quyền tình dục pháp luật thực tiễn trên thế giới và việt nam

I HC QUI
KHOA LUẬT



VŨ THỊ HÀ MY


QUYỀN TÌNH DỤC: PHÁP LUẬT, THỰC TIỄN
TRÊN THẾ GIỚI VÀ VIỆT NAM


Chuyên nga
̀
nh: Pháp luật về quyền con người
M s: Chuyên ngành đào tạo thí điểm



LUẬN VĂN THẠC SĨ LUẬT HỌC



Người hướng dẫn khoa học: TS VŨ CÔNG GIAO



HÀ NỘI - 2014
LỜI CAM ĐOAN

u ca

t qu  trong bt
k  li n trong Lun
 m b           
t c t c  
nh ca Khoa Lui hc Qui.
Vt L ngh Khoa Lu
 bo v Lu






Vũ Thị Hà My

MỤC LỤC
Trang
Trang ph 
L
Mc lc
Danh m vit tt
Danh mng

MỞ ĐẦU 1
Chương 1: CƠ SỞ LÝ LUẬN, THỰC TIỄN CỦA QUYỀN
TÌNH DỤC 5
1.1. Khái niệm quyền tình dục 5
1.2. Đặc điểm của quyền tình dục 8

1.3. Nền tảng x hội, pháp lý của quyền tình dục 10
1.4. Nội dung và giới hạn của quyền tình dục 14
1.4.1. Ni dung ca quyc 14
1.4.2. Gii hn ca quyc 21
Chương 2: PHÁP LUẬT VÀ THỰC TIỄN VỀ QUYỀN TÌNH DỤC
TRÊN THẾ GIỚI 26
2.1. Quyền tình dục theo luật nhân quyền quc tế 26
2.2. Thực tiễn và pháp luật về quyền tình dục ở một s quc gia 32
2.2.1. Quyc ct mt s quc gia 32
2.2.2. Quyc ci khuyt tt mt s quc gia 39
2.2.3. Quyc ca tr v t mt s quc gia. 43

Chương 3: PHÁP LUẬT, THỰC TIỄN VÀ NHỮNG VẤN ĐỀ ĐẶT
RA VỀ QUYỀN TÌNH DỤC Ở VIỆT NAM 47
3.1. Quyền tình dục trong pháp luật Việt Nam 47
3.2. Những vấn đề nảy sinh về quyền tình dục trong thực tiễn ở
Việt Nam 54
3.2.1. Quyc v ch 54
3.2.2. Quyc ca nh 57
3.2.3. Quyc. ci khuyt tt 60
3.2.4. Quyc c 62
3.2.5. Quyc ca tr v  63
3.3. Quan điểm, giải pháp bảo vệ, thúc đẩy quyền tình dục ở Việt Nam 65
3.3.1. m bo vy quyc  Vit Nam 65
3.3.2. Gio vy quyc  Vi
 i 67
3.3.3. Gio vy quyc  Vi
  71
KẾT LUẬN 75
TÀI LIỆU THAM KHẢO 77

DANH MỤC CÁC CHỮ VIẾT TẮT

ADA Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990  o lut v
i khuyt tt ca Hoa K 
BLDS B lu
BLHS B lu
BLTTDS B lut t tng 
DDA Disability Discrimination Act  o lut cht
i x vi khuyt tt do Quc h.
IPPF The International Planned Parenthood Federation  
c t cc cha m.
LHQ The United Nations - p quc
LGBT Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender (
chuyn gii)
SRI Sexual Rights Initiative  n v quyc.
VTN: Tr v 
WHO: T chc y t Th gii

DANH MỤC CÁC BẢNG

S hiệu bảng
Tên bảng
Trang
Bng 2.1.
Quyn v c ct
quc gia
34
Bng 2.2.
T l qut
c ci

khuyt t)
42
Bi 2.1.
T l qum quyng
th t thit
c ci khuyt t
42
Bi 2.2.
T l ph
 bi s
i khuyt tt
43





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MỞ ĐẦU

1. Tính cấp thiết của đề tài
             














             




2. Tình hình nghiên cứu
 Vit s u v quy
nhng v n quy, v 




c th hi c l

2
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ct, 













, 



, 
u quy t s 
u v v 
- Ths. Nguy (2012), i vi vic thc
hin quyn sc khe sinh sn, c ci khuyt ta
i tham lun trong Hi tho quc t v 
u ch yu v i khuyt
tt ch  cn nh
- Khut Thu H   n Ng ng (2012)
c : chuyn d  n li.
 yu v quy i.
-  (2009), nh ca
 Vi, lun s lut hc Lut
i. u v quy t
trong nhng quy c
- i cao (1997), 
vic bo v quynh ca B lu,

Cu khoa hc cp B, s -98-i.
u quyc vt quyc bo v.
- 



 ao (2013), 






 

;  06 10

3. Mục đích, phạm vi nghiên cứu
Ma luc m
thc v  c tin quy

3
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d gi Vi  xut nhm, gii
m bo v c ta trong thi gian ti.
Quyi dung rt r phc tn nhiu
m vi lu 
y c

cc, y t i ha v.
4. Cơ sở phương pháp luận và phương pháp nghiên cứu
   m duy vt
bin cht lch s ca ch -
 th c s d gii quyt nhng v t
tng hp, th
5. Kết quả nghiên cứu và ý nghĩa của luận văn
Lu thng v nhng
v c tin v quyc  gi Vit Nam. Lun
 thn nhu hi v ng thi b
sung mt s  c trng
  ng b m quy     gii. Qua    
 c tin v quyc  c ta, luch ra
nhng v cn gii quy xut nhm, gi th v
bm quy c  c ta trong thi gian ti  
 c
Vi kt qu  lu c s du tham
khng, s
bn quy
th s du tham kho cho viu, ging dt
 Khoa Lu
 

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6. Kết cấu của luận văn
Lun M u, Kt luu tham kh


1 n, thc tin ca quyc.
c tin quy gii.
3t, thc ting v t ra v quy
dc  Vit Nam.












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Chương 1
CƠ SỞ LÝ LUẬN, THỰC TIỄN CỦA QUYỀN TÌNH DỤC

1.1. Khái niệm quyền tình dục
m quyc b cp t Hi tho quc t v
quyi t  
ng ca Hi tho, thut ng quy
trc ti   cp ti trong nu chm dt
bo lc v gii, bo l ng n l ng
nhm bo v n quyn ca ph nn Hi tho quc t v 

 n cp quc, t chi Cairo (Ai Cp),
thut ng quyc mi quyn v sc
khe sinh smi ch ng ti vic
ghi nh m bo v quyn sinh sc
khc (sexual health 
thc ca Hi th m quyc,  
ch mn t  quyn sinh s so vi
i p Quc (LHQ) tc ch
c gii hn sc khe
cng, nhng mnh lnh hay v  
c ghi nht mc ca s n con
n gia nht ng i bu
c xut hic s dng t 
 gii v bo v quyn c(lesbian, gay, bisexual,
transgender) o v quyn ca ph n. Thut ng 
bc s dng rt c
hc gi v v quyn sinh sc.

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             
c v thut ng n nay vng nhc
gi c rng cho t n
         n ho   a t
ch c bit ca y ban
n Lp Quc ghi nhn thuc v quyi
cc bo v  cm bu kin cao nht v
sc khe th chc hiquyn

ca tt c mc th hidi quan
h ng quyn ca nh a, mt t do hoc
chu s can thip ci. K t i nay, thut ng n tip tc
  u n     ch    
chung n mng nh
cu. Chng h
Theo SRI (Sexual Rights Initiative  tm dn v quyn
  ch gii vi mo v 
y quyn con n v gic ti Hng
n cp quc t  quy 
s a mc sm c
ct c mth m
nh mi v c c bo
lc, lm di sc c t
i x d thc cu kic
 quyn
 ca mi qu ng, bo v 
y nhng quy. Quyn
c nhn mnh rt nhiu v n nhiu quy

7
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SRI, quy bao gi h
v c; quyn sinh sn; t l bnh t l t vong
n m; m biu hin gii; HIV/AIDS; bo lc
i vi ph n; ti phn ch i vi n
c; quyc ca thanh thi
International Planned Parenthood Federation  tm dc t

c cha m  hot tp hn
c cng c  ng
m ca tt c m[28
c trong d thn hp ta WHO (World
Health Organization  T chc Y t th gii):
Quy  ng quyc tha nhn
t cn quc t
 ng thum quyn ca tt c mi
i, m  ng bi x o
ln cao nht v sc khc,
bao gm vic tip cn vch v c khe sinh sn
m, tip nh bi
ng s n
v ; (5) la chn bt
    ng thun v 
dc; (8) k ng thun; (9) quy
u mi s
ng th ng
th n c [37].
 Vit Nam, v quyc bi
o lun rng mt thp k tr l mt s

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 quyc
i mt s n Vit Nam:
Quy a mc t do
c biu l ng, thng th i sng

c mc vi chu b cn tr,
trng pht, lm di x 
n quyn, t a cng
ng [4].
 c thng nh
nhm v quym
chung nh cn s t  i x,
bo ln quyn, t u
n vic bo v tt nhi.
1.2. Đặc điểm của quyền tình dục
 c m
c tha nhn r khnh rng quy
quy, quy mang nhn
ca quy bin b c b 
, ph thuc ln nhau.
-  bin:
 bin th hin  ch quyc  vt quyn
ng chung cho tt c m
c, gi tun xu trong
nhng ch  t, thuc nhng truyn thn
ng nhng quy t n.
-  b c b:
Trong quan nim chung ca cng quc t, quy

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th n b c b hay hn ch mn bi bt c ch th 
k c t s ng

hp nhc, ch ng ch th c bit
m hn ch quy
-   thuc ln nhau gin:
Tt c  cht ch vi nhau, vic
thc hin tt quy   thc hin quyc l
mt quyn b  
t chung ca quy
t so vi nhng quy
Thứ nhất ng cho
tt c m  a quy  c t,
quyc gn vi mt s i nhnh, bao gm
nhng, la cht vi s ng
 ng gay, lesbianbisexual
i chuyn gii (transgender  c g     
nh thim dng hoc b i x trong vic biu l
 ng th  c, c th   i khuyt tt, ph ni
sng chung v   t chng mc nht
  m
Thứ hai
 (reproductive rights) 
 (marriage/family rights). 
 
 
  
    

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 
 
 
               
 
b 
 



               


  
 
i  




1.3. Nền tảng x hội, pháp lý của quyền tình dục
V quyc mi xut hin t thp k 90. Quy
n mt s v nhng gii,
c, bn dng gii, sc khe sinh si dch HIV trong mi
quan h vng giy, nh nn tng v i,
n ti t ra, quy
dc vi t quyt phn, cc

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ng th t nhi n. Vn tng
a quyc, cn tip cn t  i bao g
thc h  , phong tc t thy
i v v  quy
d
n quyc  ng quan nii 
nh n v c, t 
nht v gc r  n ca quych s.
Dưới góc độ lịch sử - x hội, quyc bt ngun t 
t qu  thu vng c i trong
lch s. Thc t cho thy, trong mn lch s
i qun ti nhng quan ni
nhau v quyng quy ph  thc
hio v quych s, 
ng ca quy rng, t 
tc, quy ph, t c cn c quc gia, khu vc
c t. Trong suu
n v , kinh ta tng thn lch s c
hc ch 
      t nam, n    
 bia ch  quyc ca h s
 c coi trn nhi th k 19
u th k n thuyt n quy quy
c s ng gia
  ng v v t 
 cn. Hi m k
ng gii, tuy t s a nha h (Trung
Quc, t s quc gia n 

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ng gii 
Uy, Th n, B    ch, Urugoay, New Zealand,
, Anh, Brazil). Mt s qua nhi
 i
chuyn gi   c g      ng
 thim dng hoc b n bii x trong vic biu l 
ng th c, c th i khuyt tt, ph ni sng
chung vt chng mc nh
c  m
Dưới góc độ đạo đức – tôn giáo, nh quy
dm t quyc ny sinh t quan nim v 
chun mi. Nhng chun mng quy tc ng x gia
i vt c mu ph 
n tn vi nhau. Nh  m v chun mc,
c dc h c. Trong
sun ca quyc, k c 
t quc c tn b 
i. S chi phc l ng l, c.
 l t Vim lu nh
ng ca nhn th v quyn
c hay t  cnh mc tip
 p ghi nhn, bo v 

Về mặt pháp lý,  tha lu
c tn thng cc

ng cn thit phi t cho nh  quan h c
m mn.
Cung  an truyn thng

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vic hy b nhng ti v phc bao gm c ti quan h ng gii,
theo b lu   1791 c   Tip t c s i bi vua
c truy ri s m r m, B
lua. Sau trii Napoleon, hu h
 lut s c bit
 i quan h ng
 c cc
Naples) h  nguyn gia nhi
 i
t s quc gia m
a th k u th k 
nh cm quan h ng gi lua Napoleonic
c lp.  mt s khu vt s c gia
   Nh
ph ra quynh h       nguyn gia nhng

S i trong vic hi bu t
gia th k 19. Nhng tranh lun bu trong c khoa hc
bia nh
th k  lut v nhy
n tranh th gii th o
c lu hii ca Mc son

tho lng ti quan h . Bang
Illinois ca M     p nhn khuyn ngh   
1961. t na bang ca M c
 t v qu o, l
ng qu

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lut v nh    a h      
1983, hu h c 
 duy nhc gia ph thuc ct s
phn ca Yugoslavia vt chng li quan h 
Mt s quc gia M latinh nh
cm quan h 
t b lu B lut Napoleonic trong sut th k 
mt s ngoi l n  
bao gm Trung Qu lut chng li quan h n
c thuc ca Anh  
lut chng li quan h 
Hu h  c thu a c       
Caribbeau vt chng la h, c
c Mc thua ca
 t nhiu cm t t tin tit ki
hi  t thu  t Victorian, bao gm nhng quy
a B lut Ti phm ci v
s s  nh ti quan h ng gi i khi
qu Lut Victorian chng li quan h c
ln mu vi lu 

d si lut nh
can thin do s i ca h th
1.4. Nội dung và giới hạn của quyền tình dục
1.4.1. Nội dung của quyền tình dục
Hi ngh th gii ln th 14 v c cc t chc ti
H th m quyc
u v quyc. c

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bao gi dung sau: Quyn t c (right to sexual freedom);
quyn t ch v n v  trong
hong c (right to sexual autonomy, sexual integrity, safety of the
sexual body); quyn v s h dc (right to sexual privacy);
quyc (right to sexual enquity); quyc
c (right to sexual pleasure); quy 
cc (the right to emotional sexual expression); quyc t do kt
hp v c (the right sexually associate freely); quyc t do quyt
nh m    m v vi   (the right to make free and
responsible reproductive choices); quy c tip nhn nh  
khoa hc v c (the right to sexual information based upon scientific
inquiry); quyn (the right to comprehensive
sexuality education); quy  c kh c (the right to
sexual health care).
 Quyn t c
   n t    i. Vi b  a con
 tui nhu v quan h 
theo s n ca nhng tit t gi  n quyn t do

n kh c th hin  ti
dc cT do v i gii c
khii quan h .
Quyn t c gn lin vi quyn t nguyn ca ch th
trong quan h c. Quyn t c cc
nh, bo v bt, quyu cm c
luio lc hay th n 
n quyn t u phi chm h
y quyn t c nhng

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i tr mi dng bm d
dc trong mi thi cnh ca cuc sng.
 Quyn t ch v n v h d
th trong hoc.
Quyn t ch v  c t quynh
 hop vn mc
c  a c c  kh  i 
m t  ca m tra tn, lm dng
hoc bt k c bo l S n v c
thc hic m cn tr.
Nhng tai nn trong chm gp. Quyn
n t a m
c quyn t ch trong ho
dt d xng hp b lm dm hoc tho
ng hp mt s  
l   

dc. Nh b m  bm
quyi.
 Quyn v s c.
Quyn v s  i
c ca
mifh, ming n  quyc c
t. t ni dung ca quy
dc bu t thui sng tinh thn ca m
c thc hi.
S    c th hi t  s m b t v
nhc ca m  n t

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quan h c, tn sut quan h, nhu cu quan h c, s 

tin s    n danh d       a con
i. y, nh  
ch    S ng
i vi c quan h c gia v chngu hin ca s ng
v, cht trong nhng yu t gi 
 Quyc.
n quyn vic ghi
nhi x m s ngang bng gi 
dc v  a nhng ch th    i. Quy c
c gn lin vi quyn t c; quyc
c xu nn tn t c.
c t do hot

ng th  i x dt k yu
t  tui, th tr
hc khe v th chn.
i thuc ging t
 
i chuyn ging gic ca h u phi
c ghi nh m dc ci chng
i vi v hay s mit th, ph ng nhu cc ca nhng
ng gii chuyn gi  nh ho   vi
phm quyn t c ci.
t s t cc
m bo quyng trong t i khuyt tt,
 v y bc

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m th trng sc khe  thi c
bi vu v n
o v.
 Quyc.
 ,  Vit Nam, phn l       uan
trng nht, ln nht c  
c m u mong mun
 di mt thm nhnh
i, s hn hp tronn thc tri,  mt
s c tin b  gii li r cao quyc trong
c ci. Quyn lin vi quyn t 
dc. Quyc c hi t do c

  ng th      do s d   c,
 c bao gm c th 
d c.
c ca m
s  nhc giao h
 thp
b t 
   t n
a mt co v.
 Quy cc.
n quy cn s t do ca
c giao ting ch
thc biu hi  cc c
t yu b  c n
c thc hiVi ch dc

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np s c m  bi
 c.
Quy  c  n lin vi quyn t do
  c.           ng
i ch lc khi s di ch 
ng chm, ting da th t  c
d    t nguy    p vi thun
phong m t   c t      c    
 t nguy tr y rc. T  cm
u t nhp thun phong m tnh

n phc cm hoc x pht.
 Quyc t do kt hp v c.
Quyn s t do ca chn
a chc quan h  m
c.  t do kt hp v u mi
i vvi kt hp v c c
S kt hp v  gii hn bi quan h 
i ch nhi k c quan h
c. Thc t cho thy rng rt nhii sn
kt hi sc.
Bi nhu v c ca h
o v. V n t do la
chn ba chn c  th
d  
 t dm ca m
  t do kt hp b a nh   hoc chng
(ho  do kt hp bn  hoc