Xây dựng nhà nước của dân, do dân, vì dân ở Việt Nam hiện nay

DAI HOC QUOC
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HA
NO!
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DAI HOC KHOA HOC XA HOI VA NHAN VAN
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QUOC
CHINH
XAY DUNG NHA
NlTC^C CUA
DAN, DO DAN,
VI
DAN
6
VIET NAM
HIEN
NAY
Chuyen
ngdnh:
Chii nghia
duy
vat Men chung vd
chu nghia
duy
vat lich sii
Mdso:
5.01.02
OAI
HC"
^UOC

G!A
MA
NC'I
i^y^LilH
LUAN VAN
THAG
SI
TRIET
HOC
• NGL/dl HaCJNG DAN
KHOA HOC
T.S
NGUVfeN
HAM GIA
Hd
noi - 2002
NHUNG
TU"VIET
TAT
TRONG LUAN
VAN
L
BCHTU*:
Ban chap hanh Trung
uang
2.
CNCS: Chu nghTa cong san
3.
CNXH: Chu nghTa xa hoi
4.

CSCN:
C6ng
san chu nghTa
5.
HDND: Hoi dong nhan dan
6. Nxb: Nha xuat ban
7.
UBND: Uy ban nhan dan
8. TBCN:
TU
ban chu nghTa
9. XHCN: Xa hoi chu nghTa
MlIC
LUC
Trang
Md dau. 3
Chuong
1: Nhd
nude
xd hoi chu nghia - Tinh tat yen, thuc
chat,
chAc
ndng vd nhiem vu 8
1.1. Tinh
tA't
yeu va thue cha't
ctia
Nha
nude
XHCN. 8

1.
L1.
Tinh
tA't
yeu cua nha
nude
XHCN. 8
\A2.
Nha nude XHCN thuc chat la nha nude mang ban
chA't
giai cap c6ng nhan, la Nha
nude
ciia dan, do dan,
vi
dan
16
1.2.Chu'c
nang va nhiem vu cua Nha
nude
XHCN 35
1.2.1.
Chirc
nang giai cap va
chiic
nang xa hoi cua nha
nude XHCN. 35
1.2.2.
Nhiem vu sang tao va xay dung xa hoi mdi cua Nha
nude XHCN 39
Chirotig

2: Thuc trang viec xdy dung Nhd
nude
ta Men nay vd
nhung nguyen
tde,
gidiphdp
detiep
tue
xdy dung
Nhd nude ta thuc su
Id
nhd nude
ciia
ddn,
do
ddn,
vi ddn
48
2.1.
Thuc trang va
y6u
cau xay dung Nha
nude
ta
hicn
nay. 48
2.1.1.
Thuc trang
vide
xay dung Nha

nude
la trong
thdi
gian qua.
48
2.1.2.
Nhii'ng
yeu cau ca ban
nhilm licp Uic nAng
cao hicu
luc,
hieu qua boat dong cua Nha
nude
la hien nay.
61
2.2.
Nhung nguyen tac va giai
phiip
de ticp luc xay dung
Niia
nude ciia
dAn,
do dan,
A
dan d
nude
ta,
67
2.2.1.
Nhung nguyen

tAc
ca ban can quan
Irict.
68
2.2.2.
Nh&ng
giai phap va
iihidin
vu chu
yC'u
cua
vi6c lifi'p
• tuc
x^y
dung Nha nude
ta.
74
Ket
luan 91
Danh muc tai lieu tham khao 94
MO
DAU
1.
Tinh cap thiet
ciia
de tai.
Nha nude la
b6 phAn
chu yeu cua kien
triic

thupng tang, cd quan he
true
tifi^p
vdi ca sd kinh
t6',
cd tac
ddng
trd
lai
ddi vdi ca sd kinh te. Nha
nudc cd vai trd h6't
su"c
quan trpng trong mpi
ITnh
vue cua ddi song xa hoi
VI
th6'
nha nude la trung tarn, la tru cot cua
ht
thong chinh tri.
Yeu td quyet dinh sU hung thinh hay suy vong, tien bp hay lac hau
CLia mdt qude
gia,
mdt dAn
toe xet den ciing la
quitn chiing
nhan dan,
nhung nha nudc vdi tu
each
la chu the dai dien cho qudc gia, dan toe,

nhat la trong xa hoi hien dai cung ddng mot vai trd to
Idn
quyet dinh
kbdng
kem ddi vdi
nhjp
dp va tde dp phat trien cua qudc gia, dan tpc
Nha nude la mot hien tupng lich
sir
ciia xa hoi
loai
ngudi
dupe
nhieu khoa hoc nghien
cijfu.
Trong trict hoc Mac, viec nghien
ciiu
van
dd
nha nudc
ciang
khong phai la mdt
ditu
mdi. Nd da dupe cac nha kinh
dien cung nhu cac the hd cac nha khoa hoc ke tuc de cap den dudi nhieu
gdc do va
ndi
dung cu the khac nhau: ngudn gdc, ban chat,
chiic
nang,

dac trung
ciia
nha nudc.
O nudc ta hien nay, viec tiep tuc doi mdi, xay dung va hoan thien
nha nudc Cong boa XHCN Viet Nam
Iheo
hudng Nha nudc cua dan, do
dan, vi dan la mdt yeu cau
vira
cap bach
vij^a lau
dai. Nghi quyet Dai hoi
dai bicu loan qudc
\&n
thii'
IX
ciia
Dang la khang dinh:
''Nhd
nudc ta
Id
cong cu chu yeu de thuc hien quyen
Idm
chu cua nhdn ddn,
Id
nhd
nudc phdp quyen cua ddn, do ddn, vi
ddn "
[9, tr.
131

].
Dc thuc
hidn
nhiem vu
irdn,
vide
tiep luc hoc
tAp ly luAn
vc nha
nudc cua
chii
nghTa Mac, ciia
chii
tich Ho
Chi
Minh,
tir
dd tiep tuc phat
trid'n
nhung quan diem, dudng
idi diing dAn
trong
vice
xay dung Nha
nirde
la giai doan hidn nay la mdt ydu
cAu
hd't
siic
quan trpng ddi vdi loan

the can
bd,
dang vidn va nhan dan ta.
Ve mat
ly
luan
ciin
trd lai va hieu thau dao nhung quan diem kinh dien
ve tinh tat yd'u, ngudn gdc, ban chat, va chirc nang cua nha nude, nha nudc
XHCN. Mat khac, thuc tidn xAy dung dat nudc giai doan hien nay dang dat ra
nbirng
ydu cau mdi
cSn
phai thuc hien de xay dung, hoan thien Nha nudc. Vi
vAy, vc nghien eii'u,
cfin phAii tich
dupe thuc trang vice xAy dung Nha nude la
va ndu dupe
nhimg
yeu cau dang dat ra. Tii dd, xac dinh cac nguyen
tAc
ca
ban va giai phap chii yeu nham tiep tuc xay dung va hoan thien Nha nudc ta
thuc sU la Nha nude cua dan, do dAn,
vi
dAn
TiJ"
nhirng
ly do tren, toi chpn van de
''Xdy

dung nhd nudc cua ddn, do
ddn,
vi ddn
d
Viet Nam Men nay" lam de tai luan van cua
mhih.
2.
Tinh hinh
nghien
ciiu
de tai.
Van de nha nude trong di san cua cac nha kinh dien va ciia Chu tich Hd
Chi Minh da dupe rA't nhieu tac gia nghidn
cu*u:
Trong khoa hoe Phap ly, van dd nha nudc dupe nghien
cu*u
trong mdi
quan he giira nha nudc va phap
luat.
Mot sd cong trinh khoa hoc da cong bd
la: "Dai hoi VIII Dang cong san va nhu'ng van dd cap bach ciia khoa hoc vd
nha nude va phap luat" cua Trung
lAm
Khoa hoc Xa hoi va NhAn van qudc gia
- Vidn Nghidn
eiiu
Nha nudc va Phap luat do tien si Dao
Trf
Uc chu bidn nam
1997;

"Ve nha nudc phap quydn xa hoi
chii
nghTa" cua Bo Tu phap - Vidn
Nghidn
cuU
Khoa hoc Phap ly nam 1997; "Nghidn
cu'u
tu
tudng
Hd Chi Minh
vd nha nudc va phap
luAl"
cua Bo Tu phap
-
Vidn Nghidn cuu Khoa hoc Phap
ly - Chuang trinh khoa hoc cong nghd cap nha nudc KX 02, De tai KX
02-13
nam 1993; "XAy dung, hoan thien nha
iiudc
va phap luat cua dan, do dan,
vi
dan d Viet Nam" cua tac gia Phiing Van Tuu nam 1999
Cd
nhi^u cdng
trinh tap hap kinh dien hoac nghidn cuu kinh dien lien
quan den van de nha nude dupe tiep can dudi gdc dp
Irid'l
hoc: "Vd nha nudc
xil lidi cliu
nghTa" -

TAp
trfch cac
\i\c phfim ciia
Mac, Aug ghcn, Ld
niii,
Xtalin
do nha xuat ban Su that xuat ban nam 1978; "Ve chu nghTa Mac - Ld nin , Chii
nghTa xa
hdi
va eon dudng di
Idn Cbii
nghTa xa hoi d Vict Nam" - Tap trich
cac bai ndi va viet ciia Chu tich Hd Chi Minh do nha xua't ban Chinh tri
Qudc gia xuA't ban nam 1998; "Tu tudng
IridT
hoc Hd Chf Minh" cua
lAp
the tac gia
thudc
Hoc vidn Chinh tri Qudc gia Hd Chi Minh do GS.TS Ld
Huu NghTa chii bien, nam 2000; "Tu tudng Hd Chi Minh vd nha nudc
kieu mdi su hinh thanh va phat trien" ciia PGS. TS Hoang Van Hao, do
nha xuA't ban Chinh tri Qudc gia xuat ban nam 1995; "Hd Chf Minh va
eon dudng each mang Viet Nam" do Dai tudng
V6
Nguydn Giap chii
bidn, nam 2000; "Nghidn
ciiu
tu tudng Hd Chi Minh vd Dang
lanh

dao
Nha nude" cua Hoc vidn hanh chinh qudc gia, nam 1997;
"Tim
hieu tac
phAm
"Nha nude va
each
mang" ciia GS. TS Nguydn Huu
Vui,
do Nha
xuat ban Su that xuat ban, nam 1986
Ngoai ra, con cd nhidu bai viet dang tai trdn cac tap
chi
khoa hoc
chuydn nganh nghien cu'u tu tudng vd nha nudc
ciia
cac nha kinh dien;
nghidn
ciiu
tu tudng Hd Chi Minh ve nha nUdc, nha
nUde
XHCN; nghidn
Cliu van dd tiep tuc xay dung, hoan thien Nha nudc phap quyen xa hoi
chii nghTa Vidt Nam cua dan, do dAn,
vi
dAn
Lien quan den de tai nay con cd mot sd luan an Tien sT, luan van
Thac sT da dupe bao vd, chang ban:
"Quan
he giua ban chat giai cap ciia

nha
nirdc
va
ehiJc
nang xa hoi cua nd trong thdi ky ddi mdi d Vict Nam"
ciia Trfin
Thd' VTnh;
"XAy
dung Nha nudc Vict Nam
Irong
thdi ky day
manh cong nghidp hoa, hien dai boa dat
nudc"
ciia
Tran Kim Bang, luan
van Thac sT nam, 1999;
"NAng
cao
chal lupng
boat dong lap phap
Iheo
djnh
hudng xAy dung nha nudc phap quyen cua dAn, do dAn, vi dAn" cua
Ld Van Hoe;
"
Tu tudng nha nudc phap quydu vdi
vAii
dc xay dung nha
nude
phcip

quydn xa hoi chu nghTa Viet Nam hidn nay"
ciia
Nguydn Xuan
Tud,
luAn
van Thac sT nam, 1999;
"Vai
trd
ciia
phap
kuil
trong
vide
bao
dam su thdng
nhatgiGa
ban chA't giai cap, tinh dAn tpc, tinh nhan dan ciia
Nha nudc ta hidn nay"
ciia
Ld Van Hdi, LuAn van Thac sT, nam 2000
Cac cong trinh tren da tAp trung
lim
hic\i,
nghien
citu
va da lam ro
dupe nhung khia canh
ciia
nha nudc XHCN nhu: tu
ludng

cua cac nha
kinh di6n
vi
vA'n de nha nUdc d cac
khia
canh ngudn gdc, ban chat, chirc
nang cua nd; vA'n de nha nude xa hoi chu nghTa trong tu tudng cua cac
nha kinh dien chii nghTa Mac; tu tudng Hd Chi Minh vdi tu
each
mot
chinh
thd'
trong dd bao gdm nhieu
ITnh
vue ma va'n dd nha nude
chi
la
mot. Tuy vAy, vide nhan
thiJc,
van dung tu tudng
ciia
cac nha kinh dien,
ciia Chu tich Hd Chi Minh vd nha nudc va nha
nirdc
XHCN de lam ro
thuc trang va phuang hudng tiep tuc xay dung Nha nude ciia dan, do dan,
VI
dAn d nude ta hidn nay con it
dupe
quan

tAm.
3.
Muc dich va nhiem vu
ciia
luan van.
Trdn ca sd nhung luan diem ciia Mac, Angghen, Ldnin, Hd Chi Minh
ve nha nude, Nha nudc XHCN, luan giai thuc chat nha nudc XHCN la nha
nudc cua dan, do dAn,
vi
dAn, mang ban chat giai cap cong nhAn, tii dd dd
xuA't mot so nguydn
tAc
va giai phap chu yd'u de xay dung Nha nude ta
xiing
dang va thuc sU la Nha nude cua dAn, do dAn,
vi
dan.
De thuc hidn muc
dich
trdn,
luan
van thuc hidn
nhiJng
nhiem vu sau:
- XuA't phat
tir
mot sd luan diem ca ban
ciia
cac nha kinh dien Mac,
Angghen, Ldnin, Hd Chi Minh vd van dd nha nudc va Nha nudc XHCN

(ngudn gdc, ban chA't,
chiJc
nAng nha nudc.) dc lam ro van dc: Nha nudc
XHCN thuc chat la nha nudc mang ban chat giai cap cong nhAn, la Nha
nudc cua dan, do dAn,
VI
dAn.
- Van dung nhung didu da lam ro tren day de phAn tich
thii'c
trang,
ydu cau xAy dung Nha nudc cua dAn, do dAn,
vi
dan d nudc la Irong
ihdi
gian qua va giai doan hidn nay.
7
-
D6
xuA't mdt sd
nguyen
tAc va giai phap
chii
yd'u dc xAy dung nha
nudc cua dAn, do dAn, vi dAn d Viet Nam giai doan hidn nay.
4.
Ca sd ly luan va phuang phap nghien
ciiu.
- Ca sd
ly
luAn:

Quan diem ciia chii nghTa Mac - Lenin ve va'n dd
nha nude, nha nude XHCN; Quan diem
ciia
Dang cdng san
Vidl
Nam,
ciia
chii tich Hd Chi Minh
v6
xAy dung Nha nudc dAn
chii
nhan dAn tid'n
Idn
Nha nude XHCN; LuAn van cd kd'
thii'a
mot sd ket qua nghidn
ciiu ciia
cac
cong trinh da cdng bd cd
lidn
quan den npi dung ciia luan van,.
- Phuang phap nghidn
cufu:
Phuang phap luan bidn chung duy vat;
cac phuang phap cu the: di tir trii'u tupng den cu the, ket hpp logic va lich
sir,
quy nap va didn djch, phAn
tfeh
va
lc5ng

hpp.
5. Ddng gop cua luan van.
- Gdp
phSn
lam rd thdm vA'n dd: Nha nudc XHCN la nha nudc mang
ban chat giai cap cong nhan, thuc chat la nha nudc ciia dAn, do dAn,
vi
dAn.
- Dua ra dupe
nhij'ng
nguydn tac va giai phap ca ban xAy dung nha
nude ciia dan, do dAn, vi dAn d nudc ta
phii
hpp vdi ydu cau phat trien dat
nudc trong giai doan lich su mdi hien nay.
6. y nghia ly luan va
thirc
tidn cua luan van.
- Trdn ca sd he thdng lai mot sd quan diem
ciia
cac nha Kinh dien
va Chii tich Ho Chi Minh ve nha nirdc, luan van gdp phan vao
vide
nghien
CU'U
ly
luan chung ve nha nude, Nha nudc XHCN, dac bidt la van dd: thuc
chA't Nha nudc XHCN la nha nude
ciia
dAn, do

chin,
vi
dAn.
- Luan van cd the
di:ing
lam tai lieu tham khao trong nghien cu'u,
giang day Trid't hoc, Chu nghia xa hoi khoa hoc.
7. Ket cau
ciia
luan van:
Ngoai
ph^n
md dau, ket luan va danh muc tai lieu tham khao, luan van
gdm 2 chuang vdi 4 tid't.
8
Chuang 1
NHA
NirOC
XA HOI CHU NGHIA - TINH TAT YEU
THUC CHAT, CHUC NANG VA NHIEM VU
1.1,
Tinh tat yeu va
thirc
chat
ciia
Nha nudc xa hoi chii nghia
/././.
Tinh
tat
yeu

ciia
nhd nudc
XHCN.
XuA't phat
tij:
quan
di^m
trid't hoc duy vAt bidn chiing va duy vat lich
sir,
Mac va Ang ghen chirng minh rAng nha n\x6c la mot hidn tupng lich
sir chi
xuA't hidn
klii
xa hdi loai ngUdi da phat trien ddn mdt trinh dp nhat djnh, trudc
hd't la su phat trien ciia luc lupng san xuat. Dac bidt la trong xa hoi, do cd san
pham
"du
thira",
da xuA't hidn y
thiic
chid'm
hiai
tai san xa hdi lam
ciia
rieng,
vi
the da cd sU phAn chia thanh cac giai cap. Tac pham
ciia
Mac va Ang ghen
"Ngudn gdc ciia gia

dinh
ciia che dp tu
bun
va
ciia
nha nudc" da trinh bay vd
Ijch
su loai ngudi d nhung giai doan phat trien dau tidn, trong dd dac bidt chu
Irpng ddii
nhung vA'n dd vd su phat sinh nha nudc dAu tidn ciia xa hoi loai
ngudi, van de nha nUdc tidu vong
*
Trudc day, trong trid't hoc tu san rA't
phd
bidn quan diem vd nha nudc
xuat phat
tij"
quan nidm ve khe'
udc
xa hoi. Quan diem nay cho rang: con ngudi
von dT cd cac
quy^n
tu nhidn nhu: quydn song, quyen cd tu lieu san xuat,
quydn dupe san
xuA't
va cac quyen chinh tri khac. Nhung cac quyen dd cua
con ngudi thudng xuydn bi vi pham.
Vi
the, con ngudi bupc phai tranh chap,
phai dA'u tranh vdi nhau

d^
bao vd cac quydn ciia
inlnh.
Didu dd
lA't
yd'u lam
xuat hidn cai gpi la quydn luc xa hoi la
kd'l
qua
ciia
vide mdi ca nhAn tu giac
dem mot phan quydn ciia minh giao cho cac ca quan quydn luc xa hoi
nhAm
mucdfch di^u chinh
boat ddng chung
ciia
con ngudi va xa hoi.
Nlia
nudc
da xuat hidn tir mam mdng la nhirng ca quan quyen
lire
xa hoi dd va
vi
the nd la mot hidn tupng vTnh vidn di
ciing
vdi xa hoi loai ngudi va se khong
bao gid cd the bd di
dupe.
Mac va Ang ghen hoan loan bac bd quan didm ndu trdn va cho rang nha
nude la mdt hidn tupng lich sir, ra ddi

t\t
nhung nguyen nhan kinh te, do dd
nha nudc xuat hien la mdt tA't yd'u khach quan. Chi khi nao nhung nguydn
nhAn kinh te cho sU ton tai ciia nha nudc mat di thi nha nude mdi cd the "tidu
vong".
Thdng qua vide nghidn cu'u cac hinh
thii'e
nha nude dau tidn trong
lich sir (nha nude Aten d Hy lap cd dai, cac
hinh
thii'c nha nudc La Ma
va
Giee
Manh), Mac va Ang ghen da danh gia
diing
vai trd
ciia
yd'u td
kinh te, nhat la van de sd
hiJu,
tir
sd hiru chung, cong cdng ddn sd
hiJu
ca nhAn
v^
rupng dat, ve tai san rdi cac
hinh thiie
phAn cdng
lao
dong,

trao ddi san pham lao dong. San pham lao dong tir cho chi cd y nghTa
ddi vdi chinh ban than ngudi lao ddng (tii'c chi cd tac dung dap
u'ng
nhu
cau tidu diing) da tao ra nd thi nay trd thanh hang boa nghia la san
ph^m
ciia ngudi nay cd the phuc vu cho nhu cau
ciia
ngudi khac, con
ngudi cd the diing ket qua lao dong cua
minh
de doi lay nhirng san
pham khac can thie't cho ddi song ma minh khong san xuA't ra
dupe.
DAy
chinh la
m^m
mdng ciia
nhSng
dao
Ion Idn
sau nay. PhAn tich cu the va
chi tid't
nhiJng
dieu nay va su xuA't hidn ciia mot loai hang hoa dac bidt -
"Tidn", Ang ghen cho rAng:
Cung vdi su ra ddi
ciia
ndn san xuat hang hoa, cung xuat hidn
vide nhirng ca nhAn ridng re canh tac lay ruong dat de thu lai

cho chinh
minh,
va sau dd chang bao
lAu
cung xuat hidn quydn
sd huu rudng dA't
ciia
ca nhAn. Tidn
ciing
ra ddi sau dd, nd la
mdt hang hoa phd bien cd the trao ddi vdi tat ca cac hang hoa
khac
f43,tr.l7r|
Cling vdi qua trinh dd la su xuat hidn, phat trien, hoan thien, va
dan tidu vong cua nha nude vdi tu each mot td
chiic,
mot ca quan cai tri,
thdng trj xa hdi, thdng tri giai cap cua cac giai cap cam quyen. Cd the
10
ndi rAng, tu tudng chii yd'u ciia Mac va Ang ghen trong vide nghidn
ciiu
va
chiing minh nhii'ng
di^m
tren dAy da khang djnh luan diem: Nha nudc la mot
quy^n
luc cdng cdng, xuA't phat
tir
xa hdi, nhu'ng sau dd - sau khi da hinh
thanh, lai trd thanh mot

thii
thiet chd' dudng nhu tach rdi khdi va hoan toan
diing trdn xa hdi va
qutin
chiing nhAn dAn.
Cung trong tac pham ndu trdn, Angghen da nit ra mot sd ket luan ve
ban chA't va tinh tA't yd'u cua nha nude:
Thd nhat, nha nudc khdng phai la mot
thii'
quyen luc xa la, than thanh,
sidu nhidn
tir
bdn ngoai ap dat vao xa hoi ma la san
phcim ciia
mdt xa hdi da
phat trien tdi mdt giai doan nhA't dinh, phan anh tinh trang mAu thuAn cua xa
hdi dd vdi chinh ban thAn nd ma khdng the giai quyet dupe -
tinh
trang xa hoi
bi phAn boa thanh nhiJng mat ddi lap khdng
th^
dieu hoa
dupe
va
cQng
khdng
Ihd
loai bd di dupe,
tiic la eSn
cd

mdi lire
lupng diing trdn xa hdi vdi nhiem
vu lam diu bdt su xung dot va giu cho
sir
xung dot nam trong vong "trat tu".
Luc lupng dd nay sinh
lir
xa hdi, dap
ling
nhu cAu
ciia
xa hoi, nhung lai
dudng nhu diing tren xa hdi - dd chinh la nha nude.
Thd hai,
vi
nha nudc nay sinh tii nhu cau xa hdi la phai kidm chd' cac
xung ddt va ddi lap giai cap cho ndn nha nude thudng la nha nudc ciia giai
cap cd the luc nhat, ciia giai cap thdng tri vd mat kinh te.
Thd
ba,
xuA't phat
tir
hai dac diem trdn cd the khAng djnh nha nude
khdng phai mdt hidn tupng da ton tai mai mai
tir
trudc ma ngupc lai da
tCrng
ton tai nhung xa hdi khdng cd nha nudc. Chi den
mdi
giai doan phat trien

nhat djnh ve kinh te - giai doan da cd su phAn chia xa hdi thanh cac giai cap,
thi
nha nude mdi trd thanh mdt nhu cau tat yd'u va cung la bAt dau mot giai
doan mdi trong Ijch sir phat trien xa hdi loai ngudi - giai doan xa hoi cd nha
nude.
Tir nhung ca sd dd, Ang ghen ket luan: Nhd nudc ra ddi Id mot tat yeu
khdch quan ddp
dng
yeu cau vd nhu cau cua su phat trien xa hoi loai
ngUdi,
II
mam
mdng
cua nhd nudc dd
dug'c
hinh thanh td nhu'ng
///*'>/
ky
thi toe
ho lac
xaxua.
Nghidn
ciiu
ngudn gdc va
sir
ra ddi cua nha nudc, Ld nin cung chi ra
rang: "Bat
cii
d dAu, hd
liic

nao va chirng nao ma, ve mat khach quan, nhung
mAu thuAn giai cap khdng the didu boa
dupe ihi
nha nirdc xuat hidn" [33, tr.9|
Dua trdn ca sd tong kd't thuc tidn dau tranh
ciia
giai cap vo san va nhAn
dAn lao ddng, dua vao cac nghidn ciru ly luan nhii'ng van dd cua kien
triic
thupng
tSng,
ma cac quan diem
eiia
Mac va Ang ghen ve nha nude ndi
chung,
vi
chuyen chinh vd san, va ve nha nUdc XHCN dan dan dupe
hinh
thanh theo cac giai doan va the hidn d mot so tac pham chinh sau:
- "Tuydn ngdn ciia Dang cdng san": Tac pham nay, mdi chi bat dau
ndu ra dupe tU tudng ve chuyen chinh vd san,
- "DA'u tranh giai cap d Phap
tir
1848 den
1850":
Trong tac pham nay
Mac da chi cho giai cap cdng nhAn thay ro su can thiet phai gianh lay chinh
quyen;
Ian
dau tien, khai nidm va thuat

ngQ'
chuydn chinh vd san da
dupe
ndu
Idn
va trd thanh mdt thuat
ngiJ
kinh dien trong hoc thuyd't Mae.
"Ngay
18
thang Suang mii ciia Lui Bdnapacta": Trong tac pham nay,
Mac cho rang, nd'u khdng pha vd bd may nha nirdc tu san thi cupc
each
mang vd san khdng
thd'
ciing cd
dupe
thanh qua
ciia minh
va khdng cai tao
dupe
xa hdi TBCN thanh xa hdi XHCN. Su tat yd'u dd la do chd bd may con
lai cua nha nudc tu san dd cd the ngay lap tuc sir dung cac
luc Iirang
phan
each mang lam cdng cu phuc hdi cac quan
he
kinh te, chinh trj, va bdc lot
cQ ciia
chiing. Giai cA'p vd san khdng the sir dung bd may nha nudc tu san

de thuc hidn muc dich cua minh, bdi
vi
bp may dd chi thich hap vdi vide
thuc hidn nhung
chiic
nang bao vd che dp tu huu ddi vdi tu lieu san xuA't -
ca sd ciia che dd ngudi bdc lot ngudi. Nhu vay, kd't luan quan trpng ma Mac
ndu Idn trong tac pham nay la; Pha vd bd may nha nudc cua giai cap tu san
la
didu kien tA't yd'u nhat dinh phai cd, la didu kien tuydt ddi can thiet de
12
dam bao phat
tri^n
thang lai
ciia
each mang vd san va sU nghidp xAy dung
nha nude XHCN.
"Phd phan cuang
ITnh
Gdta": Trong tac phAm nay, Mae da luan chung
su tA't yd'u lich sir ciia thdi ky qua dd
tir
CNTB
Idn
CNCS trong su phat trien xa
hdi loai ngudi va nhAn xet rang, nha nudc ciia thdi ky nay tA't yd'u phai la
chuydn chinh each mang cua giai cap vd san.
Trong
biie
thu

eiia
Mae
gii'i
VAydamaye ngay 5-3-1852, Mae da ndu
Idn
mdt sd
luAn di^m
quan trpng: "1. Su ton lai cua cac giai cA'p chi gan lien
vdi nhirng giai doan phat trien nhat dinh cua san xuat; 2. Cupc dau tranh giai
cap nhA't thiet se dAn tdi chuydn chinh vd san; 3. Ban thAn ndn chuyen chinh
nay chi la
bude
qua dd tid'n tdi /hu tidu
lai
ca mpi giai cA'p va tidn tdi mdt xa
hdi khdng giai cap" [38, tr.662].
Tuy nhidn tA't ca nhu'ng luan diem trdn cung chua
dii
de giai dap dupe
vA'n de giai
cA'p
vd san se thiet lap chinh quydn nha nudc
ciia minh
nhu the nao
va can phai lay cai
gi
de thay the nha nude tu san da bj pha vd. Phai dua vao
kinh nghidm thuc td' ciia Cdng xa Pari -
hinh
thii'c chuydn chinh dau tidn

ciia
giai cA'p vd san, trong tac pham "Ndi chid'n d Phap", Mac mdi cd the khang
dinh luan diem vd tinh tA't yd'u phai pha vd bp may nha nude cua giai cap tu
san trong tid'n trinh cua
each
mang vd san, ddng thdi tiep tue bd sung ly luan
ve nha nude XHCN
bAng
kd't luan rAng, thuc hidn cd kd't qua su pha va bp may
nha nude tu san va chi cd the thay the nd bAng
mpi
nha nudc thuc
sir
dAn
chii
kieu Cdng xa Pari, ddi lap vd ban chat xa hoi
ciia
nd va ve kd't cau eiia nd vdi
lA'l
ca cac nha nUdc bdc
Idl
da
lu'ng
cd va dang cd Irong lich sir.
O cac tac
ph^m
trdn, Mae va Ang-ghen da ndu bat dupe nhung tu tudng
ve nha nudc vdi tU each mot bp phan eiia kien triic thupng tang ndi chung, dua
ra dupe nhiing kien giai hd't
siie

sAu sac ve van de ngudn gdc, ban chat, chiic
nang, va tinh tat yd'u ciia nha nudc. Tiep theo dd, cac 6ng da dua ra nhung
chi dAn cue ky can thid't cho giai cap vd san va nhAn dAn lao ddng vd mot
13
kieu nha nude mdi trong
Ijch sir
se tA't yd'u thay the nha nudc tu san - dd la
nha nudc XHCN. Tuy nhidn, do dieu kien khach quan ve kinh te, xa hdi,
chfnh
trj
ciia
thdi ky ma cac dng dang sdng,
lu ludng ciia
cac dug mdi
chi
dii'ng
lai d chd dua ra nhiing hinh mAu, nhu'ng ly thuyd't ca ban dua trdn ca
sd hidn thuc khach quan va cd tinh chat du bao.
Trong dieu kidn chii nghTa tu ban da trd thanh
chii
nghTa dd' qudc,
eude each mang vd san da trd thanh true tiep, Ld nin la ngudi da phat trien
ly
luAn
Mae, Ang ghen ve vA'n de nha nude ddng thdi trdn ca sd hidn thuc
da vAn dung sang tao ly luan dd vao hoan canh cu the eiia nude Nga, chi ra
md hinh nha nude
phii
hpp vdi nude Nga
liic

dd la nha nude Xd viet, ddng
thdi phat trien ly luan cua Mae ve CCVS va nha nudc XHCN, Tu tudng ve
nha nude cua Ldnin dupe the hidn tap trung nhA't trong cac tac
ph^m:
"Nha
nudc va each mang",
"Nhii'ng
nhiem vu
trude
mAt ciia chinh quydn Xd viet",
"Kinh te chinh tri trong thdi dai chuydn chinh v6 san"
Ldnin chi ra rang, nha nude vira
la
san pham vira la bieu hidn
ciia
nhiing mAu thuAn giai cap khdng the dieu hoa dupe, ddng thdi khang dinh
vide giai phdng giai
cA'p
se khdng the thuc hidn
dupe
nd'u khdng
thii
tidu
chinh quyen nha nudc cua giai cap thdng tri, Tiep tuc nghidn
ciiu
va phat
trien tu tudng eiia Ang ghen vd cac dac trung
ciia
nha nudc, vi du trong bd
may nha nude cd nhiing ddi vu trang dac bidt nhu: nha tu, bp may canh sat,

quAn dpi Ldnin cho rang do cd cac dac trung nay ma nha nudc
liic
mdi
xuat hidn la do nhu cau xa hdi,
tir
xa hoi, phuc vu xa hdi, nhung sau dd,
trong qua trinh phat trien
ciia
nd, nha nudc da
iha
hoa trd thanh nhu mot
thid't che d bdn ngoai va bdn trdn xa hdi, chu yeu phuc vu cho lai ich
eiia
mot nhdm ngudi trong xa hdi (cac giai cap va
ifing Idp
thdng trj Irong xa
hdi).
Ld nin cung ndu tinh tA't yd'u
ciia
nha nudc chuydn chinh vd san. Sau
khi each mang vd san thAng
Ipi,
nhung dieu kien cho su tdn tai cua nha
nudc vAn cdn, giai
cA'p
vd san
edn
can den nha nudc nhu mot cdng cu hd't
14
siic

quan trpng trong eude dA'u tranh giai cA'p, Irong sU nghidp xAy dungCNXH
va CNCS.
Tir thuc tidn nude Nga, Ld nin cho rAng: ngay sau khi giai cap vd san
gianh chinh quyen ve tay minh, cupc dau tranh vAn tiep tuc va cdn gay go
quyet
lidt
ban. Giai
cA'p
tu san da bj
lat
do vAn cdn
lUc
lupng, vAn cdn td chiic
va tiem
luc ludn ludn tim
mpi each de gianh lai dia vj va quyen thdng tri
ciia
minh, nd dupe su iing hd
eiia
cac tang
Idp
thupe giai cap thdng tri cu va cac
luc lupng phan ddng d ca trong va ngoai nude.
Vi
the, nhiem vu tat yd'u va
quan trpng eiia giai
cA'p
vd san
liic
nay la phai kien quyd't xac lap quyen thdng

tri chinh tri eiia minh - xac lap ndn chuydn chinh vd san. DAy
klidng
phai mot
nhiem vu chi didn ra trong mdt thdi gian ngAn ma phai la mot nhiem vu trong
ca mdt thdi ky lich sir rA't dai - thdi ky qua dp tit chu nghTa tu ban
Idn
chu
nghTa xa hdi. Tuy nhidn, nhiem vu cua nha nude chuydn chinh vd san khdng
phai chi duy nhA't la nhu vAy, dd cd the ndi la nhiem vu cd tinh cha't quyd't
dinh, edn nhiem vu ca ban,
lAu
dai va quan trpng han, cd tac dung khang djnh,
duy tri va phat buy dupe thang lai ciia each mang vd san la nhiem vu to chiic,
xAy dung eude song mdi, xAy dung xa hdi mdi cho giai cap vd san cung nhu
toan the nhAn dAn lao ddng.
Trong thdi ky qua dp
tCr
CNTB
Idn
CNXH cd the cd nhidu hinh
thiic
nha
nudc,
nhung tat ca cac hinh thiic dd ddu mang mdt ban chat duy nhat - ban
chA't giai
cA'p
cdng nhAn, la ndn chuydn chinh vd san. Di chiing minh dieu nay,
Ld nin
nhAe
lai luan diem ndi tid'ng

eiia
Mac trong tac pham
Phe
phan cuang
ITnh
Go ta:
"GiiJa
xa hdi tu ban
ehii
nghia va cdng san chu nghTa cd mot thdi
ky cai bien each mang tii xa hdi no sang xa hoi kia. Thich
ling
vdi thdi ky ay
la mdt thdi ky qua dp chinh trj, va nhd nudc cua thdi ky ay khdng the la cai
gi
khac ban la nen chuyen chinh
each
mang
ciia
giai cap vo
san''
[41,
tr.
47)
|.
Phat trien tu tudng cua Mac, Ld nin cho rAng thdi ky qua dd
kr
CNTB
Idn CNCS la mdt tat yd'u
khctch

quan va budc qua dp nay se khdng the thuc
15
hidn dupe nd'u giai cA'p vd san va nhAn dAn lao ddng khdng cd dupe nha nudc
eiia
bp - nha nude chuydn chinh vd san. Ld nin viet: "Giai cap vd san can cd
chfnh
quy^n
nha nude,
c^n
cd td chiic
sire
manh tap trung, can cd td chiic
bao
lUc
d^
tra'n ap su phan khang
cim
bpn bdc
Idt
va lanh dao quang dai quan
chiing nhAn dAn - ndng dAn, lieu tu san,
nira
vd san trong cdng cupc "td
chiic"
nen kinh td' xa hoi chu nghTa" [34, tr.
32].
Nhu vay la, quan diem
eiia
Mae, Ang ghen va Ld nin ddu thdng nhat d
chd cho rang, giai cA'p vd san sau khi lanh dao nhAn dAn gianh dupe chinh

quy^n
phai thid't
lAp
nha nudc
ciia minh
- dd la mdt nhiem vu tat yd'u, tidn
quyd't bdi vi chi cd nha nude eiia giai cA'p vd san mdi cd the la- chuydn chinh
vd san la cdng cu quan trpng nhA't,
sAc
ben nhat de thuc hidn hai chiic nang
ca ban, mdt la trA'n ap su phan khang, chd'ng pha
ciia
cac luc lupng thu djch,
bao vd thanh qua each mang cua giai cA'p vd san va toan the nhAn dAn lao
ddng vira dat dupe va hai la "thie't ke", td chiic cdng cupc xAy dung xa hdi
mdi - xa hdi XHCN.
Trong thdi ky qua dp
Idn
CNXH vdi tu each giai doan dau tidn eiia
hinh thai kinh te - xa hdi cdng san
chii
nghTa, van edn can tdi nha nudc vi
mdt so ly do chfnh sau dAy:
Mot
la,
trong ehii nghTa xa hdi, nhung dieu kien kinh td' eiia ddi sdng
xa hdi mdi
chi
dat dd'n mdt trinh dd phat trien nhat dinh:
liie

nay tu lieu san
xuA't da thupe ve toan xa hdi, mdi thanh vidn du'pc hudng sd san pham hay
tien cdng
tuong
duang vdi
miic
dd lao ddng ma ho bd ra nghTa la lam theo
nang
lire,
hudng theo lao ddng, dAy tuy la mdt
tidii h6
xa hdi Idn, nhung chua
dem lai dupe
buih dfmg
hoan loan cho mpi ngudi trong xa hdi bdi vi mdi
ngudi trong xa hdi cd kha nang lao ddng va hoan canh khdng gid'ng nhau.
Nhu vAy la vd mat phAn phd'i, trong chu nghTa xa hdi vAn cdn su bat
binh
dang va
vi
vay vAn cdn can tdi
sir
didu tid't, can tdi vai trd trung gian, trpng
tai ciia nha nudc.
16
Hai
Id,
v6
mat chfnh tri, mac du mdt trong nhirng nhidm vu
chii

yd'u cua
nha nude
la
trA'n ap cac giai cA'p bdc lot da ca ban hoan thanh, nhung khdng
phai da xong
hAn
ma cdn la mdt nhidm vu
lAu
dai bdi vi cac giai
cA'p
thdng trj,
bdc lot cdn luc lupng, edn tiem luc dupe su
giiip
da cua cac the
luc
thu dich
trong va ngoai nudc ludn ludn tim mpi each
d^
khdi phuc quydn
lire
da mAt,
chiing ludn chd'ng pha lai Nha nUde XHCN va cdng eude xay dung CNXH cua
nha nudc dd
tir nhi6u
phfa
Ba la, vide gianh chfnh quyen la nhidm vu hd't
siic
quan trpng va can
thid't, nhung trong
dilu

kien giai cap vd san va nhAn dAn lao ddng da gianh
dupe
chfnh
quy^n
thi nhidm vu bao vd va xAy dung chfnh quyen nha nude vira
thid't
lAp
dupe cdn quan trpng ban va can thid't ban nhieu. TA't ca cac
ITnh
vue
eiia ddi sdng xa hdi trong xa hdi mdi - xa hdi XHCN chi cd the dupe xAy
dimg,
phat trien va tid'n
Idn
thdng qua cdng cu sAc ben, huu hieu la nha nude XHCN.
Bdn la, trong CNXH vAn cdn can ddn nhung tidu ehuan phap quydn phu
hpp vdi nhung trinh dp phat trien nhat djnh cua
lire
lupng san xuat de dam bao
cho vide mdi thanh vidn xa hdi se dupe hudng diing nhung quydn
Ipi
mpi mAt
tuang ling vdi sd lupng va chat lupng lao ddng cua ho.
Nhiing
tidu chuan phap
quyen dd chi cd the dupe duy
tri
va dupe ap dung trong ddi sdng bdi uy tin va
quyen luc cua nha nude,
tiie

la dupe thuc hidn klidng phai chi trdn ca sd tu giac
ma cdn la va chu yd'u la thdng qua bAt bude, eudng che bAng nhung thid't che,
nhung quy djnh cd
tmh
chA't nha nudc. Ld nin viet:"Do dd vAn can cd nha nudc
de
vii'a
bao vd
chd'dp
cdng
hii'u
vd tu lieu san xuat,
vi^ra
bao vd binh dang vd lao
ddng
vii Wnh
dang trong
vide
phAn chia cac san
pliAni"
[34, tr.
I 16-1
I7|.
1.1.2 Nhd nudc XHCN thuc chat la nhd nudc mang bdn chat giai
cap cdng
nhdn.
Id
nhd nudc cua ddn, do ddn, vi ddn.
Nha nude XHCN la nha nude kieu mdi, cd ban chat khac han ban
chat ciia cac nha nudc bdc lot. Ban chat dd do ca sd kinh

Id'
va che do chfnh
tri xa hdi
ciia
CNXH quy djnh. Su khac bidt nay thd hidn ca trdn phuang
17
OAI
HOC OUOC
C-'M
hA MOt 1
didn ban chat giai cA'p, ban chat dAn
chii
va vai trd sang tao, xAy dung xa hdi
mdi.
Nha
nUde
nao cung la ndn chuydn chfnh
eiia
giai cap thdng trj vc chfnh
trj.
Nha nude XHCN la nha nude mang ban chat giai cap cdng nhAn, tu'c la
nha nude do Dang tidn phong
ciia
giai cap cdng nhAn
lanh
dao, lay he tu
tudng Mae - Ld
nin.lam
nen tang tu tudng
ciia

mhih,
la nha nude dAn
chii
thuc sU, la cdng cu td chirc xAy dung xa hdi mdi.
Nha nudc la cdng cu chuydn chfnh
eiia
mot giai cap. Didu nay hoan
toan phii hpp vdi nha nude XHCN. Nhung nhu the khdng cd nghia nha nudc
XHCN la td chiic rieng cua giai cA'p cdng nhAn ma thuc chat nd la td chiic de
toan the nhAn dAn lao ddng thUe hidn quydn lam chu
eiia
minh.
Nha nude trong cac
chd'dp
xa hdi cd ddi khang giai
cA'p
ludn ciing cd va
bao vd cac quan he xa hdi, cac
Ipi
fch xa hdi cd Ipi cho giai cap thdng tri.
Trong cac nha nUdc dd, nhAn dAn lao ddng bj gat ra ngoai cdng vide quan ly
nha nude.
Ngupe
lai, nha nude XHCN la td chiic
ciia
chfnh nhAn dAn lao ddng
de thuc hidn quydn luc
eiia mnih
trong
vice

bao vd thanh
qiia
each mang va
xAy dung xa hdi mdi. Didu dd duae the hidn cu the d nhung diem sau:
Mot la, TA't ca cac nha nudc kieu cu dcu dua trdn ca sd sd la che dd sd
hiiu tu nhAn ve tu lieu san xuat - dd la ca sd kinh te de ra che dp ngudi bdc lot
ngudi. Cdn ca sd kinh te
eiia
nha nudc XHCN la che dp sd
hu'u
cdng cdng vd
cac tu
hdu
san xuA't chu yd'u - dd la dieu kien tidn quyd't de xoa bd che dp
ngudi bdc lot ngudi.
Hai la, cung nhu mpi kidu nha nudc khac trong
Ijch
sir,
nha nudc
XHCN cd
Ifnh
chat chung la bd
may Iran
ap. Nhung khac vdi nha nudc
ciia
giai cap bdc
Idt,
nd chi thuc hidn
Iran
ap ddi vdi mot thidu sd dan cu la giai

cap bdc lot va phuc vu quyen lai
ciia
da sd nhan dan lao ddng. Ld nin
viet:
Chuyen chfnh vd san khdng phai chi la bao luc ddi vdi bon bdc lot
va cung khdng phai
chii
yd'u la bao luc. Ca sd kinh te
ciia
bao luc
each mang dd, cai bao dam
sue
sdng va
IhAng Ipi
cua nd, chfnh la
18
vide giai cA'p vd san du'a ra dupe va thu'e hidn dupe kieu to chiic xa
hdi vd lao ddng cao ban, so vdi chu nghTa tu ban. Day la diem
ehii
yd'u ciia vA'n de. Do dd ma cd luc lupng, ma bao dam dupe thAng Ipi
hoan toan va tat nhidn cua
ehii
nghTa cdng san [35,
Ir,15-16].
Sd
dl,
d dAy Ld nin sir dung thuat
ngir
chuyen
chfnii

vd san ma khdng
dung nha nude XHCN bdi
vi
vd thuc chat, nha nude XHCN chfnh la nen
chuydn chinh eiia giai cap vd san. Giai
cA'p
vd san trong eude dA'u tranh giai
cap cua minh lanh dao toan
th^
nhAn dAn lao ddng gianh chfnh quyen, thid't lap
chfnh quydn nha nude cua
minh,
dung chfnh quyen dd de
Iran
ap su phan
khang, sU quay trd lai vii dai chfnh trj cua nhu'ng giai cap thdng tri cu, ddng
thdi giai cap vd san va nhAn dAn lao ddng cung sir dung chfnh quydn dd lam
cdng cu
d^
xAy
dung xa hdi mdi.
Mac du khdng mdt
Ifin
nao
sir
dung thuat ngu "nha nudc
ciia
dAn, do
dAn, vi dAn" nhung quan diem trdn eiia Ld nin the hidn rd tu tudng vd mdt nha
nude tA't ca

vl
muc dfeh phuc vu nhAn dAn. Ngay khi giai cap vd san viia gianh
dupe chfnh
quydn,
Ld nin da xac dinh nhidm vu ca ban,
lAu
dai - nhidm vu
hao
dam
su'c sdng vd thdng lai cua nhd nudc chuyen chinh vo son tuc nhd
nudc
XHCN,
do
Id
dua ra
dugc
vd thuc hien
dugc
kieu to chuc xd hoi ve lao
dong cao han so vdi CNTB, tuc nhiem vu to chuc, xdy dung xd hoi mdi.
Bat
cii
nha nUde nao cung ddu cd va phai thuc hidn chirc nang xa hdi -
dd la ca sd
d^
cac nha nudc thuc hidn chiic nang
ihdng
trj chfnh tri
ciia
nd.

Nhung chiic nAng xa hdi
eiia
nha nudc XHCN khac vd can ban so vdi chirc
nang xa hdi cua cac nha nudc da tirng tdn tai trudc dd trong Ijch sir. PhAn bidt
chiic nang xa hdi cua nha nude XHCN vdi cac kieu nha nude
Irii'dc
dd vd mat
td ehii'c lao ddng xa hoi, Ld nin cho rang:
T6
chiic lao ddng cua che dp phong kien du'a vao ky
kuit
roi vpt, vao
tinh trang ngu mupi va bj de nen ddn cung cue
ciia
ngudi lao ddng
bj mdt
nhiim
dja
chii
cudp bdc khinh
khi.
To chiic lao ddng xa hdi
19
•'» eiia chii
nghTa tu ban dua vao ky luat ddi; va mac du mpi tid'n bd ma
nen van boa tu san va dAn chu tu san da thuc hidn dupe, quang dai
quan chiing lao ddng, ngay ca trong nhu'ng
nUde
cdng hoa vAn minh
va dAn ehii tidn tid'n nhat, ciing vAn la mot dam quan chiing ngu

mudi va bj de nen, nhung ngudi nd Id lam thud hoac ndng dAn bj
mdt nhiim tu ban ap birc cudp bdc va khinh khi. To chuc lao ddng
xa hdi cua
chii
nghTa cdng san ma budc dau la
chii
nghTa xa hdi,
thi
dua vao va se ngay
cang
dUa vao mdt ky luat tu giac va tu nguydn
ciia chfnh ngay nhung ngudi lao ddng, nhiing ngudi da be gAy gong
cijm
cua bpn dia chu va
tuban"
[35,
tr.ldj.
Theo quan didm trdn dAy, mac
dii
deu thuc hidn chiic nang xa hdi,
nhung
ehii'e
nang xa hdi cua nha nudc phong kien va nha nude tu san, xet ddn
ciing dupe thuc hidn trdn ca sd ap dat nhung ky luat bAt budc eiia nha nude ddi
vdi nhAn dAn, dua vao
tinh
trang kem hieu bidt eiia ngudi dAn, vao chfnh
sach
ngu dAn cua giai cap thdng trj bdc lot thdng qua bd may nha nudc. Nhu vay,
vd

hinh
thiic, cac nha nude dd cung lam nhidm vu phuc vu nhAn dAn va xa hdi,
tuy nhidn cudi cung, tA't ca nhirng didu dd chi hudng tdi muc dfeh thuc su va
cao nhA't la bao vd trAt tu xa hdi ngudi bdc lot ngudi, bao vd
Ipi
fch cua
giai cap bdc lot, thdng trj, nghTa la ve thuc chat nhiing nha nudc dd khdng
the va khdng bao gid cd the la nha nudc
ciia
dAn, do dAn,
vi
dAn.
Mat khac, mac
dii
tran ap la rat can thid't trong giai doan chuydn
chfnh vd san, nhung dd khdng phai la muc
dfeh
chfnh, ca ban cua nha
nudc XHCN ma muc dfeh va nhidm vu chfnh
eiia
nd la sang lao va xAy
dung xa hdi mdi. Trong tac pham "Tuydn ngdn
ciia
Dang cdng san", ndi
vd
sir
khac bidt ban chat
ciia
nha nudc XHCN vdi nha nude
ur

san, Mac
vidt:
Giai cap vd san se diing u'u the chfnh trj
eiia minh
de tirng budc
mdt doat lay toan bd tu ban trong tay giai cap tu san, dc tap
20
trung tat ca nhung cdng cu san xuat vao trong tay nha nu'dc,
tiic
^• la
trong tay giai
cA'p
vd san da dupe td chiic thanh giai cap thdng
tri,
va dd tang sd lupng nhung luc lupng san
xuA'l Idn
hd't
siic
nhanh [40,
tr.626J;
Thay cho xa hdi tu san cu, vdi nhii'ng giai cap va ddi khang giai
cA'p
eiia
nd,
thi
mot thd lidn hpp xuat hidn, trong dd su phat trien
tu do cua mdi ngudi la didu kien cho sU phat trien tu do cua tA't
ca
mpi ngudi" [40, tr,628].
DAy la nhung tu tudng rat sdm cua Mac, da the hidn kha rd quan

diem vd mdt nha nude khac vd ban chat vdi cac kieu nha nude trude dAy -
kidu nha nude mang ban chat giai cap cdng nhan, nhung dai didn cho
Ipi
fch cua dai da sd nhung ngudi lao ddng, kidu nha nude
eiia
dAn, do dAn, vi
dAn. Tfnh chA't ciia dAn, do dAn,
vi
dAn
ciia
nha nude XHCN la mdt tat yd'u,
su tat yd'u dd bat ngudn tir ban chat cua phong trao vd san. Mac viet: "TA't
ca nhu'ng phong trao
Ijch
sii',
tu tru'dc ddn nay, dcu la do thidu sd thuc
hidn, hoac ddu muu
Ipi
fch cho thidu sd. Phong trao vd san la phong trao
ddc
lAp
cua khdi dai da so, mUu
Ipi
fch cho khdi dai da sd" [40,
lr.611
J,
Ba
Id,
khac vdi cac nha nude bdc lot, nha nude XHCN thuc hidn quydn
luc cua

minh
dUa trdn mdt ndn tang xa hdi rdng rai. Trudc dAy,
vide
thuc hidn
quydn luc cua nha nUde bdc lot chi dupe thdng qua mot nhdm nhd
eiia
xa hdi -
giai cap bdc
lot.
Vide thue hidn quydn
luc
dd chi bao vd va phuc vu
chii
yd'u
quydn
Ipi
va
Ipi
fch cua giai
cA'p
bdc lot. Ngupe lai, nha nu'dc XHCN, ngay
tii'
khi xuat hidn, vide thuc hidn quyen
lue
da
Ihudc
vc nhAn dAn lao ddng dudi
sir
lanh dao cua dang tidn phong
ciia

giai cap cdng nhan. Nha nudc XHCN la nha
nude can ban khac vd chA't so vdi cac nha nirdc bdc
Idt
d cac thdi dai trudc.
Cac nha nu'dc
ciia
cac giai
cA'p chii
nd, dia
ehii,
phong kien, tu san tuy cd khac
nhau vd
hinh
thii'c, nhu'ng ve ban chat chiing dcu la nha nudc quan
lidu,
thoai
hoa, chiing la cdng cu chi bao vd
Ipi
fch cho thicu sd giai cap thdng tri bdc lot
21
va nd hoan loan ddi
lAp
vdi toan thd nhAn dAn lao ddng. Ld nin ndi: "Nhu'ng
hinh thii'e cua cac nha nude tu san thi hd't su'c khac nhau, nhung thuc chA't
ehi
la mot: chung quy lai
thi
tat ea nhung nha nude Ay, vd luan the nao, cung tat
nhidn phai la ndn chuyen chfnh tu san", [32,
tr.314).

Nha nUde XHCN, vd ban
chA'l
la each mang, la ca quan quydn
lire
the hidn y chf
ciia
loan dAn. Nd
khdng chi the hidn
Ipi
ich cua giai
cA'p
cdng nhAn - giai cap thdng trj xa hdi va
lanh dao each mang, ma nd cdn bao vd
Ipi
fch
ciia
loan the quAn chiing nhAn
dAn lao ddng. Nha nude XHCN cd thd cd nhidu
hinh
thiic, nhung tA't ca nhiing
hinh
thiic dd ddu mang mdt ban chat duy nhat dd la ban chat giai cA'p cdng
nhAn, la ndn chuyen chfnh cua giai
ca'p
vd san. Ld nin cho rAng: "Budc chuydn
tir
ehii
nghTa tu ban sang
chii
nghTa cdng san, cd nhidn khdng the khdng dem

lai rat nhidu hinh thiic chinh trj khac nhau, nhung thuc chat eiia nhu'ng
hinh
thii'e ay tat nhidn se ehi la mdt,
tiic
la: chuydn chfnh vd san" [32,
tr.314].
Ddi vdi nha nu'dc XHCN, cai gi cd
Ipi
cho giai cap thdng tri thi cai dd
cd Ipi cho toan the nhAn dAn lao ddng, giai cap thdng trj va loan the xa hdi la
mdt. DAy chinh
la
nha nude cua dAn, do dAn,
vi
dAn - didu dd cd ca sd
ly luAn
iit
luan diem hat nhAn cua tac pham "Tuydn ngdn
eiia
Dang cdng san", (Ldi
tua cho ban tid'ng Anh
ciia
lac pham,
xuA'l
ban nam 1888 do Ang ghcn viet):
"Giai cap bi ap
biie
bdc lot - giai cap vd san, khdng edn cd the tu giai phdng
khdi
ach

cua giai cA'p bdc
Idt minh
- giai cap tu san, nd'u khdng ddng thdi va
vTnh vidn giai phdng toan xa hdi khdi ach bdc lot, ap
biic,
khdi
tinh
trang phAn
chia giai cap va dau tranh giai cap" [43,
lr.5231.
Theo quan diem
ciia
Ld nin, Nha nudc XHCN la nha nu'dc mang ban
cha't giai cap cdng nhAn, la nha nUde
eiia
dan, do dAn,
vi
dAn bdi
vi:
Nha nirdc XHCN dam bao dAn
chii
thii'c su cho toan the nhAn dAn lao
ddng. Ndi vd didu kien dd toan the nhAn dan lao ddng cd the tham gia quan ly
nha nudc, trd thanh ngudi chu
ihuc
su
ciia
qua trinh xAy du'ng chu nghia xa
hdi,
Ld nin cho rAng:

22
Chi khi nao cac
Xd-vicl
trd thanh bd may Nha nudc duy nhat, mdi
cd the thuc hidn dupe vide toan the quan chiing bj bdc lot -
tiic
la
nhung ngudi ma 90% trong so bp, dudi ndn dAn chu tu san van minh
va tu do nhat, vAn khdng
dupe
tham gia quan ly nha nude - thuc su
tham gia quan ly nha nude.
Chi
cd trong cac Xd-vid't, quan chiing bj
bdc
Idt
mdi bAt dau hoe tap - khdng phai trong sach vd ma qua kinh
nghidm thuc td'eua ban
ihAn
- xAy dung
chii
nghTa xa hdi, thid't lap
mot ky
luAt
xa hdi mdi, lap ndn khdi lidn minh tu do
eiia
nhu'ng
ngudi lao ddng
tudo
(3d, tr.228|.

Didu nay cd nghTa la trong nha nude XHCN dai da so quAn chiing nhAn
dAn lao ddng - nhiing ngudi khdng he dupe tham gia cdng vide quan ly nha
nudc trong cac xa hdi cd ddi khang giai cap tru'dc dAy ddu cd quydn va cd thd
thuc su tham gia cdng vide nha nUdc. Nhung dieu dd ciing khdng cd nghTa la
tat ca mpi ngudi ddu thuc te tham gia cdng vide quan ly nha nude
thi
chiing
ta se cd dAn chu thuc su. Mud'n tham gia cdng vide nha nude dupe, mdi ngudi
ph.ai
hoe tap, phai cd tri thiic thdng qua ly luan, sach vd va quan trpng hon la
thdng qua kinh nghidm thu'e td' cua ban than trong qua trinh tid'n hanh xAy
dung xa hdi mdi. Nhu vay, qua trinh nhan dAn tham gia cdng vide quan
ly
nha nude nhAm dam bao dAn
chii
thuc sU cho toan thd nhAn dAn lao ddng ehi
cd the thuc hidn dupe bAt dau va ddng thdi vdi cdng cupc xAy dung xa hdi
mdi - xa hdi XHCN, trong dd vai trd
eiia
nha nude XHCN la dac bidt quan
trpng
Nha nude XHCN cd ca chd' hpp ly bao dam cho nhAn dAn thuc su
tham gia quan ly nha nude, thuc su cd quyen
lua
chpn nhiing dai bieu
xiing
dang
ciia
minh
bfiu

vao cac ca quan quyen
lire
nha nu'dc; cd quydn,
cd kha nang va cd dieu kien thuc td' de kidm tra giam
Scit
cac can bd va
ca quan nha nUdc, bai
inidn
cac dai bieu do
inlnh
bau ra khi bp khdng
cdn xirng dang nira. Trong tac pham "Nha nude va each mang", Ld nin
23
rA't chii y dd'n vA'n dd kidm kd, kidm
soal
san xuA't va phAn phdi, vA'n dd
lam cho cac cdng vide dd ngay cang trd ndn dan gian va tA't ca mpi
ngudi ddu cd thd
l^n
luat dam nhan. Ld nin viet: "Dudi chd' dp xa hdi
ehii
nghTa, nhidu mat cua chd' dp dAn
chii
nguydn thuy tA't nhidn se sdng
lai,
vi
kin ddu
tidn trong Ijch sir
nliung
xa hdi van minh,

c|uAn
chiing
nhAn dAn vuan
Idn
tham gia mot each ddc lap khdng nhung vao vide bau
eir va tuydn
eir,
ma ca vao
vice
quan ly hang ngay niia." [34, tr, I43|.
Nha nude XHCN cd nhidm vu va cd didu kien de thi hanh cac bidn
phap kidn quyet khac phuc td quan lidu, cua quyen, nghidm trj nhiing thanh
phan thoai hoa bidn chat, vi pham quydn
lam
chu cua nhAn dAn; thuc hidn
cdng bang xa hdi va dAn
chii
boa ddi sdng xa hdi. Trong vA'n dd nay, Ld nin
chii
y nhidu tdi vide khac phuc
ehii
nghTa quan lieu trong nha nu'dc XHCN.
Phan tfeh
ihuc
chat
ciia chii
nghTa quan lidu, chi ra ngudn gdc
dfeh
thu'e
ciia

nd
la do:
Dudi chd' dp tu ban
chii
nghTa, dudi su thdng trj cua giai cap tu san
dan chii bj bd hep, bj de bep, bj
cAt
xen, bj bdp
meo
bdi hoan canh do
chd' dp nd
Id
lam thud va canh thidu thdn ban ciing
eiia
quan chiing
'^*
gAy ra,
VI le
dd va ehi
vi le
dd ma trong cac to chiic chfnh tri va cdng
doan cua chiing ta, vidn chiic bi hu hoa (hay ndi cho dung ban, cd xu
hudng bj
hii
hoa) bdi hoan canh tu ban chu nghia; ho cd xu hudng
bien thanh nhiing ngudi quan lidu, nghia la thanh nhiing nhAn vat cd
dac quydn, thoat ly quAn chiing va diing
Irdn
quAn chiing |34,
lr.l4l

(.
Nhu vAy Ld nin cho rAng thuc chat chu nghTa quan lidu la
sir
tha boa
eiia
bd phan vidn chiic nha nu'dc,
tu'
chd la nhung luc lupng
thciy
mat nhAn dAn, phuc
vu nhAn dan, ho dan trd thanh
lire
lupng diing trdn nhAn dan,
Ipi
dung chirc
nang phuc vu nhan dAn dd tid'n hanh nhung dac quyen, dac Ipi cho ban thAn
minh.
Ddng thdi, Ngudi chd'ng lai quan diem sai lam
ciia
Cau-xky cho rAng:
vi
vAn cd nhiing vidn chiic dupe bau ra, ndn dudi che dp XHCN vAn cdn quan lai