Nghiên cứu phương pháp dạy - học văn bản văn học theo đặc điểm thể loại và loại hình cho sinh viên chuyên pháp

MUCJ
DAI
HOC
QUOC GIA
HA
NOI
TRLTCJNG
DAI HOC
NGOAI
NGU'
DE
TAI
NGHIEN
ClTU
KHOA HOC
CAP DAI HOC QUOC GIA
NGHIEN
CUtJ PHlTONG
PHAP DAY-HOC VAN BAN
VAN HOC THEO
DAC
DIEM THE
LOAI
VA
•
•
•
LOAI
HINH
CHO
SINH VIEN CHUYEN

PHAP
MA SO: QN.03.07
CHUYEN
NG;
ANH:
PHUONG
PHAP
GIANG
DAY
CHU
NHIEM
DE TAI
DEA. NGUYEN
THI HUYEN-KHOA
NN VA VAN
HOA
PHAP
NHUlMG
NGUOI
PHOI
HOP
THl/C
HIEN:
_
NCS. NGUYEN THI
BINH
DHNN-DHQGHN
', .> nOC
QUOC GIA
> . _•

[RUNG
TAM
THONG TIN
THU
VIEN
DTieo^
HA NOI - 2005
MUC LUC
tr
PHAN
Md
DAU 1
CHU'ONG 1. VAN BAN VAN HOC
VOfI
GIANG DAY 6
TIENG
PHAP CHO NGUOI
NU*6C
NGOAI
1.1.
Van ban van hoc la
gi
? 6
y.
1.1
Nguon goc cua van hoc gdn lien
v&i
khdi niem chit viet 8
/.
1.2.

Tinh da nghia cua van ban van hoc 9
1.1.3. Tinh khep kin cita van ban van hoc
10
1.1.4.
Vein
hoc la mot the che van hod
11
1.2. Van ban van hoc
vdi
giang day tieng Phap cho
ngirai nuffc
ngoai
11
1.2.1.
Van ban van hoc trong gidng day
truyen
thong
12
1.2.2.
C Yic plmong phcip
nghe nhin: thai ky suy
ihoc'd 13
1.2.3.
Phu'ong
phdp giao tiep:
cjuan
niem
mai
ve van ban van hoc
14

1.3.
Day van ban van hoc
a
khoa Ngon
ngu*
va Van hoa Phap, DHNN,
18
DHQG Ha noi
1.3.1.
SInh vien 18
1.3.2. Gido vien
19
1.3.3.
CInrang
trinh, gido trinh
19
Ti^u kk
20
CHUONG II : PHUONG PHAP TIEP CAN VAN BAN VAN HOC 23
THEO DAC DIEM THE LOAI VA LOAI HINH
2.1.
Phan bict the
loai
van hoc va
loai hinh
van ban 23
2.1.1.
The loai van hoc (genres litteraires) 23
-
rieii ihiiyet

24
- Kjeh 25
-
Tho
26
2.1.2.
Loai
hinh
van ban (types de textes) 27
- Van ban ke chuyen 27
- Van ban mieu ta 28
- Van ban lap
luan
28
2.1.3.
Phdn
biet
giua
the loai
vo
loai hinh 30
2.2.
Tam
quan trong cua day van ban van hoc theo dac
trirng
the
31
loai va loai hinh
2.3.
Phu'ffng

phap giang day theo dac trirng the loai va loai hinh 32
2.3.1.
Vai trd cua von hoa trong gidng day van hoc
33
- Nang
luc
van hoa cua
nguoi
doc 33
- Chang duong doc 34
2.3.2.
Bcii
doc theo
phuang
phdp
3
5
- Bai doc theo phuang phdp la gi? 35
- Muc dich cua bdi doc theo phuang phdp 36
- Tam quan trong cua bdi doc theo phuang phdp 37
-Thiphap
38
- Phep
lu
tu moi 39
2.3.3.
Cdc cong
cii
(outils ) phdn tich van ban 40
- Hop cong cu phan tich van ban

(le
referentiel d'analyse) 40
- Cae mau cau hoi khai thac van ban
(les
grilles de lecture) 47
Cac
niau
cau hoi chung cho moi van ban 49
Cac mau cau hoi cho
tirng
the loai 50
Cdc can hoi cho van ban tieu thuyet
51
Cdc cau hoi cho van ban kich 53
Cdc cau hoi cho van ban
tlia
55
Tieu kct 57
CHUONG HI: CAC
VI
DU
MINH
HOA 60
3.1.
Van ban tieu thuyet 61
Vi du
1.
"
Quan tro cua ba Vauquer " Honore de Balzac.
61

Vi du 2.
"
Trai tim c6 ta
lai
tro nen trong
rdng"
Gustave Flaubert. 63
Vi du 3.
"Hai
trieu ke dien anh
diing
va thoat
xieng"
65
Louis-Ferdinand Celine.
Vi du 4. "Mot phan tu qua ca
chua"
Alain
Robbe-Grillet.
68
Vi du 5. "Can ho nay ggi lai cho toi
nhirng
ky niem xa
xua"
70
Patrick Modiano.
3.2.
Van ban kjch 73
Vi du 6. Canh dau trong
Suxdo

trd cita Scapin Moliere. 73
Vi du 7. Truong thoai ve cai mui cua Cyrano Edmond Rostand. 75
Vi du 8. " Hay la minh tu treo
c6
di?
"
Samuel Beckett. 79
3.3.
Van ban
tho'
82
Vi du 9. Ngay mai, ngay tir
liic
binh
minh Vicior
Hugo. 82
Vi du 10.
"
Duong cong doi mat em
"
Paul Eluard. 84
Vi du
11.
Con so Francis Ponge. 86
Vi du 12. " Louis
Cure!
6
vung Sorgue
"
Rene Char. 88

I ieu ket 90
KET LUAN 93
DANH MUC SACH THAM KHAO 95
PHAN MO DAU
1.
Tinh
cap thiet va cai mai cua de tai
Hien nay o truong ta cung nhu o cac truong c6 giang day tieng Phap, van hoc
Phap dugc giang day theo cac dong van hoc, tac
gia,
lac pham tieu bieu.
Viee
giang
day van hoc chi gioi han
6
muc do doc hieu. Nhung dac diem cua lung the loai van
hoc khong dugc de cap den trong chuong trinh. Tinh da
ngliTa
cua van ban van hoe
bj
bo qua. Hau qua la sinh vien doe tac pham mot
each Ihu
dong, tham chi
ral
ngai
doc sach. Ngoai bai giang cua thay, sinh vien khong eo kha nang tu kham pha cai
hay, cai dep cua mot tac pham van hoc, tham chi doi voi nhung van ban ral don
gian ca ve tu
ngij"
Ian

ngii
phap. Viec doc cac tieu thuyet cua Phap tro nen ral kho
khan ngay ca doi voi
nhiing
nguoi doe thong viet
Ihao
bang
lieng
Phap. Mot nen
van hoc do so voi ca
mgl
be day
lich
su c6 nguy co cang ngay cang it dugc
biel
den
a
Viet nam.
Dung
Iriroc
tinh hinh do, viec
Ihay
doi phuong phap giang day la can
Ihiet
nham giup hoc sinh c6 kha nang tiep can van ban mot
each
doc lap. Cung cap
nhung khai niem co ban ve the loai va loai hinh van ban chinh la
Irao
cho nguoi hoc

chiec chia khoa giup ho doc sach
moi each
de dang va khong con cam
ihay
van hoc
la qua kho nhu
iruoc
nua.
2.
Dong
gop
moi ve mat khoa hoc
ciia
de tai
De tai neu
len
nhung dac diem chinh cua cac
Ihe
loai va loai hinh van ban
chinh,
Ihuang
gap
irong
van hoe. Due
kel
nhung dang cau hoi
ihuong sir
dung khi
tiep can cac van ban van hoc do. Dua ra nhung duong huang cho viec giang day
van ban van hoc

Iheo
dac diem
Ihe
loai va loai hinh. De lai nay gop phan
d6i
mai
phirong phaj-)
giang day van hoc
a
khoa Ngon ngu va Van hoa Phap. Do !a phuang
phap giang day
Iheo
cac dong van hoc, lac gia, lac pham lieu bieu chiu anh
huong
ciia
cac
sikh
giao khoa day van hoc Phap cho nguoi ban
ngij*
va cung la nguyen
nhan gay tam
ly
chan nan va tranh xa viec doc sach cua sinh vien.
Viec xac dinh cac the loai va loai hinh giup nguoi doc tim cac
Ihong
tin
irong
vSn
ban mot
each

de dang. Trong van hoc, co ba the loai chinh: tieu thuyet, kich va
tho.
Moi the loai co dac diem rieng va ket cau rieng. Trong moi the loai co the
xual
hien cac loai hinh nhu ke chuyen, mieu la va lap luan. Mot nguoi doc nhanh khong
chi do phat hien nhanh cac
chii
diem ma con biet phan biel so do (schema) cua lung
Ihc
loai va
loai
hinh van ban.
Nam dugc dac diem
moi
the loai hoac loai hinh cho phep ap dung doc hieu
bat ky van ban nao
ciing
loai mot each de dang,
tiel
kiem
ihoi
gian giang day
Iren
lap,
giam tai chuong trinh,
lang
thoi gian cho bai tap
thue
hanh va cac
hoal

dong
khac.
3.
Muc
dich
va
nhicm
vu
ciia
de tai
De lai nham giup hoc sinh phan biel dugc nhung dac diem chinh cua cac
Ihe
loai va loai hinh van ban,
dira
ra nhung duong huong tiep can doi voi lung the loai
van hoc, due ket nhung dang cau hoi dac trung cho
tirng Ihe
loai nham nang cao kha
nang doe hieu va chat
lugng
giang day van hoc Phap.
Lam the nao de giup sinh vien ham doc sach hon, doc sach mot each
chii
dong, hung
Ihi'i
va de dang ban? Tu cai nhin long quat nguoi doc co
ihe
xac dinh
van ban thuoc the loai nao sau do c6 the ap dung nhung kien
Ihi'rc

ve the loai cua
van ban do de kham pha nhung net doc dao dan den viec hieu than dao nhung y
nghla
sau xa cua van ban.
Nghien
ci'ru
ve the loai va loai hinh van ban nham giup sinh vien:
- lu bo
Ihoi
quen doc sach mot
each
thu dong ;
-
CO
mot cai nhin moi trong viec tiep can van ban van hoc ;
- loai bo lam ly ngai doc nhung tac pham van hoc.
4.
Doi
tuoiig
va pham vi nghien cuu
De tai di
sfiu
nghien cuu nhung dac diem chinh cua cac
Ihe
loai van hoe nhu
-2
tieu thuyet, kjch, tho va cac loai hinh nhu ke chuyen, mieu ta va lap luan. Cung cap
cac cong cu phan tich van ban va cac dang cau hoi dac
Irung
cho lung loai hinh va

the loai. Trong de tai nay, ngon ngu dugc su dung trong cac trich doan minh hoa la
tieng Phap.
5.
Gia thiet khoa hoc
Giao vien va hoc sinh tieng Phap gap rat nhieu kho khan trong day va hoc
van hoc. Mot trong nhung ly do can tro la do phuong phap giang day thien ve cac
dong van hoc, tac gia, lac pham tieu bieu da lam cho chuong
Irinh
tro nen qua nang.
Giao vien dung
truoc
ganh nang phai ket thue het chuong trinh con hoc sinh thi
hoang mang Iruoc mot khoi
lugog
kien
thue
qua
Ion.
Dieu do da lam giam chat
luong
hoc tap
moi
each dang ke. Nhat la trong thai gian gan day,
chal
lugng hoc tap
cua sinh vien khoa tieng Phap dang
6
muc bao dong.
6. Phuong phap nghien cuu
Phuang phap nghien cuu cua chung toi la phan tich, long hgp cac dac diem

chinh cua tirng the loai (lieu
Ihuyet,
kich, tho) va loai hinh van ban (ke chuyen,
mieu ta, lap luan). Phan loai va he thong cac dang cau hoi chung co
Ihe
ap dung doi
vai nhieu van ban va nhung cau hoi chuyen sau cho mot the loai.
7.
Gia
trj
ly
hian
va
thue
tien ciia cong trinh nghien cuu
z'.
/. Gia
Iri
ly luan
Cong Irinh nay cung cap nhung khai niem ve van ban van hoc noi chung va
dac diem lung the loai va loai hinh van ban noi rieng. Cong irinh nay con gioi
Ihieu
moi
each co he thong qua Irinh van ban van hoc dugc
sir
dung irong giang day va
cung cap cho giao vien va sinh vien tieng Phap mot phuong phap day-hoc
d*}
cao
tinh

chii
dong
ciia
nguoi hoc, coi nguoi hoc la Irung lam va ehu trong den
ylu l6
van hoa
ciia ngirai
hoc nham nang cao chal lugng giang day, cung cap cac cong cu
(outils) phan lich van ban bao gom hop cong cu phan lich van ban (le
referenlicl
d'analyse)
va cac mau cau hoi khai thac van ban (les grilles de lecture).
7,2.
Gid trj
thue
tien
Voi
each
dan
d^t
cac cau hoi tu
tdng
quat den chuyen sau, cu the va
phii
hgp
voi muc do
tilp
thu va
IK
duy cua nguoi Viet, nguoi hoc hieu van ban de dang hon

va sau hon, dan dan tao nen hung thu hoc tap.
Nam
dugc dac
di^m
cua lung the loai van hoc cho phep ap dung doe hieu
bai
ky van ban nao cung loai mot each de dang, tiet kiem thoi gian giang day tren lop,
giam tai chuong Irinh, tang thoi gian cho bai tap thue hanh va cae boat dong khac.
Nhung
k^t
qua thu dugc trong cong trinh nay co the dugc su dung de giang
day mon
''Phdn
tich van ban van
hoc"'
trong khung chuong Irinh bo mon van hoc
Phap.
8. Nguon tai lieu sir dung
Tai lieu
ciia
chung toi dua vao nhung nghien cuu mai
nhal ciia
J.M Adam, A
SeoLide,
M. Nalurel, J. Biard & F. Denis, J. -P
Goldenslein,
M.
Raimond,
A.
Vaillant, B. Valelte ve cac loai hinh van ban va giang day van hoc theo

ihe
loai,
giang day van hoc cho nguoi nuac ngoai, cac lai lieu nghien cuu ve tho, kich, tieu
Ihuyet.
9. Cau
true
ciia cong trinh
Ngoai phan ma dau va kel luan, de lai bao gom ba chuong: van ban van hoc
vai giang day lieng Phap cho nguoi nuac ngoai, phuong phap giang day van ban
van hoc Phap
Iheo
dac diem loai hinh va the loai va cac bai tap minh hoa.
Chuong thir nhat
djnh nghia
nhu the nao la van ban van hoc, vai
iro
cua van
ban van hoc Irong giang day tieng Phap cho nguoi nuac ngoai.
Chuong thu hai, phuang phap giang day van ban van hoc Phap
Ihco
dac
diem
loai hinh va the loai tren ca so bdi doc
iheo
phuang phdp, nham khac phuc
each
hieu theo chu quan cua mon trich giang van hoc
Iruyen
thong. No cho phep
liep

can
van ban mot
each
ky
Ihiiat
hon va
kliach
quan hon bang viec cung cap nhung cong
-4
cu
(outils
) phdn tich van ban.
Chuong thu ba, cac bai tap minh boa, dua chu yen vao cac
Irieh
doan trong
hai giao trinh Van hoc Phdp thi ky 19 vd Van hoc Phdp the ky 20 hien dang dugc
luu
hanh
6
khoa Ngon
ngii
va Van boa Phap.
5-
CHU'ONG 1
VAN BAN VAN HOC VOI GIANG DAY TIENG PHAP
CHO
NGUdl NU^OC
NGOAI
1.1. Van ban van hoc la gi?
Trong Giao trinh Tiep can van ban van hoc, Laurence Vignes [50] cho rang

CO
the ma rong pham vi djnh nghia ve van hoc. Tac gia dan cuon Dai tir dien cdc
nen van hoc {Le Grand Atlas des litteratures de
TUniversalis)
de chung minh rang
ngay nay nguoi ta khong con coi chau Au lam trung tam trong viec nghien cuu ve
cac tac pham va tac gia ma xay dung khai niem van hoe theo nhung hinh
thi'rc
da
dang
ciia
cac nen van hoa khac
nhau."giong
dieu
",
"van viet
", "girong mai
lac gia
va ban doc", "van ban van hoe
"
vv la
nhiing
khai niem
thuong
xuyen dugc de cap
den.
1'ac
gia cho rang: "Ngay nay nguoi ta it dung khai niem ngon ngu van hoc hay
ITnh virc
van hoc ma noi

loi
van ban van hoc. No c6 the de dang nhan biet bai ket
can rieng,
luat
rieng va boat dong rieng."
M. Nalurel {Ddnh cho van hoc
Tir
trich doan den
toL-
pham) cung Ihong nhal
rang so nhieu '"cdc nen van hoc"
6
ten cuon tu dien chung to van hoc khong con
dirge
xcm nhu
mot
long the
luyel
doi ma nhu nhung hinh
Ihuc lh6
hien da dang.
Khai niem Atlas thay the cho khai niem Lich sir noi len
"u^m
quan Irong
ciia
khong
gian,
ciia
su so sanh cac nen van hoc
each

xa ve dia ly va co van hoa khac nhau". Vi
vay, "nghien cuu van hoc khong chi gioi ban a cac kiet tac,
ckn
phai quan lam den
nhung yen id lam nen lac pham:
each
viet, giong
vidt,
hinh
ihi'rc,
cac
guong nial
nhu
nha van, nguoi doc, nha xuat ban, nguoi ban sach, nha phe binh,
ihii
ihu "
[36.
Ir.
Trong bai viet "Giang day van hoc? Quan niem
ciia
giao vien
d6i
vai van ban
van hoc" Van hoc vd day lieng nuac ngoai
[19.Tr.77-93],
Dominique Bourgain da
lien hanh dieu tra ve quan niem cua cac giao vien ve van hoc. Dai da
s6
cac giao
6-

vien cam thay lung tung khi dua ra dinh nghia. Mot so tieu chi khong ro rang, tham
chi dang tranh cai nhu tieu chi dp dai, chu diem, loai tu vung vv.
Sau day la mot so tieu chi gay tranh cai: Do la mot van ban do mot lac gia co
m|it
trong cac sach giao khoa, tung dugc giai thuong van hoc,
nhiing
nhan vat co
ten
tuoi,
dugc in tai cac nha xuat ban tieng tam. Nhung tieu chi do lam xuat hien
van de doi voi nhung tac pham ban chay: lieu tieu su cac minh tinh man bac, cac
chinh khach rat an
khach
co dugc coi la van ban van hoc hay khong ? Va lieu co
phai tat cac tac pham cua mot nha van noi tieng, thu tu, ban
ihao
chua dugc cong bo
khi tac gia con song co phai deu la van hoc khong ?
Neu coi ngon
ngir
van hoc la thu ngon ngu chau chuot (tu vung, cau true cau
chuan muc ngu phap) thi se phai danh gia nhu the nao doi voi cac tac pham cua
Queneau hay Celine?'
No la tha, tieu thuyel. kich nhung con mot so the loai khac nhu
Hch
su, bai
hat, tieu thuyel trinh tham co the dugc coi la van hoe khong ?
Mac du con rat nhieu lieu chi gay tranh cai, mot so tieu chi khac dugc nhac
den nhieu irong dieu tra
ciia

Dominique Bourgain, do la:
Tieu chi ve chirc nang cua van ban van hoc: "no chia se mot cam
xuc",
"lao
nen mot su thich thu dac biet", khac ban khi ta doc mot van ban khoa hoc. Van ban
van hoc khong nham de lam gi va cung khong mang
linh
vu
Igi.
Van ban van hoc
nham toi cai dep: No khong that
sir
mang tinh thue dung. Dieu do khong co nghia la
van ban van hoc ehang de lam gi nhung no dugc viet ra khong phai vai muc dich
d6
lam mgl cai gi cu the nhu la lap
dal
mot chiec may rua bat, day nau mot mon an. No
nham lai muc dich my hoc. Dae diem nay gan bo chal che voi tinh da nghia.
Tieu chi ve ban chal: Van ban van hoc mang linh van hoa, no la
moi
di san.
No kho hieu, chi danh cho nhung nguoi ihong thao. No
ihieng
lieng va khong the
vai lai
duo'c.
'
R Qiienaud
va F-D Celine la nhung lac gia

sir
dung ihuong xuyen
sir
dung ngon
ngu noi, than
mat,
lieng long irong cac
Uic
pham cua ho.
Mot tieu chi nua la nien
hgn,
mot van ban rat co nhu cua Montaigne, Plalon
vin CO th€
dugc doc mot
each
thich thu cho den tan ngay nay irong khi mot bai bao
cua
nSm
ngoai lai khong co cai may
m^n
nhu vay.
Chae
chan chuc nang van ban
khong thay doi nhung gia tri thong tin
ciia
mot bai bao se can
kiel
ngay sau khi doc,
tham chi ngay tai thoi diem phat hanh trong khi gia tn tham my cua van ban van
hoc truong ton mai mai.

Tieu chi
vephdm
chat:
no mang trong minh cai dep va cho thay ve dep "day
dac"
ciia
ngon
ngij.
Tuy nhien, de xac dinh van hoc la gi, ngoai
nhijng
tieu chi dugc neu qua dieu
tra
ciia
Dominique Bourgain, mot so tieu chi
luon
dugc nhac den nhu la co so de
xac djnh van ban van hoc, do la van ban van hoc co nguon goc tir chu
viet,
no mang
linh da nghia, tinh khep kin va la mot the che van hod.
1.
1.1.
Van
hoc co nguon goc gdn chal
v&i
khdi niem chu viet
Theo "Tir dien tir nguyen tieng
Phdp''
ciia
Oscar

Bloch
va Waller Von
Warlbur (1989), khai niem van hoc bat nguon lu lu viet trong tieng latinh. Ngay tir
nam
1120
lu van hoc dugc mugn tu tieng lalinh "litleratura" co nghia la "chu
viel",
"day chu". Bai vay van hoc co lien quan den chu viet. Nguoi thay day thu chu viet
do dugc goi la
"liUerator".
Sang den the ky
15*^,
nghia lu gan voi
"nhijng
hieu biel
ve khoa hoc", sau do chi "nhung hieu biet lien quan den long the
nhijng
kien
Ihuc,
van hoa noi chung". Mai den the ky
18*^,
ihuat
ngu "van hoc" moi mang nghia hien
dai ma
chiing
la dugc biel cho den ngay nay. The ky 19 no co nghia "lao dong
ciia
nha van" va bat dau am chi nhung gi co Irong lieu thuyet, doi lap voi hien
ihuc,
doi

khi mang nghia xau. Cuoi
Ihe
ky 19 tu nay dugc chuyen mon hoa Irong
linh
vuc
giang day va mang nghia
"long
hgp cac lac pham dugc xuat ban ve mot
di6u
nao
do"
va "long
ihe
cac van ban va tac pham
Ihuoc linh
vuc van chuong". Nghia
ihir
hai bao ham nhung van ban viet ham y
lat
ca
nhiTrng
gi lien quan den cac Uic
phfim
van hoc va tac gia
ciia
chiing. The ky 20 nghia
ciia
tu nay mo rong de chi lat ca
nhung su dung mang linh my hoc
ciia

ngon ngu tham chi khong bang
chij
vi^t.
Qua qua trinh tien trien
ciia
nghia tu van hoc, chiing ta
ihay
rang
ngu6n g6c
ciia
tir
g^n
chat voi khai niem chu viet va khong the ap dung dugc doi voi
nhiing
nen
vSn
hoa co truyen thong noi (oral).
1.1.2. Tinh da nghia cua van ban van hoc
Ngon
ngiJ
van hoc khac voi ngon ngu doi thuong
bdi
tinh da nghia, no cho
phep
bi6u
theo
nhi8u each
khac nhau trong khi ngon ngu doi thuong chi co mot
nghia duy nhat.
Theo Amor Seoud, trong cuon Ve phuang phdp gidng day van hoc

[46.tr.47],
CO
mot thu ngon
ngit
thuan ngon
ngu,
ngon
ngij
cua tat ca moi nguoi va
mot thu ngon ngu khdng ngon ngii; thu ngon ngu cua cac nha tho, cac hoa sy, nha
dieu
khac.
Tac gia cho rang co mot thu ngon ngu da ngon ngu ma nguoi ta co the
doc khong biet chan. Jean Burgos nhac lai y
tuong
cua Valery ve viec dua ra mot
djnh nghia
thue
su ve van hoc va tinh van hoc: "Ngon ngu van hoc khong bao gio
can kiel nhu ngon
ngir
dai thuong, thuong bien mat sau khi thong diep dugc gui,
sau khi noi dung da dugc nhan". [20.lr.9]
M. Nalurel {Ddnh cho van hoc) cung dua ra dinh nghia: "Ro rang rang van
ban khong van hoc chi co mot nghia va chi mot nghia duy nhal trong khi van ban
van hoc c6 the hieu theo nhieu nghia" [36.tr.8].
Thue
le cho thay rang, chi
nhijng
cuon sach khong mang tinh van hoc moi

dua ra he Ihong y nghia ro rang, chang ban nhu
nhijng
cuon sach ve
chii
nghia Mac
hoac ve kinh te hoc. Trai lai, mot van ban van hoc co the an chua nhieu y nghia ma
nguoi doc,
luy
lung goc
dp
khac nhau co the cam nhan. Van ban khong van hoc chi
CO
mot nghia trong khi van ban van hpc cho phep hieu
Iheo
nhieu
each
khac nhau.
Amor Seoud,
{Ve
phuang phdp gidng day van
hpc),
cho rang: "Loai van hpc
chi chuyen tai
mpl
nghia duy nhat chang ban nhu cac van ban co nhiem vu bao ve
mpl
he tu tuong
ciia
"hien
thue

xa hoi chu nghia" co ve mang ral it chal van hpc".
[46.lr.49]
Tinh da nghia
ciia
van ban van hpc cho phep mpl lac pham co dai co the
virgl
qua thai gian va khong gian de den voi nguoi doc thai hien dai. Vugt qua ca ranh
giai
ciia
ngon
ngii,
no co the giao tiep voi tat ca moi nguoi
6
moi noi
Iren
the gioi.
Moi nguoi doc deu thay tinh cam, cupc song cua minh va co the hieu theo y cua
minh.
Tuy nhien, khong the hieu van ban van hoc mpl each tuy tien. Mpl
mat.
Amor Seoud {Ve phuong phdp gidng day van hoc),
khang
dinh tinh da nghia
ciia
van ban van hpc: "duong nhu dac diem ngon
ngiJ
chinh cua van hpc la tinh da
nghia", mat khac, tac gia cho rang van ban van hpc cho phep hieu theo nhieu
each
khac nhau nhung khong co nghia la co the hieu

ihe
nao cung dugc. Can phai
ion
trong nguyen tac tranh hieu ngugc. Cach hieu van ban khong the trai ngugc lai voi
nhiing
dau an ma tac gia de lai tren giay. Khong the ep bupc van ban noi vugt qua
nhCrng
gi no muon noi, gan cho no y nghia khac. Moi van ban la mot he Ihong y
nghia ma bang viec dpc nguoi ta eo the kich boat no. Hanh dong lai tao van ban phu
Ihupc
vao nang
lire ciia
nguoi dpc. Nhirng cap dp dpc khac nhau
(triel
ly, tugng
trung) se xuat hien dan dan khi dpc di dpc lai.
/.
1.3.
Tinh khep kin cua van bdn van hoc
Theo J. Dubois Irong cuon The che van hpc thi "van ban van hpc la mot the
che
CO
l6
chii'c
dpc lap. No co mot
vj
tri dac biel va dugc danh gia cao Irong xa hoi
va dam nhiem mot so chuc nang rieng biet". [24]
Tinh van hpc dugc the hien qua
nhij*ng

cau
triic
noi lai va nhung hang rao
khep kin. Tac pham van hpc cho la cam giac dong va khep kin. A. Jarry so sanh van
ban van hpc vai mpl hon dao [30]. Trong lap chi Ngon ngu xd hoi
s6
6,
1983,
M.
Arrive de cap den khai niem "nhung hang rao
ciia
van ban". [8]
Cam giac khep kin cua van ban van hpc la do cau tnic chinh xac
ciia I6i
noi
dang doi, doi lap ve hinh
ihuc
(chu viet, am
Ihanh,
s6
lugng am
li^l,
lap lai
c^u
iriic
ngu phap) va y nghia. Nhijng dac
di8m
do lam mpl bai tho hoac mot van ban van
hpc tro thanh mot the thong nhat ma
6

do moi Ihanh
ph^n d6u
eo mot vi tri va
gSn
ket voi nhau. Bai tho Con so
ciia
Francis Ponge dua ra hinh anh
dn
du con so
dd
noi
lai linh khep kin
ciia
mpl bai
Iha.
Do la mpl the giai
ihu
nho va phai
m^l
nhidu
cong
sire
moi co
Ihe ma
dugc (hieu dugc van ban). Mong lay phai
irdy
xirac,
dao phai sin
me moi mo
diroc

con so.
10
1.1.4.
Van
hoc Id mot the che van hod
Chung toi nhac lai y kien cua J. Dubois trong cuon The che van hoc, rang van
ban
vSn
hpc la mot the che co to chuc dpc lap. No co kha nang cung cap nhung hieu
biet ve nhieu
ITnh
vuc, trong do co van boa, xa hoi va con nguoi.
H. Besse trong bai viet "Cac yeu l6 de giang day van ban van hpc" coi van
ban van hpc nhu mot tai lieu thue, no "cung cap
nhijng
hieu biet ve van hoa, xa hoi,
ve con nguoi. Dieu quan trong la phai biet
thira
nhan dieu do va biet each dpc, hieu
va danh gia phu hgp voi nhung chuan muc van hoa ma sinh vien da nam dugc tir
truoc do", "no an chira mpi tiem nang mang tinh
thue
tien va van boa". Nha no ma
nguoi hpc
CO
the kham pha mpi binh dien
ciia
mpl tieng nuoc ngoai nhu ngu am,
chu viet,
cii

phap, ngu nghia. [13] J. Peytard nhan xet: "Dpc mpl van ban van hpc
chinh la
lim
each nhan biet
nhirng
van dong
ciia
mpl thir tieng
6 mire
dp cao
nhat".[36]
Mac
dii
ngon
ngir
va van hoa dpc lap voi nhau nhung khong the tach roi vi
van
hoa
nam
trong ngon
ngij
va ngugc lai. Nho su lien quan mat thiet do, nguoi
hpc,
thong qua van ban van hpc, co the nam dugc
ciing
mot
liic
ca ngon ngu va van
boa.
G. Mounin trong cuon Ngon ngu vd dich

thudt,
cung khang djnh: "Van hoc
luon dugc coi la mpl lai lieu mieu ta con nguoi va xa hoi duy nhat va tot nhal
ciia
mpl nen van hoa voi dung nghia
ciia
dan
ipc
hpc: hau nhu tat ca hinh anh va quan
niem cu the cua chiing la
Ion
tai mot each
lau
ben ve nguoi Anh, nguoi Nga hay
nguoi
1
ly lap deu xuat
phai
tir nhirng tac pham van hpc "[34.Tr.53]
Qua
nhiing
co gang dinh nghia nhu the nao la van hpc, chiing loi chi co the
ket luan rang van hpc vo cimg phirc lap va phong
phii
ve ban chal. Kho co the dua
ra mpl kel luan ve van ban van hpc mac
dii
co mpl so lieu chi xac dang hon cac tieu
chi khac. Cang xac dang hon thi cang nhieu y kien phe phan
ho"n.

Can
ihiel
phai co
mpl cai nhin
diing
dan ve van ban van hpc.
1.2. Van ban van hoc voi giang day tieng Phap cho nguoi nuoc ngoai
Trong qua trinh giang day tieng phap cho nguoi nuoc ngoai, van ban van hpc
dugc su dung nhu
nbiing
tai lieu giang day. Tuy nhien, khong phai
liic
nao van ban
van
hpc cung giu vai tro doc ton ma da trai qua bao thang tram
Iheo
quan niem khac
nhau
ciia
cac nha su pham. Van ban van hpc da tirng trai qua thoi ky hoang kim tiep
d6n
la thoi ky suy thoai va de
cu6i
ciing dugc ton vinh nhu mpl lai lieu
ihuc
co kha
nang chuyen tai nhirng
ki^n
tbire ve van hoa, xa hoi, eon nguoi.
Cac tai lieu tham khao cho phan nay la bai viet cua Henri Besse "Cac yeu to

d6
giang day
van
ban van bpc"[13], Daniel
Cosle
"Hpc lieng qua van hpc?"
[23.Tr.59-74] trong
Van
hoc vd lop hoc tieng va
ciia
Henri Besse "Mot vai suy
nghl
v^
van
ban van hpc va viec ap dung no Irong giang day ngoai ngu hai bang lieng
Phap (FLS) hoac giang day
ti6ng
Phap cho nguoi nuoc ngoai (FLE), Le
Tretle,
so 9
[14].
1.2.
L Van
bdn van hpc trong gidng day truyen thong
Quan niem truyen thong cho rang van ban van hpc (trich doan van hpc)
ihuong dugc coi nhu mpl cai ca de day mot ngon
ngir.
No dugc coi nhu mot khuon
mau de than
phiic

va de bat
chuoc
each viet, nhu la chuan muc mang linh han lam.
Chuong trinh hpc bao gom tieu sir lac gia, vi
Iri
tac pham trong van hpc
ciia
ca mpl
giai doan.
Theo phuong phap truyen Ihong, viec giang day lieng Phap hien dai dugc mo
phong theo phuang phap giang day cac ngon
ngir
co: tieng lalinh va Hy lap. Theo
phirong phap do, nguoi la day ngon ngu thong qua cac
van
ban van hpc va no dugc
coi nhu khuon vang thuoc ngpc, nguon tai lieu duy nhal va tot nhal de giang day
lieng nuac ngoai mot
each
co he thong.
Phirong phap nay uu tien giang day
ngir
phap va dich. Van ban van hpc dugc
coi la cai co de dua ra nhirng bai lap ve tir vung, ngir phap va
djch
xuoi, dich ngugc.
Miic
dich
ciia pjurong
phap nay khong nham muc dich chinh la giang day mpl he

ihong ngon ngu ma nham
chii
yeu cung cap von van hoa thuoc
linh
vuc van hpc. Ky
nang giao tiep chi la thir yeu. Phuong phap giang day do nham uu lien lang lop uu
Hi ve xa hoi, van hoa va tai chinh. Trong loi tua
ciia
cuon Mauger co neu ro:
- 12-
"Nhung
cong dan
6
nhung
qu6c
gia xa xoi va nhirng nguoi nuoc ngoai hpc tieng
Phap se dugc
tilp
xuc voi mot trong
nhurng
nen
van
minh phong
phii
nhal the gioi
hien dai, trau
d6i
tri tue bang viec tiep thu mot nen
van
hoc rue ro de tro thanh

nhirng nguoi uu tu
thue
thu." [34]
Voi phuong phap nay, nguoi hpc luon phai so sanh hai he thong ngon ngir,
chuydn
tir ngon
ngii
nay sang ngon ngir kia, lam giau va
sir
dung thanh thao ngon
ngu me de bang cac bai tap djch xuoi. Vi vay nhat thiet phai nam vung ngon
ngir
me de de co the hpc dugc ngoai ngu:.
Ky nang dugc dal len hang
diu
la ky nang viet voi cae bai tap sieu ngon ngir
nhu giai thich, hpc thuoc cac quy tac ngir phap,
liet
ke
tir
vung. Ngon ngu can phai
hoc
gi6ng
nhu mot tap hgp cac qui tac ngu phap dat canh mot lap hgp
van
ban kem
Iheo
la mot danh muc cae tir va tat ca deu o dang van viet. Nguoi hpc phai hpc
thupe cac doan
van

chpn
Ipe.
Theo quan niem nay nguoi hpc phai co kha nang ve tri
tue cung nhu ngon
ngir,
b'lk
thiet lap cac gia thuyet, suy luan, xac minh, xay dung
nhung chien
thual
cho rieng minh.
Hinh anh
ciia van
hpc
Iheo
quan niem nay dugc danh dau chat lugng, la long
hgp cac doan trich, cac lac gia tieng tam, cac tac pham
Ion.
Doi khi nhirng trich
doan nay khong khong neu ro
ciia
ai,
nam
trong lac pham nao. No khong cho phep
nguoi dpc kha nang hieu nhieu
each
khac nhau: chi co mpl ban dich hay nhal, mpl
nghia diing dan nhal co the chuyen sang ngon ngu
ciia
nguoi hpc mpl
each

chinh
xac nhcil. Cac
van
ban dugc chpn
Ipc
thong Ihuong la mieu ta vi no cho phep khai
thac tir vung theo ehu diem.
Nhung
nhirgc
diem
ciia
phirong phap nay:
- qua de cao tam co van hpc
ciia
van ban ;
- day ngoai ngir dua vao so lugng
Ion
nhirng tir nhieu an y ;
- ap dal mpl chuan muc van viel eo ;
- de cao nghien ciru cac lac pham va tac gia lieu bieu.
1.2.2.
C \'fc
phuang phap nghe
nhin
:
ihdi
ky suy
ihodi
Doi lap vai phuong phap truyen Ihong, cac phuong phap nghe nhin quan lam
- 13-

"Nhung
cong dan
a nhiing
quoc gia xa xoi va nhirng nguoi nuoc ngoai hpc tieng
Phap se dugc tiep xuc voi mot trong nhirng nen
van
minh phong
phii
nhat the gioi
hien dai, trau doi tri tue bang viec tiep thu mot nen
van
hpc rue ro de tro thanh
nhirng nguoi uu tu thue thu." [34]
Voi phuong phap nay, nguoi hpc luon phai so sanh hai he thong ngon
ngij,
chuyen tir ngon ngir nay sang ngon ngir kia, lam giau va sir dung thanh thao ngon
ngir me de bang cac bai tap djch xuoi. Vi vay nhat thiet phai
nam
vung ngon ngu
me de de co the hpc dugc ngoai
ngir.
Ky nang dugc dat len hang dau la ky nang viet voi cac bai tap sieu ngon ngir
nhu giai thich, hpc thuoc cac quy tac ngir phap, liet ke tir vung. Ngon ngir can phai
hoc giong nhu mot tap hgp cac qui tac ngir phap dat canh mot tap hgp
van
ban kem
theo la mpl danh muc cac tir va tat ca deu o dang van viet. Nguoi hpc phai hpc
Ihupc cac doan van chpn Ipc. Theo quan niem nay nguoi hpc phai c6
kJia
nang ve

Iri
tue cung nhu ngon ngir, biet thiet lap cac gia thuyet, suy luan, xac minh, xay dung
nhirng chien Ihuat cho rieng minh.
Hinh anh cua van hpc theo quan niem nay dugc danh dau chat lugng, la
t6ng
hgp cac doan trich, cac lac gia tieng tam, cac tac pham
Ion.
Doi khi nhirng trich
doan nay khong khong neu ro
ciia
ai, nam trong lac pham nao. No khong cho phep
ngui^i
dpc kha nang hieu nhieu
each
khac nhau: chi co mot ban djch hay nhat, mpl
nghia diing dan nhat eo the chuyen sang ngon
ngiJ ciia
nguoi hpc mot each chinh
xac nhat. Cac van ban dugc chpn
Ipc
thong thuong la mieu la vi no cho phep khai
thac tir vung theo
chii
diem.
Nhung
nhirge
diem
ciia
phuong phap nay:
- qua de cao lam co

van
hpc
ciia
van ban ;
- day ngoai ngir dua vao so lugng
Ion
nhung
lir nhilu Sn
y ;
- ap dat mot chuan muc van viet
c6
;
- de cao nghien ciru cac tac
pham
va tac gia lieu bieu.
/.
2.2.
C 'dc
phuang phdp nghe
nhin
: thai ky suy thoai
D6i
lap voi phuang phap truyen
lh6ng,
cac phuang phap nghe nhin quan lam
13
chu
y^u
den ngon ngu noi. Vi vay, van ban
van

hpc mat dan vi tri quan trpng nhat la
6
giai doan dau voi ly do ve ngon
ngii
la bao gio nguoi ta cung noi truoc khi viet va
CO nhidu
ngon
ngur
chi dugc noi ma khong co
chii
viet. Va tren
thue
te, biet tra loi
mot nhan vien hai quan bay moi mot nguoi ban di xem
phim
co
Igi
hon la thuoc
mot bai tho
ciia
Baudelaire.
Cac phuong phap nghe nhin sir dung
chii
yeu
nhCrng van
ban dugc tao ra voi
muc dich phuc vu cho cong viec giang day. Chi khi nguoi hpc dal toi trinh dp cao
moi dugc tiep
xiic
voi van ban

van
hpc. Van ban
van
hpc dugc coi la qua kho doi
voi nguoi moi hpc dong
ihoi
qua xa la voi ngon ngir noi, thir ngon ngu can thiet doi
voi nguoi moi hpc.
Tai lieu hoc tap
chii
yeu la cac bai hoi thoai voi cac nhan vat nhu trong cac
doan kich. Van ban van hpc chi dugc dua vao chuong trinh khi nguoi hpc
dii
trinh
dp de hieu va cac tac gia dugc chpn thuong la Camus, Prevert, Eluard voi muc dich
danh gia nhung kien thue da dugc hpc truoc do.
Van ban
van
hpc con dugc sira doi cho
phii
hgp voi nguoi hpc, don gian hoa
nham loai bo nhiing lir va nhirng cau
true
cau kho. Nhieu tieu thuyet noi tieng dugc
viet lai trong khuon kho cua Tieng Phap Co So (le Franeais Fondamenlal) chang
han nhu Nhung ngirai khon kho
ciia
Victor Hugo. Mot cau hoi dugc dal ra la nhirng
tac pham dugc viet bang tieng Phap Co So co con dugc coi la
ciia

Balzac, Stendhal
hay Hugo nua khong ? Va co con dugc coi la tac pham
van
hpc
nm
khong ?
Cac
van
ban trong cac phuong phap nghe nhin la cac bai hoi thoai vai cac
nhan vat. Cac thuat
ngii
thong dung trong phuang phap nay la kich ban, tieu pham,
kich. Nguoi hpc sau moi bai phai dien lai cac cupc hoi thoai de on bai truoc ca lop.
Neu van ban van hpc co mat trong phuang phap nay thi chi a giai doan cuoi khi ma
ngucTi
hpc da dat dugc mot ky nang nhal djnh.
/.
1.3.
Phuang phdp giao tiep: quan niem mai ve van bdn van hpc
- Su' khac biet
giira
giang day van ban van hoc bang tieng me de voi
giiing day bang tieng nuoc ngoai
Cac cuon sach Tieu luan ve ngon ngu dai
cirang
(1963) [3
11 ciia
Jakobson,
14-
chQ

y^u
din
ngon ngu noi. Vi vay, van ban
van
hpc mat
dkn
vi tri quan trpng nhal la
6
giai doan dau voi ly do
v^
ngon ngu la bao gio nguoi ta cung noi truoc khi
vi^t
va
CO
nhieu ngon
ngir
chi dugc noi ma khong c6 chir
Vik.
Va tren thue
d,
biel
Ira
loi
mot nhan vien hai quan hay moi mot nguoi ban di xem phim co
Igi
hon la thuoc
mot bai tho cua Baudelaire.
Cac phuong phap nghe nhin
sir
dung

chii ylu
nhung van ban dugc tao ra voi
muc dich phuc vu cho cong viec giang day. Chi khi nguoi hpc dat tai trinh dp cao
moi dugc
tilp
xuc voi
van
ban
van
hpc. Van ban
van
hpc dugc coi la qua kho doi
voi nguoi moi hpc
d6ng
thoi qua xa la voi ngon
ngii
noi, thir ngon ngir
cSn
thiet doi
voi nguoi moi hpc.
Tai lieu hpc tap chu yk\ la cac bai hoi thoai voi cac nhan vat nhu trong cac
doan kjch. Van ban
van
hpc chi dugc dua vao chuong trinh khi nguoi hpc
dii
trinh
dp
d^
hiSu
va cac tac gia dugc chpn thuong la Camus, Prevert, Eluard vai muc dich

danh gia nhung
kidn
tbire da dugc hpc truoc do.
van
ban
van
hpc con dugc sira
d6i
cho
phii
hgp voi nguoi hpc, don gian boa
nham loai bo nhirng tir va
nhQ-ng
cau
true
cau kho. Nhieu tieu thuyel noi lieng dugc
v\k lai trong khuon kho
ciia Ti^ng
Phap Co So (le Franeais Fondamenlal) chang
ban nhu Nhung ngirai khon kho
ciia
Vicior Hugo. Mpl cau hoi dugc dat ra la
nhu'ng
tac
pham
dugc
vi^l
bang
ti^ng
Phap Co So co con dugc coi la

ciia
Balzac, Stendhal
hay
I lugo nCia
khong ? Va c6 con dugc coi la tac pham
van
hpc nira khong ?
Cac
van
ban trong cac phuang phap nghe nhin la cac bai hoi thoai voi cac
nhan vat. Cac thuat ngir thong dung trong phuong phap nay la kich ban, tieu pham,
kjch. Nguoi hpc sau moi bai phai dien lai cac cupc hoi thoai de on bai Iruoc ca lop.
Neu van ban van hpc co mat trong phuong phap nay thi chi a giai doan cuoi khi ma
nguoi hpc da dal dugc mpl ky nang nhal djnh.
1.1.3.
Phuang phdp giao tiep: quan niem
nidi
ve van bdn van hpc
-
Su"
khac biet giiia giang day van ban van hoc bang tieng me de voi
giiing day bang tieng nuoc ngoai
Cac cuon sach Tieu luan ve ngon ngu dai cuang (1963)
[31|
ciia
Jakobson,
14-
Cap do zero cita von viet (1968) [9] cua Barthes va cupc Hoi thao ve ngon ngir va
van
hoc

6 Cluny
(1968)
dS
mo ra nhirng
viln
canh moi cho
sir
gap go
giira
chu
nghia cau true voi van hpc. Do la viec cac chuc nang thi phap va sieu ngon ngir
dugc dat song song.
Hai chuc nang nay luon dugc de cap den trong cac bai viet ve phuong phap
giang day
van
hpc. Truoc tien can phan biet
sir
khac biet
giiia
giang day mot
van
ban
van
hpc bang tieng me de voi giang day bang tieng nuoc ngoai:
- Muc dich cua lop day ngoai ngu la dat dugc cai co san trong lop day bang
tieng me de. Vi vay khong the day theo cimg mot phuang phap, dac biel doi voi
nhirng lop moi hpc va nhung lap
o
mire dp trung binh ve nang luc lieng nuoc ngoai.
- Mat khac, sinh vien nuoc ngoai co nhirng hieu biet va thoi quen van hoa

rieng nen hp khong the tiep nhan mot
van
ban tieng Phap giong nhu nguoi Phap.
-
lYong
lop hpc bang tieng me de, mon van hpc la mon bat bupc, hpc sinh
phai thi
hel
mon, thi dau vao. Trong lop hpc bang tieng nuac ngoai, chi co the tiep
can
van
hpc khi nguoi hpc cam thay hung
thii
hoac co dong co.
- Trong lop bang lieng me de, nguoi hpc eo kha nang phe phan danh gia qua
mot
loat
bai tap va bai binh luan trong khi o lop hpc tieng khong the
thue
hanh cac
dang bai tap nay dugc, it nhal la a giai doan dau.
Vi vay doi voi hai doi lugng khac nhau, Irong giang day van hpc phai ap
dung phuong phap khac nhau.
Co the dua vao ly thuyet cac chirc nang
ciia
R. Jakobson de lam ro
mdi
lien
he
gan

bo giira hai chirc nang nay:
Chuc nang thi phdp (poetique): la chirc nang lam ro tinh cu
thi ciia
cac ky
hieu, nhan manh
chii
yeu toi thong bao. Mpl lai lieu
van
hpc la mot lai lieu ma chirc
nang thi phap la ehu dao so voi cac chirc nang khac. No nhan manh
din
hinh
ihirc
nhieu hon den noi dung. No cho thay boat dong
ciia
ban than ngon ngir.
Chuc nang sieu ngon ngir (metalinguistique): do la khi ngon
ngu*
noi
vk
chinh ban than ngon ngu, khi nguoi ta phai djnh nghia mpl tir va phai sir dung cac
15
Cop dp zero cua van viit (1968) [9] cua Barthes va cupc Hoi thao ve ngon ngir va
van
hpc
o
Cluny (1968) da mo ra nhung vien canh moi cho su gap go giira
chii
nghTa cau
true

voi van hpc. Do la viec cac chirc nang thi phap va sieu ngon
ngii
dugc dat song song.
Hai chirc nang nay luon dugc de cap den trong cac bai viel ve phuang phap
giang day
van
hpc. Truoc tien can phan biet
sir
khac biet
giiia
giang day mot
van
ban
van
hpc bang tieng me de voi giang day bang tieng nuoc ngoai:
- Muc dich cua lop day ngoai
ngir
la dat dugc cai eo sSn trong lop day bang
ti6ng
me de. Vi vay khong the day theo ciing mot phuong phap, dac biel doi vai
nhirng lop moi hpc va nhung lop
6
mire dp trung binh ve nang
lire
tieng nuac ngoai.
- Mat khac, sinh vien nuoc ngoai eo nhirng hieu biet va thoi quen van hoa
rieng nen hp khong the tiep nhan mot van ban tieng Phap giong nhu nguoi Phap.
- Trong lop hpc bang tieng me de, mon
van
hpc la mon bat bupc, hpc sinh

phai thi het mon, thi dau vao. Trong lop hpc bang tieng nuoc ngoai, chi co the liep
can
van
hpc khi nguoi hpc cam thay hirng
thii
hoac co dong co.
- Trong lop bang tieng me de, nguoi hpc co kha nang phe phan danh gia qua
mot loat bai tap va bai binh luan trong khi
6
lop hpc tieng khong the thue hanh cac
dang bai tap nay dugc, it nhal la a giai doan dau.
Vi vay doi voi hai doi lugng khac nhau, trong giang day van hpc phai ap
dung phuong phap khac nhau.
Co the dua vao ly thuyel cac chirc nang
ciia
R. Jakobson de lam ro moi lien
he
gan
bo giira hai chirc nang nay:
Chirc nang thi phdp (poetique): la chirc nang lam ro tinh cu the
ciia
cac ky
hieu, nhan manh
chii
yeu toi Ihong bao. Mpl lai lieu
van
hpc la mot lai lieu ma chirc
nang thi phap la chu dao so voi cac chirc nang khac. No nhan manh den hinh thirc
nhieu hon den noi dung. No cho thay boat dong
ciia

ban than ngon ngir.
Chuc nang sieu ngon
ngir
(metalinguistique): do la khi ngon ngir noi ve
chinh ban than ngon ngu, khi nguoi la phai djnh nghia mpl tir va phai sir dung cac
- 15
bien phap so sanh tuong duong ve
ngir
nghia.
Chuc nang thi phap cung su dung so sanh tuong duong nhung theo chieu
ngugc lai vi no can co them dong tac giai ma. Thi du nhu trong cau tho cua Eluard:
"trai dat mau xanh
lo
nhu qua cam
"
can phai so sanh bai
Ian:
- qua cam hinh tron
va - trai dat nhin tir tren cao xuong eo mau xanh lo. Nguoi dpc phai lien tuong de
nam dugc y nghia cua cau tho.
Trong mot lop hpc ngoai ngu*, chirc nang sieu ngon
ngir
dong vai tro chu dao.
De hpc tieng, sinh vien phai luon luon so sanh tuong duong, tim nhung yeu to lap
lai,
hoac cac yeu to hinh tbire tuong dong. Khong phai
liie
nao nguoi ta cung y thirc
dugc boat dong sieu ngon ngir nay mac
dii

no luon eo mat.
Theo Jakobson, chuc nang thi phap co the dugc mieu ta nhu mot bieu hien
ciia
chirc nang sieu ngon ngir boi le hpc mot tieng nuoc ngoai cung nhu dpc mot
van
ban
van
hpc deu can mot bp ma dac biet de co the hieu no.
- Van ban van hoc la mot tai lieu
thue
Neu doi voi phuang phap nghe nhin,
van
ban
van
hpc
giir
vai tro thir yeu thi
phuong phap giao tiep eo mot quan niem hoan loan moi me ve
van
ban
van
hpc.
Sau nhung nghien ciru cua Jakobson va Barthes ve moi tuong quan giira
chii
nghia
can tnic va
van
hpc, hoan loan co the khang djnh rang van ban van hpc co the dugc
sir dung nhu mpl lai lieu giang day ngoai ngu va co the dua vao giang day ngay a
giai doan dau.

Phuong phap giao tiep coi
van
ban
van
hpc la mot lai lieu
ihue,
no cung
cdp
nhung
hieu
biet ve
van
hoa, xa hoi, con nguoi. Dieu quan trpng la phai biel thira
nhan dieu do va biet each dpc, hieu va danh gia
phii
hgp vai nhirng chuan muc
van
hoa ma sinh vien da
nam
dugc tir truoc do. Nho no ma nguoi hpc co
thi
kham pha
mpi binh dien
ciia
mot tieng nuoc ngoai nhu
ngii
am, chir viet,
eii
phap, ngir nghia.
No an chira mpi tiem nang mang tinh thue

tiln
va
van
hoa. J. Peytard trong Van hpc
vd lap hpc lieng, nhan xet: "Dpc mpl
van
ban van hpc chinh la tim
each
nhan hilt
nhung van dong
ciia
mot thir tieng o
mire
dp cao nhat". [39]
Doi voi Cling mot tai lieu thue co the co hai thai dp
tilp
nhan: nguoi ban ngir
16
bien phap so sanh tuong duong
vl ngir
nghia.
Chuc nang thi phap cung su dung so sanh tuong duong
nliung
theo
chilu
ngugc
lai
vi no
ckn
c6 them dong tac giai ma. Thi du nhu trong cau tho

ciia
Eluard:
"trai
ddt mliu
xanh lo nhu qua cam " ckn phai so sanh bai
Ian:
- qua cam hinh
iron
va - trai
dk
nhin tir tren cao xuong eo mau xanh lo. Nguoi dpc phai lien tuong de
nam dugc y nghia
ciia
cau tho.
Trong mot lop hpc ngoai ngir, chirc nang sieu ngon
ngii
dong vai tro
chii
dao.
D6
hpc
tilng,
sinh vien phai luon luon so sanh tuong duong, tim nhirng yeu to lap
lai,
hoac cac
ylu t6
hinh thirc tuong
d6ng.
Khong phai
liic

nao nguoi ta cung y thirc
dugc boat dong sieu ngon
ngii*
nay mac
dii
no luon co mat.
Theo Jakobson, chirc nang thi phap c6
thi
dugc mieu ta nhu mot bieu hien
ciia
chirc nang sieu ngon ngir boi le hpc mot tieng nuoc ngoai ciing nhu dpc mpl
van
ban
van
hpc deu can mot bp ma dac biet de eo the hieu no.
- Van
biin
van hoc la mot tai lieu thue
NIU
doi voi phuong phap nghe nhin, van ban van hpc giir vai tro thir yeu thi
phuong phap giao
tilp
co mot quan niem hoan loan moi me ve
van
ban van hpc.
Sau nhirng nghien ciru
ciia
Jakobson va Barthes ve moi tuong quan giira
chii
nghia

cAu
tnic va
van
hpc, hoan loan c6 the khang djnh rang
van
ban van hpc co the dugc
sir dung nhu mot tai lieu giang day ngoai ngu va c6 the dua vao giang day ngay
6
giai doan dau.
Phuong phap giao liep coi
van
ban
van
hpc la mot tai lieu thue, no cung cap
nhung hieu biet ve van hoa, xa hoi, con nguoi. Dieu quan
Irpng
la phai biel thira
nhan dieu do va biet
each
dpc, hieu va danh gia
phii
hgp voi nhirng chuan muc van
hoa ma sinh vien da nam dugc tir truoc do. Nho no ma nguoi hpc co the kham pha
mpi binh dien
eiia
mot tieng nuoc ngoai nhu
ngii
am, chir viet,
cii
phap,

ngir
nghia.
No an chira mpi tiem nang mang tinh thue lien va van boa. J. Peytard trong Van hpc
vd lop hpc tieng, nhan xet: "Dpc mpl
van
ban van hpc chinh la lim each nhan biel
nhung van dong
ciia
mpl thir tieng a mire dp cao nhat". [39]
Doi voi cimg mot lai lieu thue co the co hai thai dp tiep nhan: nguoi ban ngu
- 16