Bài giảng môn học Sinh hóa đại cương
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1
2
3
GLUCIDE
1-
:
Glucide
ra glucide
Glucide
Glucide
ÁNH SÁNG
6CO2
6H2O
C6H12 O6
6O2
DIỆP LỤC TỐ
( CÂY XANH )
2-
:
e
polysaccharide
oligosaccharide
monosaccharide
33.1
3.1.1
:
:
4
H
H
C
O
H
C
OH
H
C
H
OH
H
C
OH
C
H
O
C
OH
H
3.1.2/
-
triose.
-
tetrose.
-
pentose.
-
hexose.
-
heptose.
O.
-
aldose.
-
cetose.
-
aldotriose.
-
cetotriose.
H
H
C
H
H
C
C
OH
H
OH
H
C
OH
C
H
O
O
C
OH
H
CETOSE
(CETOTRIOSE)
ALDOSE
(ALDOTRIOSE)
5
H
H
C
H
H
C
C
C
H
OH
H
O
C
OH
OH
C
H
O
OH
H
CETOSE
(CETOTRIOSE)
ALDOSE
(ALDOTRIOSE)
3.1.3
.
-
D.
-
L.
H C1 O
H
H C2 OH
HO C2 H
H C3 OH
H
H
D - ALDOSE
C1 O
C3 OH
H
L - ALDOSE
3.1.4/
pyranose
6
furanose.
,
1
H C OH
2
H C OH
3
H C OH
O
4
H C OH
5
H C
H
H
H
H
H
H C OH
6
H
H
C5
O
OH
C
3
OH
C
H
C
H
OH
H
C
H
C
2
3
OH
O
C
OH
4
5
6
OH
OH
H
C
OH C H
5
H
1
C
H
H
H
1
C
6
OH C H2
H
C4
H
H
HO CH2
6
H
1
C O
2
C OH
3
C OH
4
C OH
5
C OH
6
C OH
2
OH
C4
OH
(OH oside)
H
O
H
C 1
H
H
C 3
C 2 OH
(OH oside)
OH
OH
Voøng 6 cạnh
Vòng 5 cạnh
(PYRANOSE)
(FURANOSE)
7
6
6
HO
H
c4
OH
cH2
5
c
H
H
c3
OH
HO
OH
H
c
1
c2
o
H
H
H
H
c1
OH
H
c5
c4
O
H
cH2
c3
c
OH
OH
OH
2
OH
Dạng vòng có cấu hình
Dạng thẳng
HO
H
6
cH2
5
c
OH
o
c4
H
H
H
H
c3
c2
OH
c1
H
OH
Dạng vòng có cấu hình
3.1.5/
:
3.1.5.1/ 5 carbon ( pentose ) :
- Ribose & Desoxyribose
ARN )
- Arabinose:
- Xylose:
8
H C O
H C O
HO C H
OHCH2
C
H C OH
H C OH
C
C
C
C
H C OH
O
C
C
H C OH
H
H
- D - ARABINOSE
D- ARABINOSE
H C O
H C OH
HO C H
H C O
OHCH2
O
C
C
C
H C OH
C
H C OH
C
H C OH
H
C
C
H
- D - XYLOSE ( furan )
D- XYLOSE
C
O
C
C
C
C
- D- XYLOSE ( pyran )
9
3.1.5.2/ 6 carbon ( hexose ):
- Glucose:
- Manose
- Galactose:
-
- Fructose:
H
H
HO
H
H
H
HOCH2
6
1
C O
2
C OH
3
C H
4
C OH
5
C OH
6
C OH
H
OH
H
5
C4
O
3
1
2
H
H
O
H
C 1
H
OH
OH
OH
H
C 3
C 2
H
H
OH
OH
OH CH
5
HO
HO
C2
- D- GLUCOSE
(pyran)
6
HOC H2
OH
4
1
C
H
OH
3
C
H
D- GLUCOSE
6
H
H
C4
H
H
O
C5
OH
OH
- D- GLUCOSE
(furan)
- D- GLUCOSE
(pyran)
10
H
HO
HO
H
H
H
1
C
C
C
2
H
H
C4
OH
OH
OH
3
C
OH
H
H
OH
OH
5
C
H
OH
C 4
O
5
4
O
HO C H
5
6
HO
C 3
H
C 2
H
H
H
1
C
H
C
C
3
4
OH
OH
5
H
C4
OH
OH
3
C
OH
H
H
6
C
H
4
OH
H
5
C 4
O
H
H
HO
3
2
H
1
H
C2
OH
OH
O
HO C H
5
6
H
H
1
C
- D- GALACOSE
(pyran)
6
HOC H2
D- GALACTOSE
OH
O
C5
H
H
C
C
HOCH2
6
O
2
OH
- D- MANOSE
(furan)
OH
- D- MANOSE
(pyran)
H
C 1
OH
H
1
2
H
H
OH
H
3
HO
H
OH
OH
H
H
C2
- D- MANOSE
(pyran)
6
HO C H2
D- MANOSE
HO
H
1
C
H
4
6
HO
O
C5
H
3
C
C
HOCH2
6
O
H
C 1
OH
H
C 3
C 2
H
OH
OH
OH
H
OH
- D- GALACTOSE
(furan)
- D- GALACOSE
(pyran)
11
H
H
1
C
C
HO
OH
O
6
HOCH2
H
2
C5
3
C
OH
C
H
C
H
C
5
6
C 2
H
C 4
H
OH
OH
H
OH
C3
OH
4
H
1
CH2OH
O
H
OH
- D- FRUCTOSE
(furan)
D- FRUCTOSE
6
HOCH2
O
C5
OH
C 2
H
C 4
C3
OH
H
OH
H
CH2OH
1
- D- FRUCTOSE
(furan)
3.2
3.2.1/
OLIGOSACCHARIDE ):
:
3.2.2
:
12
H
H
H
H
H
H
1
H
C OH
2
H
C OH
3
H
C OH
4
C OH
5
H
O
H
C
6
H
C OH
H
H
H
H
H
1
O
C
2
C OH
3
C
2
C
3
C
4
C
H
OH
H
OH
H
OH
OH
5
H
O
H
C
6
C
H
OH
HO
C OH
HO
4
C OH
5
C
O
HO
H
6
C OH
H
HO
1
C
2
C
3
C
4
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
5
H
O
H
C
6
C
H
H
C OH
H
2
C OH
3
H
C OH
H
4
C OH
5
H
O
C
H
6
C OH
H
C
H
2
C OH
3
HO
C OH
HO
4
C OH
5
C
6
LIÊN KẾT OSIDE 1 - 1
1
C
2
C
2
OH
C
3
OH
C
OH
4
C
OH
5
O
C
6
C
OH
O
O
HO
OH
C
3
H
C
H
4
H
C OH
1
H
1
H
H
1
H
H
H
H
1
C
H
5
O
C
6
C
H
H
LIÊN KẾT OSIDE 1 - 4
-1.
-2.
-3.
-4
-6
3.2.3
3.2.3.1
13
- Maltose
coside
- Cellobiose
p
- Lactose
- Gentiobiose
6
- Melibiose
6
se ).
- Saccharose
- Trehalose
6
6
HOCH2
HOCH2
5
O
5
O
2
1
4
1
4
2
O
3
3
MALTOSE (
glucosid - 4
glucose)
6
6
HOCH2
5
HOCH2
O
4
5
1
O
1
4
2
2
3
3
CELLOBIOSE (
O
glucoside - 4
glucose)
14
6
6
HOCH2
HOCH2
O
5
O
5
1
4
1
4
O
2
2
3
3
LACTOSE (
galactoside - 4
glucose)
6
6
HOCH2
5
CH2
O
O
O
5
4
1
4
1
2
2
3
3
GENTIOBIOSE (
glucoside - 6
6
CH2
6
HOCH2
5
glucose)
O
1
4
5
O
O
1
4
2
2
3
3
MELIOBIOSE (
galactoside - 6
glucose)
15
6
HOCH2
O
5
4
1
2
3
6
O
HOCH2
O
2
5
4
3
CH2OH
1
SACCHAROSE (
glucoside - 2
fructoside)
3.2.3.2
- Raffiniose (1- -galactoside-6- -glucoside-2- -
6
CH2
6
HOCH2
5
O
O
1
4
1
4
5
O
2
2
3
3
6
O
HOCH2
O
2
5
4
3
HOCH2
1
Raffinose (1-
-galactoside-6-
-glucoside-2- -fructoside)
16
3.2.3.3
- Stachyose (1- -galactoside-6- -galactoside-6- -glucoside-2- -
5
6
6
6
HOCH2
O
5
O
1
4
CH2
CH2
O
O
1
4
2
O
5
4
1
2
2
3
3
3
6
O
HOCH2
O
2
5
4
3
HOCH
2
Stachyose (1- -galactoside-6- -galactoside-6fructoside)
3.3 -
1
glucoside-2- -
):
i
3.3.1
3.3.1.1/
(Amidon) :
- Amylose
-
100000, có
17
nóng (70
800C )
- Amylosepectine
1-
-
6
6
O
2
3
HOCH2
O
5
1
4
O
2
3
2
3
6
HOCH2
5
1
O
3
6
O
4
2
O
3
5
1
4
2
O
O
5
1
4
1
4
HOCH2
HOCH2
O
5
6
6
HOCH2
HOCH2
5
-90%.
O
1
4
O
2
3
O
n
Amylose (1- -glucoside-4- -glucoside) n
18
HOCH2
HOCH2
O
5
4
1
2
O
O
5
4
1
2
O
3
3
O
6
HOCH2
HOCH2
5
6
6
O
4
O
5
4
2
O
2
O
5
4
1
2
O
3
O
5
4
1
1
3
6
HOCH2
CH2
O
3
1
2
3
O
6
6
5
O
4
5
3
HOCH2
O
4
1
2
O
5
CH2
O
4
1
2
3
6
6
HOCH2
HOCH2
O
5
4
1
2
3
O
1
2
O
3
n
AMYLOSEPECTINE
3.3.1.2/ Glycogen:
10-
3.3.1.3/ Cellulose:
-4 là
19
HOCH2
HOCH2
O
O
O
4
1
O
4
1
O
n
CELLULOSE ( 1- -glucoside- 4-
- glucoside ) n
3.3.1.4/ Galactane:
-
HOCH2
1
O
HOCH2
O
4
O
O
1
3
4
O
4
1
3
n
GALACTANE(1- - galactoside-4- - galactoside )n
3.3.1.5/ Araban ( n arabinose ):
oside 1oside 1-3.
20
3.3.1.6/ Xylan ( n xylose )
-4.
3.3.1.7/ Hemicellulose :
3.3.1.8/ Agar- agar (n galactosepyranose ):
- D&L
-4 hay 1-
3.3.1.9/ Inuline ( n fructose )
1
O
O
O
4
1
3
4
O
1
2
3
CH2
O
2
CH2
5
5
5
n
O
O
4
1
3
2
HOCH2
5
ARABANE ( 1 - arabinoside -5- -arabinoside )n
21
HOCH2
1
O
HOCH2
O
O
O
4
4
1
O
4
1
O
3
3
3
n
AGAROSE ( 1- -galactoside- 4(3)-
- galactoside) n
O
1
O
4
O
1
4
1
O
O
4
3
n
XYLANE(1- - xyloside- 4-
- xyloside )n
3.3.1.10/ Pectine:
C6.
3.3.1.11/ Chitine:
,
-
-4.
22
COOH
COOH
O
O
4
O
4
O
1
O
1
n
ACID PECTIC ( 1- -galacturonide- 4- galacturonide ) n
( acid polygalacturonic)
COOCH3
COOCH3
O
4
O
O
4
O
1
O
1
n
ester metyl ACID PECTIC ( ester metyl galacturonide ) n
( polygalacturonatmetyl)
HOCH2
HOCH2
O
1
O
4
O
1
4
1
O
4
3
H3CONH
O
H3CONH
n
CHITINE (1- - acetylglucosamin- 4-
4
:
4.1
- acetylglucosamin )n
:
23
oxyd hó
acid uronic.
CHO
H
COOH
H
OH
H
OH
OH
H
(O)
OH
H
OH
H
OH
H
OH
H
OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
Acid aldonic
CHO
H
OH
H
OH
H
OH
H
OH
COOH
Acid uronic
4.2/
:
4.2.1/ Polyester:
4.2.2/ Polyether:
er
4.2.3
:
2N
NH2
24
PROTEINE
1Proteine là thành
25
-
-
Xúc
-
e amine.
2-
-
Albumine : t
e
-
- 10% )có
300.000.
25
