a
+
b + e (nguyen dang khong cd tieu ttf "to")
John
ctJt
de ngUdi dan ong ndi chuyen.)
Trong hai vi du dau, chu ngut cua "to talk" va "talking" la "John".
Trong hai dong ngut nay khdng cd danh ngii
"chen"
vao
giula
dong tiif
ket ehuoi - "wanted", "kept" va dong
tii
khdng chia.
Trong hai vi du sau, chu

ngu[
cua "to talk" va "talking" khdng phai
la "John" ma la "the man". Trong
trudng
hdp nay, danh
ngd
"the man"
da "chen" vao
giiia
dong
tijf
ket ehuoi - "wanted", "kept'* va dong
i\i
khdng chia - "to talk", "talking".
Theo tac gia, hai bo tieu chi phan loai dong
t\i
ket ehuoi
vrta
neu
tren
ehi
ap dung cho dong ngii
phiic
(complex phrase). Mot dac diem
quan trong phan biet dong
ngii
ddn va dong ngii
phiic
chinh la kha
nang "chen" vao giiia dong tu: ket chudi va dong

ttf
di sau nd cua danh
nguc
(NP).
Chi
cd dong
ngii phijfc
mdi cd kha nang nay.
Vi du:
John wanted the
man
to talk.
John kept the man talking.
632
Trong hai dong
ngQ phlie
trong hai vi du tren, cd sU xuat hien cua
danh ngii "the man". Trong trUdng hdp nay, "the man" la chu ngii cua
menh de phu/doan ngii khdng chia, la chu ngii cua hanh dong "to talk"
v^
"talking".
Ngodi
ra,
dong
ngiJt phiic
con c6 mot so dac
tritng
sau day:
(i) Dang phu dinh cd the dUde
sxi

dung vdi dong ttf ket chudi trong
dong ngii
phiic.
Phu dinh cd the
dUde
danh dau vdi mdi mot dong
tijf
xuat hien trong ciing mot dong ngii mot each doc lap.
He did not agree to do anything. (Anh ay khdng dong y lam bat
cii viec gi.)
He agreed not to do anything. (Anh
^'y
dong y khong lam bat eti
vi§c
gi.)
I enjoy not being married, really. (Toi thUe sU thich thu la ngUdi
khdng cd vd).
Dong ttf nguyen dang khdng cd tieu ttf 'to' va qua khii phan ttf
thudng khdng de
cf
dang phu dinh. Tuy nhien, doi khi ciing cd nhiing
trUdng hdp ngoai
le:
I don't like children not taught road safety. (Toi khdng mud'n tre
em khdng dUde day ve an toan giao thong.)
Nhiing ban che nay thudng vi
ly
do ngii nghia
ehtf
khdng phai vi

ly
do ngii phap. Cae dong ttf 'help' (giup dd), 'fail' (that bai) hoae 'get'
(1^'y,
nhan) khdng dUde sii dung de
diln
dat cac hanh dong hoae trang
thai phu dinh va thudng khdng diing vdi sU kien khdng ed that.
(ii) Doi vdi mot
so'cau true
cua dong tit ket chudi, ciing c6 the danh
dau
thdi
(tense) d moi mot dong tii (vdi
"have").
I prefer to have finished before he comes. (Toi mud'n ket thue
cdng viec
trude
khi anh ay den.)
Trong vi du tren, dong tif ket chudi "prefer" ket hdp vdi "to have
finished" - dang
thtic
hoan thanh nguyen dang.
Trong vi du dUdi day "prefer"
lai
ket hdp vdi to finish - dong ttf
633
nguyen dang cd tieu ttf to .
I prefer to finish before he comes.
Su khac nhau
giiia

hai cau tren chinh la sU khae nhau ve thdi.
(Hi) Hdu
nhu khong c6 gidi han ndo trong viec
diing
dang
thiCc
bi dong
doi vdi cac menh de phu.
He saw them eat. (Anh ay nhin thay ho an.)
He saw them eaten. (Anh ay nhin thay
ehiing
dang bi an
thit)
He had them beat the carpet. (Anh ay yeu cau ho dap saeh
^
tham.)
He had them beaten. (Anh
^y
sai ngUdi dap saeh tham.)
Trong mot so' trUdng hdp ca mot cau
ddy
du trong dd cd dong ttf
ket chudi ciing cd the chuyen sang dang
thtfc
bi dong.
John seems to have seen Mary. (John cd ve nhU da gap
Mary)
Mary seems to have been seen by John. (Mary cd ve nhU da
dUde John tiep.)
Day la cac dong ttf 'bo nghia cho chu ngii'. Trong dang

thiie
bi
dong, chung gidng cac trd dong ttf hdn la cac dong ttf chinh va ve mat
ngii nghia chung ed mot so' dac trUng
ctia
dong ttf tinh thai - dUdng
nhu, dang xay ra v.v. Nhu vay ed the thay la khdng cd sU phan biet
rd
rang
giiia
cac trd dong ttf chinh cap (primary auxiliaries), cac dong ttf
tinh thai (modals) va dong ttf ket chudi.
Cd the nhan thay
s^c
thai nghia khac nhau giiia hai
c^'u
tnic bi
dong sau day:
He saw them punished. (Anh ay nhin thay ho bi
trtfng
phat)
He saw them to be punished. (Anh ay nhin thay ho
s^p
hi trtfng
phat)
Theo chung toi, sU khac biet
chti
yeu giiia hai cau true bi dong
tren chinh la ve thdi gian.
634

Hinh thai qua khii phan til la dang hi dong
ctia
dong ttf nguyen
dang cd tieu ttf 'to'. Tuy nhien, ciing cd the cd dang nguyen the d dang
bi dong vdi it khac biet ve nghia:
I want the carpet beaten.
(Toi mud'n tarn tham dUde dap
saeh
bui)
I want the carpet to be beaten.
Tuy nhien, each ndi bi dong khdng thUe hien
dUde
ddi vdi mot so'
dong
txX,
nhat la vdi dang dong ttf dudi -ing khi ed danh
nguf
chen d
giiia:
He kept them working. (Anh bat chung lam viec.)
They kept them being taught. (-)
I want them working. (Toi mud'n ho lam viec.)
I want them being taught. (-)
TrUdng hdp ngoai le nay chu yeu mang tinh ngii nghia (NgUdi ta
thudng 'keeps' (khien,
b^t)
hoae
'wants' (mud'n) ngUdi khac hanh
dong).
Mac

dti
v^y
cd the cd
each
ndi bi dong trong cau "I want them
being taught" (cau sai)
hkng
each
si
dung dong ttf nguyen dang cd tieu
ttf 'to' thay vi
stf
dung dong ttf dang -ing:
I want them to be taught. (Toi mud'n ho
dUde
day dd.)
(iv) Dong tit ket chudi c6 the xuat hien trong 4 cau
trdc cO
ban sau day:
-
NPl
V
[(NPl)
V]
- NPl V [NP2 V]
- NPl V NP2 [(NP2) V]
- NPl V NP2 [(NPl) V]
Trong dd :
- NPl la danh
ngfl thii

nhat vdi ehtfc nang chu ngii;
- V la dong ttf;
- NP2 la danh ngii
thtf
hai vdi
chiJtc
nang bo
ngii/chu
ngii cua doan
ngii khdng chia;
- Dau ngoac ddn ()
chi
ra xem danh ngii
cl
phan phu cd trung vdi
635
danh ngii
d^u
tien (NPl, vdi
chijfc
nang chu ngut) hay triing vdi
danh ngii
thuf
hai NP2 (vdi
chiic
nang bo ngii);
- dau [ ]
chi
sU phu thude.
a.

NPl V [(NPl)
V]
I hope to go to China for this summer holiday.
NPl V /(NPl)V A A/
(Toi hy vong di Trung Qud'c vao ky nghi he nay)
She began to read a novel.
NPl V /(NPl)V NP2/
(Cd ay bat dau doc mot quyen tieu thuyet)
Trong hai vi du tren, danh ngii
d
phan phu (ehu ngii cua menh de
phu) triing vdi danh ngii
d^u
tien ("I", "she") cua cau.
b.NPl
VINP2V]
I want him to go to China for this summer holiday.
NPl V /NP2 V A A/
(Tdi mud'n anh
§'y
di Trung Qud'c vao ky
nghi hd
nay.)
/ wanted her to play
^/lepmno,
(Tdi mud'n cd ay chdi piano).
NPl V /NP2 V NP3/
Trong hai vi du tren, danh ngii NP2 xuat hien vdi
chttc
nang bo

ngti cua doan ngii khdng chia;
c. NPl
VNP2
[(NP2) V]
I persuade him to go to China for this summer holiday.
NPl V NP2 /(NP2)V A A/
(Tdi thuyet
phue
anh ay di Trung Qud'c vao ky
nghi
he nay)
/ advised him to study Russian.
NPl V NP2 /(NP2)V NP3/
(Tdi khuyen anh ay hoe tieng Nga).
636
It made me think. (Dieu dd khien tdi
nghi.)
NPl V NP2 /(NP2)V
Khac vdi
e^'u
true (a), trong cau true nay danh
ngO
(NP2) chen vao
giiia dong ttf
k^'t
chudi ("persuade", "advised") va dong ttf di sau ("to
go'*,
"to study") khdng triing vdi danh ngii NPl. Trong trUdng hdp nay,
NP2 ("him") vtfa la bo ngii cua menh de chinh (bo ngii cua "persuade"
va "advised"), vtfa la chu ngii cua menh de phu (chii ngii cua "to go" va

"to study").
d.NPl
V NP2 [(NPl) V]
I promised him to go to China.
NPl V NP2 /(NPl)V A
(Tdi hiia vdi anh ta la toi se di Trung Qud'c).
Trong cau true nay danh ngii lam chu ngii cua menh de phu trung
vdi ehu ngii cua menh de chinh
(chti
ngii cua "promised" triing vdi chu
ngii cua "to go". Vdi y nghia nay, dong ttf "promise" la dong ttf duy
nh^'t
khdng can den gidi ttf
trUdc
danh ngti.
II.
PHAN LOAI
DONG
itT
K^T
CHu6l
Dua vao cac
eiiu
true
ed ban eung vdi cae hinh thai khdng chia cua
dong ttf ciing
xu^'t
hien, cae dong ttf ket chudi cd the dUde chia thanh
cac nhdm nhd sau day. Tuy nhien, sU phan chia nay ciing mang tinh
vd doan va ddn gian boa bdi vi cd kha nhieu dong ttf

nlim
d ranh gidi
giOa
cac nhdm khac nhau.
1.
Nhom dong tii
ttftfng
lai
Nhdm dong ttf tUdng lai md ta hanh dong, dU dinh cho tUdng lai,
hoae da dUde
len
keboaeh.
Nhdm dong ttf nay cd the xuat hien trong
ca bd'n cau
true
neu tren va dUdc phan biet ve hinh thiic hkng kha
nang ket hdp vdi cac trang ngii chi thdi gian tUdng lai trong menh
de phu.
637
Co the chia nhom dong tit nay thdnh cac tieu loai ngit nghia sau:
a. Cac dong ttf mang y nghia thuyet phue
ehi
xuat hien trong cau
tnic NPl V
NP2
[(NP2) V], trong dd
ludn
ed ngUdi
dUdeA)i
thuyet

phue
thue hien hanh dong, vi du nhU persuade, advise, challange, force,
teach,
assist, bring, direct, invite,
lead,
remind,
request, tempt, expect
I persuade the doctor to examine the boy.
NPl V NP2 /(NP2)V NP3/
(Tdi thuyet phue bac
si
kham benh cho cau be)
b.
Cac dong ttf mang y nghia ra
lenh,
bat buoc chi xuat hien trong
hai cau
true:
-NP1VNP2
[(NP2) V];
- NPl V [NP2 V]
trong dd mot ngUdi nao dd nhan lenh, hoae mot hanh dong cd the dUdc
ra lenh
thUe
hien ma khdng
nhic
den ngUdi
nh^n
lenh dd, vi du nhU
order, cause, enable, permit, allow

My papa has ordered me to return to you these presents.
NPl V NP2 /(NP2)V A NP3/
(Bd' tdi lenh cho tdi phai tra lai anh nhiing mdn qua nay.)
Cac dong ttf nhU expect, mean, intend xuat hien trong cac cau
tnic:
- NPl V [NPl V]
- NPl V [NP2 V]
- NPl V NP2 [(NP2) V]
/ expect to see a ghost in the room.
NPl V /(NPl)V NP2 A/
(Tdi trong ddi se nhin thay mot eon ma d trong phdng.)
/ expect the doctor to examine John.
NPl V NP2 /(NP2)V NP3
(Tdi trong ddi bac si se kham cho John.)
638
c. Cac dong ttf mang y nghia yeu cau xuat hien trong cac
eifu
true:
-
NP1VNP2
[(NP2)V]; va
- NPl
V [(NPl)
V],
trong dd ngUdi ndi cd the yeu cau mot ai dd thUe hien mot hanh dong
hoae yeu cau dd lam viec dd, vi du nhu ask, aim, choose, require, beg,
dare
anybody dared to hate her.
NPl V /(NPl)V/ NP2
( cd

ai dam ghet cd ay.)
/ asked John to meet Mary.
NPl V NP2 /(NP2)V NP3
(Tdi da yeu
cfiu
John gap Mary.)
- Cac dong ttf
chi
xuat hien vdi cau true : NPl V [(NPl) V], vi du
nhu decide, decline, determine, elect, fear, hesitate, hope, long,
look,
lust, prepare, refuse, swear
She determined to render her position
NPl V /(NPl)V/ NP3
(Cd ay quyet dinh ttf bd vi
tri
cua minh.)
/ hope to come soon. (Tdi hy vong den sdm.)
NPl V /(NPl)V/ A
- Dong ttf
ehi
xuat hien trong hai
c^'u
true:
-NP1V[(NP1)V];
- NP1VNP2 [(NPl)V]
vi du nhu dong tii
''promise".
I promised to go. (Tdi
hiia

se di.)
NPl V /(NPl)V/
/ promised John to go. (Tdi
htfa
vdi John la tdi se di.)
NPl V NP2 /(NPl)V/
639
- Cac dong ttf chi xuat hien vdi cau true:
- NP1V[(NP1)V];
- NP1V[(NP2V]/
nhu dong ttf "want" va mot sd'ddng ttf yeu cau cd gidi
tijf
nhU : agree,
undertake, offer.
/ want to see you, (Tdi mud'n gap anh )
NPl V /(NPl)V/ NP2
/ agreed with John to prepare the speech.
NPl V NP2 /(NPl)V NP3
(Tdi dong y vdi John tdi se chuan bi bai phat bieu.)
-
''Need"
ed the xuat hien vdi dong ttf nguyen dang mang y nghia
chu dong va vdi dong ttf dudi -ing nhUng mang y nghia bi dong. Vdi hai
y nghia khac nhau thi se cd hai cau tnic khac nhau:
The boy needed to wash. (Cau be can
tim)
NPl V /(NPl)V/
The boy needed washing.
(Cku
be

cSn dUde
tam)
NPl V
A^(NPl)/
(The boy needed to be washed).
Nhiing dong tii thude nhdm nay bao gom: advise, recommend
I
wound't
advise taking the car
NPl Aux V /(NP)V NP2
(Tdi se khdng khuyen mua
chiee
xe dd.)
/ wouldn't
advise you to take the car (nt)
NPl Aux V NP2 /(NP2)V NP3
(Tdi se khdng khuyen anh mua chiee xe dd.)
Dong
t\i
"advise" ket hdp vdi hinh thai -ing khi bo ngii
chi
ngUdi
khdng
dUde
de
c^p
den. NgUdc lai, nd ket hdp vdi dong ttf nguyen dang
ed "to" khi de cap den bo ngii ehi ngUdi ("you") .
640
2.

Nhom dong
tijf chi
nguyen nhan
Nhdm dong ttf chi nguyen nhan cd the
xu^'t
hien vdi dong ttf
nguyen dang khdng ed tieu ttf "to" hoae ed "to". Dong ttf
thude
nhdm
nay gom ed: have, help, let, make.
Trong nhdm nay ed dong tii cd the xuat hien trong hai cau
true:
NPlV[(NPl)V];va
NP1VNP2
[(NP2)V], -'
'
•
nhUng ed dong ttf
ehi xu§.'t
hien vdi cau
true:
NPl
V NP2 /(NP2)V/.
Let me buy you a drink.
-
(NPl)V NP2 (NP2)V NP3 NP4
- • '•
(De tdi mua cho anh mot ly.)
•! •
It made me cry

NPl V NP2 /(NP2)V/
(Dieu ay khien tdi
khde.)-
/
- "Help": xuat hien trong cau true : NPl V [(NPl) V]
vdi
dong ttf
nguyen dang khdng cd tieu ttf "to"; va NPl V NP2 [(NP2) V] vdi dong
ttf nguyen dang khdng cd tieu
tijf
"to"
v^
dong tii nguyen dang cd tieu
tii "to".
You can help push the car.
NPl Aux V (NPl)V NP2
'" "
'
' ^ ' *
(Anh cd the giup
d^y
xe d to.) '
'" '• '"'"
He helped them build
f/ic/lousc.
V
' ^''^^^'' '*
NPl V NP2 (NP2)V NP3
(Anh ay giup ho xay nha.)
'^iii^!:^:-

i^;^>!b
, ,^;' •!•/ :• ••
1/
••n:i (
\:-i>A
'^A\
i
'•-( •/
•Ji
-
"Make":
xuat hien trong cau true NPl V NP2 [(NP2) V] vdi dong
tif nguyen dang khdng ed tieu
tijf
"to"; vdi dong ttf nguyen dang cd tieu
ttf "to" khi menh de chinh d dang hi dong.
^ -
He made the boy finish his work.
''^•''
->JPl'
V
NP2 /(NP2)V/ NP3
' "• ';
""
(Anh ay
b^t
cau be lam xong bai tap.)
641
The boy was made to finish his work.
NPl V NP2

(Cau be bi
bdt
buoc phai lam xong bai tap.)
- "Let": xuat hien trong
ca'u
true NPl V NP2 [(NP2) V], cd danh
ngti "chen" vao giiia nd va dong ttf di sau va ket hdp vdi dong ttf
nguyen dang khdng cd tieu tii "to".
/ will let them stay a while.
NPl Ax V NP2 /(NP2)V/ A
(Tdi se cho phep ho d lai mot
lue.)
- "Have" xuat
hidn
trong cau true : NPl V [NP2 V] vdi dong tif
nguyen dang khdng cd tieu ttf "to"; vdi dang
thtfe
-ing (-ing form) va
dang
thxic
qua khtf phan ttf. Trong cau true
n^y
menh de chinh khdng
dUde phep chuyen sang dang bi dong.
He had them come early,
NPl V NP2 /(NP2)V/ A
(Anh ay hit buoc ho den sdm.)
He had them all singing. (Anh ay yeu
c^u
tat ca deu hat.)

NPl V NP2 V
Cd the thay, ve mat ngii nghia bd'n dong ttf "have" (khien, buoc),
"make"
(b4t),
"help" (giup, giup dd), "let" (de) ed nhieu diem chung va
deu dien ta y nghia 'tUdng lai' ("help" cd le khdng rd
lim).
3.
Nhom dong tit
tvicing
thuat
Nhdm dong ttf tUdng
thuiit
ed the ket hdp vdi danh ngii lam bo
ngii/menh de bd ngii va hau het deu
xu^'t
hien vdi ca menh de chinh
va menh de phu khi doi thanh dang bi dong. Trong
thuc
te, the bi dong
dUde stf dung thdng dung hdn. Dong
tijf
thude nhdm nay gom cd: belie-
ve,
think, consider, admit, deny, remember,
Trong nhdm dong ttf nay, mot
so'
dong ttf nhU believe, think, con-
sider, declare, discover ehi xuat hien vdi cau
true:

NPl V NP2[(NP2)
V],
ket hdp vdi danh ngti, vdi dong ttf nguyen dang cd "to", dang
thtic
qua khtf phan ttf (-en form).
642
/ consider John to be clever.
NPl V NP2 /(NP2)V Adj
(Toi coi John la
ngUdi
thdng minh.)
/ believe John to be clever.
NPl V NP2 /(NP2)V Adj/
(Tdi tin John la ngUdi thdng minh.)
Mot sd'ddng ttf khac nhu admit, deny, remember, confess c6 the
xuli't
hien trong ca
c^'u
true:
NPl V [(NPl) V NP2], vdi dong tuf nguyen
dang cd "to", hinh thai -ing (-ing form).
I remember your father going to London.
NPl V NP2 /(NP2)V A
(Tdi nhd cha anh da ttfng di Luan ddn.)
I remember to go to the post office.
(Tdi nhd la phai di ra
buu
dien.)
Su khac
bi§t

ve y nghia giiia hai hinh thai -ing va dong
tijf
nguyen
dang cd "to" cua cae dong ttf nhu remember, stop, forget, regret, thudng
lien quan den thdi gian. Hinh thai -ing thudng de cap den nhiing
sU
viec xay ra
trUdc,
dong ttf nguyen dang ed "to" thudng de
e^p
den
nhflng
sU viec xay ra sau hanh dong
dUde
diln dat
b^ng
cac dong ttf
k§'t
chudi ndi tren.
Dong tii "admit" va "confess" thUdng ket hdp vdi gidi ttf khi dong
ttf di sau ed hinh thai -ing (-ing form).
/ admit to being a
fool.
(Tdi
thtfa nh^n
la
thang
ngd'c.)
Dong tii "deny" it khi ket hdp vdi danh ngut va dong ttf nguyen
dang ed "to".

4.
Dong
tif chi
cam giac
Dong tii
chi
cam giac ludn xuat hien vdi danh ngii va dong ttf
nguyen dang khdng cd
'to*,
dong ttf dang -ing va qua khii phan ttf (-en
form),
vi the ed
th^
danh
d^'u
ca
th^
(aspect) va dang thtfc (voice).
643
Dong ttf
thude
nhdm nay gom cd: see, feel, know, hear, smell, watch,
imagine
Nhdm dong nay ed the
xu^'t
hien trong cau true:
NPl V NP2[(NP2)V NP3/A]
I saw the children eat their lunch.
NPl V NP2 /(NP2)V NP3/
(Tdi nhin thay bon tre an trUa.)

/ saw a girl standing in the goldfish
pond.
NPl V NP2 /(NP2)V A/
(Tdi nhin thay cd
gai
dang dtfng trong ao ca vang.)
Qua cac vi du tren ed the thay sU thay doi ve
s^c
thai nghia giiia
cau true: dong ttf ket chudi + V-ing va dong ttf
k§'t
chudi + dong ttf
nguyen dang cd/khdng ed "to". Su khac biet ehu yeu la
sU
khac biet ve
the (aspect).
The trong cau bi dong cd the dUde danh dau
bang
phan ttf tiep
diln (-ing form).
I saw the children being beaten by their rivals.
(Tdi nhin thay bon tre dang bi dd'i thu cua chung danh.)
I watch Mary being taught (by Bob).
(Tdi xem Mary dang dUde day hoc (bdi Bob.)
Menh de chinh cd the chuyen sang dang bi dong, nhUng khi dd cl
menh de phu
chi
ed sU ddi
l^p
ve dang

thtie
- ehu dong va bi dong,
ehtt
khdng ed dau hieu ve the.
The ehildrren were seen eating their lunch.
The children were seen eat their lunch. (-)
Phan
Idn
cae dong ttf cam giac ciing dong vai trd nhU nhiing dong
ttf tUdng thuat, ngoai trtf "smell" va "watch".
644
Trong nhdm dong
ttf
nay ed nhiing dong
ttf
chi
ket hdp vdi hinh
thai -ing (-ing form)
va
khdng cd sU phan biet ve the. Dieu nay dUdc
the hien rat rd qua sU xuat hien cua hinh thai -ing
ctia
dong tu: khdng
cd dang tiep diin (non-progressive verbs).
/
can't imagine him knowing all that.
NPl
Aux V NP2
/(NP2) V
NP3/

(Tdi khdng the tUdng tUdng dUde
la
anh ay biet tat ca chuyen dd.)
Dong tu: "know", gid'ng nhU dong ttf tUdng thuat, thUdng xuat hien
vdi dong
ttf
nguyen dang khdng cd tieu
ttf
"to", vdi danh
nguE
va
vdi
dong ttf nguyen dang cd tieu ttf "to" khi menh de chinh d dang bi dong.
Vdi
tu
each
la
dong
tii
nhan thiic, "know" khdng
xuSft
hien vdi
dang thiic -ing
hoae
qua
khii
phan
ttf
(-en form).
Have you ever known them come on time?

NP
V
(Cd bao gid anh biet
la
ho den dung gid chua?)
5.
Nhom dong
tii
qua trinh
Nhdm dong
ttf
qua trinh ed the xuat hien vdi hinh thai -ing (-ing
form),
hoae vdi dong
ttf
nguyen dang ed "to". Nhdm dong
ttf
nay gom:
keep,
start, finish, cease, leave, prevent, Mot sd'ddng
tijf
trong nhdm
nay ed the xuat hien trong cau true:
- NPl V [(NPl) V NP2]
- NPl V NP2 [(NP2) V]
va mot sd'khae
chi
xuat hien vdi cau true: NPl
V
[(NPl) V NP2]

General Daguilet
had
kept
him
waiting
at the
Horse Guards.
NPl
V NP2
/(NP2)V
A
(Tudng Daguilet da bat anh
ta
chd d Doi can ve.)
Cd the ndi ve mat hinh thtfc, cac dong ttf dUde chia vao eung nhdm
bcti
vi phan
Idn
trong so' dd cd the xuat hien vdi dong
ttf
dang -ing va
dac trUng md
ta
"qua trinh" cd the ap dung cho nhieu dong
ttf
trong so'
645
nay. Tuy nhien, xet ve mat ngii nghia, cac dong tii nay khdng rd rang
thude ban ve mot nhdm.
Trong nhdm nay mot so' dong ttf nhU "keep", "stop", "get" ket hdp

vdi hinh thai -ing, va cho phep menh de chinh chuyen sang dang bi
dong.
He kept them talking. (Anh ay
ctf
de ho ndi chuyen.)
NPl V NP2 /(NP2)V
"Keep" ciing xuat hien eung vdi dang thtfc qua khtf phan ttf (-en
form):
He kept his mounth shut. (Anh ta giii mom.)
NPl V NP2 /(NP2)V/
Dong ttf "stop" vtfa cd the ket hdp vdi hinh thai -ing, vtfa cd the
ket hdp vdi dong ttf nguyen dang cd tieu ttf "to", nhUng y nghia hoan
toan khac nhau.
I really must stop smoking. (Tdi thUc stf phai bd thud'e la).
Vdi y nghia "phai bd thud'e la", thi khdng the ndi: "You should stop
to smoke". Dieu nay dUdc hieu la "ngtfng" (cdng viec nao dd) de hut
thud'e.
Vi du: I stop (work) to smoke a cigarette. (Tdi ngtfng (cdng viec)
de hut
thud'e.)
Dong tii "start" va "begin" khdng xuat hien vdi danh ngii, ket hdp
vdi ca dong ttf nguyen dang cd "to" va cd kha nang danh
d^'u
vi the.
He started to speak but stopped because she objected.
(Anh ay bit
d^u
ndi nhUng phai dtfng lai vi ed Ky phan dd'i.)
He started speaking and kept on for than an hour.
(Anh ay bit dau ndi chuyen va ndi hdn mot tieng dong ho.)

Hai vi du tren khac nhau ve y nghia. Dong ttf "start" + hinh thai
-ing thUdng dien dat stf thUe hien (fulfilment), con "start" + dong ttf
nguyen dang cd "to" thudng diln dat "tiem nang" (potentiality).
646
Trong nhdm nay cd mot sd'ddng ttf mang hai loai ngii nghia: "ket
thiic"
("ending"), "tranh" ("avoiding") va "nd
lUc"
("effort"), khong ket
hdp vdi danh ngii va xuat hien vdi hinh thai -ing (-ing form), vi du nhU
"avoid",
"complete",
"escape", "finish", "quit", "postpone",
You should try working a bit harder.
(Anh nen ed'ging lam viec cham hdn mot
chiit.)
Mot vai dong ttf nhU "catch", "leave",
"send"
thudng xuat hien
vdi nhiing dong ttf diln ta hanh dong, vdi danh ngii va dang thtfc -ing
va cho phep menh de chinh chuyen sang dang bi dong.
He left them standing in the street.
NPl V NP2 /(NP2)V/ A
(Anh
^'y
bd ho dtfng ngoai dUdng.)
Dong tii "prevent" ddi bdi gidi
t\i
"from" diing
trUde

hinh thai -ing.
He
prevented the men from leaving.
(Anh ay ngan chan
nhiing
ngUdi dan dng khdng dUdc di.)
6. Nhom dong tii
chi svf
co gang va ket qua
Ve mat hinh thtfc, nhiing dong ttf thude nhdm nay thudng xuat
hien vdi dong ttf nguyen dang ed "to" (nhung ehiing khdng phai la
nhiing dong ttf cd y nghia tUdng lai) va khdng ket hdp vdi danh ngii.
Nhiing dong ttf thude nhdm nay gom: manage, try, fail, neglect, omit,
proceed va ehi xu^'t
hien trong cau true : NPl V [(NPl) V NP2].
She
tried
to obey. (Cd ay co ging nghe
Idi.)
NPl V /(NPl)V/
/ remember to visit him. (Tdi nhd la phai den tham anh ay.)
NPl V /(NPl)V/ NP2
Xet ve mat ngii nghia, cae dong ttf nay thude nhieu loai khac
nhau.
Nhiing dong ttf nay neu len hoan eanh ma cac boat dong d menh
de phu dUdc thtfc hien.
647
Mot so' dong ttf nhu "fail", "neglect", "serve", "proceed",
"omif,
"strive",

"strugle" deu
mang y nghia phu dinh.
He failed to see the truth. (Anh ay da khdng nhin
th^'y
sU that.)
NPl V /(NPl)V/ NP2
7. Nhom dong
tvf chi
thai do
Nhdm dong ttf ehi thai do, vi du nhU like, hate, miss, regret, deplo-
re
ludn di vdi menh de phu thude "gid'ng nhU bo ngii" nhUng khdng
the chuyen sang dang bi dong dUdc.
Cac dong ttf trong nhdm nay cd the xuat hien trong cau tnic:
-NPlV[(NPl)V];va
-NP1V[(NP2)V],
ed the ket hdp vdi dong ttf nguyen dang ed "to" hoae hinh thai - ing (-
ing form), vi du nhU like, miss, discuss, enjoy, resent,
risk,
deplore
I like going to the cinema. (Tdi thich di xem phim.)
NPl V /(NPl)V A/
/ like to go to the cinema. (Tdi thich di xem phim (bay gid)
NPl V ' /(NPl)V A/
Cd sU khac biet ve y nghia trong hai vi du tren: Vi du
thtf
nhat
ham y
chi
sd thich; edn vi du

thU
hai ham y ehi sU
lUa
chon trong mot
phat ngdn cu the.
Dong ttf "hate", xet ve mat cau true, khi xuat hien vdi dong tif
nguyen dang cd tieu ttf "to" thi gan vdi dong ttf "remember" hdn (xem
"remember" d muc 6: Nhdm dong ttf
chi
sU
cd'
ging va no
lUe),
va ve mat
ngii nghia thi gan vdi dong ttf "regret".
I hate to tell you this. (Tdi ghet ndi vdi anh dieu nay.)
Dieu nay cd nghia la
"I
say with regret",
"I
tell you, though I hate
to do so" ("Tdi tiec phai ndi len dieu dd", "Tdi ke vdi anh, mac du tdi
khdng thich ke".)
648
Cac dong
tiX
nhU "miss", "enjoy",
"risk"
chi
ket hdp vdi hinh thai -ing.

/ miss going to the theatre. (Tdi
15
buoi xem kich.)
NPl V /(NPl)V A/
8. Dong
tif
chi
svf can thiet
Cac dong ttf trong nhdm nay, vi du nhU
"need",
"deserve", "want"
cd the xuat hien trong cau
true:
NPl V[(NPl)V] va ket hdp vdi dong tii
nguyen dang cd "to" va hinh thai -ing.]
The boy needs to wash.
(C^u
be can tim.)
NPl V /(NPl)V/
The boy needs washing. (Cau be cin dUde tim
rufa.)
NPl V V
Trong hai vi du tren ed sU dd'i lap dang chu
ddngA)i
dong giiia hinh
thai dong ttf nguyen dang cd "to" va hinh thai -ing vdi dong ttf
"need":
"to wash" cd y nghia chii dong, cdn "washing" mang y nghia bi dong.
Cd the ndi
ring

vdi hinh thai dong ttf nguyen dang cd "to" cd sU
dong nhat giiia chu
ngii
cua menh de chinh va chii ngii cua menh de
phu, cdn vdi hinh thai -ing lai cd sU dong nhat giiia chu ngii
ctia
m^nh
de chinh va bd ngii
ctia
menh
de
phu
(chti
ngii eiia menh
de
phu
khdng
dUdc de cap
d§'n).
Nghia cua dong ttf "want" trong bai vi du sau eung cd sic thai
nghia khac nhau.
The boy wants to wash. (Cau be mud'n tam.)
Trong vi du nay "want" cd nghia la "mud'n" hoae "can thiet".
The boy wants washing. (Cau be cin dUdc tim.)
Trong
VI
du nay "want"
chi
cd nghia "can thiet".
III. DOI CHIEU

MOT
SO
NHOM
DONG
TlTTl/ONG
DUONG
TRONG
TifiNG
VIET
1. Nhdm dong ttf chi nguyen nhan trong tieng Anh vdi cau
true
NPl V NP2 [(NP2)V] ("make", "have", "help", ) tUdng dUdng vdi nhdm
649
dong ttf gay khien trong tieng Viet vdi cau
true:
NPl
VI
NP2 V2; va
NPl
VI
NP2 V2 NP3 (bao, bit, de nghi, yeu ciu, )
Hai nhdm dong ttf nay ludn ddi hoi cd hai bd
ngii
di kem.
He made the boy finish his work.
NPl V NP2 /(NP2)V NP3)
Anh ay bat cau be lam xong
bdi
tap.
NPl

VI
NP2 V2 NP3
Dong ttf "made" va "bit" trong hai cau tren deu yeu cau cd hai bo
ngii di ding sau: Bo ngii
thii
nhat la mot danh ngii (NP2) bieu thi doi
tUdng chiu tac dong cua dong tii
ehi
nguyen nhan va gay khien, bd ngii
thtf hai la dong ttf "finish" va "lam xong" - boat dong cua bo ngii
thtt
nhat.
Diem khac biet giiia hai nhdm dong ttf nay la nhdm dong tii gay
khien, vi du nhU khien (cho), de (cho), lam (cho) cd bo ngii
thti
hai la
mot tinh ttf.
Cac anh dtfng lam
nhd
toi no then.
adj
Kieu cau true nay khdng cd tUdng dUdng trong nhdm dong ttf ehi
nguyen nhan trong tieng Anh. Day chinh la stf khac biet ve mat hinh
thtfc.
2.
Nhdm dong ttf tUdng lai trong tieng Anh vdi cau tnic
NPlV
NP2[(NP2)V] (vi du nhu "force", "request", "order", "cause", "ask",
"require") tUdng dUdng vdi nhdm dong ttf gay khien trong tieng Viet.
My papa has ordered me to return to you these presents.

V NP2 /(NP2)V
Bd' tdi ra lenh cho toi trd anh nhiing mdn qua nay.
VI
NP2 V2 '
Qua cau dich tren, chung ta thay hai dong ttf "order" va "ra lenh"
deu yeu cau hai
bd
ngii di sau. Bo ngii
thii
nhat mot danh ngii (NP2)
bieu thi dd'i tUdng chiu tac dong cua dong ttf tUdng lai va gay khien, bo
650
ngii thtf hai la dong ttf ("return", "phai tra") - boat dong cua bd ngii
thii nhat.
Tuy nhien, diing trUdc dong ttf "return" la tieu ttf "to" (dong ttf
nguyen dang cd
"to").
Day chinh la dieu khac biet giiia hai ngdn ngii
thuoc hai loai hinh khac nhau.
Ti§'ng
Viet, ngdn ngii khdng bien ddi
hinh thai nen dong ttf khdng bien ddi. Trong tieng Anh, ngdn ngii bien
ddi hinh thai, khi hai dong ttf dtfng eanh nhau thi dong ttf
thii
hai
("finish", "return") khdng chia, cd the cd hinh thai nguyen dang cd "to"
hoae khdng cd "to". Dieu nay chiu sU chi phd'i cua dong tii diing
trUde
do,
vi du "make someone do smt; ask someone to do smt)

I asked John to meet Mary. (Tdi yeu cau John gap Mary.)
3.
Nhdm dong ttf tudng thuat trong tieng Anh vdi cau true NPl V
NP2 [(NP2)V] (vi du nhu think, consider, admit, deny, remember, )
tUdng dUdng vdi nhdm dong ttf danh gia - nhan xet vdi cau
true
NPl
V NP2 Cop NP3 (vi du nhU coi,
ggi,
nhan, xdc nhan, ) trong tieng
Viet.
I consider John
Tdi
NP2
coi John
Id
NP2 Cop
to he
/(NP2)V
clever
adj
ngiiai
thong minh
NP3
Hai dong tii "consider" va "coi" deu yeu cau cd hai bd ngii di kem.
Bo ngti thii nhat deu dUde diln dat bing mot danh ngii ("John"). Bd
ngfi
thii hai trong nhdm dong ttf nhan xet-danh gia cd
c^'u
tnic " dong

ttf - he tii(Cop) + NP3, cdn bd ngii
thii
hai trong nhdm dong ttf tUdng
thuat la mot dong ttf (to be) + adj.
Su khac biet
v^
loai ttf trong hai cau true cua hai nhdm dong ttf
nay la dtfng sau dong ttf "to be" cd the la mot tinh ttf (clever)
hoae
mot
danh ngii (a clever person), cdn trong tieng Viet, diing sau dong
ttf-he
ttf (Cop) thudng la mot danh ngii. Tuy nhien cau tren ciing ed the dUde
dich la "Toi cho rang John thong minh". Trong cau dich nay, an dong
ttf "la", cdn "thdng minh" eung la tinh ttf.
651
Ngoai ra, sU khac biet cdn dUdc the hien d chd nhdm dong ttf tUdng
thuat thUdng dUdc stf dung d dang thtfc bi dong nhieu hdn.
John is considered to be clever.
NgUdc lai, trong tieng Viet, dang thtfc bi dong it dUdc stf dung. Cd
the ndi "John
Id ngitdi
thong minh"
eung
cd nghia la moi ngUdi danh
gia
John la ngudi thdng minh.
I remember your father going to London.
V NP2 /(NP2)V
Tdi nhd bo cau dd den Luan Ddn.

Bo ngii
thii
hai cua dong ttf "remember" la dong ttf dudi -ing, cdn
bd ngii
thii
hai cua dong ttf "nhd" la dong ttf khdng bien ddi hinh thai.
Day la diem khac biet ve loai hinh giiia hai ngdn ngii.
4.
Nhdm dong tif cam giac (perception) trong tieng Anh vdi cau
true
NPl V NP2/(NP2)V
NP3/A/
(vi du nhU see, hear, watch, smell,
know, imagine, ) tUdng dUdng vdi nhdm dong ttf cam nghi - ndi nang
vdi
cau
triic
NP V
S-Pred.
trong tieng Viet (vi du nhU nghe, nhin, thay,
trong, xem, biet, hieu, )
I saw children eat their lunch. (Tdi nhin thay bon tre an
edm
trUa).
I saw children eating their lunch. (Tdi nhin thay bon tre dang
an cdm trUa.)
Hai nhdm dong ttf nay ("see" va "nhin thay")
din
ddi hoi bd ngii di
sau. Ve y nghia, ed the thay hai cau dich tren tUdng dUdng vdi nhau.

Ve mat cau true, bd ngii cua dong ttf cam
nghl-ndi
nang thUdng dUdc
diin
dat bdi mot cum ttf tUdng thuat (S-Pred).
Thdi gian trong hai cap vi du tren dUde dien dat bing each khac
nhau. De diln dat hanh dong dang diin ra, trong tieng Anh stf dung
dang thtfc -ing cua dong
tiif,
cdn trong tieng Viet, ngdn ngii khdng bien
ddi hinh thai phai sU dung ttf phu dtfng trUdc dong
tii
("dang").
652
Nhdm dong ttf cam giac cd the
dUde sii
dung d dang thiic bi dong,
cdn dong tii cam
nghi
- ndi nang it dUdc stf dung vdi
each
ndi bi dong.
5.
Nhdm dong ttf
ehi
can thiet vdi cau true NPl V /(NPl)V/ trong
tieng Anh (vi du nhU need, want, deserve, ) tUdng dUdng vdi nhdm
dong ttf tinh thai-ngii phap trong tieng Viet (vi du nhU can, mud'n,
dinh, toan, )
The boy needs to wash. (Cau be muon tam.)

Trong trUdng hdp nay, hai nhdm dong ttf gid'ng nhau d cho ehu
ngii cua menh de chinh va menh de phu la dong nhat.
Dong ttf tinh thai-ngii phap trong tieng Viet la nhiing dong ttf
mang y nghia tif vUng rat it, hay cdn goi la dong ttf trong nghia, bdi
v^y,
chung thudng ket hdp vdi dong ttf trung tam de tao thanh vi ngii
cua cau. Dieu nay khac biet vdi nhdm dong tif chi sU cin thiet trong
tieng Anh.
Mot stf khac biet
ni3a
giiia hai nhdm dong ttf nay the hien d chd,
nhdm dong ttf tinh thai ngii phap trong tieng Viet vtfa cd vai trd la tieu
chi ngii phap, viia mang y nghia tinh thai dien dat tinh muc dich
ctia
phat ngdn.
Tom lai, tren day chung tdi da de cap den cac tieu ehi phan loai
ciing nhu cae tieu nhdm
eiia
dong ttf ket chudi, cd so sanh vdi mot so'
nhdm dong ttf tUdng iing trong tieng Viet.
Qua
ph§n
tich tren day, cd the nhan thay rang viec nghien
ciiu
dong ttf ket chudi vdi cac cau
triic
va ngii nghia cd ban ciing nhU viec
ddi chieu vdi mot
so'nhdm
dong ttf tUdng dUdng trong tieng Viet la het

stfe ein thiet. Dieu nay
giiip
cho viec nang cao chat
lUdng
giang day va
hoe tap tieng Anh va tieng Viet nhU mot ngoai ngii. Hdn niia viec
nghien
ciiu
nay edn tao cd sd ly luan cho cdng tac dich thuat.
653
TAI LifiU
THAM KHAO
I. Tai lieu tieng Viet
1.
Diep Quang Ban,
Ngit
phap tieng Viet, tap I. NXB. Giao
due,
Ha Noi, 1998.
2.
Nguyin
Tai
C^n,
NgQ
phap tieng Viet
N^^-
^^Q^
^a
Noi,
1998.

3.
Dinh Van Dtfc,
Ngit
phap tieng Viet, Ttf loai. NXB. DH va
THCN, 1986.
4.
Nguyen Kim Than, Bong
tU
trong tieng Viet, 1997.
5.
Nguyen
Kim Than, Nghien
citu
ve
ngit
phap tieng Viet, NXB.
Giao due, 1963/1964.
4.
Uy Ban KHXH
Viet
Nam,
NgU
phap tieng Viet, NXB. KHXH,
Ha Ndi 1983.
II.
Tai lieu tieng Anh
1.
Alexander L.G. - Longman English Grammar, Longman Group
U.K. Limited, 1998.
2.

Austin J. - How to do things with words, Cambridge, 1962.
3.
G.Leech
& J.Svartvik - A
Com'minicative
English Grammar,
Longman Group U.K.Limited, 1978, 1990.
4.
Palmer, F. - The Grammar English Verb, Longman Group
Limited, London, 1974.
5.
Quirk, R.
&
Greenbaum, S.
-
A University Grammar of English,
Longman Group Limited, London, 1979, 1990.
6. Swan. M. - English Practical Usage. Oxford University Press,
1986.
III.
Cac tac
pham,
nguon
t\i
lieu tieng Anh
1.
Canadian Short Stories, Oxford University Press, 1978.
2.
Fitzgerald S.F. - The Collected Short Stories, Penguin Books
Limited, 2000.

654