luận văn thạc sĩ Sử dụng các biện pháp trong trị liệu ngôn ngữ cho trẻ tự kỷ

Mở đầu
1. 
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*)(**,=$59,D-+,(*J*)
6', 7@J*).)\95 D,
5.5KUb`&*)8)#+,(*J*)1$5h1G):,
 >>J*)(*$
3. K 7E)
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*)6'., 7@*,=$
V
Q$V$KE)m(*',JQO.^
(*, 7)J)\95 D,.U

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4. rstsbu`vbu%\s`rbsw`xy
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(*J*)23(*J*)6'.^
(*, 7fH)\9 D,.D-
+,(*, 7f6$
4.2 Khách thể nghiên cứum16PE).1
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4.3 Địa bàn nghiên cứum5)\95 D,5.5K2
LZoUpVWUbq)\*U])r:=Rb`&$
5. r#)=A,
b*,=1:)(*J*). 7fH-
\*Nam$%e(*1' ) 7,)$b])A
(*) 7A@,E*J*)A+,(#
 !A3IA/1E)$(*1*,=
c=),i2c ,/*)8)#nh,)-.
 ,;',<$%&')=E19 ,
,E), 7D-+,*fH(*1$`A)G
J 7D-+,*fH(*J*)={;
J*)0H2(*J*)4
*)8)#)J;.1)D&DE !A>
0>Gi&$
6. `*HE)
W$L$`E)':)0.(*
J*)6'.@$
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 7f6
W$Q$5ED-1G):&AJ*H(*

J*)6'.$
7. vb|}`rvb~v`rbsw`xy
7.1 Phương pháp nghiên cứu lý luận
7.2 Phương pháp nghiên cứu thực tiễn
 7.2.1 Phương pháp quan sát lâm sàng
7.2.2 Phương pháp điều tra viết
7.2.3.Phương pháp nghiên cứu bệnh sử
7.2.4.Phương pháp trắc nghiệm
7.2.5. Phương pháp nghiên cứu chân dung
7.2.6. Phương pháp toán thống kê
7.2.7. Phương pháp thực nghiệm
8. Cz`rrzv%ts•oy€`\•`
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fH(*J*)6'.@$Cj!
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{;A8)#J*)D:)#: 7
 7k+,.$
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CHƯƠNG 1
LÝ LUẬN VỀ TRẺ TỰ KỶ VÀ PHƯƠNG PHÁP TRỊ LIỆU
NGÔN NGỮ CHO TRẺ TỰ KỶ
1.1. SƠ LƯỢC LỊCH SỬ NGHIÊN CỨU VẤN ĐỀ
1.1.1 Vài nét về lịch sử bệnh tù kỷ
 %3@iA4LMSQ2,)6(+,(k/,/X%†[2
 !,>(AAj+,',.>(*
,E_5K  7cJf2)1))=*I

B2)=*]2)=*)=*2"‡ !
 )6)61**+,',55KGi& !$
 %,)/X]2)k,  2#6
 !o[hALZ)ˆ5c)=*8),(l+,
91&0)("LV)I>'*)+,&.(J5K
326FP&J9i(J8)'(^:j$
 `4L‰MM2ˆ\R,(",i-o/=lXv[ 7
o/=9:=1,,,,i-
h$Ši ,\A3(k‹$%$rs,$b+,,
.=:(: !$0)("(F(21nhi)
(: !$_ks,ikF\&,.)4
i(J=< !,=h("$gv/2&(kI
A@!2i6j>s,$v/F\
&,.0&3,=h;,$g,)=
(*i 7*2))=*= !,:=
F\i1'Gf+,&.(J5K$
 `4LMLM2D&A,)))=*ˆ;("hG,l2
/Œ/2&%†2i1&(AŠ2&,
(",V)I‰2>'Gf+,&,55K$g,)1
Š 7 ,& !3(*+,Œ/!@=e
Z
B!,2,("i1(@h 7@A
)=A+,1$
 %i,)=2])AVO25)agk•)/_/)/>
 ,,*5K@,EA,,))XG):Gh',)
k,9[ 7)8)#(*26) - 7
+,ˆ(*l&)912(::&(E$Ž@
h=6#*)I(0:+,(*]*-
 !>$
 `4LMSQ2K,/R_k],XC‹bR

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4LMSS1@7•(k,b,o//C
?6#'*) D,)&o//$
#,6K,/o//6(A9E)+,,)
@3E]9=o)h'b=ˆo)l
ˆPl6$
 5h18),+,>,=,4$Ci1
))=A#B4)=E+,_5K+,
'.(J4(*=> 78),6#0A$
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 m60 78),*> !2(8),2!D2
016fH!1,A2@>&
DD#233$K,/6#',.=nhˆ(J
:#4(•*A08),*#G;>
 !l$
 %3@1,)', !72'd1,"
)1k,•m
‘5B6&2$
‘g@9')=E,B#$
W
 K,/G):)0'ˆ5>cl:G):
**)i1h)Ic$
 g,)12-%†)’)?i*E).1()
* DXo//2LMSS…Š//2LMZL…\,K///2LMZV[$
 5E5Kdc(J,i$`1A !,“]d>
*_/)/@)0'=6#(*]*- !
>$5h1dAE,),=A 
]*./2,>2&
)Ic)•/8),E+,#(#:4
)=E+,_5K$

 `4LMZW2p(*+,>(*
K,/•/(/i#*)+=A)PcV*)
m
‘5@60-&3$
‘K)= >)(#j)=E$
 C3B(: !29J6' 7G/
8),*> !9A6#*)B=A)$
5)I- 7-&AV4])!$
5)=E2&# ,,'E))•$g,
”,/XLMWO[i*)(#j)=E,<E))•
+,$/,XLMWL[fHM•:#
-./2(,j#_5K+,K,/2&•)=:
ˆ&]*-./l$
 `4LMWN2ƒ)/ ,,S3 +=A)+,5Km
1. 5A)8),8),*Gi&$
2. ƒ6'mh&61!1A!1
0J$
3. b20&J !mhDA2^2
A)6d),B;•$
‰
4. K-> >QO)I$
 `'"3 =**-])A55K$1&"
3*) ;(6j)$
 5h'4‰OUNO+,A––,i
 7* 7K,/E)E&'*
 7)5K$`,2&I?i(^,=
E)&E;:=i1',=I>
8),*)5KF
(*$1A*8)A
E(*:=A1E8),XsŠ[I

A>6(I,=•EXŠg%[+,&
]%†$
 `']G):(#])E+,*sŠ61>*
 75K2(#]NXLMW‰[?P* 75K-./
&]*(#]MXLM‰‰[i3* 7
5KH./$5(#] !+,*sŠ
XLMMV[]Q2S+,I,=Šg%i/8),*2F
95K)&&6
#$
1.1.2. Các nghiên cứu về trị liệu cho trẻ tự kỷ
b*,=-\*`,iG):*),Œ/(E
_5KcnhE)(*J*)55K$1
  A    ,  Œ/( nh ,  ,/)=/,$$,)  U  ,
(/)=$$$
 Kh 7*,A,=92)=E
? ',Jdc=),i$b*,=1:
)(*J*)55K,B(0
,—1(J5K@4',,$1A
9+,(— )ˆg@,*./l
N
+,,//%,)/…)ˆ%D#!1l+,‹/=%,=$
\:)69E)5Kc (*J*)
i   7           ˆ  v D    5  0  &  +,
_/,lU`/b),2`)=“\45J…)˜5./
Uv DH™U`)=“45…ˆ5I7h D9
(il+,Š$r/Š,…JA,=(*0)=*
+@.ˆJ()&lU=•$%
,,,2v$Šv,,‹$K,š2v$Š2 )b)=KŠJ…
)ˆ\h D9=6'GfU.
0]l+,Š$\/,(/…5I7(*

J*))ˆ`)6(Jl2ˆ6(Jl2
ˆ60l2ˆ5J*)UPd,—lR')
=1 D7H)=\*`,1)=A0
0`gŒ*…)ˆ•,*.
lU+,K/,,,2g,/,2K,/Œ,‹)/ƒ,=R_E
J1#E`)=*52b4v2\p\v D2
5]bjo5)•Š D…_"N0ˆ5h( ><" R
 D9,*>.0l+,%,v///2
ƒ(5/,g)/,‡$
 69E) >1A E)
+,EK,>)ˆ5.U`'E](:l…5]
5J*5)>ˆC DH3(*.0l…
E)+,)E)./`5Ub`&…
)0)04+,E,5 !Cg 
b`&2CK,Gi&4…`E)+,,
(*U\*`) D…K,\5Uvb`_**`
jL2bjB%$1A&E)
ˆ%&(*#)(: !+,55K)Id)
 !]0RCJ))XVOOW[RC
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VOOM[+,`)=“5J5,…_*n)=*†4,A
55K8),&)D- !d)0b`U`)=“
5J_@5XVOO‰[RC b`&…_ >])9)&
3-.UK)0*5
+,`)=“b Dr,25]5b#25]5J5)bXVOOV[RC
K,Gi&4…A055K@,E&j
+,_kv`5,2(**`CjL…%&&
J*)55K,52(**`CjV$$$
 `9)E)E+=A)6# D

i 7E)“- > o_o25/,2
)#2v•g‡#E))6# D
? *)8)#+, D1/J*)55K$
5)=E#?:*4',55KP,
A(&-&&16<›6<
j)-k+,55K$\-e69E
)+,99#)A*1@
(*1 ,)])A55K$
 5)ˆ5./l2#`)=“\45E),V
 D5/,ABA$g6PE) >dJ*)
55K(F'A+,V D1/0J
*E)55K+,6$ŽAmˆ5)6I
 D9=26P9(=& !"+, D
5/,26:BG=2B>)])
+,.lœQO…N‰•$b,=)ˆ`)6(Jl21#
A)=?i›JFˆ5
 !"#!2*,=1)61),=
',J !,(9 !A0lœVZ…L•,=ˆ‡E•
0>(: D91F',.lœVZ…MO•$
LO
`1 D7H)=1(J)=A0iA D
v•gˆ1(I;'†)0 D2F•=
#4)6'@!()&lœVQ…L•R)11k,
 D1'A)1v•g1(@^2?
jk,v•g6#(*',
$
 b])AAcnh(*J*)
*,=)6#h( >e(*J*)@,E
8),29)He55K$q),12 ,,(0@7
>8),1/& DJ*):J$

 5&#ˆ_*-./lI(**`
CjLh=LOULSTVOON1:)IA99J*)
(*$fb5JK”AU -,Hj4R
0J*)2(**`CjLi1(,,mˆ50
&)#m D*,E01-.1
l$_i ,,A)0mˆA,=d ,',
<$` A)*>,*>9: 7
+,.=2#:14,A{ 7#*$5A
:=*70&,*)#
 D*,*1),—$`,2:]1,*
7,)=E,2&J*)2'22E3
(*2nhA.{A(&,1AHE)&0
2)&l$ r %,v2C Melbourne2z2
?1(&#=$_+,6,,ˆ
>,+,(*GfB(*-./l$ŽAmˆP
ž'E)1>)JR`',
*):6 7:ž(F:=F
;iE&(*0R%e,.&
,)90=61)J:.l$Ž ,,
LL
&(* ! 7@:*,=55K nh ABA2
5/,$$16BA)0F(*)6
',<(*26@E.&(*(:•@
11*)8)#A)#@A7(*J*)
,)e,.$
 5(*J*)55K*,=9(*o_o
 7(*')*):$%&'E
611{9)j+,ABA+)=AœQO…LOO•$
RCG):+,)=AB*8),+,
s,v,ˆv#)*l$

Rv DABA&9H+,)=A2
kH=e$
R%"'j*+,v,_$Ÿ$g/iH
')=EˆC)*lˆ=6'l
œQO…LOL•$
 `,9 ,1&69E),=##
Bp,@(*J*)1:#55K 5,
1' !755K6A(&@@ 7A4',
/8)=9 ,) 5,@&(*,*9
55Kw=1 7A(& $C,]#4&3—
/,+,(*$\F'55K&391
,*$\? ,1&69E)E)E*A7
)(*J*)"55K*)8)#&A
7(*w=$
   1.2. MỘT SỐ VẤN ĐỀ LÝ LUẬN VỀ TRẺ TỰ KỶ VÀ BIỆN
PHÁP TRỊ LIỆU NGÔN NGỮ CHO TRẺ TỰ KỶ
1.2.1. Trẻ tự kỷ
1.2.1.1. Khái niệm trẻ tự kỷ
LV
 5&)=A0X///,[")
)&!2# -]>8),*Gi&2,AGi&2
#4 - 7+,.$b*,=61),=
',J', 7(*$œVQ…L•
 `4LM‰N2b*&q)r,_5K-%† ,,Jk,m5
&&()* >QO)I>'"+=A)
,)m
1. ƒ&9$
2. ƒ>BB8),$
3. ƒ!126',A6'$
4. ƒ#48),*> !20*

XƒŸ//,2LM‰N[$
  CJk,=@>Jk,+,K,/XLMSQ[
ƒ)/XLMWN[iD-,*E))• 7@&i,)1
sŠRMXLMNO[Rb*8)AE8)A
(*:=A1E8),Šg%sssXLMNO[Rb&5(*
%†$
 CJk,/Šg%Us\R5ƒm5F1
,#XvŠŠmv/,/Š///Š/[m&1&
 73 (-)="3,#'k
m DGi&2,A**+,'
,B0)6$
 5/)ˆ`)6(Jl9z
 !"#!$œVZ…L•$b&j)3(*
:=- !)=A0> !(9 !2>'
31# -3:E2†4,A$5
c32)3+,
 !$#0+,.A>(E(J,26;2
 !,# !238),8)=#A
LQ
;#(#*(FD>@J2,H
290=A)'BB8),;
 !231)=k@$
 5)ˆ5.R`'E](:l2EK,i
Jk, ,)m#X,=[)b* 7
#Xo)g/)[/)=Ek,9##
48),*+,9>(E$\*`,c5K,=5
_A$C=&9A)=A#4
+,i(&2A(,4])!+,,.2 !G#=,
.,)D.29=1G#=,(:9&,.
26*)&"2Gi&,=9&+,,—$

,.:#4,A2: D
*6'1=I DB,.9&
=26(AA)=+,6 !G)8),9
&8):=+,.$œLV2M•$
 ` 0=1)mTự kỷ là một loại khuyết tật trí tuệ, một dạng
rối loạn phát triển lan toả trong những lĩnh vực tương tác xã hội, giao tiếp
xã hội, tưởng tượng và hành vi$
1.2.1.2. Một số quan niệm về hội chứng tự kỷ
  ,$q),*+,sŠRMXb*8)AE
8)A(*:=A1E8),2(#]M[
Šg%RsssXE))••5K+,b&5(*%†[ 
5sŠUM25K./&1+,ˆ1
4)=E)=E(*-./l$
 cŠg%sssXLMNO[Šg%sssUƒXLMN‰[+,b&
(*%†25K./&,#…
EG):*>23 (-9*(1
"8)9†48),*Gi&20,A$
 5Šg%sss2vŠŠ(,jm
LS
‘5cX- >QO)I[$
‘vŠŠ./XU/vŠŠ2-,)QO)I[$
‘vŠŠ63*)X92 6GA
,1E[$
‘5X6+E))••c2
  >1ih 7•nh0=[$
5)=E2''*)A:=61,)
Xh)I-[',cU/vŠŠ2
0=1,i(J(<Šg%UsssUƒ$
`,2?11(* 7',vŠŠ63*)
$\9A2Šg%sssUƒXLMN‰[PvŠŠV1$

L$ƒX]c[$
V$vŠŠ6)=E(*XvŠŠ`¡g[$
r]=2Šg%s\XLMMS[AH@)0'•vŠŠ(,jm
L$ƒ
V$ƒƒ/$
Q$ƒ#A-./$
S$ƒo//$
Z$vŠŠ`¡g$
 ($,ŒXLMNL[F>c+,K,/6
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 . Quan niệm của Egen Bleuler ( 1911[m•/_)//]])E
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Š)(,/¢,lXLMSQ[]])E/K,/@Hhˆ
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63(*+,&.2>.06$
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6#+,%,//&-./m
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R%i=(^])(&"(F&&2
:&4&211&6'
G):**)$
 \,)%,//h,011A71
),',,:);&$5#=
:# -+,#B:);+,
B)'8),*6>—8),*&$
 : Quan niệm của Bruno Bettelheim 1969: 5•
e2_)_///F-.G):*&
iA29;c8)("2.i##*&9
)1)=D# -E"B$5h
#*)=DA !=2.9;)<A>(E
L‰
2j!h]) A>&FG(<#
G;$
 : Quan niệm của France Tustin 1977.
 Š@,E'#)=A+,o %$K/
+,Š$Œ2Ÿ,/5)i*ˆ]#)lE
8),A'#*+,.8)iBEH
^A+,'#D$g8)i=G):* &ˆ
/l,)=$`10A&&£'D -
+,.&A>1BEH^A+,'#D$
5•ˆ5)./l2#=i ,,
j(,1,)m
R5(: !Em

‘bình thường +,!9])
+,.2 7ˆ,(/l$
‘5.<61',D+,9>D
+,—$
‘5.6G= 7>E(3+,D
9$
‘4B 7G=h#:)=E)$
‘0)8)#+,A)H+=A)*)6 £.<$
R5;<m
‘r $K,/i6#$
‘q):(*',666$
‘5.,&^@ >&<nh,@,
4#9A>ˆ66lE7$
‘D+,.-E!2:=#nA
G;D> !$
‘b&)=“ -n20)B,D2
& )=(JA$
LN
‘Š=1,c8),*)8)=
#>'BB-8),>]#+, !
—$
‘5#=1<+,&0
$
R5@m
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‘g,)&8)91.(9 !2.1'()
*@2;&A>)=“ -;2 0
)#D$
‘1d&',.>—$
: Quan niệm của M.Soulé và D.Houzen

 #=9':)*)>+,,=
 D36—R$\'14*A
08),*= 7-])8)9$1
8),':)*)> ,)m
R5.h(9',$
R5.:+G&21'GB$
Rb3 72.:=E32 A)#4
)P A$
RK6G):*H !Q6#:=i
N$
RK6:=1>jD318)>
&,= ,, >^$
R1'i#:>$
: Quan niệm của hiệp hội Tâm bệnh học Pháp ( 2005)
 5/*&5(*v2&&
 DGi&2,An20)6
LM
Gf28),&+,+ 7()
*&IJp"!=$
 ¤./2()*+,&=:,2  !
0)(1:)*)B,)=m
R5.!D268),A !231'Gf
:>' !G)8),$
R5.6131:ž2 !33)$r
1/nh1&$
R5.68),Aj03D>j0&:
9$
R5.1'&33E(&0D$
52(1:)*)= !EA>,)&$
`A)P>8), 7&:)*)E.96A)0.(J

$
1.2.1.3 Các dấu hiệu nhận biết bệnh tự kỷ
 5K1 7)pA),P@,'
(: !2*)()")<ˆ9 l6#!
 7P(F* ,,&3B$_-j
)*)6#,(J?1:#'*)
=$C,)=E,jF1&B)
,=I3—)• !7j(,1Bm
Rr,AGi&
R `6'E
R 5  -
Hj&3,)m
-Không chó ý đến người khác ngay từ lúc sinh ra
R012314*1$
Cã thể nhận biết chứng tự kỷ qua hai cách với những dấu hiệu cơ
bản sau:
VO
a. Cách 1m`0(A8),:)*)m
• Khiếm khuyết về quan hệ xã hội:
R 3)+,_5KXK,/2LMSQ[$5.1)=
 >AG;ž()" )A1+, !
$
R ;6,=I A36D,=^ 7(j(A
 .(9 !$
R #G1!D2.36“#$
R ¤55K1B)*2:)*)A)=A8),*Gi&1
6p*A4V)I$
R ;<2.1AG;(F^2 1:0A)
 7)/3jc—$
R 5)=E2. !6^(126/(

—$
R b])A55K67 !26),9,(—$K6
D)>.@)I+&'.=$
R K>E2.1#4^(1>,—'
 !>$%&.1D)>(3,,&
cD0&$
R 5)=E.dA)=A3Gi&$5. !ž8),
AcD16A0 78),*>(@)I$
• Các vấn đề về giao tiếp:
‘KA)=A,A6'
R ;<2. !()")])8),A1$>E2.()"
)(F",= !>A0)$5 !12
.6“#8),"3$
R K6(AP,=26(A02^])$
R K6,,cD(^ >$K61#4(^ >
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VL
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 7=3-.10B)*)D:,]
>.1B6(9 !X_,,¥ƒ)/2LM‰W[$
b])A.A)*&&>$
‘b,B2;•
 ,B2;• !E8),A
'6*^ mh4&41…3
'1B0)62332BHm)•=,
,=23 ,(,=E]3jG^33(0(01,=$
 5.>1,B#2BHm<
<@&)<21B;•2BHm,=EH
&j01$,B2;•
 !G#=,-(*6(J0B)*D

(*1B)*"X(,,¥ƒ)/$LM‰W[$
• Những sự gắn bó bất thường
 `).1^(1{>'j0
 !2>&1jD1nh8)#(1›$5.1
)6,/101(E92A)1,1:=0=9.
{0'2#,=$`A)0=d6 7#2.{
8),=,9A&1j,=A$
 6(9 !>'#*8),$5.
1(JE3(-(1n2,42'01)=&
VS
G,=c23&,1$5.,Ej02jD
6/46 !+,1j12 #i
BB+,8),$5.1E9,
GAj092GAjj0E,)3G,=&1j
1G,=c$5.?1'*nh& >(j])
3EH^-(1n$
 5)="AG;D2 &.:B
cD(nh)2)‡
• Rối loạn về vận động
R )=A0&1(J0“$
R 5.< !314*(^ >&$
R `).:A)&2 {#(>A)IA)E$
R b,=412e0,=2G^3(,=2112=
;])B, >2#=2)( >2^ 3)92G,=
])30])G):2 !$
R %&.14D:B38)4;$
Các khiếm khuyết về trí tuệ và nhận thức
R b])A.)10B)*Xƒ)/2LM‰N[$K#
SOUWOY1sq¦ZO$P#VORQOY1sq§‰O$Š,.1
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R 5.1sq: !n/A)=A3†
48),*Gi&1)Gi&*2BHm,=E1
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R LTQ.10B)*{(J&2c.
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