Tiếp cận vấn đề tính chủ thể của hành động trong triết học nhân sinh Mỹ

52
SO 10-2009
CHAU MY NGAY NAY
/v'
^'
TIEP CAN VAIN OE TIINH CHU THE
CUA
HANH
DONG TRONG TRIET HOC NHAN SINH MY
Dat van de
Triet hpc nhan sinh la he thd'ng
nhiing gid tri
ciia
ddi sd'ng nhan sinh,
anh hudng va chi
phdi the
gidi quan va
nhan sinh quan vdn hda cua mdi ci
nhdn trong mot nen
van
hda. Trai qua
400 nam tao diing (ndm 1607)
va
phat
trien, ngUdi My da kien tao dUdc nhutng
triet ly nhan sinh rieng cd cho minh
diia
tren mot gia tai tinh than
Id
ddng
van hda Thanh gido, chu nghia

ca
nhan
va y thifc chinh tri qud'c dan. Bai vie't
nay
budc diu tiep can van de tinh chu
the cua hanh dong - mot trong nhutng
chu de cd ban cua trie't hpc nhan sinh
My tuf gdc dp triet hpc.
Tinh chu the la gi?
0 phUdng Tay, tinh chu the tifng la
va'n de suy
nghi
cua nhieu bd dc triet
hpc vi dai, gdn vdi chu thuyet "con
ngUdi la trung tam" (anthropocentrism)
- mot sin phim dac thu cua
van
hoa
phUdng Tay. Tinh chu the dUdc hinh
thanh trong qua trinh con ngUdi
tii
nhan thifc ve vai trd cua minh
ddi
vdi
the gidi, nd phan dnh qua trinh con
ngUdi tiing budc dat tdi trinh dp
tii
"tach minh" ra khdi
tii
nhien, sau dd

"tdch minh" ra khdi xa hoi va
tii
xac
dinh minh nhU mot nhan cich, mot cd
nhan. Qud trinh the tuc hod tdn giao d
phUdng Tay gin vdi
sii
phat trien
manh me cua chu nghia duy ly ma F.
Baccn va
Descartes
la
hai nha trie't
hcc
tieu
bieu.
Bdng tinh thin "cogito" (tdi
ThS.
Le Van Tung
Dgi hgc Dong Thdp
tu duy), Descartes da dot pha vao
thanh tri cua chu nghia kinh vien md
dudng cho khoa hpc phit trien.
The
nhUng, Descartes mdi
chi
diing lai d
viec xem xet
cen ngUdi
vdi tU

each
la
met
sinh vat thieu
hdan
thien,
la
mdt
thang
bae
trung gian giiia ThUdng de
va hu vd. Ong coi ly
tri
la ngudn gd'c
duy nha't
ciia
moi tri thufc khca hpc va
khdng cdng nhan vai trd cua cam giac.
Chu nghia duy ly
til
Descartes trd di da
phat trien den dinh diem trdng triet
hdc duy tam bien chifng Hegel. Chu
nghia duy ly da trd thanh chu nghia
duy ly khca hpc (chu nghia duy khoa
hpc) d mot chiing
miic
nao dd vdi
nguyen tac xem khoa hpc
Id

van nang,
la chiec diia than ciia mpi phUdng
sach, da tac ra
sii
phat trien que quat
d con ngUdi. Xu
hudng
chd'ng
ddi
chu
nghia duy ly yeu cau giai thoat con
ngUdi khdi khudn khd chat hep cua
tinh than "cogito" nham gianh lai
nhan vi cho con ngUdi - dd la chu
nghia nhan ban phi duy ly.
Chu nghia Hegel tren budc dUdng
anh hUdng ciing diing chan tai My vdi
hai dai dien la Josiah Royce
(1755-
1816) va F.A. Rauch (1806-1841). So
vdi Hegel, trie't hpc Kant de lai nhieu
anh hUdng hdn d My, khong phai chi
bdi ly
do.
My la mot dan tpc cd mot lich
sif khiem td'n ma vi trie't hpc sieu
nghiem cua Kant an nhap mot phan
vdi tinh
each tii
do cua dan tuf cbieng

tdi khai pha viing dd't
nay.
Mac du
Kant da chi khang dinh,
ddi
tUdng cua
CHAU MY NGAY
NAY
SO 10-2009
53
trie't hpc
la
khi nang tri thifc cua
cen
ngUdi ve thiic tai, thiic tai dd
Id
the
gidi hien tUdng d
ngdai
chu the nhUng
dng cd nha'n manh tdi tinh chu the
cua hanh ddng
diia
tren tri thifc, dat
ly tinh
thilc
tien cao hdn ly tinh thuan
tuy.
Chii
nghia lac quan

ciia
Kant
phu hdp vdi tinh than cau tien
ciia
ngUdi My d chd khdng dinh con ngUdi
la
mdt thiic the
dec
nhat vd
nhi.
Id
muc dich
tii
than, la muc tieu boat
ddng cua chinh minh, con ngUdi cd the
vUdn
tdi
sU hoin thien - con ngUdi tU
lap than (self made man).
Tinh chu the cua hanh dong
trong cac trao
liiu
triet hoc nhan
ban My.
Cin bat dau
til
chu nghia thiic dung,
vi nd la mdt bien the ndi bat cua chu
nghia My, la phat bieu ve trie't hpc,
la

sii
the hien tap trung cua tinh thin My
ra ddi cimg vdi tie'n trinh phit trien cua
nUdc My hien dai, vi vay, khdng phai
hanh ddng ma chu the hinh dpng (tinh
chu the cua hanh ddng) rat dUdc de cao.
C.S. Peirce da cin mdn lao ddng
trong
Idnh
dia cua sieu hinh hpc truyen
thd'ng (trUdc Kant) vd thay dUdc tim
quan trpng cua cic phUdng phip ldgic
nhutng ghi
chii
quan trpng de xay diing
mdt phUdng phap khoa hpc hutu hieu.
Sd'ng trong thdi dai phdn tich, Peirce cd
y dinh vUdt ra ngdii pham tru cua cii
chu quan vi
cai
khach quan (trUdc
day
Kant gdi la chu nghia kinh nghiem
va
chu nghia giac dieu) thdng qua ldgic ky
hieu de nhutng khii niem cd the mieu
ta chan that kinh nghiem nham dUa lai
nhiing hieu qua khi van dung chiing.
Viec nha'n manh niem tin khdng giid
dieu da phan anh diing tinh than khai

sang d My
liic
ba'y gid, nhUng ddng gdp
cua Peirce khdng phai d dd. Ddng gdp
cua dng la d chd da danh cho con ngUdi
mdt vi the chu ddng trong viec chiem
hnh cic hieu qui thiic tien, nhUng dd
khdng phai la cdi thiic tien, cii hien
thiic ngUng dpng md la hien thufc da
qua cai tao, xif ly, mang tinh chu quan.
Bdi the, trie't hpc phii la mdt trp
luc
cho
con ngUdi trong viec xdc lap niem tin di
tdi hdnh ddng hiiu hieu, cd ich
(ddi
vdi
con ngUdi). Tu duy ma khdng cd muc
dich, khdng dUdc kiem chifng bing cdc
hieu qua dUa lai thi nd chi la mdt
sii
phien toai. Nhu vdy, d day Peirce dd
nha'n manh tdi nd
liic
chu quan cua con
ngUdi trdng viec chiem linh tri thifc,
chinh niem tin chuf khdng phii la sU
sang sua bdt ngudn
til
ly tinh bam sinh

(R. Descartes) da giiip ta dat tdi chan
ly. Tinh than
"ccgito"
cua Descartes
mac dil cd ndi de'n
mdi
quan he hutu cd
giuta qua trinh tU duy vd chu the,
nhUng nd dd nhd't chu the vac vi tri cua
ngUdi quan sit, tinh chu the duf phdng
(project) tdi kha ndng
tii
thie't dinh cua
ly tinh, tifc
la
trUdng cua nhiing
cai
cd
the suy luan difdc, hdn
nUa,
chdn ly tU
nd khdng thiet dinh dUdc, tinh xdc thiic
cua nd phai dUdc kiem chifng bang
kinh nghiem, bdng hieu qui mi hanh
dpng dUa lai. Mat khac,
nhif
Peire quan
niem, tri thifc bao gid ciing xuat phit
tif mot tri thifc trUdc dd, qui trinh ndy
khdng cd

sii
ket thiic.
Vay, con ngUdi hanh ddng cdn cif vao
dau? Peirce, James va Dewey deu gap
nhau d chd khing dinh, cin phii xuat
phat tii kinh nghiem,
til
nhu ciu ndi tai
de hdnh dpng, sdng tao. Kmh nghiem
dd
Id
gi? Nha trie't hpc thiic dung cho
ring, dd
Id
"kinh nghiem thuin tuy"
(James), "kinh nghiem
tii
nhien"
(Dewey). Tuf nhien
va
kinh nghiem la
lien tuc,
la
mdt chinh the thdng nhd't.
Kinh nghiem chinh
la
thiic tai. cho nen
trie't hpc
(va
khoa hpc) chi nghien cufu

chinh ban than kinh nghiem. James
ndi tdi boat dpng cua y thifc nhU la boat
ddng cd nang cua the
hUu
cd phin ifng
54
SO 10-2009
CHAU MY NGAY NAY
lai
hddn cinh. Tif pham
trii
kinh
nghiem. cdc nha trie't hpc thiic dung ndi
tinh chil the cua hanh dpng con ngUdi.
Vi quan
niem
triet hec nhU mdt phUdng
tien
(cdng cu). mot phUdng phap hanh
ddng, cho nen, khdng nha thiic dung
nao khdng de cao tinh ndng ddng cua
nhan thifc. James cho
ring,
ddng tU
tudng ludn
Id
ddng chuyen bien lien tuc
vd mang tinh cd nhdn. tinh
liia
chpn

cua nd hen quan den
ldi
ich vd sU
huiig
phdn cua
chii
the. The
gidi
ludn chuyen
bien
mau le. hdn ddn. lien tuc. do dd.
con
ngUdi
phii mau chdng xdc lap du'dc
phan ifng thich hdp va hieu qua. Viec
nhan manh
vac
kinh nghiem dac thu
cua
ca
nhan dua James xich lai
gan
tmh than tU dc
va
chu nghia
ca
nhdn
My.
John Dewey
di

xa hdn d chd yeu
ciu
mdi
cd nhdn cdn phai dUdc hua'n
luyen de cd the phin ifng kip thdi vdi
sii
ddi thay nhanh chdng
ciia
cudc
ddi,
ciia
the
gidi.
Nhu vdy. chu nghia
thilc
dung trong
khi
bdn ve tinh chu the da
ciic
ky de
cao
vai
trd cua kinh nghiem vd tinh
nang ddng cua chu the trcng nhan thifc
vd trong bdnh ddng. Peirce
nhd'n
manh
vao
nd
liic ciia

chu the trcng
\dec
xdc
lap mem tin. James them vac dd tinh
Ilia
chpn. tinh cd nhdn vd tinh ndng
ddng, Dewey dua nd thdnh nhutng quy
tac gido
due
vd ddn chu. Ta't ca nhutng
cdi dd
phai
thdng qua kinh nghiem,
hieu qua de
kiem
nghiem xem tri thifc
dat dUdc cd phai
Id
chdn ly hay khdng.
vd chiing cd nhiing
gia
tri gi.
Bdi
vdy.
chu the cua hdnh ddng la tinh nang
ddng tu quyet cua ca nhdn trong hanh
ddng dUa
lai hieu
qui cho con ngUdi.
Tinh chil the cua hdnh ddng ciing

Id
chil de quan trpng nhat trong chu
nghia
nhan
vi vk
chii
nghia hien sinh
My. Mac
dii
Dewey cd
ndi
la tinh hieu
qua phuc
\ai dai
chung. F.C.S. Schiller
cdn de nghi nen ddi ten chu nghia thiic
dung thdnh chu nghia nhan ban vi ne
de cao tinh than sang tao cua con
ngUdi, ca hai deu mud'n ndi tdi cai "mat
ngUdi" cua nd, tuy nhien, chu nghia
thiic dung van thUdng hi phe binh
Id
mdt thuf chu nghia chifc ndng, chu
nghia duy hieu qui. Chinh vi the, tinh
chil the hudng de'n hieu qua can dUdc
bd sung thanh td' "nhan vi" de con
ngUdi tuf lap than My cd dUdc phUdng
thufc tu bieu hien.
tii
cai quin lay minh

mdt
each
hieu qua.
Chil nghia nhan vi va chu nghia
hien sinh bao gid ciing de cac vai trd
chu the d
cen
ngUdi, nhUng dd khdng
phai la
cen
ngUdi chung chung, phd
quit ma con ngUdi so' it, con ngu'di ca
nhdn,
cen
ngUdi cd than xac va ddi sd'ng
npi tam. Tuy nhien, tinh chu the d chu
nghia nhan vi, chu nghia hien sinh
khdng phai la chu nghia chu quan, d dd
nha'n manh tdi con ngUdi vdi tU
each
la
mdt hien hutu, mot nhan vi
tii
do. Chu
nghia nhan vi tim
thd'y
d My mdt dieu
kien xd hdi
ciic
ky quan trpng, dd la ly

tUdng tuf do. binh dang va chu nghia cd
nhan de trd thanh
mdt
trie't hpc dac
hutu cua My. Chu nghia nhan vi d
Phap khi ndi tdi tinh chu the da nhan
manh tdi
sii
sieu viet cua cai tdi, tutc
la
tinh y hudng
ciia
hien hutu
\aidn
tdi
til
do tuyet
ddi,
cdn chu nghia nhan vi My
thi lai nha'n manh tinh chu the d hdnh
ddng sdng tao (cua cai tdi ddc dao)
nhUng dat trong tUdng quan vdi tha
nhan, vdi xa hpi, bdi the, mat phi duy
ly cua nd dn nhap vdi chu nghia tiiy
thdi
va
tinh thin khdan dung khdng
ldn vdo dau,
Chu nghia hien sinh chau Au ndi tdi
tu do nhu la mot cai vd bdng,

tii
do hi
"ket an"
(J.P.
Sartre) cdn d My do la
tU
do phdt minh ra minh, la tuf lap than.
Trong Cu sdc
tiicfng
lai
Alvin
Toffler
chd ring, nUdc My dang bi tra ta'n bdi
sii
md hd ve tien bae, tai sin, ludt le va
CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 10-2009
55
trat tu, chimg tdc, tdn gido, thUdng de
va
gia dinh do
sii
chuyen bien chdng
mat ve gii tri. Ong cho rang, rdi day
con ngUdi se phii tieu thu cich sd'ng
gid'ng nhu trUdc day ngUdi ta tieu thu
mdt hdng hoi binh thUdng. Ong vie't:
"Khi ngUdi ta dich chuyen
til
nen van
hoi thii cap nay sang nen

van
hoi thif
cap khac, tuf
each
sdng nay sang
each
sd'ng khac, tU hp dUdc ren luyen de
ddi
phd vdi
sii
dau khd khdng the trdnh
dUdc ve sU
til
bd dinh liu. Hp hpc
each
tii
phdng thu chd'ng lai
sii
dau khd ngpt
ngdc cua
sii
ra
di"\
Bdi the',
sii sang
tad cua
cen
ngUdi
tii
cai quin My mi chu nghia hien sinh

ndi tdi d tren khdng ddn thuan li viec
tao ra cho minh mot "tieu anh himg"
mi cdn phai sing tao trong viec
liia
chpn cich sd'ng, cung tifc la lam chu
trong viec bd di
nhUng
cii mi minh da
chpn
va nhUng each ma
minh
liia
chpn
cai dd. Tinh chu the bieu hien d duf
phdng ve tU dd, nhUng d My, dd
Id tii
dd
cua chu nghia cd nhan, tuf do dUdc trd
liic
bdi du trii tinh than la "nhiing tap
quan
cua trai tim"
(Tocqueville),
cho
nen, nd khdng hudng ve thdi
hddng
kim
qua khif ma
chii
trpng hien tai

va
hudng tdi tUdng lai.
Khdng the khdng nhac tdi phan tam
hpc va
sii
bd sung cua nd cho viec luan
giai
va
de cao tinh chu the trong hanh
dpng cua ngUdi My. Bdi vi trUdc khi
nUdc My la nUdc cdng nghiep vd duy ly
da cd mdt truyen thd'ng cd ddn vd mac
cim, chiing tdi mud'n ndi tdi tinh cich
cd ddn trong con ngUdi cua chu nghia
cd nhan My vi "mac cam tdi ldi" vao
tin dieu Kinh thdnh. Trong hai cudc
chie'n tranh the gidi, nUdc My khdng hi
ldn dan nao
til
ngoai
ban
vac,
the
nhUng, sU cd ddn lai hien dien khdp
ndi dd SUf banh trUdng cua chu nghia
ky tri va chii nghia cdng nghiep, nd
khdng ngiing dUdc tdng cUdng sau
cac
cudc khimg khoang kinh te. Cd hai the
he My da bd phieu cho

sii
cd ddn nhieu
hdn ca la The he bi mdt (Lost
generation) nhUng nam 1920 vd The
he im lim (The silent generation)
nhUng
ndm 1950. Benh cd ddn (va ci
Stress) li thanh
tiiu
vd
Id
ndi dau cua
nUdc My - xif sd ddi khi dUdc hinh
dung la "mot tap doan cua nhiing ke
ich
ky"^
Phdn tdm hpc inh hUdng vad
nUdc My vdi tU
each
la lieu phdp tam
ly, tinh thin "giim sd'c" tam ly cho
ngUdi trung
luu
My chd hai ldng vdi
mot thufc ddn ba mdn: tien, tien nghi,
cua cai. Nd gdp phin la'y lai thdng
bang cho nhiing ngUdi hi
qua
tii tinh
thin, de tim tha'y y nghia cudc ddi

trdng SUf lac quan, de tiep tuc la chu
nhan ngdi den thieng lieng (cdi tdi) cua
chinh minh. Cd le vi vay, phan
tam
hpc d My da phu dinh tinh cd gidi cua
libido, gidi tinh vd thay nd bdng nhan
to van hod. Fromm dd ndi ve chu
nghia nhdn dao cua minh rdng: "lam
cai
vd thifc y thifc da chuyen cdi y
niem thuin tuy ve tinh phd quit cua
con ngUdi thdnh
sii
the nghiem sd'ng
dpng cdi phd quit
dd"^
My la ndi xay
ra cudc Cdch mgng tinh
due
(sexual
revolution) nhutng nam 1960-1970 vdi
nhutng cudc chung cha "be bd'i", nam
giat khd', nii khdng dec "xu cbieng" d
dai hpc, d ngdii dUdng, d mpi nee
dudng cua tudi tre chic chdn phai dat
ra d dd mdt vd'n de
van hoa
nghiem
tiic.
TrUdc

dd,
ndm 1909, Freud tdi My,
cung da nhan dinh nUdc My la "mot
sai lim" bdi tinh simg dad se lim gia
tang cUdng dp dang hien,
dan
tdi thif
chu nghia tuf yeu chinh minh, cho ring
thUdng de chpn minh chd nen nd ciing
ddi hdi
sii
an thudng va yeu da'u nhieu
nhat, sU phdng tiing ve tinh
due
nhieu
nhd't. Trcng vdn hdd My, day la
thdi
ky
bimg nd vd'n
til
vufng ve tinh
due
nhieu
nha't, cii "mat na" ma Freud vach ra
56
SO 10-2009
CHAU MY NGAY NAY
trUdc dd da dUdc giat tung de con ngUdi
sung sUdng vdi nhutng
xiic

cam tran bd.
Tuy nhien, phan tam hpc chi trd
thanh mdt lieu phap tinh than mdt khi
nd nhap vdd chieu sau cua truyen thd'ng
My. Cam giac tdi ldi tiing la mot loai
tii
vd'n tam ly dUa lai y thifc ve ca nhan,
tinh than Thanh gido My de cao tinh
khoan dung lai coi trpng viec tha
thii
cho chinh minh, ngUdi
tii
tha thif cho
chinh minh de sd'ng xifng dang (thay vi
chudc tdi trong
sii
sdm hd'i), de tuf chu
bing hanh ddng thdnh dat. DUdng nhU
cd
met
"mac cam lac quan" ndi
cen
ngUdi My. Tinh chu the d ci nhan la tuf
sifa minh de thinh dat, de mUu ciu
hanh phiic. Chiing tdi mud'n ndi den
mot khia canh khac, thii dp
tii
sifa
minh cua ngUdi My de diing viing trUdc
mdi trUdng canh tranh khd'c liet, trUdc

nhiing ddi thay nhanh chdng cua xa hpi,
tham chi la thai dp bie't song va bie't
chet. O dd, phan tam hpc ciing chi
Id
met
cich dien giii. Day li ldi giii thich
chd SUf thinh hanh cua nghe tam ly hpc,
lam
cho nd cd mdt chd difng ngang hang
vdi nghe bien hd
Guat
sU) vd nghe quan
tri kinh doanh d dd't nUdc ndy.
NgUdi My
tii
sifa minh nhu the nae
de trd thanh mot ngUdi tuf chu? Trcng
budi dau lap qud'c, thai dp
tii
sifa minh
cd lien quan chat che vdi viec thiic
hanh dao dufc Thanh giao, ngUdi My
thee Tin lanh
tii
sifa minh theo Phiic
Am. NhUng Phiic Am khdng phai la
mdt cud'n tii dien cua cudc ddi, ngUdi
My khdng phai khdng nhan ra
sii md't
tinh tu chu trong cic quye't dinh, dac

biet,
sii
rui ro cua thi trUdng, sU nhdm
chdn cua vdn
hoa
thuf cap, dat con
ngUdi vio tinh trang hdn mang, hut
hdng, mat phUdng hudng. Chu nghia
duy vat chat
va
ldi sdng tieu thu, sut dU
thifa ca tinh vd'n la con de cua xa hpi
cdng nghiep
ap
dao va xd dat con ngUdi
thu gpn vdd dia hat ca nhan cua nd.
Trong
Vdn
hod vd tinh cdch cua ngitdi
My, Robert H.
Bellah
va cdng
sii
cho
ring, khoa
lieu
phap tam
ly
My khdng
nhin con ngUdi nhU mot thufc the benh

hdan ma nhU mpt ngUdi ban, ngUdi ta
chiia benh
che
nhau va tuf chiia cho
minh bang
sii
chia se (tam ly hpc tU
vd'n),
cac tac
gia nhan dinh: "Bang giao
trinh lieu phap tam ly - tinh than gdp
phin giiip chiing ta mot ban linh tuf
ldm chu dUdc trong ba't ky loai hinh
giao tie'p nao, dd la dufc tinh nang dpng,
khan trUdng, can trong va quyet
tam"^
Bdi vay,
tinh
chu the d day la phai
gianh
la'y,
mud'n vay phai bao ve cai "tuf
do ben trong"
ve
viec lam chu chinh
ban than minh vdi mpi bien thai ngoai
tai.
Nudc My trUdc sau vdn la tieu bieu
cho tinh than thUdng mai, tinh than
dich vu, cho nen, suf cai quan cai tdi

khdng the khdng hUdng de'n
sii
thanh
dat trong kinh doanh, truyen thd'ng
"xud't gia" ciing dUdc coi trpng. Ne'u nhU
nen van minh cdng nghiep nha'n manh
tdi viec khai thdc va lam chu tai
nguyen thien nhien, thi nen van minh
tin hpc nha'n manh vao viec khai khac
tai nguyen con ngUdi. Vi, kien thifc se
la nhien lieu cua nen kinh te tUdng lai,
thien nhien khdng cdn la mot
ddi
tUdng
dang chd dUdc khai thac. Trong
Ttxo
diing mgt nen vdn minh mdi: Chinh tri
cua Ldn sdng thd ba, Alvin Toffler vie't:
"khdng gid'ng nha may hay canh ddng,
tri thufc xet ve mpi phUdng dien la
khdng bao gid bi khai thac can
kiet"^
Bi kip
tii
quan, tuf thufc hien cua con
ngUdi tuf lap than My ma chu nghia
My, chu nghia ca nhan My ndi tdi
Id
viec di tim
"siic

manh ben trcng" chif
khdng phai la "hau thudn ben ngoai".
Khdng chi la khai thac md cdn la kham
pha, giai phdng khdng cimg mpi tiem
nang ca nhan con ngUdi. Tinh chu the
trong hanh dpng cua ngUdi My, con
ngUdi tuf quan cua nUdc My nim d dd.
CHAU MY NGAY NAY
SO 10-2009
0
/
Trinh biy tren diy cho thay ring,
cic chum triet hpc nhan ban phi duy ly
My da phan inh tinh chu the trong
triet ly hinh ddng cua ngUdi My, chiing
deu tim
each ndi
ket vdi cdc tuyen
thdng tinh thin cua ddn tdc My.
Khuynh hUdng trie't hpc phi duy ly My
khdng the khdng tuyet
ddi
hod vai trd
cua tinh chu the.
Viec
nhd'n manh y
nghia nhan sinh, nhan vi cua hanh
dpng con ngUdi dd khdng phai vdi y dd
thu tieu con ngUdi, nd chi phe phdn,
phan ifng (phan vdn hda

Id
mdt vi du
dien hinh) cdc bat cap duy ly
boa ma
chu nghia ky tri
va
chu nghia cdng
nghiep dUa lai.
Tinh chu the va triet hoc khoa
hoc
My
Ban ve tinh chu the cua bdnh
ddng khdng the khdng ndi tdi triet
hpc khoa hpc d My. Vi nd phin inh
Cdn ngUdi duy ly, cdn ngUdi
ciic
ky
khdn ngoan, da "vat hod" vac cdc sin
pham (bdng hda) vd de
Id
ra xung
liic
sdng tao cua minh.
Hinh thdnh trong
bdi
canh phUdng
thufc sin xud't tU ban chu nghia dang
phat trien ca ve be rdng vd chieu
sau,
nUdc My di tit

vae
nhieu chu de cua
lich sif hien dai, trUdc he't la d phUdng
dien khea hpc vd ky thuat. Den giuta
the ky XX, nUdc My cung la nUdc diu
tien di vie xa hdi hau cdng nghiep bit
ngudn
til
nen khea hpc hien dai. Tif
nhUng
nam 1940 trd di, nUdc My manh
me tien vde xd hdi tieu thu.
Lui lai ve lich suf cd the tha'y rang,
truyen thd'ng cua My cd nhieu thdnh td
tinh thin tad dieu kien khi thuan ldi
cho suf ra ddi
va
phat trien cua khoa
hpc
va
ky thuat. Y thifc binh ding
khuye'n khich con ngUdi tuf mpi xua't
phat cd the lap than, y thufc tuf do, ldi
sd'ng ddn chu
va
chu nghia
ca
nhan cd
vii cho mpi sang tao, tinh than canh
tranh khd'c liet yeu ciu mdi chu the de

thu dUdc thing ldi
phii
bie't tinh todn
diu
vac
- diu ra, nhay ben, nang ddng,
cd mot diu dc khdng thinh
kien,
khdng
ciu ky vd thiic dung, dao
diic
Thanh
gido khuyen khich ldm giau. coi trpng
gid tri cua lao dpng, quy trpng thdi
gian, sd'ng cd ke'
beach,
chi tieu dung
miic,
NhUng thdnh to' tinh thin nay
dUdc hinh thanh gan vdi
qua
trinh khai
phd dd't dai, tai nguyen
ciia
nhUng
ngUdi dan tif chie'ng, cho nen, nd cdi
md, dung nap, tiep bien vd ket nol vdi
mpi khdc biet con ngUdi, tad nen mdt
khung cinh van hoi bet sifc da dang
nhUng Cling khdng kem phdn ddc ddc,

Ddng thdi, trong hai cudc chien tranh
the
gidi.
My
Id
ndi dung than cho nhieu
nhdm ngUdi ti nan, trong dd cd nhieu
nhi khoa hpc, Suf thinh vUdng cua nen
kinh te' My trong mdt sd' thdi ky cung
tad chd nUdc My sifc ldi cudn vdi nhieu
nha khca hpc.
Vdi nhung thanh to' vi nhdn td dd,
nUdc My dd cd dUdc dieu kien cin va du
de ddn diu ve khoa hpc vd ky thudt. Suf
phdt trien cua khoa hpc d My khdng
the khdng cd trie't hpc ddn dat, ndi
nhif
Richard Rorty, la khdng the khdng cd
mdt trie't hpc "bien hd" cho nd. Triet hpc
khoa hpc d My, tii
chii
nghia hien thiic
mdi,
chu nghia hien thufc khoa hpc,
triet hpc phdn tich, trUdng phdi chu
nghia lich
sif,
ndi len dd thiic thi
nhiem vu "bien hd". hUdng dao cho
khoa hpc My phat tridn, vd nhU vay, nd

Id
mdt diy td (khdng phai li tdi td) cua
khca hpc, Nhifng de lam dUdc vai trd
Id
ngUdi diy td dd, trUdc bet, nd phii di
cimg thdi vdi khda hpc (d day li khoa
hpc hien dai), vi the nd
phdi
de cao,
tuyet ddi hod tinh chu the duy ly d con
ngUdi, dat chu the d trung
tam
cua
nhUng
phat hien khea hpc.
Diem chung nhat giuta cac trdo
lifu
trie't hoc khoa hpc My (va cung la chu
58
SO 10-2009
CHAU MY NGAY
NAY^
de phd bie'n d cdc nu'dc phUdng Tay vd
phUdng Tay
hda)
la dat trpng tam
vad
\-iec
xay diing cdc phudng phap khda
hpc.

nhdn thifc ludn
Id
van de trung
tam cua nd. Cd mot thufc te da tiing
dien ra vao
thdi
ky
cudi
cua khoa hpc cd
dien la
sii
khung hoang ve phudng
phdp ludn khoa hpc. trong dd
ngii
tri
phd
bien
nhung khdi mem. nhutng
menh de khdng rd rang. Khoa hpc
mud'n phat tnen thi bp mdy khdi niem
cua nd. ndi nhu Peirce phai thiic
sii
sdng sua. Nhu'ng
khdi niem vdi
tU
each
la san pham cua qua trinh
trii'u
tUdng
hoa khoa hoc. du'dc xdy diing nen

til
\lec khdi
qudt hod thUc tien. nd van
dpng vd phdt trien trong tifdng tdc
vdi
thuc
tien.
dd dd,
sii
phat trien cua thufc
tien
cd the bo
lai
dang sau nhung
hieu
biet ldi
thdi.
Ivhdng nhd tnet hpc khoa hpc ndo
trong the ky XX lai khdng quan tam tdi
bp may
khai niem
md con ngu'di sif dung
de nhan
thilc va
cai bie'n thiic
tai.
Tuy
nhien. bUc tranh ve thiic tai dUdc hinh
dung bang he thd'ng khdi niem (cua
khoa hpc cd dien) dd bi phan

sap
(tu cua
Karl Jaspers). Chu nghia vat ly bao gid
ciing
chi
dat muc
tieu di
tim tuf tinh cua
su vat. Boi vdy. chiing
nae
chu the cdn
dUng ngodi su vat de nhin nd thi tinh
chu the cua nd rat ngay thd. Blaise
Pascal tiing
ndi,
cen ngu'di chi
Id
mdt
cay
sd\-
yeu dt nhd't thien nhien. nhu'ng
dd la cay sdv
biet
suy nghi.
NTid
khoa
hoc
hien
dai.
ndi

nhu Richard
Fe\-nman.
phai
quan sat bing "nhieu tudng tu'dng
sdng
tad",
bing "suf tuf dd bieu kien cua y
chi""
chd nen ra't thie'u vd'n tuf
\afng
va
each dien giai
de
bien
hp cho
each
nhin
thiic tai cua minh la diing.
Id
sdu sic
hon
ngiidi
khdc dUpc nua. Chinh
\1
the,
chu nghia duy khoa hpc
di tdi
dmh
diem
rat cd the se bd roi con ngu'di trong

nhung phUdng trinh todn hpc, tinh chu
the
du>-
ly cua nd
phai
dupc bd sung
•'nhan
\d"
de dUa
cen
ngUdi
thddt ra
khdi
miia ddng cua vdn minh con ngUdi. Va
dd dd. nd phai mang khudn mat mdt
sieu hinh hpc mdi.
Trie't hpc phan tich My (Whitehead,
Quine. Skepke, Rorty) vdn dUdc xem la
mdt tnet hpc ifng
dung,
thu minh vdd
cdc vien nghien cufu d nhieu trUdng dai
hpc My. Nd ndi de'n tinh chu the (chu
the khoa hpc) d khia canh ky thuat cua
phdn tich ngdn
ngU
(ngdn
ngii
giao tiep
thdng thu'dng, khda hpc vd triet hpc).

Tuy nhien. triet hpc phan tich d My chi
cd
dUp'c
mdt dia
\'i
nhd't dinh mdt khi nd
phu hdp vdi truyen thd'ng My, trifdc bet
la chil nghia thufc dung.
Whitehead
chii
5'
tdi
'viec xay
dilng
mdt he thd'ng sieu hinh cho khca hpc.
Ong gdi dd la trie't hpc ve hiiu cd (hay
tnet hpc qua trinh hoat ddng) chuta
diing rat nhieu nghich ly gid'ng nhU
nhUng
nghich ly
ma
con ngUdi dUdng
thdi dang sd'ng. Ve cd ban. dng chd'ng
lai Hegel. Ong xem the gidi nhU mdt
trUdng su kien, dat trong
mdi
lien he
hutu cd vdi nhau, gidi tuf nhien ludn
ndm trong suf van dpng, bie'n ddi va
phdt trien khdng ngiing, nhutng ban

than cac sU kien thi khdng bie'n ddi. "Suf
kien
Id
yeu to' cd ban cua the gidi, la
sii
thiic
cudi
cimg cua gidi tuf nhien"'. vd
do dd.
\Ti
tru vdi tU
each
la the hutu cd,
la suf thd'ng nha't cua cac
Icai
sU kien
dUdc dng coi la mot ke't ca'u tuf than va
cd ndng
liic
sang tao tuf nd.
NTiUng
trUdng sU kien khdng gid'ng nhU "y
niem logic" cua Hegel, "y niem logic"
cua Hegel van dpng tuf than, van ddng
trong suf khai trien thanh cdi khac vdi
nd va la'y nd trong suf ket ndi giuta cai
khang dinh
va
cdi phu dinh,
tiic

suf van
ddng mang tinh tdng hdp (trdng hdp de
cua cdc vdng khau bien chufng). Hegel
phdt bieu cdi dd vd dien giai mot
each
tu bien. Whitehead di cung thdi vdi vat
ly hpc hien dai.
K^
luan ve suf kien cua
CHAU MY NGAY NAY
SO 10-2009
59
dng da dupc ly thuyet trUdng, cd hpc
lUdng
tuf xdc nhdn. Vdy,
cen
ngUdi ndm
d dau? Bin ve khii niem "khich the
vinh hing", dng cho rang, the gidi tdn
tai tiem tdng tinh kha nang vd ban,
nhUng "khach the vinh hang" khdng
lUu
dpng trong tuf nhien, khi tdch khdi
"ddng chay cua suf kien" chiing gia
nhap
vac
the gidi trifu tUdng
(the
gidi
cua tinh kha ndng), tinh khi nang ay

hoa nhap
va
dUdc td hdp trong cdc ddng
sii
kien thi trd thdnh "thdi cd", tifc cd
hpi hien thufc va
til
dd trd thinh suf vdt,
nhUng dd khdng phai Id suf vat cua chu
nghia duy vat
ma la
"khach the
vinh
hing". Xu hudng tien hod cua vu tru
Id
bien khi ndng thanh hien thiic,
cai
trifu tUdng thanh cii cu the thdng qua
sii Ilia
chpn ngau nhien. Cdi hien thufc,
cdi cu the (khich the vinh bdng)
tdi
cae
nhat la Chua. NhU vay, tinh khi
nang,
la phi
ly,
chd nen ban than
liia
chpn dd

ciing vd ly, Chiia ciing li mdt hien
tUdng vd ly, la nen tang cua tinh thufc
tai cu the. Cdch hieu niy dUa dng xich
lai gin chu nghia hien thufc mdi d My,
vi nd khdng nghien cufu nhdn thifc (cen
ngUdi) vdi tU cich qud trinh phin inh
the gidi
thed
ldi
chu nghia chu quan vi
chu nghia khich quan ma nghien cifu
chinh logic cua
sii
phdt hien khoa hpc.
lich suf cua
ddi
tUdng nghien cifu khdng
ddng nhd't vdi lich suf hieu biet cua
cen
ngUdi ve nd. Vi le dd, nd khdng bdn tdi
van de cd bin cua trie't hpc. NhU vdy,
Cdn ngUdi dUdc Whitehead quan niem
la chu the nam bdt, mdt thufc hiiu hien
thiic,
hieu bie't cua con ngUdi la suf thdi
man tam thdi khi nd nol ket dUdc cdc
quan niem vdi nhau, suf hieu biet ay
dat trong qui trinh tie'n hoi vd tan cua
the gidi, cii cao nhat la Chiia. 0
Whitehead, khoa hpc da di gin vdi tdn

giao,
qua trinh phdt hien khoa hpc
ciing la qua trinh tdn gido, niem tin
khoa hoc di lien vdi niem tin tdn giao.
Dieu ndy cho thay, tnet hpc khdng the
khdng phan dnh thufc
tien.
Cai thiic
tidn dUdc cd't
gid'u
trong trie't hpc ve
hUu
cd cua Whitehead phin inh tnet
ly nhan sinh cua ngUdi My d chd, ngUdi
My viia tin
vad
nhutng dieu
ma
khoa
hpc phit hien nhUng khdng vi the md
chdi
bd suf suing dac, suf dung hod
giUa
ldng tin khoa hpc vd difc tin tdn gido
Id
mdt thudc
tinh
ndi trdi trong triet hpc
nhdn sinh My. Dat trong ldgic phdt
trien cua y tUdng d khoa hpc dUdng

thdi,
ta bat gap dieu
nay
trong chu
nghia sieu hien thufc cua Jean Guitton
va
Bugdanov, vi ci hai dng cung da
quan niem, "bifc tUdng Plank", cdi ndm
ben kia chan ly khdng phii la
cai ngifdc
lai vdi chan ly, nd
Id
mdt chdn ly -
ThUdng de. Chu nghia quyet dinh
khdng chet di cung nhu cd hpc cd
dien
khdng chet di, nd li mdt trUdng hdp,
mot phUdng tien de chiing ta hinh dung
ve the gidi bdng nhieu megapixel hdn.
Triet hpc phan tich My tiep thu tinh
hieu qui cua chu nghia thiic dung da
dem lai cho nd mdt vi the quan trpng
trong triet hpc My. Da'y ciing
Id
mdt suf
My hod, thufc dung hod triet hpc phan
tich. Tinh
tii
do cua triet hpc dUdc
chii

y
nhieu hdn d Qume, Kripke vd Richard
Rorty, Ten goi trie't hpc phan tich cd
nghia la, xem triet hpc nhU mdt phudng
phdp khda hpc - phUdng phdp phdn tich
y nghia cua nhUng phdt bieu, triet hpc
difdc quy ve
nhUng
tham van ngdn ngut.
Quine
chii
trpng xay diing mdt triet hpc
mang tinh than nhdp cudc vdi tu cdch
Id
mdt tri thifc hpc ve tU nhien, d dd,
tinh quy dinh cua sU nhdp cudc tnet
hpc (nhap cudc bin the
hpc)-
phii dam
bid tieu chuan ddng tin cdy. Tinh tin
cay dd the hien d chd, mdt gia dinh
nhap cudc phai dim bio tinh ddng nhat
(cd the phan chia vd phdn biet). tinh
gian ddn vd tinh thufc tien. Ban the hpc
dUdc
Ilia
chpn de nhdp cudc nhU vdy la
60
SO 10-2009
CHAU MY NGAY NAY

gid'ng nhau giuta triet hpc va khca hpc.
Chinh vi vdy, phai dimg kinh nghiem
de
kiem
chifng tinh xac tin cua nd - cac
loai menh de.
Til
dd, Quine de xua't chu
nghia chu toan (holism) ve tri thiic
ludn. theo dd todn bp khoa hpc la mdt
trifdng tn thifc mang tinh chu tcan, d
dd, chifa diing nhUng chdn ly ldgic
tUdng ddi, Cach tie'p can chan ly
dila
vdo ngdn
ngU
vd suf thufc (kinh nghiem)
dua lai nhUng do tUdng vd gidd dieu.
Tai sao? Tai vi chdn ly ldgic khdc vdi
menh de phan tinh cd tinh ddng nhd't
nhu da ndi d tren,
ddi
tUdng cua nd
Id
ky hieu ldgic (khdng phai ky hieu md
ti) dUdc xic lap bang ky hieu. Do chin
ly ldgic xdc lap tren
nhUng
ky hieu
logic,

cho nen
sii
thay the' ky hieu ldgic
ddn tdi
sii
thay ddi gid tri cua menh de.
Gid tri ay la gid hay that phii dUdc tdi
an kinh nghiem xic nhan. Giuta ngdn
ngU ly ludn vd ngdn
ngU
quan sdt
khdng cd gidi ban phan chia rd rdng, vi
ngifdi quan
sat
cung bat budc phai
diia
vao
mdt ly ludn ndo dd, bdi vay, chinh
kmh nghiem ddn tdi suf dieu chinh
cue
bd vd phan
phdi
lai gid tri cho tUdng
thuat
ciia
chiing ta,
Nhif
vdy, Quine
mud'n loai bd y nghia vdi tU cdch la bin
the,

di tdi khdng dinh khdng cd
ddi
tUdng mang y nghia, gii hay that
khdng phii d chd cd hay khdng cd y
nghia md d chd nd cd phu hdp vdi kinh
nghiem hay khdng, Dd dd,
til
Quine trd
dl chiing ta bdt gap sU
ddi
thoai
giUa
triet hpc phdn tich va chu nghia thufc
dung,
khdng phai
chi
d viec thifa nhan
tinh
hieu
qui cua cic khii niem khi
van dung mi cdn
sii
khdng dinh vai trd
cua chu the kinh nghiem trong qud
trinh chiem linh cdc tri thiic.
Ca Quine vd
Kilpke
deu
chii
trpng

nhieu tdi mat ky thudt cua phdn tich
ngdn
ngU.
Day cung la ly dc khien cho
triet hpc phan tich khdng cdn
Id
mot
tnet hpc "ngoai trdi", tinh ban lam cua
nd di cimg vdi tuyen bd' "nha triet hpc
phai la nha khoa hpc" - "phUdng phap
trie't hpc la phUdng phap phan tich
ngdn ngut". Chu the theo dd chi la mot
cdch thufc lam chu logic toan hpc. Neu
trie't hpc
chi
dilng lai d viec phan tich
nhutng cdu chut (menh
de^
thi lam sad
nd dam bao cho con ngUdi
ddi
dien vdi
xd hdi tri thufc dUdc, vi suf phan nganh
khda hpc
la
vd han, tri thufc la vd han.
Trie't hpc la tien phong nhat, la tieu
bieu nha't chd tinh thin
tii
do, nd phai

giiip con ngUdi nhin ra ldi thoat cho
trang hudng dUdng thdi.
The he sau Kripke cd Richard Rdrty
vd Putman khdng di tim
each
xdc lap
mot cd sd tri thufc vutng ben tif phia
nhan thufc hpc niia, vi triet hpc phan
tich khdng cd du thim quyen phan xet
nhutng khoa hpc va dao dufc. Triet hpc
cin danh nd
lufc
de cung cap mot
phUdng thifc ma
cen
ngUdi cd the suf
dung de bien hp cho nhiing dieu hp tin
tUdng (niem tin) vd nhutng
liia
chpn.
Theo dd, triet hpc la phUdng thifc xa
hdi hod bien hp, tifc
Id,
suf bien hd
ddi
vdi tri thufc can
diia
vao thufc tien, suf
tdn thanh cua nhutng ngUdi ciing the
he.

Dieu nay ddng nghia vdi quan diem
cho rang, viec cd hay khdng cd tri thufc
khdng phai d quan he giuta tri thiic va
suf vat do con ngUdi ban bo' ma d chd
tuyen
be'
dd cd phu hdp vdi hanh ddng
xd hpi, vdi tap quan ngon ngii hay
khdng. "Tri thufc
Id
niem tin dUdc xa hdi
bao ve. Chu nghia lien ddng xa hpi la
chil nghia lien ddng cua mot niem tin
tap the va phUdng thifc hanh dpng xa
hpi"^
Quan diem nay khdng phai
khdng cd nhiing cd sd xa hdi cua nd,
ngay nay suf phan nganh khoa hpc ngay
cang
sau sic, chi
nhUng
nha chuyen
mdn mdi cd du kha ndng de tham dinh
mot tri thufc nao dd la diing hay khdng.
Quan diem nay cua Rorty rd rang la di
ngUdc lai trie't hpc phan tich trudc
dd.
CHAU MY NGAY NAY
SO 10-2009
61

bdi le nd nhd'n manh tdi tinh chu the
(chu the bien he xa hpi hod) trong qua
trinh nhdn thufc. NgUdi thed chu nghia
kinh nghiem, chu nghia hdnh ddng bad
gid ciing chd'ng lai mdt chu nghia giao
dieu. 0 Rorty, dng chd'ng lai chu nghia
nen ting, vi theo dng, bat cut mdt trie't
hpc he thd'ng ndo deu dat ra cho minh
mdt muc tieu
Id
xay diing mdt nen ting
tri thifc hpc, chifa diing tham vpng la
ngUdi trpng tdi cua mpi khca hpc, mpi
hinh thai van
hca.
Cdn ngUdi
nam
d
dau? Rorty chu trpng tdi con ngUdi vdi
tu cdch la mot sinh vat suf dung ngdn
ngU
de tdi khdm phd lai td't ci
nhUng
cii dang dUdc "trie't hpc hdi" hang ngay
nhdm
xac
dinh the gidi trong dd chiing
ta dang sd'ng. Theo dd, chi cd chdn ly
dUdc md ti ve mat
xa

hdi cua
nhUng
phdt bieu ve the gidi, niem tin
va cac
y
kien cila chiing ta mdi cd the bien
chiing trd thinh cd y nghia. Tif dd ddn
tdi quan niem, chiing ta ldm nen chinh
minh. Quan diem nay khdng mdi, song
nd lai dUdc dat ra diing vdo thdi diem
giad
lUu
da vdn hoi, bdi vay, nd cd
nhutng gid tri nhd't dinh. Quan diem dd
ciing dUa dng xich lai chu nghia thufc
dung d chd de cao tinh chu the (kinh
nghiem) cua hdnh ddng
vifdn
tdi cdc
tien bd tinh thin, dao difc vd sang tao.
Tuy nhien, trie't hpc phdn tich khdng
the difng lau hdn trong trie't hpc My,
nUdc My cdn Tuyen ngon dgc lap, bin
tuyen ngdn nay, ngay trong
each
dat
va'n de da canh chiing mdt suf chuyen
quyen nio dd, khi da tuyen bd' "tao hod
ban cho con ngUdi nhUng quyen bat
kha xam pham", nhutng quyen tU nhien

thi nd cung dd nhim tdi sifc manh cua
mpi chu nghia duy ly. Triet hpc phan
tich
va
ca chu nghia hien thufc My mac
dil cd ndi tdi tinh chu the cua bdnh
ddng, song chu the dd la ly tinh, mpi
thif deu phai thdng qua quan ndng ly
tinh de chifng mmh tinh diing
dan.
quan diem ay ddng nghia vdi sU giai
tni nhan vi, giii truf tinh chu the vdi tu
each
la mdt nhdn vi tuf do. Putman viet:
"triet hpc phan tich da thufc hien dUdc
nhieu dieu ldn, nhUng deu tieu
ciic
ci"^
Met
nha khda hpc cua Viet Nam viet:
"Cdn ngUdi chi tham
dii
vdo bin the
khi con ngUdi tich
ciic,
sang tao,
khi
con
ngUdi ra khdi ngdn ngii cua
dU

kien,
cua cdi hien tai de di vao cdi khdng
nhin tha'y, vUdt qua
nhUng
trat tU
thuan tuy cua logic de di vao the gidi
chUa bie't. Bin the
"la"
qua sU tu
thilc
hien
tii
do cua tinh nhan
vi"'°.
Ket luan
NhUng trinh biy tren
day
cho thay
rang, cd hai cdch tiep can khi
ban
ve
tinh chil the cua hanh ddng trong triet
hpc nhdn sinh My. Cach tiep can phi
duy ly nhd'n manh tinh chu the cua con
ngUdi (cdn ngUdi hanh ddng) vdi tU
each
la mdt nhdn vi
tii
do,
each

tie'p can duy
ly nha'n manh suf
quan
xuyen cua ly
tinh
ddi
vdi cdc phUdng
phap
khoa hpc.
Hai
each
tie'p can
nay
la
ddi
lap ve ban
the,
tham chi bic bd nhau trong viec
giii quyet mdt van de cu the
nao
dd cua
khoa hpc, trie't hpc, tuy nhien chiing
tUdng tdc vdi nhau, tad thanh mdt
"trUdng dam dad" ra't hai
hda,
ra't
phdng
phii,
rat ddc dio. Tinh ddc dio
dUdc mang lai thdng qua nhUng ket

ndi
vdi truyen thdng My, trUdc bet la chu
nghia thiic dung - mdt truyen thdng
ddc ddo cua My. Cdc trao
luu
trie't hpc
khoa hpc My deu gap lai chu nghia
thufc dung d mdt giao diem - khoa hpc
chi
Id
mdt cdng cu, mdt
lo^i
phUdng
tien ma cdn ngUdi suf dung de thufc hien
nhUng mdi
quan tdm cua minh, the
thufc hien nhUng muc tieu ma minh dat
ra. chan ly
la
pham tru dinh gii, do dd,
chiing khdng cd
gid
tri tU than,
gid
tri
cua nd nim d chd cd lam cho con
ngUdi
sd'ng td't hdn hay khdng, Trong thifc
te.
62

SO 10-2009
CHAU MY NGAY NAY
ca hai chieu canh
du>'
ly va phi duy ly
deu hien dien ndi
cdii
ngu'di tuf lap than
My. Truyen thdng My vdi td't ci nhiing
tinh quy dinh tinh than da chd phep
dung nap nhung thdi
cue ddi
lap dd.
Alvm
Toffler cho
rang,
con ngu'di
hien
dai
dang sd'ng trong thdi dai cua tinh
nhd't thdi, cua cdc ddng tinh
.hinh
tam
thdi,
cac td chifc tam
thdi.
cua nen van
mmh "dung xong
xiit
di". con ngifdi

trong Ldn sdng thd ba khdng
chi
diing
tdi bd dc duy ly ma cdn cdn tdi
xiic
cam.
true
gidc. tri tifdng tifdng.
bdi
xi.
thdng
tm khdng
chi
gdm nhung dut lieu ldgic.
yen td'
phi
cam
xiic
md cdn chifa diing
nhUng
gia
tri. san pham cua
sii
ham
me
va
tdm trang
xiic
ddng. tu'dng tudng
vd tnic gidc - tutc la nhutng san pham

rdi nhan vi. Mat khdc. cung thay
rang,
truyen thdng My vdi chu nghia
ca
nhan. y thUc binh
dang,
va
tin dieu
Kmh thanh cung gdp phdn dang ke
vac
su tu
dieu
chmh
cac
bat cap duy ly hod
ma chu nghia cdng nghiep. chu nghia
ky tri dua
lai.
Chiing tdi mud'n ndi tdi
mot
diem
nUa.
dd la tinh thoa
hiep
vdi
tu
each
la mdt tinh cdch dac
thii
cua

con ngu'di My. tich
each
ma thdng qua
nd ngu'di My
til
dieu chinh nhutng
mdi
quan tdm cd nhdn cua hp vdi cdc muc
tieu
xd hdi. Tinh thoa
hiep
ay trcng
mot chiing
mile
ndo dd cung la mdt
bieu hien cua
sii
khoan dung md chu
nghia tuy thdi. tinh thdn lac quan. tuf
phe binh cua nd se ddn tdi nhung
liia
chpn khdng mat ca tinh. se thiic ddy
nhung gid tri nhdn ban trong
sii
sdng
tao khdng cimg.
Nu'dc My da budc sang nen van
muih
hau cdng nghiep. qud
trinh

ca
iihdn
hod
chac chdn se dUa lai nhieu chuyen bie'n
mdi
lam thay
ddi
nhieu mat cua ddi sd'ng
con ngu'di. nhu'ng tinh chu the cua hanh
ddng thi vdn cdn dd.
Alam
Tom-ame,
nhd
xa hdi hpc ngu'di Phdp
khi
xem xet tinh
hien dai nhu
Id
sU
ddi
thoai giuta
Ij'
tri va
chu the da di den khang dinh: "chu the
thi khdng the tuf phd bo nd. ciing khdng
the ket thiic. nd lam cho con dudng cua
tu do ludn ludn md ra""". Tuf dd dd md ra
bdng
each nao? Ddi
vdi nu'dc My hdn se

la tu dd lap
than,
tuf lam nen minh. tuf
bieu hien mdt
each
sdng tac. va nhU vay.
nd vdn khdng
di
lech khoi nhutng gid tri
md Tuyen ngon dgc lap 1776 ndi tdi -
binh
dang,
quyen sd'ng. quyen tuf do vd
quyen mUu ciu hanh phiic. nd ciing la
cdng ly. md "cdng ly nhU la cdng bdng"
(John
Rawls).
Mpi gid tri deu phai dUdc
su\-
xet va hifdng tdi ecn ngUdi
vdi
nhiing
tham sd' tinh thin dd, dd ciing la muc
dich
tdi
cao cua moi khoa hoc, tnet hoc •
Chu thich:
I)
Alvin Toffler. Cu soc tuang lai. NXB Thong tin
ly luan. Ha

Noi,
1992.
tr.llO,
21
Robert H. Bellah va cong su.
Vdn
hoa vd tinh
cdch
ciia
ngiidi My. NXB Khoa hoc Xa hoi &
\'ien
Thong tin Khoa hoc Xa hoi. 1990.
tr.106.
3'
Bill
Dang Duy. Nguyen Tien Diing. Triei hoc
My. NXB Tong hgp Tp Ho
Chi
Minh. 2006.
tr.l.5T,
41 Robert H. Bellah va cong
sU.
Vdn hoa vd tinh
cdch cua ngiidi My. NXB Khoa hoc Xa hoi &
Vien
Thong tin Khoa hoc Xa hoi. 1990. tr.86.
•5) .Alvm
Toffler. Heidi Toffler. Tao diing mot nin
vdn mmh
mdi:

Chinh
trj
cua Ldn song
thii
ba.
.NXB
Chinh
tri
quoc
gia.
Ha
Noi.
1996. tr.l40.
6i
Richard Feynman. Tinh chat cdc dinh
lugt
vgt
ly. NXB Giao
due.
Ha
Noi.
2001. tr.l09.
Tl
Luu
Phdng Dong. Tnet
hgc
phiidng Tdy hien
dgi,
tap 2. NXB Chinh tri quoc gia. Ha Noi.
1994.tr,214.

8) Bill Dang Duy. Nguyen
Tien
Dung. Triei hoc
My. NXB Tong hop To Ho Chi
Minh.
2006.
tr.263.
9i
Din theo: Hiiu Ngoc. Ho sd vdn hoa My. NXB
The
gidi.
Ha Noi. 2006. tr,249.
10) Do Loc
Diep.(chii
bien).
My-Au-Xhgt:
Van hoa
vd Phat frien. NXB Khoa hoc Xa hoi. Ha
Noi.
2003.
tr37.
II)
Alain
Touraine,
Phe phdn tinh
hien
dgi.
NXB
The
gidi.

Ha
Noi.
2003.
Ha
Noi.
tr.606.