Nguyên nhân phát triển đạo Tin lành trong đồng bào dân tộc H''Mông ở một số tỉnh miền núi phía Bắc nước ta hiện nay và biện pháp khắc phục mặt tiêu cực

BO
GIAO
DUG VA DAO TAO
DAI HOC QUOC
GIA
HA
NOI
TRl/dNG
DAI HOC KHOA HOC XA HOI VA NHAN VAN
NGUYEN KHAC DUG
NGUYEN NHAN PHAT
TRIEN
DAO TIN LANH TRONG
DONG BAO DAN TOC
H'MONG
6
MOT
SO
TINH
MIEN
NUI PHIA
BAG
Nl/6C
TA
HIEN
NAY VA
BIEN
PHAP
KHAC PHUC MAT
TIEU ClTC
CUA NO

Chuyen nganh : Chu
nghla
duy vat bien
chung
va chu nghla duy vat
lich sur
Ma so : 5.01.02
LUAN VAN THAC SI KHOA HOC
TRIET
HOC
CAI KCCOUOC GiA
HA
NOi •
TRUHGTAMTHDHGT!N.T!!UV!C!i
Nguoi hudug
din khoa hoc
.JGS.TS.
Nguyin
Hitu Vui
Y,.
^Vj
HA NOI - 2001
CHtr
VIET TAT TRONG LUAN VAN
Chinh tri quoc gia
:
CTQG
Chii
nghia xa hoi : CNXH
Chii

nghia tu ban : CNTB
Ha noi : HN
Nha xuat ban : NXB
MUC LUC
Trang
Ma
dau
1
Chuang
1
Su*
phat trien dao Tin
lanh
trong dong bao dan toe H'mong
a
mot so
tinh
mien nui phia
Bac nude
ta va nguyen nhan 6
cua no
1.1.
Sir
phat trien dao Tin ianh
d
Viet Nam va d mot
so tinh
mien nui phia Bac
nude
ta 6

1.1.1.
Su phat trien dao Tin lanh
a
Viet Nam
6
1.1.2.
Qua
trinh
phat trien dao Tin lanh
a
mot so tinh mien nui
phia
Bdc nu6e
ta
o
1.1.3. Anh
hucmg
ciia dao Tin lanh trong dong bao dan toe
H'mong
a
mot so tinh
mi6n niii
phia
B^c
nuoc
ta
15
1.2. Nguyen nhan 21
1.2.1.
Ddi

song kinh te-xa hoi kho khan 21
1.2.2.
Tif
van de truyen dao va am muu
Igi
dung dao Tin lanh
25
eua eae the
lire thij dich
1.2.3.
Tix
dac diem
lieh
su va van hoa cua dan toe H'mong
31
1.2.4.
Su yen kem ciia he thong chinh tri lam cong lac ton giao
4\
Chuong
2
Nhfing
bien phap khac phuc mat tieu
circ ciia
dao Tin lanh
trong dong bao dan
toe
H'mong
d
mot so
tinh

mien nui
phia
Bac
nirdc
ta
47
2.1.
Nliumg
nguyen tac mang
tinh phuong
phap
luan
khi
gia!
quyet van de ton giao
47
2.1.1.
Giai quyet
vKn
de ton giao phai
gdn
lien
v6i
qua
trinh
cai
tao xa hoi cu,
x^y
dung xa hoi
mdi

AQ
2.1.2. Ton trong va bao dam
quydn tii
do tin nguong va khong
tin nguong cua nhan dan, dong
thdi
chong
Igi
dung ton giao
r-j
2.1.3.
Can phan biet mat chinh tri va tu
tuong
trong viec doi
xir
v6i
ton giao
^A
2.1.4.
Co quan diem lich
sir
CLI
the khi giai quyet van
dt
ton
gi^°
55
2.2.
Mot
so

bien phap chii yeu
56
2.2.1.
Phat trien kinh
te"
-
xa hoi, nang
cao
ddi song vat chat
ctia
dong bao H'mong
_^
30
2.2.2. Nang cao trinh do dan
tri
va van hoa ciia dong bao
H'mong
^^
2.2.3.
Cling
CO
va tang
cucmg
he thong chinh tri
co
s6,
quan
tarn den van de can bo lam cong tac ton giao
«
Ket luan

Danh muc tai lieu tham khao
76
M6DAU
1.
Tinh
cap thiet cua de tai
Ton giao la mot van de
phiic
tap, nhay cam va c6 lich su ton tai
lau
ddi. Da
CO
thdi
ky
ngucfi
ta cho
r^ng
ton giao se chet di ciing
v6i
su phat trien ciia khoa
hoc ky thuat, nhung thuc te
lai
khac. Ben canh su phat trien manh me cua khoa
hoc va cong nghe, trong vai thap ky gan day ton giao dang c6 xu
hudng
phat trien
trd
lai
6
mot so khu vuc. Su phat trien

trd
lai ciia ton giao, mot mat khang dinh
siic
song tu than
ciia
no la su dap ung nhu
c^u
tinh than cua con ngu5i. Mat khac,
su phat trien do da gay nen
nhi^u
bien doi tieu cue trong
ddi
song xa hoi cua
chung ta.
Ton giao va dan toe cung la nhan to
thuong
xuyen bi cac the
luc
chinh tri
Igi
diing
trong
nhi6u
cuoc xung dot giua cac dan toe hien nay.
Di6u
do cang lam
tang them tinh phuc tap cua cac cugc xung dot, tac dong tieu cue den tien trinh
hoabinh
the gidi.
O

nu6c
ta trong
nhixng
nam gan day,
ciing
v6i su doi m6i sau
sdc
tren moi
linh
vuc ciia dcri song xa hoi,
dM
song ton giao, tin nguong cung phat trien. Co
the nhan thay bieu hien cua no,
trudc
het la su gia tang boat dong
ciia
cac ton
giao,
ciia cac tin d6 cac ton giao va nhan dan noi chung, gia tang cua cac hinh
thiic
nghi
11
ton giao, tang cucmg tu tao, xay cat co so vat chat ton giao, tin
nguong Nhung su thay d6i do trong doi song tinh than xa hoi la su phan anh
nhu can tam linh, nhu
c^u
ton giao
ciia
quan
chiing

nhan dan can thiet dugc dap
ling.
Tuy nhien, neu khong dugc
huang
din,
quan
ly
thi no lai la nguyen nhan
gay nen nhirng bat on trong
d6i
song xa hoi.
Nhin chung boat dong ciia cac ton giao
a
nude ta hien nay
diln
ra theo
chieu
hudng
tuan
thu phap
luat,
cac ton giao
g^n
bo
v6i
dan toe. Tuy nhien, van
de ton giao cung
thucfng
xuyen bi cac the luc thu dich
Igi

dung de thuc hien am
muu chong pha
each
mang
nu6c
ta,
tijr
do tao ra nhung vu viec
phiic
tap trong mot
so ton giao, trong do co dao Tin lanh.
Dao tin lanh la mot ton giao
16n
tren the gidi. Mac
dia mdi
vao Viet Nam
khoang 100 nam, nhung da phat trien manh tren mot dien rong trong ca
nu6c.
Dac biet su phat tren khong binh
thucmg
cua ton giao nay
d
cac
tinh mi6n niii
phia
Bdc nude
ta trong
thdi
gian
g^n

day da va dang tao ra
nhiJng
hau qua tieu
cue tren
nhi6u linh
vuc
ciia
ddi song xa hoi dong bao cac dan toe
a
day, trong do
noi bat nhat la dan toe H'mong. Tin lanh da thuc su
len loi
sau vao tan cac ban
lang
xa xoi heo lanh
ciia
dong bao cac dan toe thieu so. Vi vay, nghien
ciJu
tinh
hinh phat trien
ciia
dao Tin lanh trong vung dong bao dan
toe
H'mong
a
khu vuc
nay, ban nua la tim ra nguyen nhan cua su phat trien va giai phap de giai quyet
tinh hinh do,
hofn
bao

gid
het
vSn
la nhung van de thdi su, mang tinh cap thiet ca
ve ly
lu£in
va thuc
tiln.
Dua tren ca sd do, toi da manh dan
lua
chon van
d6
tren day lam
d6
tai luan
van thac sy triet hoc ciia minh.
2.
Tinh
hinh nghien
ciili
de tai
Trong thdi gian qua d
nude
ta da cd rat nhieu cong trinh nghien
cuxi \6
dao tin
lanh, ke ca
nhiing
cong trinh nghien
cixu

ve nhiing van
dt
co ban
ciia
ton giao
nay. Cho den nay cd the neu ra mot sd di tai, bai viet chu yeu v6 dao Tin lanh va
dao Tin lanh d mot sd tinh phia
Bdc nude
ta sau day:
Tac pham
"
Ve vai trd cua dao tin lanh" cua Max Weber; "Hoi thanh tin lanh
mien nam" ciia
Ixoraca-Richared
Woff-
Sai gdn 1959; "Cac he phai tin lanh d
My" cua Bensons Y Lendis- New York 1986; "Dao tin lanh: Cac giao hoi va
nhiJng
bien the mdi nhat" va'Tin lanh Viet nam, trudc va sau 1975"- Mai Thanh
Hai:
Ton giao the gidi va Viet nam, NXB Cong an nhan dan, H.2000, tr 77,159;
"Dao tin lanh"- Ban ton giao
ciia
chinh
phii:
Mot sd ton giao d Viet nam (Tai lieu
tham khao
-
Luu hanh noi bg), H, 1995, tr 101; "Dao tin lanh d Viet nam"- Tong
cue

chinh tri: Mot sd hieu biet ve ton giao ton giao d Viet nam, NXB Quan doi
nhan dan, H. 1993, tr 165;
"Tim
hieu nhung he qua cua viec truyen giao tin lanh
ddi vdi van hoa truyen thong va tin
ngudng
ton giao Viet nam"-
Nguy6n
Xuan
2
Hiing,
T/C Nghien
ciiu
ton giao, Sd
1-2000,
tr
45;
"Budc dau tim hieu anh hudng
ciia dao tin lanh ddi vdi van hoa
truydn
thong d
viing
dong bao H'mong huyen
B^c
Ha"- Vi Hoang
B^e,
T/C Dan toe hoc, Sd
1-1997,
tr 42; "Su phat trien cua
dao tin lanh trong vung dong bao dan toe it ngudi d mot sd tinh

mi6n niii
phia
b^c
nude ta hien nay" - De tai khoa hoc cap bg, chii nhiem TS.
Nguydn Diic
Lir,
H 1999;
"V6
tinh hinh phat trien dao tin lanh d
midn niii
phia
Bdc
- Trudng Son -
Tay Nguyen" -
D6
tai khoa hgc cap bg,
chii
nhiem GS. Dang Nghiem Van , H
2000;
"Su phat tren
ciia
dao Tin lanh d cac tgc ngudi ban dia Lam Dong hien
nay: Van d6 va bien phap giai quyet" -
Biii
Trung Hung, Luan van thac sy khoa
hgc Triet hgc, H 1998 ; "Thuc trang dao Tin lanh tai thanh phd Ho Chi Minh va
nhixng
van de dat ra cho cong tac an ninh" - Nguyin The Hanh, Luan van thac sy,
H 2000; "Hien tugng truyen dao trai phep "Vang
Chii-Tin

lanh" d
viang
dong bao
H'mong phia
Bdc nude
ta" - Dang Van Hudng, luan van thac sy khoa hgc ton
7
giao,
H
2001;
" Anh hudng cua dao Vang
Chii-Tin
lanh ddi vdi dong bao dan tgc
Hmong d Ha Giang hien nay" - D6 Ky Hgp, luan van thac sy khoa hgc ton giao,
H 2001; " Qua trinh xam nhap va anh hudng cua dao Tin lanh d mot sd vung
dong bao Hmong tinh Son La-thuc trang va giai phap - Le Dinh Nghla, luan van
thac sy khoa hgc ton giao, H
2001

Nhin chung,
nhiing
cong trinh nghien
ciJu
tren day da neu len dugc nhiing
noi dung ca ban ve dao Tin lanh va dao Tin lanh d Viet Nam. Han niia, cac ket
qua nghien
ciiu
dd da
d6
cap tuang ddi sau ve thuc trang phat trien

ciia
dao Tin
lanh va nhiing van de lien quan den su phat trien
ciia
no trong dong bao dan tgc
H'mong d mot sd tinh phia
Bdc nude
ta, nhu Ha Giang, San La, Lai Chau Dong
thdi
nhiing
cong trinh nay cung da phan tich nguyen nhan va bien phap giai quyet
va'n
di dao Tin lanh d khu vuc nay. Tuy nhien, viec tap trung nghien
ciiu
de tim
hieu
nhiing
nguyen nhan phat trien cua dao Tin lanh va tren ca sd dd neu ra
nhiing
giai phap de'
khdc
phuc nhiing anh hudng tieu cue
ciia
nd trong dong bao
dan tgc H'mong d khu vuc nay thi con chua day
dii
va chua mang tinh he thdng,
do dd
cAn
tiep tuc dugc nghien

ciiu.
3.
Muc dich, nhiem vu va pham vi nghien
cuii
cua luan van
* Muc dich
Tim
hieu nguyen nhan phat trien cua dao Tin lanh va nhiing bien phap
chii
yeu
nh^m
khac phuc anh hudng tieu cue cua nd trong viing dong bao dan tgc
H'mong d mot sd tinh
mi6n niii
phia Bac
nude
ta.
*
Nhiem vu
- Trinh bay khai quat
v6
dao Tin lanh d Viet Nam va tinh hinh phat trien cua
dao Tin lanh d mot sd
tinh
mien
niii
phia Bac
nude
ta; anh hudng
ciia

dao tin lanh
den ddi sdng xa hoi ddng bao dan tgc H'mong d khu vuc nay.
- Neu len
nhiing
nguyen nhan chinh ciia su phat trien
ciia
dao Tin lanh trong
vung dan tgc H'mong d mot sd
tinh mi6n niii
phia Bac
nude
ta.
- De xuat
nhixng
giai phap chu yeu de ban che
nhiing
anh hudng tieu
cue
ciia
dao Tin lanh trong
viing
dan tgc H'mong d mot sd tinh
miin niii
phia Bac nude ta.
*
Pham vi nghien
ciiu
Di tai tap trung nghien
ciiu
nguyen nhan phat trien dao Tin lanh trong viing

dan tgc H'mong d mot sd tinh mien
niii
phia Bac nude ta va nhixng bien phap chu
yeu nham khac phuc mat tieu cue ciia nd.
4.
Ca sd ly luan va
phuong
phap nghien
cihi
* Ca sd ly luan
- Quan diem
ciia
chii nghia Mac-Lenin va tu tudng Ho Chi Minh ve ton giao;
chii truang, chinh sach ciia dang va nha
nude
ta ve ton giao.
- Ke
thufa
va phat trien nhiing cong trinh nghien
euru
da dugc cong bd cd lien
quan den de tai luan van.
*
Phuang phap nghien
ciiu
De tai dugc thuc hien chii yeu dua tren cac phuang phap duy vat bien chiing
va duy vat lich six. Ngoai ra con
sir
dung mot sd phuang phap cu the khac, nhu
phuang phap khai quat hoa, triiu tugng hoa, phuang phap lich six-logic, phuang

phap phan tich-tong hgp, phuang phap so sanh, dieu tra, khao sat
5. Dong gop mdi cua luan van
Trinh bay mot
each
cd he thdng
nhixng
nguyen nhan phat trien dao Tin lanh
trong viing ddng bao dan tgc H'mong sd d mot sd tinh mien nui phia Bac nude ta
hien nay va bien phap chu yeu de khac phuc mat tieu cue ciia nd.
6. Gia tri thuc
ti^n
ciia luan van
- Luan van cd the lam tai lieu tham khao trong nghien
ciiu
va giang day ly
luan khoa hgc vi tin nguong, ton giao.
- La tai lieu tham khao cho can bg lam cong tac ton giao d ca sd.
7. Ket cau cua luan van
Ngoai phan md dau, ket luan, phu luc va danh muc tai lieu tham khao, luan van
gdm 2 chuang 4 tiet.
Chirang
1
Si;
PHAT TRIEN DAO TIN LANH TRONG DONG BAO DAN
TOC
H'MONG
6
MOT SO TINH MIEN NUI PHIA BAC
NlTClC
TA VA

NGUYEN NHAN CUA NO
1.1.
Sir
PHAT TRIEN DAO TIN LANH 6 VIET NAM VA
6
MOT
SO TINH MIEN NUI PHIA
BAC
NU^dC
TA
1.1.1.
Sir
phat trien dao Tin lanh d Viet Nam
Dao Tin lanh la mot ton giao ra ddi d chau Au the ky XVI trong cugc cai
each
ton giao,
gan
lien vdi nhixng nhan vat tieu bieu la Martin Luther va Jean Calvin.
Hien nay dao Tin lanh la mot ton giao quoc te
Idn thii
ba tren the gidi(sau Cong
giao va Hoi giao), cd mat d hau het cac khu vuc tren the gidi, trong dd tap trung
chii yeu d cac nude cong nghiep phat trien.
Ngay tii cudi the ky XIX, nhiing nha
truydn
giao cua to
chiic
Lien hiep Phuc
dm va Truyen giao (CMA) da chu y den Viet nam va khu
vixc

Dong Duong nham
muc dich phat trien dao.
Nam
1911,
CMA
cix
ba muc su: R.A.Jaffray, P.M.Husler, va G.L.Hughes tii
Trung Quoc vao Da
NSng
bat dau truyen dao. Ngudi theo dao Tin lanh dau tien
la
dng
Hoang Trgng Thiia, cong
chiic
va ong trd thanh muc su ngudi Viet nam
dau tien nam 1922.
Nam 1918, CMA lap nam chi hoi d Bac ky, 6 chi hoi d Trung ky va 5 chi
hoi d Nam ky, tap hgp trong mot to chiic mang ten " Hoi thanh Tin lanh Dong
phap"
( Mission Evangelique de L' Indochine francaise -
MEI
). Nam 1927, Hoi
thanh Tin lanh Dong Phap hgp dai hoi ddng
Ian thii
IV tai Da Nang bau ra Ban tri
su Tong lien hoi Hoi thanh Tin lanh Viet nam do muc su Hoang Trgng Thiia lam
hoi trudng.
Sau dd, dao Tin lanh tiep tuc phat trien ra khap cac viing trong ca
nude
ta:

Nam 1932, CMA truyen giao Tin lanh len viing dan tgc thieu sd d Tay nguyen.
6
Nam 1933 giao hoi Ca ddc phuc lam vao
truy6n
giao. Den nam 1945 ca nude cd
khoang 40 000 tin dd. Nam 1954 cd 60 000
tin
do, khoang 80 muc su, tru sd
chung dat d sau chg Hang Da (ngay nay la sd 2 Ngo Tram), Ha Noi.
Sau hiep dinh Geneve (1954), dao Tin lanh d hai
mi6n
cd
six
khac nhau.
O
mi^n
Bac sd dong tin dd va muc su
chay
vao Nam, ca quan Tong lien hoi cung
chuyen vao Sai Gdn, chi con lai nam nghin tin dd va muai muc su, giang su. Nam
1955,
nhixng tin dd, giao sy
edn
lai d
mi6n
Bac da lap ra mot to chiic rieng la Hoi
thanh Tin lanh Viet nam (
Mi6n
Bac ), vdi dudng hudng
vira

boat dong ton giao,
vira
boat dong yeu
nude
cho den ngay nay.
O miin Nam, nhixng nam
1954
- 1975, trong
diiu
kien cugc chien tranh xam
luge ciia
My, dao Tin lanh phat trien manh me. Tin lanh ra
siic ciing
cd, md rgng
he thdng to chiic ca sd ton giao, ca sd kinh te, van hoa, xa hoi md rgng pham
vi truyen dao ra nhieu dia ban, nhat la d Tay Nguyen. Hoi lien hiep Phiic
am
va
Truyen giao My dat ban mot ban tri su d Sai gdn de chuyen
lo giiip
Tin lanh Viet
Nam ve kinh phi, phuang tien truyen thong, huan
luyen
dao tao giao sy, to chiic
di tham quan nghien
ciiu
d cac nude. Vi mat to
ehiic,
Tong lien hoi Hoi thanh
Tin lanh Viet Nam chinh

thiic
md dai hoi tai Sai Gdn, nhanh chong hoan chinh to
chiic ba cap: tong lien hoi, cac dia hat, cac chi hoi ca sd. Cac ca sd dao tao giao
sy dugc ciing cd va md rgng. Trudng kinh thanh Da NSng dugc chuyen vao Nha
Trang, nang len thanh cap dai hgc vdi ten ggi mdi
la
" Thanh kinh than hgc vien";
md them hai trudng thanh kinh d Da
lat
va Buon Ma Thugt chuyen dao tao muc
su va giang su ngudi Thugng (Tay nguyen va Nam Trudng San).
Day cung la
liic
cac giao hoi Tin lanh khac nhau d My tich cue sang Viet
Nam phat trien chi nhanh.
Cimg
vdi cac he phai CMA, Ca ddc phuc lam, cdn cd
ban hai muai giao hoi khac ciia Tin lanh, chii yeu la eua My vao truyen giao. Dd
la cac he phai nhu Bap-tit, Trudng
lao,
Ngu tuan, Chiing nhan Gie-ho-va, Men-
no-nai, Quay-ca, Hoan cau Khai tugng (Worid Vision), Thanh kinh hoi, Vien
ngon ngii
miia
he, Ca quan xa hoi Tin lanh chau A, Tin lanh Phap, Tin lanh Han
Quoc
Den nam 1975, Hoi thanh Tin lanh mien Nam phat trien thanh mot to chiic
Idn
nhat vdi khoang 250 nghin tin dd, 800 muc su va truyen dao, 7 dia hat vdi
ban 400 chi hoi, 500 nha tbd.

Sau nam
1975,
ciing vdi
six
that bai cua My, nguy d mien nam, boat dong ciia
dao Tin lanh giam
siit
ro ret, tham chi d nhieu nai Tin lanh dudng nhu chua tung
ton tai.
Nhung nhiing nam gan day dao Tin lanh lai dang phat trien trd lai, dac biet
la d Tay Nguyen, Trudng San, va cac tinh
mi6n niii
phia Bac nude ta. Theo ket
qua tong dieu tra dan sd va nha d toan
qudc(4-1999),
hien nay
nude
ta cd 410134
ngudi theo dao Tin lanh.
1,1.2.
Qua
trinh
phat trien dao Tin lanh d mot sd tinh mien
niii
phia
Bac
nirdc
ta
Cho den nay ggi hien tugng ton giao dugc truyen vao ddng bao dan tgc thieu
sd d mot sd tinh mien

niii
phia Bac nude ta la dao Tin lanh hay dao Vang
Chif
van
cd
nhieu
y kien khac nhau.
Theo chiing toi, khi mdi vao viing ddng bao H'mong thi ton giao nay dugc
ggi vdi ten Vang
Chit
vi nd gan bd mat thiet vdi tin
ngudng truyln
thdng
ciia
ddng bao. Nhung cang ve sau thi noi dung Tin lanh cang bieu bien ro ret, ve ddi
tugng ton thd, ve kinh thanh, nghi
li
cua dao Tin lanh Dieu dd cd nghia la, ve
ban chat "Vang
Chii"
chinh la Tin lanh. Vi vay trong luan van nay chiing toi
manh dan ggi ten la dao Tin lanh,
diing
nhu quan diem
ciia
Dang ta ve van de
nay trong ke
boach
184B(1999), thong bao
255/TW(1999),

tong ket nghi quyet
24 sd
OIBC/BCD ciia
Bg Chinh tri.
Ve su phan chia cac giai doan phat trien ciia dao Tin lanh trong ddng bao
H'mong d mot sd tinh phia Bac nude ta hien nay van cdn cd nhiing quan diem
8
khac nhau. Chiing toi nhat tri vdi quan diem chia qua trinh phat trien
ciia
dao Tin
lanh d khu vuc nay lam ba giai doan chii yeu sau day:
Giai doan
thic
nhat,
1986'1987:
Day la thdi ky bat dau qua trinh xam nhap
cua dao Vang
Chii
vao ddng bao H'mong.
Nam 1987, dao Vang
Chii
bat dau xam nhap vao huyen Song Ma tinh San
La. Qua trinh xam nhap dao Vang
Chii
d day bat dau tii boat dong
ciia
Thao Ba
Hu. Nam 1986, gia dinh Hu cd con dm chiia mai khong khdi, sau khi nghe dai
Manila( hay dai FEBC, phat
tCr

Philipin) va
Idi
tuyen truyen ciia nhiing ngudi di
buon tir Yen Bai den, nen Hu da cung bai ngudi H'mong d day sang nha thd
Tram Tau(Yen Bai) gap
Siing Bla
Gidng de hgc "Cach ciing mdi". Gidng da day
hg hat thanh ca, dgc kinh thanh bang chii H'mong La tinh, cac nghi le hanh dao
va cung cap mot sd tranh anh
chiia
Gie su Sau khi trd ve 15 ngay, Hu bd ban
thd to tien, treo anh chiia va dgc kinh theo hudng
dSn
ciia nha thd. Thang 5-1986,
Hu da van dong dugc trudng ban ddng y cho truyen dao trong dan ban va da cd
8/17 bg trong ban tin theo, cudi nam 1986 len den 16/17 hg, va bat dau
Ian
ra cac
ban H'mong trong toan xa.
Tii San La, dao Vang
Cbii
phat trien sang cac xa
ciia
huyen Dien Bien-Lai
Chau. O cac xa nay cd
183
hg theo Vang
Chii.
Nhirng
ke cam dau den truyen dao

la Hang Chii Va va Hang A Dy d xa Phi
Nhir.
Chiing
Igi
dung trinh do dan tri
tha'p,
phong tuc tap quan lac hau, ddi sdng kinh te' khd khan
ciia
ddng bao de
tuyen truyen
liia
bip, ep bugc nhan dan tin theo Vang
Chii.
Qua trinh phat trien dao Tin lanh d Ha Giang bat dau tii boat dong ciia mot
sd phan tix cam dau d dia phuang. Chiing da tu tap mot bg phan quan chiing nhan
dan nghe dai Manila phat bang
tie'ng
H'mong de
kich
dong ddng bao theo dao.
Ddng thdi, nhixng ten cam dau nhu Ma Seo Chao, Trang A Vang, Ma Seo Bay,
Giang A Chiing da
true
tiep den nha thd
xii
Tuyen Quang, Yen Bai, Lao Cai va
Tong hoi thanh Tin lanh mien Bac de hgc hoi ve
each
thiic truyen dao.
Qua trinh truyen dao d giai doan nay noi len mot sd dac diem nhu sau:

- Luc
lugng
truyen dao
Igi
dung
six
ban che ve nhan thiic,
six
me tin ciia ddng
bao de truyen dao. Hg bia dat ra nhung cau truyen hoang dudng, thong qua
truyen mieng gay tam ly hoang mang, lo sg
ciia
ddng bao de tap hgp quan chiing
phat trien tin dd. Noi dung truyen dao d giai doan nay xung quanh ngudn tin: den
nam 2000 trai dat se no tung, trdi se sap va mgi ngudi se chet.
Liic
dd ne'u ai theo
Vang
Chii
thi se dugc
ciiu
sdng vi cd canh bay dugc len trdi, cdn ai khong theo se
bi chet bet.
6
tren trdi ngudi theo Vang
Chii
se dugc sdng sung sudng, khong lam
ciing cd an va chet rdi se sdng lai. Chiing cdn ndi: Khi nao vua sap ra, tai ca
khong ai dugc ra khdi nha, phai chuan bi mang
quSn

ao dai trang de don vua.
Liic
dd trdi se toi 3 ngay 3 dem, sau dd xuat bien 7 con rdng phun
nude
xudng khu
vuc huyen Sin Ho. Dd la
liic
Vang
Chii
ddn ngudi H'mong len trdi. Chiing tung
tin
hii
doa, nam 2000 se cd nan hong thuy, ai theo dao se dugc chiia
ciiu
vdt
Noi dung tuyen truyen nhu vay thuc
six
la hoang dudng, me tin, song do ddng bao
H'mong vdn dan tri tha'p, nhieu phong tuc lac hau, nang dau dc
me
tin va ddi
sdng cd nhieu khd khan
nen
hg da tin theo.
- Viec truyen dao chu
ye'u
thong qua phuang thiic truyen mieng,
viXa
bi mat,
viia cong khai; truyen dao thong qua dai FEBC.

Nhiing ngudi truyen dao Tin lanh d giai doan nay viXa cong khai, lai viia bi
mat, Chiing truyen dao bi mat cho ba con, giii kin ddi vdi can bg, nhat la can bg
xa, huyen. Chiing truyen dao cong khai thudng vao ban dem, tir 9 gid den 1-2 gid
sang.
Thu doan truyen dao la, mot sd ngudi cam dau to chiic nghe chuang trinh phat
thanh
ciia
dai FEBC rdi ghi am, sau dd di tdi cac ban md cho nhieu ngudi nghe,
ket hop vdi truyen mieng, tung tin lira bip, de doa lam cho nhan dan nua tin nua
ngd nen nhieu ngudi do sg ma theo.
Giai doan
thu:
hai,
1988-1991:
Dac diem chinh ciia giai doan nay la
six
phat
trien cua dao Tin lanh
Ian
rgng ra d hau bet cac tinh mien
niii
phia Bac, ddng
10
thdi xay ra tinh trang ddng bao khiing hoang niem tin va tim den nha thd Cong
giao.
Nam 1988, dao Vang
Chii
tiep tuc dugc truyen vao hai xa Ang Ta va Mudng
Thin ciia huyen Tuan Giao-Lai Chau. Tiep dd nam 1989, dao nay phat trien rat
nhanh, cung mot

liic
vao ba huyen Sin Ho, Mudng Te va Phong Tho. Chi trong
vdng 3 tuan le ciia thang 10-1989, d huyen Sin Ho da cd
11
xa vdi 29 ban va 533
hg theo Vang
Chii.
Den nam 1990, dao Vang
Chii
phat trien sang huyen Mudng
Lay. Chi sau vai nam truyen dao, den cudi nam 1990, toan tinh Lai Chau cd
1159
hg d 75 ban cua 32 xa thugc 6/7 huyen theo Vang
Chii.
Den nam 1991-1992, dao
Tin lanh d Lai Chau cd chieu hudng suy giam. Den thdi diem nay chi cdn 3
huyen, 3 xa, 5 ban va 143 bg theo Vang
Chii.
Trong giai doan nay, d Lao Cai noi len
six
viec ciing ddn Vang
Chii
trong
ddng bao dan tgc H'mong. Dau tien bien tugng nay
diln
ra d ba huyen la Bao
Yen, Bac Ha va Bao Thang, sau dd phat trien sang cac huyen Van Ban, Sa Pa, Bat
Sat va Than Uyen. Theo bao cao cua Ban Ton giao va Dan tgc tinh Lao Cai, de'n
thang 6-1998 cd 14 034 ngudi H'mong va 165 ngudi Dao theo Tin lanh.
Liic

dau ngudi H'mong dugc nghe tuyen truyen Vang
Chii
qua dai FEBC, va
sau dd dugc mot sd ngudi H'mong tii Ha Giang den tuyen truyen, trong sd dd cd
Sung Seo Pao. Pao da de'n chai nha anh re la Giang Seo Cau(Bao Yen-Lao Cai),
tai day Pao da tuyen truyen ve Vang
Chii
va tap hgp dugc mot sd ddi tugng khac
nhu Hoang Te'ch Giao,
Lii
Seo Gidng,
Lii
Seo Chau de tuyen truyen Vang
Chii
sang cac viing xung quanh. Chi trong mot thdi gian ngan da cd gan 2000 hg,
khoang 6000 ngudi H'mong dang ky theo Vang
Chii
[9].
Tir
nam
1991,
do cd
six
hudng dan
giiip
dd
ciia
giao hoi Cong giao, cac ddi tugng di truyen dao da cong
khai tuyen truyen, loi keo ngudi H'mong di theo "con dudng
mdi"(thixc

chat la
Cong giao). Vi vay, nhixng ngudi H'mong trudc day theo Vang
Chii
nay chuyen
sang theo dao Cong giao.
11
Su phat trien cua ton giao trong ddng bao H'mong San La giai doan nay ngay
mot gia tang va cd tinh chat dot bien. Trong thon ban
Ian
truyen du luan "Vua
H'mong sap ve, ngudi H'mong cd vua Vang
Chii-cd
Vuang chii, vua ve ngudi
Hmong se cd dat d rieng ". Luc nay dao Tin lanh phat trien nhanh la do boat
dong tuyen truyen kich dong manh me cua luc lugng truyen dao thong qua dai
FEBC va tuyen truyen mieng, ddng thdi do
six
tac dong cua nhung thien tai xay ra
trong viing ddng bao. Nhixng "thira tac vien" truyen dao tich
cue
phai ke de'n
Thao Ba Hu, Hd A Phenh(huyen Song Ma); Hang A Dua, Vang A Va (Mudng
La);
Giang A Thao, Vang A Dau (Quynh Nhai) Tinh den cudi nam 1991, cd
167 hg vdi khoang gan 2000 ngudi H'mong theo dao d 12 xa, 5 huyen trong tinh.
[14.4]
Nhiing nam 1989-1990, boat dong truyen dao Tin lanh trai phep da xua't hien
d cac huyen Bac Quang, Xin Man, Bac Me(Ha Giang). De'n cudi nam 1991, dao
Tin lanh da
Ian

rgng ra nhieu xa cua cac huyen Bac Quang, Hoang Su Phi, Xin
Man.
Cung nhu d mot sd tinh khac, dao Tin lanh xuat hien d Yen Bai vao cudi
nam 1989, dau nhiing nam 1990 do
six
du nhap dao tii tinh Lao Cai.
Six
du nhap
dd gan lien vdi qua trinh di dich cu dan
ciia
ngudi H'mong theo dao Tin lanh d
huyen Bao Yen-Lao Cai den xa Lang Thip va Chau Que' Thugng thugc huyen
Van
Yen-Yen
Bai. Khi mdi den Van Yen hg khai bao la theo dao Cong giao,
nhixng de'n nam 1992 hg lam don xin theo dao Tin lanh va cix dai dien xudng Hoi
thanh Tin lanh mien Bac xin kinh sach, bang ghi am va hgc dao.
Dac diem chii ye'u ciia giai doan nay la :
- Viec truyen dao Vang
Chii
gan vdi cac hien tugng thien tai xay ra vao thdi
diem nay, ciing vdi truyen thdng "Vua ra", "ddn vua" ciia ngudi H'mong. Nam
1990,
d thi xa Lai Chau va huyen Mudng Lay da xay ra mot tran lii dng; nam
1991,
tai thi xa Son La, huyen Mai San, Mudng La, Song Ma (San La) da xay ra
tran
lu
quet lich
six,

da de lai hau qua he't
siic
nghiem trgng. Lgi dung nhixng thien
12
tai nay luc lugng truyen dao Vang
Chii
tuyen truyen : ne'u ai khong tin theo dao
nay se bi nude cudn troi, bi ho an thit nhu mgi ngudi da tung chiing kien.
"Xung vua", "vua ra" la hien tugng vira mang tinh the tuc, lai vira mang tinh
ton giao dien ra trong xa hoi truyen thdng
ciia
ngudi H'mong. Viec truyen dao
Vang
Chii
d giai doan nay gidng nhu cac vu Xung vua, ddn vua d vung cao trudc
day bdi tinh cha't
me
tin, lac hau cua nd, song cd diem khac nhau la hien tugng
me
tin da bat dau dugc gan vdi ton giao.
- Hoat dong truyen dao Vang
Chii
tir
chd
len
liit,
vira
bi mat, viia cong khai,
gan vdi me tin thi nay chuyen sang cong khai vie't dan, di gap cac cap chinh
quyen xin theo dao Thien chiia va dao Tin lanh.

Six
chuyen hudng nay cd lien
quan den viec da cd nhieu ngudi chuan bi cac hoat dong chd ddn Vang
Chii,
song
thuc te da lau khong thay xay ra. Do dd, mot sd ngudi chu dong tim den cac nha
tbd d Tan Chau (Bac Quang), Yen Bai, San Tay de bdi
ve
chiia Gie su, ve dao Ki
to,
nghia la hg xin theo dao va mudn hgc dao nay.
Vdi quan niem
vl
dao Cong giao thdng qua hgc bdi va it nhieu cd
six
tim
hieu ve chinh sach ton giao cua dang va nha
nude
ta, ngudi dan da viet dan, den
gap chinh quyen xin theo dao Cong giao. Tuy nhien, da sd cac nha thd Cong giao
chua chii dong ddn nhan.
Tuy hinh thiic chuyen sang Cong giao, song d giai doan nay, thuc chat
tir
tu
tudng den
each
lam
ciia
nhiing ngudi theo dao
van chii

yeu la tin theo Vang
Chii
dugc phat tren dai FEBC.
Giai doan thu ba,
tit 1992
den nay : Dao Tin lanh tiep tuc phat trien trong
ddng bao H'mong
Tii nam 1993 den nay, dao Tin lanh tiep tuc phat trien dot bien trong ddng
bao H'mong tinh Lao Cai nhd vao boat dong tich cue ciia luc lugng truyen giao,
va
six
giiip dd
true
tiep cua Hoi thanh Tin lanh mien Bac. Theo bao cao cua
tinh,
den cudi nam 1993 da cd 1746 hg vdi ban
11
000 ngudi H'mong dang ky theo
dao Tin lanh [12 ]. De'n thang 8-1999, trong toan tinh sd ngudi bi tuyen truyen loi
keo theo dao Tin lanh la 2234 hg vdi
13
229 nhan khau.
13
6
San La, cudi nam 1991 dau nam 1992, theo
chi dSn
ciia dai FEBC, Thao
Ba Hu va Vang Seo Lau da xudng Hoi thanh Tin lanh mien Bac va dugc muc su
Biii Hoanh Thii ddn tiep, cung ca'p cho nhieu
mSu

dan xin gia nhap dao Tin lanh,
ciing mot sd tai lieu, bang cat-xet tuyen truyen dao. Sau khi trd ve, hg cung vdi
nhiing phan tir tich
cue
khac da van dong ddng bao trudc day ngg nhan theo dao
Cong giao chuyen sang theo dao Tin lanh. Thang 3-1993, 10 nhan vat ngudi
Hmong khac lai ve sd
2-Ng6
Tram-Ha noi de hgc dao, Thang 2-1995, mot nhdm
7 ngudi do Vang A Vu(trudng dao d Mudng La) cam dau di xudng Ha noi de hgc
dao.
Thao Ba Hu da trd ve cac huyen Song Ma, Mai San, Thuan Chau va Mudng
La tuyen truyen phat trien dao. Tai sd
2-Ng6
Tram, cac "phan tix truyen dao" da
dugc muc su Bui Hoanh
Thir,
giang su Au Quang Vinh true tiep giang day, va
cung cap tai lieu, kinh sach
ve
dao Tin lanh. Theo sd lieu ciia Ban Dan van-Dan
tgc tinh uy, sd ngudi Hmong theo dao d mot sd thdi diem ciia giai doan nay nhu
sau :
Nam 1993 : cd 279 hg, 2005 ngudi d 26 ban, 12 xa, 5 huyen
Nam
1996
: cd
371
hg, 3022 ngudi d 57 ban, 24 xa, 7 huyen
Nam 1999 : cd 523 hg, 3719 ngudi d 77 ban, 28 xa, 7 huyen

Nam 2000
:
cd 652 hg, 4030 ngudi theo dao [13.3 ]
Tii dau nam 1993, tinh hinh phat trien dao Tin lanh d Lai Chau dien bien trd
lai kha phiic tap va xuat hien nhiing da'u hieu gay mat on dinh ve an ninh trat tu.
Theo tinh toan sa bg, den cudi nam 1994, toan tinh da cd 1723 hg trong 40 xa,
103 ban theo dao Tin lanh. Den thang 4-1995, cd 2168 hg vdi 14471 khau theo
Tin lanh. Tii cudi nam 1995 den nay, dao Tin lanh khong chi phat trien trong
vung dan tgc H'mong nua ma da
Ian
truyen sang ca cac dan tgc khac nhu dan tgc
Dao,
dan tgc Thai. Theo bao cao tong ket
ciia
tinh (9-1997), toan tinh cd 26 491
nhan khau bi lgi dung theo dao Tin lanh, trong sd 8 huyen, 56 xa, 207 ban.
O Ha Giang, den cudi nam 1993, tren dia ban cac huyen Bac Quang, Vi
Xuyen, Hoang Su Phi, xin Man, Bac Me da cd
1195
hg, 7703 khau ghi ten theo
14
dao Tin lanh. Theo thdng ke
ciia
Ban Dan van Trung uang, den nam 1994 d Ha
Giang cd 62 000 ngudi theo dao Tin lanh.
Nam 1997-1998, boat dong truyen dao lai noi len d cac xa Thugng Tan,
Phieng Luong, Giap Trung, Minh San (huyen Bac Me); xa Sung Thai,
Siing
Trang, Thang Md, Yen Minh, Bach Dich (huyen Yen Minh); xa Bach Nggc va
Minh Nggc (huyen Vi Xuyen). Gan day, dao Tin lanh

van
tiep tuc phat trien d
mot sd xa
ciia
9/10 huyen thi
ciia
tinh Ha Giang.
Six
phat trien
ciia
dao Tin lanh d Yen Bai cung dien ra tuang ddi nhanh chdng.
Sd lugng ban dau chi cd 5 bg vdi 30 nhan khau, sau dd tang len 15 hg vdi 88
nhan khau nam 1992. Hien nay, dao Tin lanh phat trien rgng ban d mot sd dia
ban khac trong tinh nhu An Binh (Van Yen), huyen Tram Ta'u va thj xa Nghia
Lg.
Theo sd lieu gan day ciia Ban Ton giao ciia Chinh phii (nam 1999), d Yen Bai
cd khoang 1000 ngudi theo dao Tin lanh.
Six
phat trien ciia dao Tin lanh d giai doan nay cd mot sd dac diem sau day:
- Dao Tin lanh phat trien trd lai manh me ban, cong khai han, nhixng ngudi
cam dau truyen dao cd quan he vdi sd 2- Ngo Tram chat che ban.
Tii
dSu
nam 1993, cd nhieu ddi tugng truyen dao d cac tinh phia Bac quyen
gdp tien di ve Ha noi, den Tong hoi thanh Tin lanh (mien Bac) de hgc dao, xin tai
lieu va mSu dan in
sSn
de ve phan phat cho cac hg xin theo dao Tin lanh. Hg da
gap muc su Bui Hoanh Thu, giang su Au Quang Vinh va dugc giang giai ve giao
ly cua dao Tin lanh. Tir dd cac

thira
tac vien da ve cac ban tich
cue
phan phat tai
lieu cho dong bao, lap danh sach nhan khau tiing thon ban
giri
len cac cap chinh
quyen ddi dugc theo dao Tin lanh. Hoi thanh Tin lanh mien Bac the hien ro
six
can thiep ngay cang sau vao qua trinh truyen dao Tin lanh d khu
vixe
nay, van de
ton giao ngay cang dugc gan ke't vdi van de dan tgc, vdi am muu thanh lap mot
"quoc gia tu
tri"
ciia ngudi H'mong,
- Xuat hien
nhiing
dau hieu gay mat on dinh ve an ninh xa hoi trong vung
ddng bao, hoat dong truyen dao cd tinh
td
chiic ban va cd hien tugng d ben ngoai
can thiep trang trgn ban.
15
6
nhieu dia phuang da xuat hien tinh trang khieu kien, vu khong chinh quyen
CO
sd tao ra su chia re, mat doan ket giiia dan tgc H'mong vdi cac dan tgc khac;
mat doan ket ngay trong noi bg ngudi H'mong, tham chi trong
timg

gia dinh. Vi
tri
ciia
gia lang, trudng ban, trudng tgc hg vdn dugc kinh trgng, thi nay da phai
nhudng vi the chi phdi cho mot sd ngudi tich
cue
truyen dao.
Luc lugng truyen dao boat dong cd
six
lien ket, thdng nhat vdi nhau. Hg cue
doan ban, khd'ng che dan tren nhieu
linh
vuc trong cugc sdng. O mot sd ca sd, bg
to chiic quyen gdp, bugc dan nop tien de lam kinh phi boat dong. Hg de doa, co
lap can bg.
O ben ngoai, hien tugng Viet Kieu va ngudi nude ngoai thong qua con dudng
du lich, tham vieng ngudi than de thuc hien truyen dao da gia tang va cd nhieu
bieu hien phiic tap.
- Su phat trien ciia dao Tin lanh khong
chi
diing lai d dan tgc H'mong ma da
Ian
sang ca cac dan tgc khac nhu dan tgc Dao, dan tgc Thai, dan tgc Pa Then
Nhu vay, chi trong vdng mot thdi gian ngan dao Tin lanh da xam nhap va
phat trien d nhieu tinh mien
niii
phia Bac nude ta, trudc he't la d San La, Lai
Chau, sau dd la Lao Cai, Yen Bai Dieu dang quan tam la tinh hinh phat trien
ciia dao Tin lanh d day dien ra rat nhanh chdng va de lai nhiing hau qua xa hoi
tieu cue.

1.1.3. Anh huang cua dao Tin lanh trong dong bao dan tgc
H'mong
d
mot sd tinh mien
niii phia
Bac
nirdc
ta
Mac du van cdn cd nhieu y kien danh gia khac nhau ve anh hudng cua dao
Tin lanh trong ddng bao H'mong, nhung nhin chung
six
phat trien
ciia
dao Tin
lanh d khu vuc nay da anh hudng tieu
cue
den ddi sdng van boa, kinh te va sinh
boat xa hoi ndi chung ciia ddng bao.
-
Six
phat trien ciia dao Tin lanh anh hudng tieu
cue
den van boa, tin ngudng
truyen thdng, phong tuc tap quan cua ddng bao H'mong
Cung nhu nhieu dan tgc khac d
nude
ta, dan tgc H'mong da cd mot nen van
boa lau ddi, dac sac. Trudc he't, ddng bao H'mong la cong ddng cd ban
linh
va y

chi vugt len mgi dieu kien hoan canh de ton tai va khang dinh minh; hg can
cii,
chiu khd, kien tri, ben bi, de tin va khi da tin thudng tim mgi
each
de theo duoi
muc dich da dinh. Truyen thdng van boa cua ngudi H'mong rat da dang va ciing
rat dgc dao, bieu hien qua cac le hoi, nhiing
cau
truyen co, dan ca,
am
nhac,
miia
Nhung khi dao Tin lanh xuat hien, nhiing sinh boat van hoa truyen thdng da va
dang bi pha va. Nhixng chang trai, co gai khong cdn nhiing dip de thoi khen, thoi
sao,
khi cd ngudi che't khong dugc khdc, khong dugc tham
vie'ng,
chao bdi ngudi
ngoai dao, te't khong di nem cdn, cac le hoi truyen thdng cung mai mot dan
Do vai trd ciia cac gia lang, trudng ban bi giam
siit,
tham chi d nhieu nai
khong cdn vai trd, lam cho truyen thdng ciia dan tgc H'mong cd nguy ca bi bang
hoai, bdi vi
Idp
ngudi gia khong cdn bao ban, luu lai cho the' he sau. Nhiing tin
nguong
CO
xua nhu Thd ciing to tien, Thd Than lang, Than dat
lai

bi gan cho
la
ma qui, tir dd khuyen khich
Idp
tre "tir bd nhung phong tuc, tap quan cdn tiem an
nhung cai hay chua dugc danh gia diing
miic".[74.19
]
Thd Cling to tien la mot hinh thiic tin nguong rat dac trung
ciia
dan tgc ta,
cung nhu cua dan tgc Hmong. Song hien gid, d nhieu nai ddng bao da chdi bd vdi
ly do cung rat dan gian : thd dng ba to tien da bao ddi rdi nhung den gid ngheo
kho van
Cli
ngheo kho. Do vay, hg den vdi mot tam linh mdi vdi hy vgng tim cho
minh loi thoat.
Tac dong tieu cue ciia dao Tin lanh ddi vdi van boa truyen thdng cua ddng
bao Hmong, thuc
six
la van de can quan tam giai quyet, bdi vi : "Van boa cdn,
dan tgc cdn.
Diit
doan van hoa,
viit
bd van hoa, dan tgc cd the cdn nhung la mot
dan tgc khac la; mot dan tgc bi ddng hoa, mat
siic
sdng va khong binh
thudng."[74.16]

Hang bao ddi nay, ngudi H'mong sinh sdng va cu
trii
theo ddng hg
buyet
thdng. Mot khi da la ngudi cua ddng hg thi phai biet yeu thuang, diim bgc
iSn
nhau, cho dii cd sdng d dau thi luat tuc ddng hg cung chi phdi tdi dd. Ngudi
17
CAi hocauoc
G;^.
HA
NOI
)
TRliNGT^MTHQNGTiNT.iJVlE^I
H'mong thudng ndi :"tdi la ngudi H'mong, chiing ta la ngudi H'mong, chiing ta
ciing mot gdc ngudi, cung mot hat lanh gieo xudng dat" [58.2 ]. Y thiic cong
ddng, doan ke't da trd thanh mot trong
nhiing
net dac
trixng ve
mat van boa ciia
ddng bao, vay ma gid day nd cung dang cd nguy ca bi pha va. Trong gia dinh
ngudi
H'mdng
bi mat di
six
binh yen, hanh phiic, mau
thuSn
giiia cac thanh vien
trong gia dinh cd khi gay gat.

Tinh
trang chia re anh em hg hang, giiia nhiing
ngudi khong theo dao va nhiing ngudi theo dao Tin lanh dien ra phiic tap. Trong
lang ban xay ra tinh trang mat doan ke't, nghi ky
lan
nhau tao ra bau khong khi te
nhat ma trudc day chua bao gid cd. Cac
mau thuSn
ay
dSn
tdi he qua ddi tach xa,
tach ban, tach ho, gay tranh chap dat
dai
O tinh San La, den thai diem nay cd 3
xa ddi tach, 2 xa trong 2 huyen cd mau
thuSn
trong noi bg dang
ve
ddng hg, 9 xa
trong 5 huyen cd tranh cha'p dat dai. Mot dieu dang luu y la cac
six
viec tren deu
nam trong viing cd dao. [32.72 ]
-
Six
phat trien
ciia
dao Tin lanh lam cho ddi sdng kinh te' ciia ddng bao da
khd khan cang khd khan ban
Tir

nam 1987 trd lai day, hien tugng ciing ddn vua Vang
Chii
trong ddng bao
dan tgc H'mong d mot sd tinh lien tuc
diln
ra da gay nen
six
ton kem tien
ciia,
cong
siic,
thdi gian
ciia
ddng bao. De ciing ddn Vang
Chii
ngudi dan phai nop
tien, phai ban tbdc
liia,
trau,
ngixa,
Ign
ga, bac trang. Khi theo dao ba con cung
phai nop "le phi theo dao", "tien tii thien" Sd tien dd cd the la 10 000 ddng mot
hd, 20 000 ddng boac cd the la 50 000 ddng mot hg tuy theo timg dia
phuang[15].
Chi tinh rieng d huyen Bac Ha tinh Lao Cai, tinh den nam 1999,
nhan dan da ban di 86 con trau,
ngixa,
800 ddng bac trang va nop hang chuc trieu
ddng cho luc lugng truyen dao.

6
Son La nam 1996, ddng bao da phai nop
"qui
dao"
la 20 000 ddng mdi bg de lam le nhiing
nude;
nam 1997 tai xa Chieng
An(Mudng La), ba con phai nop 10 000 ddng de lam le Noen
Nguy hiem ban, viec theo dao Tin lanh lam mat rat nhieu thdi gian de san
xuat va sinh hoat cua ddng bao. Ca tin theo
nhiing Idi
le hoang dudng
ciia
nhirng
18
ten truyen dao rang "theo chua Gie su thi cd cugc sdng sung sudng, khong lam
cung cd an", "Theo Vang
Chii
thi lam cai gi cung cd", "ca nha se dugc bay len
trdi khong phai lam nuang "[58.35 ]. Tir dd mot sd ngudi bd ca san xuat, md trau,
bd,
Ign,
ga va ngdi dgi
six ciiu
giiip
ciia
chiia. Thdi gian lang phi vao viec cau
nguyen, nghe dai Manila, d nha ngay
thii
nam va chu nhat de dgc kinh thanh

Six
xam nhap va phat trien cua dao Tin lanh cung la nguyen nhan
ciia
hien
tugng di dan tu do cua ddng bao H'mong, bgn xau tuyen truyen :"Mudn cd vua
H'mong, cd to qudc rieng, thi ba con ta phai di vi phia Tay nai mat trdi lan"
1
[58.27 ]. Ldi keu ggi dd danh
triing
vao tam ly
ciia
ngudi H'mong, gay nen tinh
trang di dich cu bet
siic
phiic tap, tii dd gay
nen
nhiing xao trgn trong ddi sdng
ddng bao, tao ra khd khan cho viec quan ly xa hoi
ciia
cac cap chinh quyen,
gay
nen nan pha rimg buy hoai moi trudng sinh thai mot
each
tram trgng, cac te nan
xa hoi cd xu hudng gia tang. Cd the ndi rang ddng bao theo dao Tin lanh chang
nhixng khong cai thien dugc ddi sdng kinh te, ma trai lai cang ngheo kho ban.
- Mot khia canh quan trgng khac la su phat trien
ciia
dao Tin lanh da gay nen
tinh trang ma't on dinh ve an ninh chinh tri va trat tu an toan xa hoi, tac dong tieu

cue de'n niem tin
ciia
ddng bao ddi vdi
six
lanh dao ciia Dang, nha nude. Nd da
gdp phan lam suy yeu he thdng chinh tri
ciia
ta d ca sd. Mot sd can bg, dang
vien ghi ten theo dao, boac bi ldi keo vao hoat dong
ciia
nhiing ngudi truyen dao.
Nhixng can bg khong theo dao thi bi sd da theo dao cd lap, phan biet ddi xu, bang
each "viet dan td cao, vu khong len tinh, trung uang"
[11.5
]. Cac to chiic chinh
tri,
doan the
ciia
ta boat dong khd khan. Tir dd tao ra tinh trang mat on dinh trong
thon ban, ngudi dan khong di hoi hgp, khong di nghia vu, khong di hgc, xa lanh
can bg dang va nha nude, lam dan keo de'n chinh quyen cac cap ddi dugc theo
dao
Bang nhixng thii doan tuyen truyen rang theo Dang, theo
each
mang van
ngheo, theo chiia mdi thoat khdi ngheo khd va gan nhiing dieu tdt dep vdi chiia,
viec dao Tin lanh phat trien nhanh chdng da lam giam
siit
niem tin cua nhan dan
ddi vdi Dang va chinh quyen nha nude. Tir chd tin tudng rang Dang da mang lai

19
cugc sdng dgc lap, tu do cho hg, thi nay ngudi H'mong tin rang
chi
cd Vang
Chii,
Gie su mdi
ciiu
giiip dugc minh thoat canh ddi ngheo. Hien tugng nay khong chi
xay ra ddi vdi nhirng ngudi dan lao dong ma ca can bg nhu chu tich xa, giao vien,
dang vien cung tin vao chiia. Tir dd lam cho dudng ldi, chinh sach
ciia
Dang
khd di vao cugc sdng ddng bao. Chiing tuyen truyen kich dong : "Van ddng
cii
van dong, tuyen truyen
cii
tuyen truyen, theo dao
cii
theo dao".
[11.5
]
Tuy nhien,ben canh nhixng anh hudng tieu
cue
thi dao Tin lanh cung cd vai
trd nhat dinh trong ddi sdng ddng bao. Trudc het, nd lam thay doi nep sdng
ciia
ddng bao theo dao; dap ling nhu cau tam linh
ciia
bg udc ma tdi mot cugc sdng
day du ban. Nhiing dieu ran day ma dao Tin lanh neu ra phii hgp vdi nhu cau ve

tam ly cua ddng bao; giiip hoan thien dao
diic
ca nhan, giiip ddng bao giam bdt
ganh nang vi nhiing phong tuc tap quan lac hau trong to chiic ma chay, cudi xin,
chiia
benh, gdp phan ban
che'
nhiing
tieu cue trong xa hoi ddng bao nhu trgm cap,
ngoai tinh, ngugc dai trong quan he vg chdng , udng rugu, cd bac. Thong qua cac
nhdm sinh boat ton giao, ngudi H'mdng giiip do nhau trong lao dong san xuat,
khac phuc nhixng khd khan thudng nhat.
Han
niia,
d mot sd dia phuang nhiing ngudi theo dao rat
chii
trgng va khuyen
khich con em minh di hgc chii, dii rang chii ye'u la hgc tieng H'mdng La tinh vdi
muc dich de dgc dugc kinh thanh .
Thuc
te'
cho tha'y,
six
phat trien
ciia
dao Tin lanh da cd tac dong tich cue nha't
dinh de'n ddi sdng tinh than, van boa, dao
diic,
tham chi la kinh te cua ddng bao
H'mdng. Lien quan tdi van de

nay.
Dang ta
neu
rd : Tin ngudng ton giao la nhu
cau tinh than cua mot bg phan nhan dan. Dao dure ton giao cd nhieu dieu
phii
hop
vdi cong cugc xay dung xa hoi mdi (Nghi quyet 24
ciia
Bg Chinh tri).
Tdm lai, chi trong khoang thdi gian tir nam 1986 den nay, dao Tin lanh da
phat trien nhanh chdng d bau he't cac tinh mien
niii
phia Bac nude ta.
Six
phat
trien ciia nd da
gay
ra nhixng hau qua tieu cue ve kinh te', chinh tri, van boa - xa
hoi trong ddi sdng ddng bao H'mdng d khu vuc nay. Tuy nhien, dao Tin lanh
cung cd
nhiing
anh hudng tich cue de'n ddi sdng dong bao, dd la
six
dap
ling
nhu
20
c^u
tam linh

ciia
bg, udc ma tdi mot cugc sdng day du ban, lam giam bdt nhung
giang bugc, phiic tap cua cac phong tuc tap quan lac bau de nang len ddng bao
vdn da khd khan.
1.2. NGUYEN NHAN
1.2.1. Doi sdng kinh
te
- xa hoi kho khan
Chu nghia Mac- Lenin khang dinh rang ton giao bao gid cung ra ddi tren ca
sd ton tai xa bdi nhat dinh. Trong tac pham cua minh,
C
Mac cho rang : ton giao
" phan anh
sir
ngheo nan
ciia
hien thuc", "nha
nude
ay, xa hoi ay da san sinh ra
ton giao" [47.569 ].
Ph.Ang
ghen cung
neu
rd : "Nhung tat ca mgi ton giao chang
qua chi la
six
phan anh hu ao - vao dau dc cua con ngudi -
ciia
nhiing luc lugng d
ben ngoai chi phdi cugc sdng hang ngay cua hg; chi la

six
phan anh trong dd
nhixng luc lugng d tran the' da mang hinh thiic
nhiing
luc lugng sieu tran the'"
[50.437]
Ve mat kinh te', dan tgc H'mdng thudng cu
trii
d nhiing viing
niii
cao, nen
kinh te chu ye'u
vSn
mang tinh cha't tu cung, tu cap, phuang
thixc
canh tac chinh la
ddt rirng lam nuang
rSy,
khai pha rugng bac thang. Nhung gan day rimg ngay
mot thu hep, lam san it di, ddng vat hoang da ngay cang khan hiem, cay thudc
phien vdn la ngudn sdng chinh cua ngudi H'mdng thi bi xoa bd trong khi chua
tim dugc cay thay the' de dem lai hieu qua kinh te tuang
ling.
Viec xoa cay thudc
phien dugc vi nhu la mot
"cii
xdc" ve kinh te ddi vdi ddng bao H'mdng.
Viec chuyen doi sang
nen
kinh te' thi trudng da giiip chiing ta thoat khdi

khung hoang kinh te', on dinh va tang trudng kinh te'.
Nhimg
ciing chinh nen kinh
te'
thi trudng da lam cho
six
phan hoa giau ngheo ngay cang sau sac, giiia mien
niii
vdi ddng bang; giixa
viing
sau, viing xa vdi thanh phd, thi xa; giiia ngudi
H'mdng vdi ngudi Tay, ngudi Kinh
Trong thdi gian qua Dang va nha
nude
da rat quan tam den ddi sdng kinh te-
xa hoi
ciia
ddng bao H'mdng bang
nhiing khoan
trg cap thudng xuyen den timg
21