Nghiên cứu cơ sở khoa học và khả năng áp dụng các công cụ kinh tế trong việc quản lý và sử dụng hợp lý tài nguyên và môi trường khu vực nhỏ ( Lấy ví dụ Hồ Tây - Hà Nội

DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA N O I
TRirClNG DAI HOC KHOA HOC TU NHIEN

NGHIEN CtJlJ CO s d KHOA HOC VA
KHA NANG AP DUNG CAC CONG CU KINH TE
TRONG VIEC QUAN LY VA Slf DUNG HOP LY TAI
NGUYEN VA MOI TRUdNG KHU VUC NHO
/v^

^

/»>

(LAY VI DU HO TAY - HA NOI)

Ma so: QT - 99.09
Chu tri de tai: TS. Hoang Xuan Co
1.
2.
3.
4.

Cac can bo tham gia:
ThS. Dam Duy An, Khoa Moi trucmg
ThS. Pham Thi Mai, Khoa Moi trucmg
ThS. Pham Thi Viet Anh, Khoa Moi trucmg
CN. Le Thi Dinh, Khoa Moi t r u ^ g

pllOOOli

Ha Noi, thang? - 2000

1 OI\l lAT
Theo nlian xet ciia nliieu nlui khoa hpc, nueic ta kha da dang ve tai nguyen
nhung nhieu trong sd do co chai hrpng klmng cao hoac d quy mo vira va nhd. Vi
vSy, trong phat trie'n kinh te' chiing ta kho md rong quy ino va kho san xufi't ducii
dang hang hoa. Tuy nhien, ne'u biei sir dung hpp ly ca nhung vung lanh tho quy md
vua va nho, mang tfnh dac thu nay, chiing (a se tan dung dupc the' manh, gia trj cua
chiing phuc vu cdng cuoc phat tri^n kinh te'dai nirdfc.
Vimg lanh tho quy mo vira va nho mang tfnh dac thii (VLTDT)
dun vj lanh tho co dien tfch khong Icin nhung co nhung net rieng, d l
chang han nhu mot ho nude Icin, nipt cita song, mdt viing diim pha, dai
inpt ejua ddi tha'p, nipt viing sinh thai dac thii,... l i i y d quy nio khong
VL I DT vSn CO dii cac chirc nang:

dupe coi la
nhan tha'y,
ngap nude,
lein, nhung

Cung cAp lai nguyen cho phat trie'n kinh te'.
Chira va dong hoii chfit thin.
Khdng gian song cua con ngucti.
Vai trd, chirc nang d viing lanh tho khdng phai hoan toan giitng nhau, chang
han, cung la ho lurcifc \an nhirng chirc nang chira va dong hoii cliA't thai ciia h6 vimg
dd thi ddng vai lid c|uan tipng hctn so vc'ti he) vimg nc)ng ihdn. O inpt cong vien
quoc gia, vai lid khdng gian scMig cho con ngirdi lai co pliAii tipi hon so veii vai tro
cung cC\p tai nguyen hay cluia va ddng hoa chAt thai. Ngupe lai, vimg khai thac
khoang sim thi chirc nang cung cap tai nguyen tlurctng the hien re") hon.
De lai lap Uung nghien ciru phuctng thirc quan ly, sir dung vimg lanh tho quy

md vira va nhci, mang ifnh dac llui nham mang lai hieu qua cao ma van duy trl chat
hrpng tai nguyen va mdi tructng it mirc chap nhan dupe. Dong Ihdi kie'n nghj mot s6
chi so cfin sir dung Uong danh giii hieu qua sir dung VL'lDl.
I h e o Iy thuyet, c|uyen sd huu doi vdi vimg lanh theS ncSi chung va vimg lanh
tho quy mo vira va nho, niang tfnh dac thii noi rieng co mc)i quan he rAt chat vdi
vAn de khai ihiic, su clung lai nguyen. Trong di6u kien nudc la hien nay, cei the hieu
quyen set huu lir nhan ddi vdi vimg Ianh thci Iheo nghTa rong hon, khi no dupc giao
quyen sir dung cho mot ca nhan hay cdng ty tiong iheti gian dii dai.
Neu tai nguyen thupc set huu cong cong thi mpi ngirdi deu co quyIn khai
thac, sir dung, cdn khi thii()c so hiiu tir nhan thi chi mot bp pliAn nhd trong eong
ddng ducte e|u>en khai ihac. liong kinh te hex, khi sd hCru tai nguyen la sd hiru
cong cong thi ngudi la dua la khai niem giai phap nid cira va chirng minh rAng, ddi
vcii tai nguyen Uii lao dupc ihi viec khai thiic theo giai phap md cua khong nhA't
thiel dAn den can kiet lai nguyen.

in


Khi quyen sd huu thuoc tu nhan, ngu6i ta se tfnh t6i cue dai hoa lui nhuan
trong khai thac tai nguyen. D6\ \6\ tai nguyen tai tao ho se tinh toan d^ xac dinh
khi nao thi khai thac, khai thac a miic trQ lupng nao, khai thac muc bao nhieu d^
thu dupc ldi nhuan toi da ma tru lupng tai nguyen vAn 6n dinh a mUc mong mu6n.
Ngoai ra, ho con tinh t6i chi^t kha'u tai nguyen d^ quy^t dinh khai thac ngay hay
nuoi duong tai nguyen di khai thac sau. Doi vdi tai nguyen khdng tai tao, sir dung
hop ly va {6\ uu th^ hien 6 cac mat sau:
- TAn dung he^t tai nguyen.
- Tun tai nguyen thay ihi,
- v a n hanh he thong gia ea d^ khi can kiet tai nguyen, chuydn sang sir dung
tai nguyen thay the^ ma khOng co chenh lech gia qua 16n.
Ro rang, chi khi quyen sit dung lai nguyen dupc xac djnh ro thi mdi thuc

hien dupe viec khai thac hpp ly, t5'i uu. D^ lam vi du, ta lA'y truong hpp khai thac
than it Quang Ninh, co mot thdi ky, quyin sd huu chua dupc xac lAp 16 rang nen cd
nhieu ca nhAn tham gia khai thac than (cac Id than "th6 phi"). Hp chi tAp trung khai
thac d che") de dang nhA't nham thu Ipi tdi da nhung cung lam lang phi lupng tai
nguyen lein.
Ke't qua nghien cUu ddi vdi mot sd Irudng hpp cu Ih^, khi quy^n sd huu tai
nguyen da dupc xac lAp cho ihA'y, trong Ihuc t^ khdng phai khi nao viec khai thac
tai nguyen cung se dat hieu qua cao. Chang han, khi giao vimg dAt ngAp nudc ven
bi^n cho tir nliAn khai thac, nuoi trdng thuy san lA't de Iam inA't di dai rirng ngAp
man, gAy nhxiu tac dpng xA'u de'n moi trirdng (mA't noi cU tni cua chim di cu va cac
loai dpng tliUc vAt, niA'l kha nang chan sdng, mA't net! cir tni, noi de trung ciia tOm
ca,...). Vi vAy, ben canh viec giao quy^n sd huu phai ki^m soat dupc hoat dpng khai
Ihac thong qua cac quy djnh, luAt le nhA't djnh. Di lam tdt co che" nay, c^n thuc hien
mot sd budc sau:
a. Dinh hudng

sudung

h. Lap ke hoach su' dimg.
c. Qudn ly viec sif dung VLTDT.
Ke't qua nghien cuu ddi vdi Ho TAy (nhu la mot vf du) cho IhA'y, hien nay,
viec nghien ciiu sir dung VLTDT cdn Ion lai nhieu vA'n di cdn dupe lam sang td
them. VAn de trao quyen sir dung cdn chong cheo, chua IhAl ro rang nen cdn nhieu
hoat dpng gAy lac dpng xA'u de'n khu virc. Vifc lAp k^ hoach ddi vdi cac du an hoat
dpng dura dupc ky luong nen hieu qua kinh t^chua cao. Viec quan ly chua di vao
ne iie'p nen cac hoat dpng cdn dien ra Ipii xOn, cdn dupc chA'n chinh.
Nhiing ke't qua ban dAu ciia di lai phiin nao da chi ra dupc mot sd vA'n de
chung iihAI ve sir dung VLl D T Do linh CLT dang ciia cac loai hinh lanh tho nay nen

IV

rat khd neu dupc each tie'p cAn nghien ciiu, khai thac van nang, chung cho lAt ca. Vi
vay, cdn cd su phan loai, nghien ciiu ky hon, tfnh d^n dac thii ciia mdi loai. Mong
rang se cd nhilu di tai nghien ciiu ddi vdi cac loai hinh VLTDT nay trong tuong
lai, gdp phdn khai thac hpp ly, vira dat hieu qua kinh t^ cao vira duy tri, bao ve dupc
cac chiic nang cua lanh Ihd.

DETAI

CHU NHIEM DE TAI

I

KHOA

1^

TS. Hoang Xuan CcJ

CO QUAN Q U A N

LY

Dt TAI

STUDY ON SCIENTIFIC BASES AND THE APPLICATION
POTENTIAL OF ECONOMIC TOOLS FOR MANAGEMENT AND
USE OF SPECIAL, SMALL- SCALE AREAS.

SUMMARY
According to scientific works, Vietnam has many kinds of natural
resources, but almost of them is in small scale or low quality. Then, it is difficult to
extend of econoinie scale or [iroduce Ihe goods. However, if we have the
appropriate way lo use, these resources with small scale or special land area will be
efficiently exploited. 1 he special, small-scale areas are mentioned as lakes, river
mouth, lagoon, hill, and small ecosystem. Being the land, these areas have also Ihe
main functions as follows:
• Resouice supjily
• Wasle storage and assimilation
• Living support
The roles of these functions are different from this area to other one. Then,
we have to consider all of Ihem and find the best way to use.

V


The property right of the natural resources is discussed in the relation with
their rational use. If resource is in common use, it can be degraded rapidly. If the
properly right or utility right is established (may be private properly one) the
resource can be planed to use with high efficiency, maximum benefit and
sustainability.
For optimum, integrated use of these resources, the following steps are
discussed:
• Land use orientation based on survey data and regional planing
• Design and implement the land use projects
• Management of land use projects
Some of indexes are recommended to use for economic evaluation of land
use project as: Net private values (NPV), Internal return rale or Benefit Cost ratio
(B/C).

I h e West Lake use is discussed as an example of special, small-scale
resource area. West Lake located in Ihe inner city and it can be used for different
purjioses. At present, West Lake has been being used for fishery, tourism, and
services. It creates also good condition for Ihe environment of Hanoi city:
microclimate regulation, stoiage and assimilation of wasle water, storage and
regulation of rainwater,...
With high growth rale of economic activities at the West Lake area, it is
necessary to have llie integrated management to prevent the negative impacts on
the environment. vSome of economic and other management tools are recommended
for sustainable use of West l^ake.

HEAD OF PROJECT

a
Dr. Hoang Xuan Co

VI


MUC LUC
Tfong

Danh muc bang bieu

viii

I. Ly luan chung

1

I.I.Dat vA'nd^

I

1.2. Quyen sd huu va vAfn di sir dung viing lanh thd quy mc) viia
va nhd, mang tfnh dac thii (VLTDT)

2

1.2.1. Quyen sd hiiu

2

1.2.2. Sir dung tdng hpp, tdi uu VL 1 DT

3

II. Mot so ket qua nghien curu doi v6i Ho Tay

6

11.1. Dieu kien tu nhien va kiiih le xa hpi khu virc Hd TAy

7

11.2. Hien Irang khai thac va sir dung Hd Tay

13

11.2.1. Kha nang va hien trang khai thac, nuoi liong thuy siui

13

11.2.2. Khai thac va sir dung Ho l^Ay Iheo hudng dich vii - du lich

17

11.2.3. Uoc linh ciic Ipi ich khac

20

11.3. Quan ly moi trudng khu vuc Ho TAy

23

11.3.1. Co sd khoa hpc quan ly Hd 1^Ay

23

11.3.2. Ciic c(')ng cu kinh te cjiian ly \\6 Tay

24

11.4. Mpi sdket luan

26

Tai lieu tham khao

27

\i


DANH MUC BANG BI^U
Trang

Bang 1: Mot sd Ipi fch, han che'chfnh trong cac phuong an
sir dung riuig ngAp man

5

Bang2: DAn sd khu vuc xung quanh Ho TAy

7

Bang 3: Tac dong chinh ciia uluing y^u Id phat tri^n tren luu vuc
den chat lupng nude ho
Bang 4: Sd lupng cac doanh nghiep tham gia hoat dpng du Ihuyen

9

(tiiili trong nam 2000)

18

Bang 5: Sd lupng cac nha hang, khach san thai nude ra Hd TAy

19

Bang 6: Ham lupng BOD^, COD ciia nudc thai vao hd

21

Bang 7: Torn ifit ciic Ipi ich chinh ciia hd

23

CACCIIU VIET T A I
BOD: Nhu cAu 6 xy sinh hpc
COD: Nhu cAu o xy hoa hpc
DVKXS: Dcjiig vAt khong xuong sdng
IRR: He sd hoan vdn noi tai
KLN: Kim loai nang
1CVN: Tieu chudn Viet Nam
TN: rdng lupng nito
IV: Tong lupng phdt |iho
VKL: Vi kluiAii lam
VL I D l : Vimg lanh th6 quy nu't viia va nhd, mang tfnh dac Ihii
VND: Ddng Viet Nam (tien)

VIII


7ffin rtift f/iitg he'i ttl UYi hht^a h(ie. eiVp <^7t>H(j

1999

-2000

I- L Y L U A N C H U N G
L L D a t van de.
D a cd n h u n g nha khoa hoc nhAn xet rang mrdc la la mrdc da dang ve tai
nguyen n h u n g nhieu trong sd dd hoac cd chAI lupng k h o n g cao hoac d quy m o vira
va nhd. V I vAy, trong phat Iri^n k i n h t ^ cluing ta k h d m d rdng q u y m d va k h d san
xuA't dudi dang hang hod. T u y nhien, ne^u biet sir d u n g hpp l y ca nhung v i m g lanh
thd quy m d vua va n h d , mang tinh dac thii nay, c h i m g ta se lAn d u n g dupe the' m a n h ,
gia Iri ciia c h i m g |)huc vu cong cudc phai tri^n k i n h \€ dA'l mrc'te. VA'n d ^ dat ra la
phai n h i n nhAn v i m g lanh Ihd nay n h u I h ^ nao, tie'p cAn nghien ciru, sir d u n g khai
thac nd l a sao d ^ dat dirpc hieu qua cao nhA'l. DAy la bai loan k h d , phirc tap nhirng
|)hai dupc dat ra s d m , nhanh chdng l i m Inrdng giai quy^^t nhfim dat dupc cac muc
lieu ndi tren.
T n r d c het, jihai dua ra khai niem v^ v i m g lanh Ihd quy i n d vira va n h d , mang
tfnh dac Ihii (gpi tat la V L I D l ) . C d I h ^ hi§\i dAy la dctn vj lanh thd cd d i f n l i c h
k h d n g Idn nhung cd nhihig net rieng, d i nhAn IhA'y. D d cd th^ la hd mrdc Idn, mdt
cira sdng, m o t v i m g ddm pha, dAt ngAp nudc, mdt qua d d i tliA'p, mot v i m g sinh thai
dac thii,...
L a m d t v i m g lanh tho, tuy quy m d k h d n g l d n , nhirng nd vAn mang ddy dii
mdt sd chirc nang phue vu con ngudi l l i ^ hien d c h d :
Cung cAp lai nguyen cho |)lial trie'n k i n h te'.
Chira va d d n g hoa d i a l thai.
K h d n g gian sdng ciia con ngucti.
1 uy nhien, luy theo dac die'm rieng ma vai trd, chue nang d v i m g lanh thd nay
se khac vdi v i m g lanh Ihd kia, chang han, cung la hd nude Idn nhung chirc nang
cluia va d d n g hoa chA'l thai ciia hd v i m g dd tin ddng vai Ird quan trpng hon so vdi hd
v i m g ndng thdn. 0 m d i cdng vien qudc gia, vai trd k h d n g gian sdng cho con ngirdi
lai cd phdn trdi hon so vdi vai trd c i m g cA'p tai nguyen hay chira va d d n g hoa chA't
thai. Ngupe l a i , \ i i n g khai Ihac khoang san Ihi chu'c nang c u n g cA'p lai nguyen
llurdng the hien ro hon.
V i vAy, k h i liep cAn nghien ciru, sir d u n g v i m g lanh tho q u y m d vira va n h d ,

m a n g l i n h dac thii, ta pluii d d n g thdi xet tdi vai trd ciia 3 chirc nang tren trong m d i
lircfng quan vdi cac v i m g phu cAn va dieu kien phat trie'n loan k h u vue. K h i q u y
hoach phat l i i e n q u y m d Idn eta dupc xac lAp thi \ i e c nghien ciru nay se cd phdn de
dang h o n .


7Wn nU iifnq hrt ,r? Oi! hhtyn h^e eap ^7r>Q,0

1999

2000

1.2. Quyen sd huu va van de sir dung vimg lanh thd quy m o vira vii
nhd, m a n g tinh dac thii.
L2J. Quyen sii huu,
Qny^n sd huu ddi vdi vimg lanh thd ndi chung va vimg lanh tho quy md vira
va nhd, mang linh dac Ihii ndi rieng cd mdi quan he rA'l chat vdi vA'n di khai thac, sir
dung tai nguyen.
Cd Ih^ tach quy^n sd huu vimg lanh tho loai nay Ihanh hai dang: Sd hfru cdng
cdng va sd hfru tu nhAn. Sd hfru tu nhAn d dAy khdng chi Ih sd huu ciia mdt ca nhAn
cu th^ ma cd Ih^ la ciia mdt co quan, mdt cdng ty cd lu each phap nhAn. Ddi khi, sd
hiiu tu nhAn chi ddi vdi mot phdn ciia vimg lanh thd hay ddi vdi mot loai tai nguyen
cu Ih^. Ndi each khac, khi ndi ddi tupng nao dd lluidc sd huu lu nhAn, cd nghTa la nd
cd chu va chi cd ngudi chii nay mdi cd quyen can thiep, khai Ihac. Trong dieu kien
nirdc ta hien nay, cd the hieu quyen sd huu tir nhAn ddi vdi vimg Innh Ih6 theo nghTa
long hon, khi nd dupe giao qiiylii sir dung cho mdi ca nhAn hay cdng ly trong thdi
gian dil dai.
Nhu vAy, ne'u ddi lirpng thudc sd huu cdng cdng Ihi mpi ngirdi deu cd quy^n
khai Ihac, sir dung, cdn khi Ihudc so hiru lir nhAn tin chi mdt bd jihAii nhd Irong cdng
ddng dupe quyen khai Ihac. Irong kinh te' hpc. khi sd huu tai nguyen la sd hfru cdng

cdng tin ngudi ta dua ra khai niem giai phap md cira va chirng minh rang, den vdi tai
nguyen tai Ino dupe tin viec khai thac theo giai phap md cira khdng nhA't thie't ddn
de'n can kiet tai nguyen. Chang han, ne'u de mpi ngirdi cd quyin danh bat ca d hd
1 Ay (Ha Ndi) tin hie ddu cd the' cd nhiiu ngirdi khai thac ddn de'n trir lupng ca giam
xudng nhanh chdng. Khi tru lupng ca giam Ihl chi cd mdt sd ft ngirdi vdi phuong
lien danh bat tdi, nhieu kinh nghiem mdi cd the llui dupc Ipi nhuan, sd cdn lai phai
giai nghe de' lim phuong an sinh sdng khac. Nhir vAy, ca d hd khdng bi lieu diet
nhirng Iru lupng ca sau dd se dn dinh d nuie rAt thap, khi cd nii ro tin khd phuc hdi.
Khi quyin sd huu thudc lu nhAn, ngirdi la se Ifnh tdi cue dai hoa Ipi nhuAn
Irong khai thac lai nguyen. Ddi vdi tai nguyen tai lao hp se tfnh loan d i xac dinh khi
nao thi khai lluic, khai lluic d mirc tru lupng nao, khai thac mire bao nhieu de Ihu
dupe Ipi nhuan tdi da ma tru lupng lai nguyen vdn on djnh d nuie mong mudn.
Ngoai la, hp cdn Ifnh ldi chiet kliAu tai nguyen d i quye't dinh khai thac ngay hay
nuoi dirdng tai nguyen de khai lluic sau. ChAng han, ddi vdi khai Ihac ca tir mdt hd
Icrn, ngirdi la cd thi Ifnh dupc hrpng Ihiiyin (hoac tdng cdng suA't lluiyin) cdn thie^l,
nuie Irfr hrpng bat ddu danh hdi, lupng ca diiiih hai hang nam d i cd thi thu dupe Ipi
nhuAn cno iihAt. Ddi vdi tai nguyen khdng tai tao, sir dung hpp ly va tdi uu thi hifn d
cac mat sau:
- Tan dung het lai nguyen.


TJrt/t w/> 9^ttq lal Oe in! hhoa IWP eap <T)ir>Qi^ 1999

-2000

- Tim tai nguyen Ihay Ih^.
- van hanh he thdng gia ca d i khi can kiet lai nguyen, cluiyin sang sir dung tai
nguyen thay Ih^ ma khdng cd chenh lech gia qiui Idn.
Rd rang, chi khi quyin sir dung lai nguyen dupc xac dinh 16 tin mcti Ihuc hien
dupc viec khai thac hpp ly, tdi uu. \yi lam vf du, la lA'y Inrdng hpp khai Ihac than d

Quang Ninh, cd nipt Ihdi ky, quyin sd huu chira dupc xac lAp rd rang nen cd nhiiu
ca nhAn Iham gia khai Ihac than (cac Id than "tho phi")- I^P ^'^5 khai thac d chd d i
dang nhA'l nham thu Ipi cao nhal nhung ciing lain lang phf lupng lai nguyen Idn. RAI
may la su vifc nhanh chdng dupc chA'n chinh.
0 nhung nudc phat triin, vifc chinh gia lai nguyen va quy hoach khai thac
hpp ly da Ihu dupc nhfrng ke't cpia tdt dinh hudng cho phat triin kinh \6 Irong thdi
gian dai.
L2.2, Sli dung (dug hop, ((Ji un VLTDT,
Quyin sd hiiu cd anh hudng Idn Idi khai Ihac lai nguyen, vi vAy trong phdn
nay cluing tdi se xet cu Ihe Inrdng hop quyin sd hiiu lai nguyen da dupe xac lAp.
Khi dd, viec khai thac dupe xem xet mdt each long hpp, theo quy hoach nham dal
hieu qua cao. 1 rong thuc te' khdng phai khi nao quyin sd hiru dupe xac lAp Ihi viec
khai Ihac lai nguyen se hieu qua hon. Chang han, khi giao vimg dAt ngAp mrdc ven
biin cho tu nhAn khai lluic, nuoi Irdng lliuy san lA't d i lam mAl di dai rirng ngAp man,
gAy nhiiu lac ddng xA'u de'n mdi trudng (mA't noi cU tni ciia chim di cu va cac loai
ddng thuc vAI, inAi kha nang chan sdng, mAl noi cu Ini, noi de Irirng ciia Idm ca,...).
VI vAy, ben canh viec giao quyin sd hiiu phai kiim soal dupe hoat ddng khai thac
tlidng qua cac quy dinh, luAl le nhAI dinh. Hien nay, co che' dAn thdu dang diroc sir
dung de quye't dinh trao quyin sir dung tai nguyen, llurdng la cho ngirdi cd ke' hoach
sir dung tdt nhA'l. DAy la mdt co che' tdt giiip ngirdi quan ly cd thi kiim soat dupc
hoat dpng ciia chii tai nguyen. D i lam tdt co che' nay, cdn thUe hien mdi sd bude
sau:
a. Dinh hudng sii dung
Xac dinh hudng sir dung |ihai dua lien co sd quy hoach cluing vimg lanh thd
Idn va sd lieu diiu tra cu tlii. Cluing han, tren co sd quy hoach chung ciia thanh phd
Ha Ndi va sd lieu diiu tra, quan trdc vi diiu kien tU nhien, kinh le xa hdi vimg hd
7 Ay va lAn cAn, co quan quan ly cd thi xac dinh hudng sir dung Iheo Ihir lu uu lien
la:
- Nuoi tha ca.
- Du lich, giai Irf.

lUl tfl iai khoa iwe rjYp ^)7f>{lQ 1999

-2000

Ngoai hai hudng chfnh neu Iren, cd Ihi sir dung VLl DT d hudng khac nhung
khdng dupc Iain anh hudng Idn de'n hai hudng nay. Chang han, cd Ihi sir dung hd
TAy Iam noi chiia nudc thai nhung phai kiim soat lupng thai d i khdng lam chS^t ca,
khdng gAy khd chju cho khach du ljch, giai trf.
Tit viec xac dinh hudng sir dung, co quan quan ly cdn dinh ra nhirng quy che^,
quy dinh cdn thie^t d i ngudi sir dung lai nguyen cd thi kiim soat dupc nhung hoat
ddng khac cd thi anh hudng tdi qua trinh khai thac. Ne\i khdng lain lot khAu nay, dS
phat sinh qua trinh tranh chAp giiia ngudi sir dung lai nguyen vdi cirdAn xung quanh
hoac cac co quan khac.
/;. Lap ke hoach sii' dung.
Trong CO che'dAn thdu, nhiing ngirdi tham gia dAu Ihdu la nhfrng ngudi lAp ke^
hoach sir dung lai nguyen VL ID T tren eo sd djnh hudng ciia co quan quan Iy. Trong
VI du vi sir dung hd TAy, ho phai lAp dupc ke hoach nudi tha ca va tie'n hanh cac
hoai ddng vui choi, giai trf. Chang han phai chi ra hrpng, loai ca tha, duy Irl d hd
TAy la bao nhieu, san hrpng danh bdt hang nam, phucfng lien danh bat nlur the' nao
d i cd hieu qua kinh le' cao ma vdn duy tri dupc chAI lupng mdi trudng vimg hd. Ly
thuye't vi kinh le' tai nguyen cho tliA'y cd thi dp Ifnh dirpc mirc ldi uu ne'u nlur bi^l
dupc cac thdng so vi kfch Ihudc hd, chAI lupng mrdc hd, dac linh sinh Inrcrng cua
cac loai ca tha, nudi,...
Dd'i vdi luieVng sir dung hd phuc vu du lich, giai Iri, pluii chi id loai hinh nao
se dupc a|) dung: boi ihuyiii, cAu ca, an udng, nghi ngoi; ngoai ra phai tfnh dirpc
lupng mat bang, |ilurong lien cdn cd d i Ihuc hien cac loai hinh tren. Ne^u cdng tac

liep thi tdt, cd thi tra Idi dupe cAu hdi lien luong ddi chfnh xac giiip cho viec kinh
doanh dal hifu qua cao.
Co quan quan ly phai lua chpn dupe ke hoach pluroiig an sir dung lot nhAI,
phii hp[) vdi dinh hudng ban dau, kha Ihi va hieu cpia kinh te'eao.
Irong Ciic chi lieu lira chpn, hai ehi lieu c|iian tipng nhAI cdn phai k i den la
hieu qua kinh te' cao, lai nguyen va mdi trudng khdng bj suy thoai. Trong vf du sir
dung hd, |ihai duy Iri dupe cluic nang diiu hoa khf hAu, diiu tiet nu6c nura, ddng
hoa mdt so loai chat thai,...
lYoiig nin kinh te' thi Irudng. cd Ihi diinli gia cae phuong an qua mot sd chi
lieu long hpp, vira dac liung cho hieu qua kiuh te vira dac IrUiig cho vA'n d i bao vf
mdi Inrdng. Cluing han, ta cd the sir dung [ilurong phap phAii Ifch chi phf, Ipi fch md
rdng vdi cac chf lieu sau: Lpi nluiAii hien tai idng NPV, Iy sd Ipi nluiAn tren chi phi
B/C va he sd hoan vdn ndi lai IRR. Ngoai ciic Ipi fch chi phf kinh {€ dupe chi ra
liong luAn chung kinh le ky lIuiAl, cac Ipi fch, chi jihf nidi Inrdng ciing dupc tfnh de'n


7J«/t rtift ii^ntj he't itt tai hht^a lu^e ftVp ^yif^ij

1999

-2000

khi xac djnh cac chi tieu uen. Khi nghien ciru, sir dung vung dA'l ngAp nudc ven biin
Tiiii Hai, Thai Binh, cac phuong an sau dAy da dupc di cAp
- Du an nudi tdm quang canh, dupc bdt ddu lir cudi nhiing nam 1980, Iheo dd
ngudi ta quai ddm gui mrdc nudi tdm (Phuong an 1).
- Du an nudi tdm thAin canh, cae ddm dupc thie't ke' cac sao cho nudc cd thi len
xudng Iheo thuy Iriiu ma ca, tdm vAn cd chd sCmg khi Iriiu xudng (phuong an
2).
- Du an sd khdng, nghTa la khdng quai ddm Liudi Idm (phuong an 3).

NhCrng Ipi ich va han che' co ban ciia cac phuong an nay dupe chi ra d bang 1:
Bang I: Mdt sd lpi fch, han che'chfnh ln)ng cac phucfng an sir dung vimg rirng
ngAp man Tiin Hai, Ihai Bhih

riiuemg an

Lpi icli
- Chi phf san xuA'l khdng Idn

I

Han d i e
- Rirng ngA[) man bj suy thoai

- Lirpng thu hoach tuong ddi Icjfii, -Vai Ird bao vf de giam
lAp Inmg
-MAI noi cU Ini ciia chim di cU
- Ddng gdp ft nhiiu cho iigAn sach va cac loai ddng vAI, ca
dja phuong,...
- De gap nii ro,...
- Lirpng thu hoach Ion

- Chi phf ddu Ur Idn, virpl qua
-Ddng gdp nhiiu cho iigAii sach dja kha nang tai ehfnh.
phuong
- Riii ro cao,...
2
- Rimg ngAp man dupc duy tri
- Bao ve dupe de va mdi Irudng
sdng ciia cae loai,...

- Chi phf khdng dang ke
- I hu hoach da dang
3

- Riuig ngAp man |)luit triin

- San phdm llui hoach khdng lAp
trung, lieu thu lai chd.
- Khdng ddng gdp cho iigAn sach
dja phuong,...

- Bao ve dirpc de va mdi tuieVng
sdng ciic loai,...

Ket qua linh lpi nluiAii hien lai idng NPV sau 15 nam cho tliA'y. gia lii cno
nhA't dat dirpc d phuong an 2, ke liep la phuong an 3 \a lliA'p nlult la phuong an I.


^tin eai^ i/ag

ftel iH iai it/itfa /#
1999

-2000

Cho din nay, phuong an I vdn dang dupc thuc Ihi vi vAy, rirng ngAp man vAn bj suy
Ihoai. Nguyen nhAn chpn phuong an nay cd thi la do ehi nhin ldi Ipi fch trudc mat
vi kinh te^ina chua nhin Idi lpi fch mdi trudng lAu dai. Mdt sd phuong an khac phuc
da dupc nghien ciru va cho ke't qua budc ddu rAi dang khfch le.

c. Qudn ly viec si( dung VLTDT.
1 hue \€ cho Ihtfy, khdng cd mdt phuong an nao ma ngay Ifif ddu da Ifnh het
nhfrng diiu cd thi phat sinh. VT vAy, khi da tie'n hanh khai thac vAn cdn cd bifn phap
quan ly d i hd trp, Cdng tac nay chi thu dupc ke't qua lot n^u nhu phuong an khai
Ihac dupc chudn bj ky luong chi lie'l, trong dd nhiiu vA'n d i cd thi xay ra da dupe
ludng Irudc. Mdt sd khao sal do dac cdn dupe lie'ii hanh d i thu lliAp dupe nhfrng sd
lieu cdn Ihi^l, viec phAn Ifch ke't qua quan trac khi cdn se giiip hieu chinh phuong an
thuc thi di diing djnh hudng. () nudc la viec quan ly kiiu nay cdn thi^u b i day kinh
nghiem. Nhung ne'u sdm lie'n hanh, cluing la se ddn lie'p cAn, tie^n Idi thuc hien tdt
budc nay Irong lirong lai gdn.
Vdi nhfrng suy nghi ban ddu, cluing tdi nidi chi neu dupe mdt sd vA'n d i
chung nhA'l vi sir dung VL'IDT. Do Ifnh da dang ciia cac loai hinh lanh tho nay nen
rAt khd neu dupe each liep cAn nghien ciru, khai lluic van nang, cluing cho IAI ca. Vi
vay, cdn cd sU phAn loai, nghien ciru ky luyn, Ifnh de'n dac thii ciia nidi loai. Hy vpng
cluing la se cd nhiiu d i lai nghien ciru ddi vdi cac loai hinh V L I D T nay Irong tuong
lai, gdp |)hdn khai thac hpp ly, vira dat hieu qua kinh le cao vira duy tri, bao ve dupe
cac chire nang ciia lanh Ihd.

II. MOT SO KET QUA NGHIEN CQU DOI V6l HO TAY
Hd TAy la inpt canh quan lU nhien noi tieng va dac IrUng cua ihii dd Ha Ndi
vdi nhiiu y nghTa vi ljch sir - van hoa, kinh te' - xii hdi va mdi Inrdng sinh thai. Cac
nghien ciiu d Hd lAy ed rAt nhiiu tir nhfrng nam 60 ciia GS. TS. Pham Ngpc Thanh
cho de'n gdn dAy nhat la nam 1997 ciia Vien sinh thai va liii nguyen. Tuy nhien, cac
ke'l qua nay chi mdi dirng d nuie diiu Ira co ban vi da dang sinh hoc, dac tfnh ciia
nude, hay cae diiu tra vi hien trang kinh te' - xa hdi khu vue xung quanh hd,... ma
dura di vao tie'p cAii cac van di vi kinh \6\h. nidi trirdng de duy Iri - bao tdn va lao
ra Ipi nluiAii ldn nhAI cho xa hdi ma vdn bao ve dupc mdi Inrdng. Do vAy viec nghien
ciru ciic vAii d i vi Ipi ich kinh le - mdi liudng d Wi TAy la diiu cdn thi^l va la budc
ddu lien eho viee nghien ciru va ap dung ciic cdng cu kinh te' trong bao ve mdi
Inrdng.

7^/f/> ^#?/i i^$q ta'i ftp iai Itltt^a Iwe ea'p ^)lC>Uij

1999

-2000

H . l . D i ^ u k i e n tir n h i e n v a k i n h te x a hpi k h u v u c l i d T a y
H o TAy la hd Idn nhA'l d Ihii dd Ha N d i , nam d phfa TAy thanh p h d , Ihudc dja
phAn hanh chfnh QuAn TAy H d , giap ranh vdi 6 plurdng: Y e n Phu, T h u y K h u e , B u d i ,
XuAn L a , Nhat TAn, Q u a n g A n . H d TAy cung la hd t u nhien Idn Irong sd cac hd d
viing d d n g bang chAu tho Bac b d .
C h o den nay cd lA't n h i i u ke'l qua do dien lich ciia H d TAy song cac ke^t qua
nay k h d n g d d n g nhA't. C d xu Inrdng tang len qua cae nam khao sal:
+ T n r d c 1987, n h i i u tai lieu dua ra con sd d i f n Ifeh H d TAy la 446 ha
+ N a m 1987, Iheo ban dd do dae ciia Sd dia c h i n h thi dien tfch la 515 ha
+ N a m 1997, Iheo sd lieu d p an [4] tin dien tfch chfnh xac la 5.261.627m''.
D i i u nay ngupe vdi tlurc te la dien lich hd d dAy bj llui hep do lA'n chie'm
n h i i u so vdi so mc^f rdng hd do sul dal (phia B u d i , I h u y K h u e ) . Su sai khac nay cd
I h i giai l l u c h do viec do dien Ifch bj anh lurdiig ciia cac ye'u i d nlur viec khoanh v i m g
hd u e n anh v i l n t h a m , thdi gian cliu|) anh la vao miia nura hay m i i a khd,...
Chu vi H d TAy theo c d lieu d i i u Ira cey ban [4J la I 8 . 9 6 7 n i , trong dd chd rdng
nhAI la 3.274m va chd hep nhat la 764,8ni, d u n g lich nueyc khoang 9 t i i e u m^ mrdc.
D d sAii cd c h i i u hudng giam ddn, theo sd lieu d i i u tra c i i , noi sAu nhAt la 4 m ,
song, Iheo sd lieu do dac ciia Cdng ty ddu t u khai Ihac H d l A y nam 1997 lai 220
d i i m va ciia V i e n K h o a hoc - K y Ihuat hat nhan do bang phucyng phap sieu Am lai
500 d i i m thi noi sAu nhAI c h i la 2,7 - 2,8m.
I h e o ke'l qua Ihd'ng ke ciia nam 1996, vdi long dAn sd viing luu vuc la 83.581
ngudi ( x e m bang 2). 1 heo k c l qua dieu tra c o ban hien trang k i n h \€ - xa hpi k h u vuc

x u n g quanh H d TAy [ 3 ] , cac doanh nghiep dupe chia thanh 4 loai sau:
- Doanh nghiep nha nirdc quAn TAy H d : 28
- Doanh nghiep tU nhAn: 8
- C d n g ty tiiuih nhiem hiru han : 35 (Ihudc linh vue du Ijch - d j c h vu)
- H o p tiic xa: 6
H i e n nay, hdu het nudc thai sinh hoat, cdng n g h i f p va d j c h vy khach san d i u
xa thang x u d n g hd ma k h d n g c|ua xir ly, ed klui nang gAy d n h i i m nude h d , nhA't la
n h i i n g v i m g cira ccnig xa nireifc tluii.


Tfaft eiU iA'ag itlt Ht iiu Idtfia hoe rap <^76il0

1999

-2000

Bang 2: DAn sd khu vuc xung quanh Hd TAy [3]

Pliircyng

Tong dan s6' (nguoi)

Sd dan giap H6 (ngirai)

Yen Phu

3.554

Biroi

16.459
16.172

Thuy Khue

13.548

3.200

Ti'r Lien

6.507

0

Quang An

6.769

4.837

Nhat Tf»n

6.813

1.685

Xuan La
Plu'i Ihirgng

7.234

470

10.079

0

3.513

He ihdng cdng vao nhiiu nhirng cdng ra it, miia nura gAy ngAp iiiig vimg ihAp
quanh hd (khu Yen Phu, Ihuy Khue), gAy niAt ve sinh mdi Inrdng khu vUc.
Do dja Innh phirc tap khd khan cho viec lliu gom rac n6n hdu het cac nha sal
hd d i u xa rac xudng ho. Hien nay, ke bd va dirdng quanh hd dirpc lam mot jilidn nen
giam dupe dang k i lupng rac xa xudng, hien tupng nay se dupe khac phuc vao nam
2002 khi loan bd dudng va ke dupe hoan thanh.
Hoat ddng khai lluic Ihe manh kinh doanh Irong khu virc cdn mang ifnh tU
phiit, chua cd id chire, lam iiiAl my quan khu vuc hd ma cdn khdng lAn dung h^l l i i m
nang Idng ho.
Khu vuc \l6 I Ay lir lAu da cd nhung lang n g h i noi tieng nlur Vong Thj ( n g h i
chai lirdi), lang Thanh Cdng (del vai), Nghi Tam (Irdng hoa), lang Budi (lam giA'y),
lang Ngu Xii (diic ddng),... Nhung den nay phdn \dn cac n g h i nay da bj mai mdt, chi
cdn lai nghe Irdng hoa, cAy canh la duy Irl dupe \'i nhu cdu ddi sdng ngay cang phai
t r i i n nhA't la quA'l va dao ngay Tet. Cac nghi diic ddng, lam giA'y chi cdn mot sd fl hd
tu nhAn.
Nhihig nam epia, da cd nhiiu cdng lihih nghien ciru v i chA't lupng mrdc Hd
TAy. Mot sd ke'l cpia nghien cim ciia ciic tiic gia Inrdc dAy va ciia rieng cluing tdi se
dirdc tihih bay dudi dAy.

7iaft m/t ifing ia'i Hi iiii ft/ioa hcf fiYp ^7f>tlL}

1999

-2000

Ngudn thai diim theo cac cdng dd vao hd la rAt nhiiu, nlumg cho Idi nay. chi
cd Ihi thdng ke dupc inpl sd cdng thai chinh va cae ngudn thai nay diu khdng cpia
xu Iy tnrdc khi do vao hd.
Ngoai ngudn diim cdn cd eac ngudn pluln tan, dd la ngudn thni vao hd qua
cac qua lihih rira trdi, xdi mdn do mua, do sir dung nude Iren viing luu vUc vao hd
khdng theo he thdng cdng ranh cd dinh.
Bang 3: Tac ddng ciia nhfrng yeu id pluit triin lien vimg luu vuc de'n chA't lupng mrdc
hd [4]
Q i c yeu t d gAy Uic d d n g

Dac Ifnh Ihuy

ly

T i n l i Irang sinh hoc

ChA^t lirpng M P

hoa
C d n g nghiep hoa
Iriiii,
xir

phat

qua

tluii

cac

Da dang loai g i a m , cd

-

ddc

id

nlur

kim

sir (fch lu k i m loai trong

hoa chAI ddc

ngudn

cac

Ngudn

khdng

nirdc thai

ly

mrdc

loai

nang...

lang,

CO Ihc Ihiiy sinh vAI, dac

- dinh

hrpng

kim

hiCi

la cii va sinh vAI

McsoEulio[ihic

Tan sd n d hoa Ihpc vAI

- D i n h (hrong:

ndi

F^Ailro-

thai d i i m vao hd

ham

loai nang lang
N d n g n g h i d p phat

Iiiin

IN,

'It* lang,

d

nhiem

duong:

day
cd

vdi mirc tliAm canh cao,

Ihi

ngudn Ihai k l u i y e c l i lan

lluidc hao vc lluic

khoi d d n g vftt ndi l a n g ,

lang

val

nang siutl sinh hoc tang.

D d Ihi hoa, cac d i c h vu

Ham

du

T N cao

lich

khdng
mrdc

cd
Ihai,

i)hat

tiam

triin.
xir

cd (lu

hi

lupiig

lau

polyliophic

- Dinh

vAI ndi l a n g , nang su£(t

Eulro-

sinh hoc lang

I)olylrophic

H a m l u p n g dau cd

Man che phat t r i i n Ihuy

-

ihc lang

sinh vAI va anh hirdng

n h i i m ddu

'IP,

dirdng:

thai

ddiig

sinh

M a i ^(^^ sinh k h d i sinh

lupng

ly

ngudn

lang, m a i d d

d i i m lang
Cac

hoat

l l u i y i n , d i c h vu Iren hd

Nudc

hi

d

chai hrpng I h i i ca

phat l i i i n
D i i u c h i n h hop ly |ihat

Cac y e u I d thuy l y

He

liiin

lu)a

mirc

bang, cac san phdm ddc

Meolrophic,

v i m g liru vifc; he Ihdng

g i o i han cho phep

I r o m : chu l i u i h sinh -

dap irng Idl cho

Ihu

ciia

Ihuy - dia hoa Ihdp

cac nhu cdu sir

vilng

kinh l i

- xa

hdi

nliAn

mrdc

nura

luu

vUc, cd

cac

diu

d

TCVN

mrdc mai

tram xir ly mrdc Ihai

(07// chu: TN Id tdng lugng luto)

\'«\

sinh

thai

hd

cAn

- Dinh

dirdng:

d u n g Ihuy vuc


"Jtfifj ran ifiag liel fft i,ii Mma hoe nip ^7CtlCi

1999

-2000

Theo k€i qua tfnh loan ciia Vien sinh thai [9] dua tren he sd xuAl ciia cac lieu
chudn ky IhuAl OECD, long lupng phdi pho (TP) jihAn tan la 7.133 - 30.707 kgP
Nhu vAy, so vdi ngudn dinh duong d i i m tin ngudn phAn tan nhu hien nay vao
hd la ra't i l , va cd t h i xem nhu nd khdng gAy anh hudng n h i i u dS^ii hd.
Tiir bang 3 cho IhA'y, mudn k i i m soat dupe chAI lupng nude phai d i i u chinh
mot each hpp Iy cac y^u td kinh 1 ^ - xa hdi Iren viing hru vuc.
Hien nay, da cd rA'l nhiiu cdng lihih nghien ciru v i chAI lupng nudc Hd TAy,
song ke^t qua nay khdng ddng nhA't do mdi cdng tiuih chi nghien ciru d mot phdn cua
hd hoac ca hd nhung chi Irong Ihdi gian ngan nen khdng dua ra dupc ke^l luan chuih
xac.
D i k i i m tra, du an da bd Irf mot dpi do chAI lupng mrdc hd lai dja d i i m sau
Inrcyng Chu Van A n vao thang 1/2000 veu 6 d i i m tir bd ra giiia hd (each bd tir I - 6
in) va 3 tdng do: mat, giiia, day. Thdi tiet ngay do: sang nura nhd, c h i i u nang, gid
ye'u, nhiet dp dao ddng khdng Idn 15,8 - 17,3'C. Khu virc nay dupe coi la mot tiong
nhfrng d i i m d nhiem nhA'l ciia hd vl neti dAy canh 3 cdng tluii chinh vao hd (ccfng
Tau Bay, cdng D d , cdng CAy si). Song ke'l qua do tai dAy eho ihAy ham hrpng oxy
hoa lan cung kha cao, D O < 3ing/I chi xuA'l hien 2/56 Idn do d tdng mat, 5/56 Idn do
tai idng gifra va 7/56 Idn do lai tdng day, Irung hhih ca 3 tdng Irong ngay la >5mg/l.
Ke'l qua do ciing cho IhA'y sir ihay ddi DO tir bd ra giua ho Irong d i i u kien thdi tie^t
cu I h i ciia ngay do gdn nlur khdng thay ddi. Nlur vAy, nude Hd TAy vAn sach va

thfch hpp cho cac loai thuy sinh vat trong hd ngay ca ven bd.
I h e o cac tai lieu thu ihAp dupe, cd the Idm lal mdt sd chi lieu co ban ciia
nirdc hd nlur sau:
- V i nhiet dp: Nhiet dp trong Idng hd dao ddng tir 12 - 3 r C [13], ThA'p nhA't
vao thang I hang nam. Do hd cd dien tfch nuU thoang ldn, dp sAu luong ddi nhd (0,6
- 2,8m) nen khdng t h i hien ro sn phAn tdng v i nhiet, nhiet dd nude ho Ihay doi iheo

khdng gian.
- V i |iH: Trj sd p\\ dao ddng liong khoang 7 - 9 va ft thay doi theo khdng
gian, ndili Irong gidi han cho |)hep T C V N 5942 - 1995, thfch hpp cho su phai t r i i n
ciia thuv sinh vAL

10


7iafi cffa i/afj

he? tte ffii khoa hoc etVp ^7f>iX<3 1999

-2000

- D d due nudc hd ndi chung khdng cao nhung lang ddn theo thdi gian. Ham
lupng chat ran Io lirng nhung nam cudi IhAp ky 70

cao gdn gA'p ddi so vdi nam

1990.
- Cac chA't hfru co, dac trung bdi COD, BOD^: Iheo ke't qua nghien cihi ciia Bd
mdn CA'p thoat nude mdi Irudng Ihudc trudng D H X D , 1994, BOD^ Irong khoang 7 25 mg/k COD: 10 -35mg/l, nhung Iheo ke't qua nghien ciru ciia V i f n sinh thai, 1997
14J uen loan hd tin BOD,: 10,78 - I6,7mg/I, COD: 56,5 - 63,66 mg/I.

- Lupng dxy hoa lan (DO): Ihay ddi ciia DO gifra cac d i i m Irong loan hd gifra
hai mija trong nam 1997 la Idn, chi d mot sd noi IhAp hon so vdi mirc quy dinh cdn
Ihiet ciia ca (DO <4mg/l), cdn da sd la cao, Inmg buih ca hd la >10mg/l.
- Cac chA't dinh dirdng: NO3, PO4 gd() phdn lluic ddy sU phai I r i i n ciia lao va
thuc vAI nude trong hd, gAy ra hien lupng phi dudng. Tuy nhien, ham lupng I N va
TP d i u 0 dirdi nuie cho |)hep eiia TCVN 5942 - 1995 va vdn dir Ihira cho tao pluil

triin.
- Ham lupng CO^ Irong khoang 0,4 - 1,7 mg/l [I6J, thfch hop cho su phat
t r i i n ciia thuc vAt thuy sinh va ihue vAl ndi tiong nude.
- Ham lupng Si Irong khoang 1 0 - 1 7 mg/l [16], ye'u id nay cdn thi^l cho su
phat t r i i n ciia tao silic, luy nhien d \\6 Tay tao silic phat t r i i n khdng nhiiu va giam
ddn qua cac nam, ne'u nudi trai ngoc tin cdn phan (pian lAm de'n ngudn thirc an nay.
- Ham lupng Fe: Thdng thudng tao silic va nhung lao phat t r i i n Irong miia
khd ngoai ye'u i d nhiet dp cdn ddi hdi phai cd Irong mdi trirdng mdt lupng sat nhA'l
djnh, cdn da sd tao thfch iing nhiel dp I8-25''C chi cdn mdi luong he'l sire nhd (nudc
Hd TAy chira khoang 0,6 - l,8nig/l [16]), khdng anh hirdng de'n d n h i l m va phat
t r i i n sinh vAt
- Ham lupng SO4 lai nhung noi cd nudc thai lAp Irung hoac cdng nghiep vao
khoang 120 - 150 mg/l [16] Idn hon nude thai dan dung 6 - 7 Idn, gAy tac hai cho
thuy sinh val va nudi trdng thuy san.
- K i m loai nang: Ciic chat ddc hai bat ngudn lir ciic co sd san xuA'l cdng
nghiep ven bd, bao gdm kim loai nang nhu Cu, Pb, Hg... Hien nay, ham hrpng kim
loai nang trong nirdc Hd lay rat nhd, dac biet liong miia nura gia trj Ph vao khoang
3 , 4 x 1 0 ' mg/l, Hg 0,35x10'mg/l,... chua gay hai.


Tfff/J ffiO fffffg hei Hi iiii lihfin hoe rap ^7(HQ

1999

2000

Cac chat ddc hai liong biin cfing khdng Idn, chua bj d n l i i l m , Irir vai noi cd
b i i u hien d nhiem As, Pb.
- Ddu (sail phdm cua cac hoat ddng tau thuyin tren hd) cd ham lupng IhAp,
dao dpng tir 0,1 - 0,3ing/l, chi cd mot d i i m cd ham lupng 0,4 nig/l [3].
- Hien tupng d nhiem v i mat sinh hpc Ihudng cd nguyen nhAn lir nudc thai
sinh hoat, phAn rac,... Cac chi tieu thirdng danh gia d dAy la cac chi sd feaeal
Colifoiin va feacal Slieplococus.
Ke'l qua nghien ciru ciia Irung lAm ky thual mdi Inrdng dd Ihj va khu cdng
nghiep ( D H X D ) [13] cho IhA'y rang cac chi lieu nay Irong hd kha Idn, vupt qua lieu
chudn cho phep ciia nude mat. Sd lupng feacal Coliforin nhd nhAI la 200 con/lOOmI
(miia ddng 1990), Idn nhA'l 4950 con/lOOmI (he 1994). Ke'l qua cung cho IhAy lupng
feacal Coliform va feacal Slieplococus dao ddng theo cac d i i m lAy mdu Irong hd,
gdn cac khu du Ijch djch vu, dAn cu, khach san cd sd lupng Idn hon cac viing khac
va khac nhau theo cac \ha\ gian trong nam. Cac chi lieu nay cd xu hirdng lang ddn
theo [15] vao 1997, Coliform 2.400 - 43.000 le bao/IOOmI trong khi nude sach cho
phep50-240tb/IOOinl
- V i khudn hieu khf trong khoang 16.800 - 102.000 tb/IOOmI mrdc, cd vai lid
het sire to ldn Irong viec phAn giai cac d i a l huu cO tao ngudn dinh dirdng cho lao.
- Thu'c vat thuy sinh gdm 18 loai [ I 81 pluil I r i i n manh d vimg ven hd, chii ydu
la cac loai beo ong, beo lain, cAy siing, sen, ciic locai rong,... Nhung theo kdt qua
nghien ciru ciia Vu Dang Khoa, Duong Dire Tien (1990) cho tliA'y khdng cd thue vAI
Ihuy sinh trong nude ma chi cd duy nhAt mdi loai beo lAy. Sp bie'n niAl eiia thuc vAl
Ihuy sinh la do:
- Sd lupng tlurc vat ndi kha cao, chie'm uu the'vi ihuc vAl ndi trong hd la tao
lam, lao luc, sau dd la tao silic, tao giap, tao vang, lao mat,... Phdn Idn cae loai tao
xudt hien d i u dac tnrng cho vung nhiem bdn. Su phAn bd lao trong hd theo khdng
gian va ihdi gian i h i hien klui id v i miia mua, thanh phdn loai phong phii hon miia

khd- Tai ciic d i i m d gdn khu dan cu" va khu dich \ u, thUc vAl noi cd sd hrpng va sinh
khdi cao luyn noi khac.
Nlur vAy, ciic ket qiui nghien cdu nhicu nam cho IhA'y clutt hrpng nuc'rc hd
dang bj bien doi kha nhanh do lac ddng cua con ngudi nlur viec xa nucyc thai, pliAn
12


7W/» eao i/ag

he? He iai hhoa hoe etYp ^)7f>ili^ 1999

-2000

rac vho hd, viec nudi hdng va khai Ihac Ihuy san liong hd. Dac biet la cac hoat ddng
du Ijch - djch vu va cac hoat ddng tudi lieu. 1 heo lieu chudn phAn loai ngudn nude
mat trong vung khf hAu nhiet ddi, chat lupng nude hd dang bj d nhiim nhe. Nucfc hd
cd ham lupng cac chat dinh duong, cac chat doc khdng cao. Tuy nhien, cac chi lieu
hfru CO, sd lupng vi triing feacal Coliform, feacal Slieplococus va nhfrng khdi lao la
dang k i , dang lam cho chAI hrpng luriyc suy giam trdm trpng, cd anh hirdng khdng
nhd Idi nang suA'l sinh hoc va kha nang sir dung tdng hop b Hd TAy. Ke'l qua nghien
ciru cho tha'y mirc dd d nhiem mrdc Hd Tay chua dii kha nang nd hoa. Tuy nhien,
chat lupng nudc hd se Ird nen ldi te hon khi tang lupng nudc thai khdng qua xir ly va
ban than hd hien nay dang di de'n vupt qua kha nang lir lam sach.
I L 2 . Hien t r a n g k h a i tluic va s u clung d IIo l a y
IL2J. Khd nang vd hieu trgng khai thac rd nuoi trong thuy sdn:
a) Thu'c dn tu' nhien cho cdc lodi thuy S(hi:
Theo diiu tra, long sd loai vi khudn lam \a lao \l6 Tay la 104 loa,i chimin uu
the la tao luc 48%, lao mat va vi khudn lain chi chie'm 19% va 14%, do dd hd thudc
loai giau dinh dudng nhung dura Idi mirc bj d nhicm.
Su lang diing k i sinh khdi ciia VKL va tao cluing id dinh dirdng khoang ciia

hd da thay ddi nhiiu theo chiiu hudng giau len. ly Id ciia ciic nganh trong tdng sinh
khdi ciing thay ddi nhiiu. Neu nlur nam 1990, nude Hd TAy cdn kha sach do lao mat
va VKL phat Iriin rAt ydu, thi de'n nam 1997 nganh lao giap chi thj cho mrdc chi
cdn chie'm 1%, hai nganh chi thj cho nirdc bdn la liio mat da lang Idi 2% va VKL la
52 % Icjiig sinh khdi.
I h e o khdng gian, cd sU kluie nhau vi can tnic thanh phdn loai thuc vAI ndi
theo liing khu vuc. Ihuc vat vimg ven bd vi thanh pluln loai chii y^u Ihudc cae
nganh lao lam, tao luc, tao null. So phAn bd nay |>liii thudc vao mire giau dinh dirdng
ciia cae vimg bj chat thai dd vao. Tao mdt chi ihay d gdn mieng cdng thai, chi ihj
cho nuac bdn hfru co. Ihuc vAt noi d giiia hd \di uu the' thudc vi lao silic, lao giap,
lao luc. Vdi lao luc Ihudng gap ciic loai thuoc chi Pesdiastrum dac tnrng cho nudc
sach va Irong.
Nhiiu loai tlurc \'AI noi d Hd Tay la lluic an tdt cho ca, tiai, he'n, An tiling
tdm,... Chimg ddng vai lid quan liong lao nen nang suat so cAp cho vimg lurc'vc ddng


"Jffio eao iiiftg hel He //>/ hhoa hoe ea'p ^7r>Q<}

1999

-2000

thdi Iain sach m d i l i u d n g nudc. T h a n h phdn D V K X S d H d TAy ndi c h u n g la phong
phii so v d i cac thuy vuc khiic ciia H a N d i . Ciic loai D V K X S da gap d dAy chii ye'u la
cac loai c d phan b d r d n g , Ihudng pho bie'n d cac thuy vuc v i i n g d d n g bang.
D d n g vat noi k h d n g x u o n g sdng d H d TAy ritl phong phu, phAn b d rdng,
c h i 6 n 8 0 % so v d i d d n g vAl day. N d cd Ipi cho viec bao ve m d i Inrdng va nudi trdng
thuy san.
D d i vdi d d n g vat diiy lln trong miia nura hi g i a m 5 loai (2 loai giap xiic, Hoai
g i u n fl to, 2 loai hai nuiiih vd). Ngupe vdi viec lang sd lupng loai d d n g vat n d i , cd

t h i V! nudc m u a keo cac chat bdn x u d n g n i n day gAy ra d n h i i m n i n day hay sU
danh bdi qua mirc ciic loai d d n g vAI diiy nay bdi con ngirdi va cac sinh vAl Irong thuy
vuc.
Sd hrpng D V K X S cd xu hudng tang ddi vdi ciic loai thich irng vdi m d i Inrdng
d n h i e m va g i a m ciic loai ihfch iing vdi m d i trudng k h d n g bj d nhiem t h i hien 0 chd
sd loai I r i m g banh xe ngay cang tang (nam 1996 - 1997 n h i i u hon 2 loai so vdi nam
1981 - 1990 va n h i i u hon 20 - 22 loai so vdi nam 1960 - 1976).
T u y n h i e n , sd lupng D V K X S trung h/inh hang nam Irong m d i giai doan
Ihudng lang IhA't t h u d n g , phan anh tinh Irang phirc la|) va k h d n g 6n d i n h ciia ngudn
nirctc tluii thanh p h d Ha N d i .
/;) Ngudn

Igi thuy sdn vd hien trgng khai

ihdc:

- T h a n h phdn ca g d m 39 loai thudc 13 ho, ho ca chep vdi 25 loai chie'm ty le
cao. H i e n l a i , cd 34 loai cii ndi dja va 5 loai cii nhap. H d u het cac loai ca gap d dAy
la cac loai dac Irung cho v i m g ddng hang Bdc hd. Dac biet la cd 3 loai dirpc cac tac
gia m d la loai m d i t i o n g khoa hpc la Cii houg H d l A y ( M i c r o p c i c o p o h o l a y a Y e n ) ,
Ca ddu H d TAy ( l o x a b z a m i s H o l a y e r e s i s H A O ) , Cuandidieiella V i e l n a m i e a Dang
Ihudc A m p h i p o d a
Cac loai cii nudi g d m 9 Icuii. Ngoai ra cdn cd l d m , dc, trai, ha lua cung la ciic
d d i tupng k i n h te.
- N g u d n Ipi cii H d TAy: chii yen la dan cii nudi tha, cdn cii t u nhien it. H a n g
nam hd da dupe tha tir 2,6 - 6,0 trieu (cao iihAi la nam 1998: 6,8 Irieu) ea g i d n g cac
loai va thu duoc san lupiiR tir 267 - 600 ta'n/ nr-m va dat nang suA't 646 - l.2()()kg/ha.


7$fio efio iffag

he? Hi iiii IJtoa

hoe efi'p ^7f>Q,(:J

1999

-2000

San lupng va nang suA't xf nghiep cii thu dirpc thap hon nhiiu so vdi thuc le'danh bdi
vi cdn bi bat trdm.
San lupng va nang suitl ca theo timg loai siin phdm [5] nhu sau:
+ Giai doan tir 1971 - 1978 nang suA't dat 934,4kg/ha trong dd ca nudi clii6n
74,05%. Ca nudi cd sinh san tu nhien chie'm I 1,59%, ca tu nhien chie'm I 1,99%,
tdm va thuy san khac chie'm 2,37%,
+ Giai doan tir 1979 - 1988 nilng suA't dal 8l2,9kg/ha trong dd ca nudi
90,16%, ca nudi cd sinh san lu nhien 4,85%, ca tu nhien 4,38%, ldm va Ihuy san
khac chi chie'm. 0,61%.
Nhhi chung nhdm ca nudi cd nang suat cao hoii mot chut. Cae nhdm ca khac
giam lir 2,82 - 4,55 Idn. Nguyen nhAn clnnh la viec nudi ca da dupe qua lAin, khai
Ihiic ca tir nhien, tdm va ciic thuy san kluic qua mirc, do nhiim bdn, ngudn thirc an
day giam nen ca day va tdm giam nhiiu.
- Ca an noi (me tiang, me hoa) chidm chii yen lir 70,04 - 79,35%, ca an mini
ba hfru co (trdi, rdlui, migial) chie'm 9,55 - 19,66%, ca an day tir 18,71% giam cdn
7,42%, ca an Ihpc vAt lir 1,64 giam cdn 1,43%, cii an tap chiem 0,06 - 1,13%. I y le
nay dura cAn ddi: ca ndi nhiiu, eii diiy it. liong khi dae tinh chung ciia ho lu nhien
vimg ddng bdng tin he lluic an diiy va dan cii diiy rat phat liiin.
Ty le hoan Ira la sd lupng cii (thuy san) danh bat dupe chia cho sd lupng ca
(thuy sail) tha sau mot khoang lhc)i gian. Nhiiu ket qua nghien ciru cho IhA'y: ly le
hoan tra thap, chu yeu la do hd rdng, bien ddng i>luic tai), '?* ^^1 "lu^iu bdn, ca tha

nhd va bj danh bai trdm nhiiu.
Ca chep, trdi, rdhu, trdm den, trdm cd, rd phi dp beo cao, chA't lupng tdt. Ca
me Irang, me hoa, tha sd lupng nhiiu dp beo khdng cao, san phdm thu dupc cd d^n 5
- 6 CO va gia khac nhau. Dang luu y la ca nhd dudi 0,5 kg/con chie'm kha nhiiu.
- Plurcmg tien khai lluic ciia cpi(5c doanh gdm:
+ Ludi: 3 - 4 vang ludi bdc, I vang ludi man, 200 tA'n ludi ben, 20 vang cAu
ra, 20 quo tdnu Quan ly bdng khoiin san phdm (bdng tiin hoac hien vAI).
+ Ihuyen: Diinh cii me dimg 2 caiid, cii chep: 10 thuyin hin, tdm: 50 thuyin

nhd hon.

15


7?«/» efio ioag hel ife liii hhoa hoe eti'p 1D7r}Ll0. 1999

-2000

- Phuong tien k h a i thac t r d m ciia dAn clui y ^ u la l u d i b e n , cAu ra, cdn cau.
Song k h d n g Ihdng ke dupc sd lupng ehinh xiic, ehi thdng ke sd lupng bat dupc hi\ng
nam qua bang d u d i :
- San l u p n g va d d i tupng danh bdt: San lupng ca chi thdng ke dupc ciia qudc
doanh hang nam dat 2 0 0 - 6 0 0 ta'n (cao nhA'l la nam 1997 v d i san lupng la Iren 650
trfn), giai doan sau nam 1995 cao hon giai doan trudc d d . .
M a c d i l , san l u p n g danh bat d H d TAy giai doan 1995 de'n nay vAn bi mA't bat
l i d m , n h u n g i i i n n c h u n g nd cung phan anh dupe d i m g h i f n Irang v i san hrpng ca
Irong hd. Bhih quAn Irong 5 nam (1995 - 1999) la 574 ta'n. N^u tfnh trung b u i h ciia
la't ca cac loai danh bat la 5.000 V N D / k g ta cd long doanh thu ciia m d i nam la:
5 7 4 . 0 0 0 k g X 5.000 V N D / k g = 2,87 ty V N D / n a m . T r o n g d d , chi phf danh b a i , nudi
d u o n g , phuong lien,... udc Ifnh la 3.000 V N D / k g . Cdn lai 2.000 V N D / k g cd t h i coi

la Ipi fell hd tao i a m a k h d n g cd ddm hd nhAn lao nao cd dupc. N h u vAy, cd I h i ude
Inih ra l o n g lpi fch ma hd mang lai m d i nam la: 2.000 V N D / k g x 574.000 k g =
1,148 ly V N D / n a m . L p i fch nay cd dupe do hd cd klui nang to cung cAp thirc an tir
ciic loai thuy sinh vAI trong hd ( 1 0 4 loai thpc vat phii du + V K L , 18 loai thpc vAI
thuy sinh, 54 loai D V K X S ) . Ngoai ra, pluii k i den la cluing ta k h d n g null t i i n cho
xAy hd di nudi ca, k h d n g phai xir Iy nudc nudi cii hang nam vi d dAy da cd m p i cct
cAu g i d n g hpp ly v i k i n h te ciing nlur m d i Irudng.
N u d i ca d H d TAy k h d n g nhung lAn dung dupe mdt dien tfch t u nhien \6n san
cd c u n g cAp sail lupng ca ldn eho dan tlui dd nui nd cdn phuc vu rAl n h i i u muc dfch
kluie n h u :
- N u d i ea la nipt trong ciic bien pluip chii yeu dam bao n i d i Inrdng nude hd
Irong sach phuc vu du ljch va t h i thao. Ca an sinh vAI phii d u , sinh vAl day, m i m ba
hiiu CO, vi sinli vAI lam cho hd fl bj hoang hoa, g i a m dp d n h i i m . M d i trirdng nude
hd trong sach va b i n virng lai phuc vu tdt eho n g h i ca pluil t r i i n lAu b i n .
- N u d i ca c u n g cA|) cac thuy dac san cho cac kluich san, cac khach du l j c h ,
lam d j c h vu va tao ra san lupng cii gd[) |>han nAng cao ddi sdng ciia nhAn dAn.
- N u d i cii tao ra canh quan dep, ciic ddi tupng thuy san cpiy va dep phuc vu
v u i c h o i giai t r i va du Ijch.

16


'Jff'to rao f/ng

hil Hi iiit hhoa hoe tap
1999

2000

- N u d i ca lao d i i u kien va m d i Inrdng cho ciic nganh khac pluil I r i i n va cfmg
nhAn dupe su hd I r o ciia ciic nganh khac d i |>lial l i i e n nham khai thac l i i m nang cac
v i i n g U6 TAy cd hieu qua.
N g o a i su hd l i p ciia cac nganh trong \ i c c cung cAp lluic an cho thuy san ihi
su phat I r i i n c l u i n g la m o n g d p i , d d la: sU d n h i i m nUorc hd, sir null m y quan k h u vUc tir d d anh
hiriyng I r d lai k'yi su phai t i i e n cua n g h i ca va ciia chfnh cac nganh n g h i dd Irong hru
vue.
}]6

l A y cdn la ngudn cung cAp lir nhien n h i i u loai khac Irong dd n h i i u nhAI

la tdm cang - la I loai noi tieng a \\6 TAy (bimh Idm). l d m d \\6

lAy Idn, ldn nhAt la

8-13 c m , nang 8-12 g | 2 | , tdm cang d ]16 l a y \6n nhAI trong cac hd ndi Ihanh, cho
thu hoach (pianh nam. Tuy nhien, san humg tir nam 1977-1994 chi dat khoang 1,5
lA'n/nam, nam 1995-1996 lang len dat 5-6 lAii/nam va cte'n nay ( 1 9 9 7 - 1 9 9 9 ) lang gA'p
3 Idn, dat khoang 16-18 lan/nfmi, nhung san lupng nay vAn k h d n g bang san hrpng
khai tluic n h u n g nam 6(^ (35 tan/nam | 2 ] ) .

n.2.2.

Khai

Ihdc sii dung lid

Tdy Ihen hudng

du lirh

- dich

vu:

H d TAy cd l i i m nang du lich rat hVn, sone hicn nay viec khai lluic nd con lAI
it va chua cd q u y hoach cu the tao ra Ihih l i a n g cd noi cung virpt cdu nhirng cd noi
cdu lai vupt c u n g , anh hudng xAu tdi hd. Ciic l i i m nang du ljch d hd lAy cd t h i k i

den la:
- Canh quan: vdi k h d n g gian rdng, khf han tdi vi dupc d i i u hoa bdi hon 500ha
mat nude, 9 trieu ni^ nudc - la la phdi ciia thanh phd g i i i p cho viec d i i u hoa k h f hAu
k h u VUc. Phong canh dep va Iho m d n g hie'm ihay vdi n h i i u loai cAy cd bdng mat, cd
hoa quanh n a m , n h i i u lang hoa, cAy can!) ndi tieng da d i vao tho ca va k y niem ciia
n h i i u the' he.
- V d i n h i i u di tfch lich sir ; Cd Ihc n(')i I Id l a y la mdt ncri cd rAt n h i i u chiia,
d i n , va n h i i u cac di tfch Ijch sir khac, day la nhirng di tfch nam ngay sat h d , du
kluich de'n dAy k h d n g nhiing duoc chiem ngudng canh dep ciia chiia ma cdn dirpc
t h u d n g Ihirc k h d n g k h i t x m g lanh, thoang dang ciia \\6

TAy, ngoai l a cdn dirpc

thudne *hirc n h i i u nuui an noi tieng ciia dja pluuvng ( h i m dc, banh t d m ) .

17

I 1;^

imH

^ffo etto Idttg hel He ifii hh*ia hoe ea'p ^J7fil0

1999

2000

- N h i i u lang n g h i l i u y i n Ihdng nlur trdng hoa, cAy canh... ma liinh do san
xuA't da dat d^n nuie nghe ihuAI.
Vdi nhfrng ihuAn Ipi Iren, Hd TAy dupc xem nlur la mdt noi giai Irf nghi ngoi
ciia ngirdi dAn Ihii dd. Cd lA't n h i i u hoai ctdng giai tif - du Ijch Iren hd cfmg nhu xung
quanh \\6 TAy: du I h u y i n , can ca,... NhA'l la h i f n nay, khi can bd cdng nhAn vien
dupe nghi them ngay thu 7, sd hrpng ngirdi Iham gia cac hoat ddng nay se lang ien
nhanh chdng.
Vdi mdi vj Irf thuAn Ipi, viia khdng tdn t i i n xAy dung h i , vira khdng mA't t i i n
thay nudc do nUcfc d dAy dupe lam sach bdng nudi ca, lai nam d ngay liung lAm Ihii
dd, nudc ndng va trong lA't tluiAn Ipi cho cac hoat ddng vui choi giai Irf Irong hd.
Tuy nhien, Irong Ihih Innh hien nay, d nhiing ncri mrdc sach dii d i boi Ihl lai nam d
nhfrng vj Irf khdng thuAn Ipi cho mpi ngircyi den boi, cdn nhfrng luti ihfch hpp cho
boi nhu la mdt bai lam tin lai h'\ d n h i i m ldn vdi nhiiu rac thai.
CAu ca ciing la mdt hhih lluic luY|) ddn ddi vdi nhirng ai cd tfnh kien tii hoac
ren l u y f i i dire Ifnh kien l i i . Hoat ddng nay tuy nuVi xuAl hien d indt co nhd cua Hd
TAy nhung da Ihu luil dupc lAl nhiiu du khach Iham gia.
Ngoai ciic hoai ddng boi ldi, cAu ca, ccin nhiiu hoat ddng khiic nhu du
I h u y i n , ludt viin. DAy la hoat ddng ed mat chfnh ijulc sdm nhAI liong eae hoat ddng
0 uen null nude. Hien nay Iren hd phd bie'n hai hmh lluic du thuyin la:
- Du thuyin Iren hd bang thuyin phao (liudc kia la thuyin gd)
- Du t h u y i n ldn quanh hd (kem theo an udng)
Bang 4: Sd lupng ciic doanh nghiep Iham gia hoat ddng du thuyin (Ihih trong nam

2000)
SI r

len doanh ngliiep

1

Cdng ly ddu tu khai tluic Hd TAy

2
3

S6 phuong lien

Ghi chil

50

thuyin phao

Cdng ty djch vu thuong mai TAy \\6

1

thuyin ddu

Cdng ty cd phdn nha lu^i Hd lay

5

thuyin ddu

(Ngudn: Ihd'ng kc iua phdng Kinh tc - UBNI) (/ifun Tdy Ho, 2000}
Hoai ddng du lhii\en ticn Hd TAy lu\' ra ddi sdm nhung mdi phai I r i i n manh
tiong nipt vai nam t i d lai dAy, luy nhien van chua dap ung dupc nhii cdu vui cluti
giai tif vc'ti sd hrpng Idn ngudi dan thu dd.