Tiểu luận môn Quản lý chất thải rắn CHƯƠNG TRÌNH PHÂN LOẠI RÁC TẠI NGUỒN

TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NÔNG LÂM TP. HCM
KHOA MÔI TRƯỜNG VÀ TÀI NGUYÊN
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QUẢN LÝ CHẤT THẢI RẮN
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I.ĐẶT VẤN ĐỀ
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E"92.†K*_9/7-B*^+iE"9CY*=*-&'63*
?,(vC5*&…&**^C?,(v"‡
wĐối với môi trườngQ
'7(Y*2M*/.'9CY*63*-W('_*>E&h_
@*„"0(_I@(Y*9B65"R&CDUE"9CY*2B(CY*>
E&h+'_-E*R(>-2B(CYC5*&…&*+iE"D9/***9<
K@*1*9M"R&CD*^+iE"92.CQE"&A&'&'V@&G?,(v

C5*&…&*E"RS"@C5*4"C5*"=
s3*;F*R(>-@ˆ-+i/--4_*M3@J72N'2*A0;F
*R(>-‰**;F*R(>-**2*W8K3@J72"

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65"<>*>E&h+'_(C@(CY2_'&0(7#€€"
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2(7"ECH9M4RŠR
\3*[Na***>E&h*/.+*M]-;E'@7@8K
KK086G20*7@8K9.+,Na*]0*/.+,Na**+E
-•"+*M78C"<@@8K(3@J*>-‹_*]0*/

.+,Na(CYR"*/&'*>E&h+'_086G20*V@=R"
D9/*]06g0;E'9CY*@7@8K6g0&9CY*G&_R
S"N'63*20*V@=R""0(_
wĐối với xã hội:

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63*;E'63"R&CDl.*R*-W('_789_9CY*3@V@EC"'9Y
**7***>--E&39.1*3*R*@8K&@8IC5N`*'*<
9W@N4"ŒCDNW+i.@9CY*4"V@0&L*A063*-W('_*>
E&h+'_*^C*9<*A0/9B65"R&CD+B
Y*?F<(5>N''_9<-W('_*>E&h_@"0(_*
(763*G7H"Œ*W[J*;E'63"R&CD+B
II.TỔNG QUAN VỀ LÝ THUYẾT
II.1.TỔNG QUAN VỀ CHẤT THẢI RẮN
1.Định nghĩa chất thải rắn:
U3"Q*>E&h;0'">*E*>EHN_&h-+N'**'_
9<*A0*'CD67+6[9CY*E;O2*]2R*„Z@*082*'
CD2R"@B+,NaZ0
2.Nguồn gốc:
*@*A8M@-+&0*>E&h9R);0'"Q
wg**2@NW*Ce*>E+'_f•
wg**&@W"Cc"_•
wg***R+H&CDL**R&G*R*<•
wg**N)*6a9R)+W;08•
wg**'_9<*R3-•
wg**'_9<?W8N19R)•
wg**&_"?,(vC5*E67g**9CDB'C5**A07-B
3.Tính chất:
3.1.Tính chất vật lí:
wUB(CY&K
%
wl<•"Ql<•"*A0*>E&h9CY*9)m0(7(CYC5**J0&'"<
9c6)&L(CY*>EH&_@8KA8
3.2.Tính chất hóa học
w7-4@8KB_'7*>E&h

wl."/*E8*A0&'
w3&)*A0*>E&h
3.3.Tính chất sinh học
wUE!-WA8+L**A0
w{1-+"‡R
II.2.TỔNG QUAN VỀ PHÂN LOẠI RÁC TẠI NGUỒN
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<09GQ&*1*-•">8*0*'10]8('6EN0&*6CDŒA8
('M*R"2"('_&'(*W8*>E9=*;3C-N4@5?P(B-
?P&@<?P+cg0
U@Cc"_Q>8*0*'10]8('Œ&*1*-•"A82"('_
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A(_"8=O-T
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9_*;3C23+*9jAO-N4@5?P+!"(B-+cg0T
ŽW8N1QŒu-;KR9>*T
U@*R*<Q>8]8('(*W8T
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wU3"Q-W('_&*_@(7V@&G*&K*>E&h+'_7
"<+B'=*>*E**7-4*A0/08_c-+67(C@Z*]"<
**&K;3&C5*2@'"67&'+@BV@&G@'"6[*@8.*>
E9Mc?,(
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@d*A0{H7@8KR&CD63*-W('_*>E&h_
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>E&hZ@*cNS-WA8;0'"Q*7-4*>E*/@B*

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2R;0'"**('_6OK@6O+„&*+W6CDe(*W8*7*W8O'0*Of•
**7-49FV@0*M;M2R+,Na9CY*
>E&h*„(_Q;0'"**('_*>E&h+'_2R@<*/"
*>E&hZ@*cNS-WA86NaCQ?Cc9<6[(5**('_&*E6R
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}3&_-W('_*>E&h_@
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9P"(_I@(Y*Q_'@@8K(3@+_*9.+E?@>-WZ@*c•M23"
7@8KKKRV@063**M67+,Na&*{'&K1*M
63*-W('_78(_=-I@2/2!CQ
a) Bất cập từ khâu phân loại:
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K9I@78(_=--EQ
w Thay đổi thói quen trong sinh hoạt gia đình là không dễ.
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V@4'*^>8!]8w(R?…0+7+JG*'67'<-"7@?"'_&*
*/.*M7@8K(3@C6O<-10>8;'2"('_G9.&K;
9'=*0'*'W6K63+"R&CD/I@(vN'2M**<NW
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08V@K2R[J*9CY*(Y*K2R(7"
UMV@EQF-@7@8KJ*>-
30890+BCDNW*'&X&*E+'_(7J;O96R&)+'M@
;M**-W('_&*_@+i_'&0@7@8KJ*>-L&*E(7
@7@8KJ*>-6G*/.[Na@6[(3@'=*+E?@>**+E
-•"-a*M;M9.@6[(3@(7"94@67'M-P'*'+E?@>'=**@8.

/0!(CY67+E?@>**+E-•"-aa.-W('_&*_@+i]-
+,Na3@V@E**-M(3@*/&'&*Ee*M"9M#%ƒ(CY*>Ef
**('_&*E1*-•"9CY*?,(v7-WZ@*c;/*'*W8&08M
‚
-W/0L*C6[8(CY&*E&h*„(_-E*R(>-&>+iM23"
9CY*#•}N3**R(>-&*E_*MRS""R&CDN'C5*&…&*W8&0
W('_&*_@(763*O*/vm0(5MC9.089:9CY*/
V@P*A0CDNW*4-E@8K&@8I6[9<(W@N7"5*/.W*0'[
J**<9
w Khó giám sát rác thải y tế.
*E8M(7*>E@8."&'**('_&*E6G*/*J0I@"4";3
@8K30863*2."+''_9<?,(v&*E8M6`*„(76>9I0
E
0&0†<‘M2."&02'(C@&Z&*E8M@8__
†363902'02@61*'7
w Vẫn còn thờ ơ
\3*-W('_&*_@HI@C5*&KM59F9CY*1*3**9W867
*a*!"MC_\30"63*-W('_&*_@"59CY*h*9M
**9W8}w !"6736`*„NC5N_9."H"<677-B(567’(3
CDNW1-W('_&*&>90+B6`;O*@&*67'"<;)*
b) Thiết bị kỹ thuật công nghệ còn hạn chế:
l.1*3B-W('_*>E&h_@-E9E";E'9CY***8M@B2“
@[Œ&Y*'V@&G-W('_67+0@-W('_*8M@B2“@[H9W8(7**
-Cc3**V@8&G@'"6[*@8.67?,(v&*U1*3-W('_
*>E&h_@*^9m06563**]0-E089:**-Cc
367V@8&G2“@["<**:.679;<
”
&'*R*@'"63*089:V@8&G67*R3=-I@2/2!*A
8M@N'/V@P0'&**A0CDNWU1*3-W('_*>E&h7
0('_e&*1*-•"67&*6R*cf-Cc@'"94@K(7@'"**

78e$78(>8&*1*-•"$78(>8&*6R*cf@9."*A0V@8&G78(7
2R-E089:&0M;)@'"*^C&0M;)6[*@8.
CCDNW-E(C@&Z&*&'7w9I@78&K1*M2R[9CY*
+19G*A0CDNWN'2R0"@BZ&*H&'7c"<78s'
9/8K@*4@9=&0(7-E089:&0M;)2“@[@'"
\I"=2“@[Qe$f-E*‡(]*@'"9CY**E0('_&*9F-W('_"72R
-EV@086„?PK""<(4Z0e#f-E*J0&Kg('_&*9F9CY*-W
('_e}f-Eˆ676g0*'CD@'"*/.9•89'"&*&'-_"6@
'"*A0"G_**-CD?Fl.EV@8M2“@[78*4M2M-Cc3
@'""5*/#!&K;3
c) Quy trình theo dõi, giám sát phân loại chưa chặc chẽ:
&K1*M0>8+K@)NS1*3c6G*,0&067'(CY&*b+_*d67
NS-W('_„*YN'9=**@2*‹65+K@)65I@*,0&067'&*
I@('_K*4C59M9BCYG9.*/+1@8K&@8I-‡Y-/.;h
94@gCD;7+0@9/W&<9MvJ*CD"@0g9/N4[&0
Z;>*[-"79I@*…@9."*A0*Y(7&*_9W8-4(5(71*-•"
K9W8(7@@8K(3@9.*M;M7-W*'"-'+23@V@E‡8V@8
"Rg*Y"7(CY&*Z@*c*/.*M"&K”ƒ
308'77-B"Œ78-+‚%>*>E&h+'_*C0
9CY*-W('_&'9/&*Z@*c*M"2'E&K€ƒ\5Z;>*[-6g0
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9)0-CcG*4P'N•"+2“63*-W('_2R9CY*;@R(O
d) Thùng rác phân loại chưa hiệu quả: ( được trang bị dọc các con đường)
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Người dân thì phân loại còn người thu gom lại đem trộn lẫn vào nhau: P'
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4. Phương pháp phân loại rác tại nguồn phù hợp với Việt Nam
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*M{'+'9/-E*/c[-2MM-[@&*+0@29CY*-W('_78
E".@œ+,Naœ*MeLh(7"RG}fN'cV@0Y-*•@B*
M[†E••Œ&Y*'7-B7<*J*9CY*&.209."
&K9)0;7 -CD_7<(7_@8Ss@7R670@
&
a) Phân biệt 3 loại rác
*Z@*c(7**('_&*1*-•"g7;M-C&0@*AV@E*Z@*c+0@2
9CY*-W('_+i9CY*"09M7"8+E?@>-WZ@*c4@sS9.*M
;M7-WZ@*c&>B*'*0*670'7*'CD+,Na\G6[863*
-W('_&*Z@*c*•[08g94@+i]-*&>I@*'V@&G+E?@>
-WZ@*c+0@78
*6R*c(7**('_&*C+7+J_*6žA8?…09>**6R*c(7
('_&*2R.+,Na9CY*Z0"7*…*/."09*R(>-_;F&*0"
{ce@83{/*{c7<f\G6[89.;E'63"R&CD*]0*4E".@
B90(CY&*6R*c78
**MC>82"('_6O<-+i9CY*6[*@8.9M**(7I9.
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*M7**+E-•""5
b) Thùng rác hộ gia đình: hữu cơ và vô cơ
Œ<09G*4&0;)#‡&*"7@?0eZ@*cf67"7@N0*0"e6R*cf
lI@9(C@v(7‡&*Z@*c*/K"&L(L**>(O9.*C5*&02O
-4&*Z@*c
Thùng xanh để chứa rác hữu cơ
Thùng da cam để chứa rác vô cơ
c) Hệ thống thu gom mới
RCD"Œ:NW-B+i*/2'E$w#9."9=‡&*@'"[-2M
*Z@*c9CY*9:X78g(]*$”9M#}*„&*6R*c*…9:67'**
78J}J%J‚™A[g(]*$”9M#}

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D63*2B(CY&**H6I;F&*+iE"2I@9D!
3@V@E2MN'E"*-?,(v&*+,NaI@+E-•"g&**M67
E".@@8*cRS""R&CDN'***>E9<*_(`&'&*
\3*-W('_&*E_@9_3@V@E&>(5!*ME".@(CY&*
E-E*R(>-(K5}w ƒE"RS""R&CD"“V@09R)9CY**E
392.67+E?@>9CY*-W6+Z@*cg@&*E9F-W('_
9P"(_3@V@E2M*0'*'CDNW
III.NGHIÊN CỨU VÀ ỨNG DỤNG VỀ VẤN ĐỀ PHÂN LOẠI RÁC TẠI
NGUỒN:
1.CÁC NGHIÊN CỨU
1.1. NGHIÊN CỨU XÂY DỰNG MÔ HÌNH PHÂN LOẠI RÁC TẠI NGUỒN
TRONG TRƯỜNG HỌC TẠI THÀNH PHỐ ĐÀ NẴNG
(A STUDY ON THE DESIGN OF A MODEL FOR INITIAL SORTING OF
RUBBISHAT SCHOOLS IN DANANG CITY)
‡U@8KR\Wa8•"
&CDl_L*{C-_"l_L*l7›
eŸU• \qšzl lq¡w{¢%e f#$f
†7;'78K*J@?W8N1"RG-W('_&*_@ef&'
&CDL*-‡Y-65Z9I@231*M_7-Bl7›*2MV@E
*;0'"2B(CY677-4*>E&h&'&CDL*Hl7›
3&_V@E(v67@'"&*&'&CDL*92MJ*67[J*
*A0L*+6I&*E67-W('_&*_@†7;'*^9FM2M"<+B
GJ*@8K&@8IN10&K@*4@*A0L*+C9m0sD&c67*•"0
679ECH*A0*]9M2MJ*67[J*6779<*A0L*
+s10&K**2MV@E&K;7;'9I?@>"RG&'&CDL*
U£•¤Q†7;'9FJNa*/3@V@E***R*a@8K&@8IX"W*0'
[J*67+10"0*A0L*+67'-W('_&*_@RG9C0&0
&'**&CDL*/--4E"(CY*>E&h_'@[(Y*'63*@
'"67?,(vM-P'*^CV@0&LcM(7_'"<IE[J*B

*'L*+6I*R*;E'63"R&CD
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1.2. EVALUATION THE INHABITANTS’ PARTICIPATION IN
SEPARATION AT SOURCE BY WASTE CHARACTERIZATION
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