Kim loại tiền Nhật Bản và chuyển biến kinh tế - xã hội Đàng ngoài thế kỷ XVII

x^
^'
KIM LOAI TIEN NHAT BAN VA CHUYEN BIEN
KINH
TE
XA HOI DANG NGOAI
THE
KY
XVII
(Tiep theo vd het)
.
HOANG ANH
TUAN*
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
3.
Tac dong cua kim loai tien Nhat
Ban den kinh te - xa hoi Dang Ngoai
a. Tdc ddng de'n
tigid bgc/tien
dong
NhQ da trinh bay cl cac
phin
trUdc, cac
trieu dai phong kien Viet Nam tQ the ky
XIII de'n the ky XVIII tim each giam tai sy
thieu hut tien
iQu
hanh trong nQde bang
each
dung bae va vang de trao dd'i tien
ddng Trung Quo'c. Cudi thap nien 1680,

mdt nhd du hanh va thUdng nhan chau Au
md ta boat ddng nay nhu sau:
Mdt can trd khdc vdi boat dpng mau
dich Id hp [trieu dinh Le-Trinh] cho phep
mdt
lUdng
ldn bae do thudng nhan nude
ngodi dem vdo vUdng qud'e (thudng khoang
mpt trieu dd la mdi ndm) dUde xud't sang
Bowes vd Trung Qude
nhim
dd'i Id'y tien
ddng - vd'n
len
hay xud'ng tuy theo viec
Chova [Chua] chi
phdi
theo ldi ich
eiia
Ong
ta. Ngoai ra, be mat cac ddng tien ndy se bi
bdo mdn trong mdt vdi ndm nen md't gia tri
luu
hanh, gay thiet hai Idn cho thUdng
nhan vd tao dinh kien trong cdng
ludn.
Va
the la bae chay ra ngodi ma khdng de thu
ddi
lUdng

thUc - day qua
Id
mdt chinh sdch
te hai (43).
Mdt
lUdng
Idn kim
loai
Dang Ngodi dung
trao ddi tien ddng Trung Qudc Id
bae n6n
Nhdt Ban, b ca'p dp tha'p hdn
Id loai bae
nen dUdc due tQ ddng bae rials Tay Ban
Nha, eae
loai
ddng bae Ha Lan va rupees
An Dp. Theo each phan
loai
cua thUdng
nhan phUdng Tay, ve ed ban cd 4 loai bae
chinh dUdc
lUu
hanh tren thi trUdng Dang
Ngodi. Loai td't nhd't dUde gpi
Id lysee
100%
bae nguyen chd't; ba
loai
cdn

lai
Id ddng bae
rials Tdy Ban Nha (94%), rixdollars (85%)
vd bae nen Nhdt Ban schuytzilver (82%)
(44).
Cdc boat dpng mau dich quy md ldn cd
the dung bae
n6n
de thanh todn trong khi
budn bdn
le
vd tieu pha hdng ngdy can tien
ddng. Bdi bae Nhdt chiem ti trpng ldn trong
tdng sd' vdn dau tU
ciia
ngUdi Hd Lan va
ngUdi Hoa, nd dUde
cei Id
loai bae "chuin"
trong giao dich. Vi the, eho den trUde ndm
1668,
loai "bae" thUdng nhdn ngoai qudc de
cap den trong "ti gid hdi doai bac/tien ddng"
nhieu kha
nang la
bae Nhdt Ban (45).
Sy thieu byt cdc ngudn tU
lieu
ngan trd
viec phuc dyng todn canh bQc tranh nhdp

khau
bae
cua thQdng nhan ngoai qud'e vdo
Ddng Ngodi. Tuy nhien, kho tQ
lieu
VOC
eho chung ta mdt cdi nhin bao qudt ve kim
'
TS.
Khoa Lich sQ - TrQdng Dai hpc KHXH&NV- DHQGHN
54
Rghien
cuu
Lich
siir.
so
1.2010
ngach nhdp khau
loai
kim loai quy ndy tQ
nam 1637 den nam 1668 - nam Mac
Phii
DQc Xuyen nghiem ed'm xuat
khiu
bae
Nhat (46). Trong khoang thdi gian ndi tren,
Qdc tinh khoang 2.527.000 lang ehu yeu la
bae Nhdt (tQdng dQdng 7.000.000.000
guilders Hd Lan) da dQdc VOC dQa vdo
Ddng Ngoai. Sau khi md't ngudn

bae
Nhdt
Ban tQ nam 1668, VOC thu mua eae
loai
ddng bae khde nhau nhu
provintiendaalder, kruisdaalder, Mexican
rials va Surat rupees. TQ thdi diem nay, so'
iQdng
bae nhdp khau vdo Ddng Ngodi
ciia
VOC cung sut giam dan do ldi nhuan thu
dQdc tQ nen mdu dich vdi vQdng qud'e hp
Trinh ngdy cdng kem di trong nifa cudl the
kyXVn(47).
Mac du khdng ed ghi chep day
dii
ve sd'
iQdng
bae do cdc thQdng nhan ngdai qud'e
khde nhdp khau vdo Ddng Ngodi the ky
XVII, nhQng thdng tin trich
iQde
dQdc tQ
kho tQ lieu VOC gdi y
ring,
ve dai the, sd
iQdng bae
(cung
chii
yeu

la bae
Nhdt Ban
vd mdt sd' bae tQ My Latin qua kenh trao
ddi Manila) md Hoa thQdng mang vao
Dang Ngodi khdng
k6m
qua xa
sd'lUdng
bae
ngUdi Hd Lan dUa den. Ben canh dd, cho
de'n nifa dau thdp nien 1630 mdt sd'
lUdng
dang ke bae Nhdt da chay vdo Dang Ngodi
theo thuyen budn
eiia
Hoa - Nhat thUdng
vd ngudi Bd Ddo Nha. Bd qua cac so' lieu
cdn thieu byt tren va ehi tinh den kim
ngach khdp khau
eiia
ngUdi Ha Lan cung
dii
de eho tha'y tam quan trpng
ciia
ngudn
bae
tren
ddi
vdi he thd'ng tien te, vd rdng
hdn la nen kinh te hang hda tren dd md

rdng
ciia
Ddng Ngodi.
Kim ngach nhdp khau bae hdng nam
anh hudng ra't manh den ti gid quy ddi
bae/tien ddng cung nhu gia ca mua bdn b
Dang Ngodi. Mdt thudng nhan Anh tai Ke
Chd nam 1696 da md ta rd't sinh ddng hien
Bieu do 1: Nhap khau
bae
va tien zeni Nhat cua VOC va
sU
dao dong
ti
gia bac/tien
ddng tai Dang Ngoai, 1637-1697
nrr i i
r'l
i i i ii i i i i i
TI
III
I I I I I I I I
T
I I
III
I I I
I'I
r
I I I I I I I I I I I
•Ti

j^ia
hacltien
ddn^
'Bae
nhap
khdu
•Zeni nhdp khdu
NguSn:
Bdng 1
\l
2;
thfing
tin trfch
luge tiJ Overgekomen
Brieven en Papieren, G/12/I7-1 de'n G/I2/171010
\hDagh-regi.ster Baiavii
1624-1682.
Chii
thich: TI
j
1 gidbac/iien
d6ng:
d6ng ti^n/l
lang
bae;
Bae nhap
kh^u;
x 100 lang;
Ze/i/nhflp
khdu: x

1.000
d6ng.
^
Kim loai tien
Rljat
B^n
va chuyen bien
55
tUdng ndy:
•''' ''••!
i*.i
:
.'•.
i,.
, . :
Gia tien ddng [cassies] ra't cao, mdt nen
HO lang] bae ddi
dUde
24.000-25.000 ddng.
Ddi khi tieng dn cua mdt con tdu den [Ddng
Ngodi] vdi sd
lUdng
ldn bae vd'n lam [cho gid
tri cua bae] tut den 30-40 phdn tram, ldm
tang gid ca hdng hda. Viec nay kinh mong
cdc Ngdi [Ban Gidm dd'e Cdng ty Ddng An
Anh tai Luan Ddn] xem xet vd, nhu da de
trinh trQdc day, Cdng ty cua chung ta se ldi
biet bao neu cd [ ] ngudn vd'n dy trQ cho
budn bdn, bdi tien [ddng] d day khdng phai

luc ndo cung cd the thu mua/ddi dQdc vdi ti
gid phai chdng (48).
Vdi ba nhdn to' dinh
iQdng
la bae nhdp
khdu, zeni nhap khau vd
ti
gid bac/tien
ddng, bieu dd 1
dUde
xdy dyng
nhim
the
hien cdc xu the dao ddng trong vd'n de ti gid
hdi
dodi qua ede thdi ky khde nhau. Cdn cQ
theo bieu dd 1, khi VOC thiet lap quan he
chinh thQc vdi Ddng Ngodi nam 1637, mdt
lang bae tri gid khoang 2.000 ddng. Vdo
cudi thap nien 1640, ti gid bac/tien ddng
bit diu
suy thoai, dQng d ngQdng
1/1.500
vdo dau thdp nien 1650,
gin
nhQ rdi ty do
xud'ng cdn 1/800 vao thdng 4 ndm 1654, va
cd nguy cd xud'ng thd'p den
1/700-500
trong

nhQng thang tiep theo. Tinh trang am dam
cua ti gid
hdi
dodi edn
k6o
dai den
diu
thap
nien 1660, trQdc khi ngQdi Ha Lan va Hoa
thQdng bdt dau thay ddi thanh
phin
kim
loai nhdp khdu vdo Dang Ngoai.
NhQ dQdc the hien sinh ddng trong bieu
dd 1, ti gid bac/tien ddng suy thodi vao thdi
diem san
iQdng
bae nhdp khdu vdo Ddng
Ngodi dQng d mQc cao. Vd'n de dat ra la hai
xu hQdng trai chieu nay cd quan he tUdng
hd tdi mQc ndo? Chieu hQdng thay ddi
eiia
hai nhan
to'bae
vd ti gid
hdi
dodi trong bieu
dd 1 gdi y
ring
sd'

iQdng
bae VOC nhdp
khau vdo Ddng Ngoai den trQdc thap nien
1650 da tdc dpng rd't ldn den sy ma't gia
cua bae, ddn den sy sut giam cua
ti
gid
hdi
dodi bac/tien ddng. Trong nam 1653, nhdn
vien Hd Lan tai Thang Long nhan thd'y
mpt xu the rat phd bien: ti gid
bdi
dodi
thudng suy giam
trim
trpng vdo thdi diem
tdu budn ngoai qud'e den Dang Ngodi. Vi
the,
nhan vien thQdng diem VOC tai Ke
Chd lap ke hoach ddi
bae
trQdc hoac sau
mua mau dich de giam bdt sy thua thiet.
Day la mdt ke hoach thieu tinh kha thi bdi
thUdng diem se rat thu dpng trong budn
ban (49). Nam 1660,
Resimon
- thUdng
nhan
ngudi

Nhdt -
len
tieng dd ldi viec ti
gid
hdi
dodi xud'ng thd'p cho ngQdi Hd Lan,
ket tdi viec VOC nhap khau qua nhieu bae
vdo Dang Ngodi da ddn den tinh trang suy
thodi vd rdi ty do cua ti gid bac/tien ddng
(50).
Vd'n de ndy phu thupc vdo gdc nhin
cua mdi cd nhan. Sy khan hiem tien ddng
tai Dang Ngodi thdp nien 1650 tac ddng rat
ldn den sQ suy thodi ti gid
hdi
dodi, trong
khi
khdi iQdng
ldn bae Nhdt Ban, chu yeu
do thQdng nhdn Hd Lan vd Trung Qud'e
dQa vao, da gdp
phin
ldm cho van de them
trim
trpng. Vi
vay,
ed the ndi ldi bude tdi
cua Resimon danh eho ngUdi Ha Lan khdng
phai
Id

khdng cd can cQ, mac du khdng
hodn todn chinh xdc.
Bieu
dd-1
cung ddng thdi phan anh mdt
hien tQdng thu vi khdc: trdi vdi xu the
ti
le
ngbich giQa san
iQdng
bae nhdp khdu vd ti
gia
hdi
doai, viec nhap khau tien zeni Nhat
ti le thuan vdi - tham chi cdn kich thich -
chieu hQdng hdi phuc cua ti gid
hdi
dodi
bac/tien ddng. Sau khi
thii
nghiem tieu thu
thanh cdng tien zeni nam 1661, ngQdi Ha
Lan thQdng xuyen nhap khau tien zeni vdo
Ddng Ngoai den tan nQa cudl thdp nien
1670.
Khdng nghi ngd gi nQa, viec VOC
(cung nhQ Hoa thQdng) gidi thieu thdnh
cdng vd nhdp khau deu dan tien zeni trong
hai thap nien 1660 vd 1670 da giup Ddng
56

Rghien curu Lich
siir.
sg
1.2010
Ngodi
khic
phue edn ban tinh trang khan
hiem
trim
trpng tien ddng, ddng thdi binh
dn ti gia
hdi
doai vd'n da vd dang dao ddng
manh tQ
diu
thdp nien 1650. Bieu dd 1 cho
thd'y mdt thyc te rd rang: cung vdi sy tang
trudng ve sd'
ludng
zeni nhdp khau, ti gid
hdi
doai bac/tien ddng tai Ddng Ngodi ddng
thdi hdi phuc. Vao nam 1672, ti gid
hdi
doai
ve cd ban da tang den
1/1.200;
dat ngUdng
1/1.450
vdo ndm 1676. Vdo

diu
thdp nien
1680,
ti
gid
hdi
dodi bac/tien ddng da cd ban
trd ve ngudng cua thdp nien 1630, dQng b
miic trung binh
1/2.200
(51). Nhd ngudn
cung ed'p tien zeni ddi ddo, khdng chi sy
khan hiem tram trpng tien ddng - vd'n da
anh hQdng nghiem trpng nen kinh te Dang
Ngodi trong sud't thdp nien 1650 - dUde giai
quyet triet de, md ti gid bae
hdi
doai
bac/tien ddng cung hdi sinh manh me trong
cdc thdp nien cudl
ciia
the ky XVII.
b. Tdc ddng de'n gid cd
Khao sdt xu the chung
eiia
gid ea b Viet
Nam the ky XVII va XVIII, nhd nghien cQu
Nguyen Thdnh Nha da nhan xet rd't xac
dang
ring

trong khi mat
bing
gid ca cd xu
hudng dn dinh trong mdt thdi ky ddi, gid ca
mdt so' san
phim
eu the ed xu the tdng
giam trong nhQng thdi diem nhd't dinh (52).
Ket ludn nay nhin chung phu hdp vdi
nhQng thdng tin dQdc phan dnh trong nhdt
ky budn bdn
ciia
thQdng diem Hd Lan (vd
Anh) tai Dang Ngddi. Theo cac ngudn tQ
lieu phUdng Tdy, sd
ludng
bae nhdp kha'u
vdo Ddng Ngoai tdc dpng manh den ti gid
hdi
doai bac/tien ddng vd, nhu mdt he qua,
dan den sy tang bode giam gid nhe
ciia
mpt
sd mat hdng dia phudng vao nhQng thdi
diem cu the. Tuy nhien, sd
lUdng
kim loai
tien te do ngUdi nudc ngodi nhap khau vdo
Ddng Ngoai ve cd ban khdng tdc ddng den
chieu hQdng gid ca trong sud't the ky XVII.

Vd bdi gao la san pham mang tinh ban
le.
gia ca cua cdc san pham khde cd chieu
hQdng dao ddng xung quanh
vipc
tang hoac
giam ciia gia gao. Ndi tdm lai, gia mua vd
bdn cdc san pham phu thupc chat che vao
sy hpi thu cua mua vu ndng nghiep, bao
gdm ca thu hoach
(Jau tim
- vdn rd't can
cho ngdnh thu cdng nghiep td vd lua. Gid
ca thQdng tdng trong nhQng
nam
md't mua
ddn de'n khan hiem hdng hda va
lUdng
thyc,
nhung sdm trd lai trang thai binh dn
khi mua vu sau dUdc mua. Gia ca cung bi
anh budng nghiem trpng khi tien ddng
khan hiem d Dang Ngoai.
Cd hai nhdm gia ca chinh thu hut sy
quan tam dac biet cua ngUdi Hd Lan cung
nhu cdc thUdng nhan ngoai qudc khdc budn
ban tai Dang Ngodi. Nhdm thQ nhd't - ddng
thdi Id nhdm dUdc quan tdm nhd't - bao
gdm ede thUdng pham dia phUdng ddnh cho
xud't khau, dac biet

la
cdc san pham td
lua.
TQ nam 1637 de'n trUde khi Dang Ngodi
gdnh chiu cuoc khiing hoang thieu tien
ddng tram trpng dau thdp nien 1650, gia
mua td sd'ng tai Ddng Ngodi dao dpng trong
khoang 3,5 guilders/catty. Gia td tang
manh trong hai thap nien 1650 va 1660,
dQng d mQc trung binh 5 guilders/catty,
trQdc khi trd ve mQc gid cua nhQng
nam
1630 vd 1640 trong cdc thdp nien tiep theo
(53).
Td lua ra't re tai mien blc Viet Nam
trong thap nien 1680 khi thi trQdng Nhdt
Ban khdng edn man md vdi san pham Ddng
Ngodi nQa. Vao nam 1687, gia td thu mua
tai Dang Ngoai tham chi da rdt xudng
tham hai, dQng cl mQc trung binh 2
guilders/catty cl thi trQdng ty do (54). Gia
ca
ciia
cac mat hang xua't khau khac ciing
dao ddng tQdng ty nhu gia td.
Nhdm hang hda thQ hai
chii
yeu bao
gdm nhu yeu
phim

hang ngdy. TQdng ty
nhQ,
bode tham chi cdn phy thupc chat che
hdn, cac thQdng pham xud't khau, gid ca cac
Kim loai tien
Rl^al B&n
va chuyen
biefn
57
Bang
3:
Gia mot so san pham tor lua xua't
khau tai Dang Ngoai nam 1642
Td sd'ng
Sittouw
(taddu?)
Que
Sumongij
Baa
Hockiens (hoang
quy
in?)
Pelings
(linh ?)
Zenuwasche [?]
hockiens
Nhung
Chio
152.380
3.400

11.000
2.810
3.200
1.200
3.600
1.400
7.000
1.400
dong/picul
-
-
ddng/ta'm
-
•~ -•
•
,« • / •
I'.
5i:
'
_
^
:M^
fi;.
•
-
.
^
.,• •
-
-

Nsnidn:
Tfnh
to^n lil
VOC
1146,
Governor
Paulus
Traudenius
10
Antonio van
BrouckhorsI,
Dec.
1642,
fos.
708-711.
Chii
thich:
1
lang bae
= 2 guilders
17
stuivers
=
khodng 2.000
dSng ti^n
(500
dfing
=
1
quan).

loai
thyc pham phy thupc rd't Idn vao tinh
hinh mua vy thu hoach hang ndm. NhQng
so
lieu chit Ipc
dQdc cho thd'y - ne'u khdng
ke den nhQng thdi diem khd khdn do thien
tai,
md't mua vd chien tranh - gid ea
eiia
cdc
loai iQdng
thyc va thyc pham hau nhQ
khdng thay ddi trong sud't the ky XVII.
Vao
diu
thdp nien 1640, mot can gao cd gid
xd'p
xi 20 ddng trong khi mpt eon gd thit ed gid
khoang 110 ddng. Den thdp nien 1670, gid
tien mpt con gd thit vdo khoang 80 ddng
(55).
Theo phan dnh trong nhdt ky thQdng
diem Ha Lan vd Anh, nhan vien ciia eae
thQdng diem chau Au an ud'ng vd chi tieu
khd xa hoa trong thdi gian
iQu
tni tai Dang
Ngodi. Chi phi sinh hoat hdng ngdy rd't cao
so vdi mQc song trung binh cua cQ dan

Dang Ngodi cung thdi diem. Vao nam 1642,
mdi ngay mpt nhan vien thQdng diem Ha
Lan tai Ke Chd tieu trung binh 129 ddng;
cac
loai
thyc
phim
thQdng dQdc mua
la
gd,
ngdng, ca, gao, rau, trQng, eua, tdm, qua
Ba mQdi nam sau, khau
phin
an hdng
ngdy cua moi nhan vien thQdng diem Anh
Id 223 ddng (56).
•• LQdng ehi tieu tren Id qua cao so vdi
mQc sd'ng cua dai da sd thQdng dan Ddng
Ngodi, ndi mpt ngUdi thd mpc bode thd det
dia phUdng khd ed the Idm ra 40 ddng mdi
ngdy (57). Trong thap nien 1690, mdi
chiee
bat
an
edm cua Ddng Ngodi md ngUdi Anh
thu mua de dUa sang An Dp ed gid trung
binh 3,7 ddng. NhU vay, mpt ngudi thd gd'm
can phai ban khoang 30 san
phim
bat an

edm
de cd
dii
tien mua mdt con gd, hoac it
nha't 5 chiee de mua mpt can gao (58).
Nhin chung, trong khi boat ddng mau
dich xua't nhap
khiu ciia
thUdng nhan
ngoai qud'e ed the dd tdc ddng de'n tinh hinh
gia ea
eiia
eae thUdng
phim
xud't
khiu,
viec
lUu
tni va sinh boat hdng ngdy cua hp
dUdng nhu khdng anh huSng den xu the gid
ea eae
loai lUdng
thyc thyc pham. Mdt
trong nhQng
ly
do ed ban Id sd
iQdng
thQdng nhan ngoai qudc
IQU
tru tai Ddng

Ngodi tQdng
ddi
nhd nen khd cd the tac
dpng den gia ca sinh boat vd dich vu tren
pham vi ldn.
c. Tdc ddng den nhdn
liic
Trong nghien cQu cua minh ve tac dpng
ciia
cdc cdng ty Ddng An chdu Au den kinh
te Bengal sd ky cdn dai, nhd nghien cQu
ngQdi An Dp Om Prakash ke't ludn: "hien
thyc cua sy tdng trQdng ngoan mue trong
thu nhdp,
diu
ra vd sQ dung nhan cdng
xud't phdt tQ viec nen mdu dich giQa chdu
Au vd Bengal khdng phai la mdt nen mdu
dich
'Tainh
thQdng" lien quan de'n boat ddng
trao ddi hdng hda Id'y hang hda, ma la mpt
nen mdu dich thien ve trao ddi kim
loai
quy
ld'y hdng hda, ham nghla ve thdng dQ xud't
khau cho Bengal" (59).
Cin
phai khdng
dinh ngay tQ

diu
rang tQ than nen ngoai
thQdng vdi phUdng Tay
ciia
Ddng Ngodi
khdng the so sanh vdi Bengal ea ve quy md
va thdi gian tdn tai. Tuy nhien, ban chat
58
Rghien
cihi
Lich sit,
s61.2010
ngoai thUdng cua hai khu vyc cd nhieu
n^t
tUdng ddng neu ta dat va'n de phan tich
ban chat
eiia
nen mdu dich kieu "kim loai
ddi hdng hda" - ey the la bae vd ddng ddi
lay td lua vd vai sdi - vd'n Id ddc trUng cd
ban eho ed'u true thUdng mai giQa cdc Cdng
ty Ddng An chau Au vdi ca Bengal vd Ddng
Ngodi. Vi the, Bengal ed the dQdc sif dung
nhQ mdt thyc the so sdnh phu
h(?p
trong
nghien
cQu
cdc khia canh npi tai cua ngoai
thQdng Ddng Ngoai, dac biet

Id
vd'n de
nhdn cdng lao ddng, trong the ky XVII.
De
chi
ra dQdc nhQng tac dpng cua ngoai
thUdng
den tinh hinh sil dung nhan lyc,
nhd't
Id
nhan lyc trong ngdnh thu cdng
nghiep td lua, thiet
nghi cin
khai qudt tinh
hinh san xud't td lua vd vai vdc tai Ddng
Ngodi the ky XVII. NhQng ghi chep cua
ngQdi phQdng Tay cho thd'y san
iQdng
td
lua san xua't hang ndm tai Ddng Ngodi da
tdng len ddng ke trong nQa
diu
the ky
XVII. Mdt so' trung tam td lua phat trien
ngay trong hoac gan pham vi kinh thdnh
Thang Long (60). Mae du vay, mot
khdi
iQdng
ldn td sd'ng vd lua tam vdn dQdc ndng
dan san xud't hdng nam d ndng thdn dQdi

dang san pham
thii
cdng truyen thd'ng.
Khoang
diu
thap nien 1640, Qdc tinh Dang
Ngodi cd 953.810 hd gia dinh (khoang
4.769.050 ngQdi);
phin
ldn tap trung tai
chau thd sdng Hdng vd eae vung phu can
(61).
Mac du
phin
da eae hp gia dinh tham
gia hoac trye tiep hoac gian tiep vdo boat
ddng san xud't td
lua
dQdi cdc quy md ldn
nhd khac nhau, hp it khi ehu trQdng
chuyen ddi hodn todn dd't canh tdc tQ lua
sang dau. Td lua vi the
vin
chi xep b hdng
thQ ye'u trong ke hoach canh tac thQdng
nien
ciia
ndng dan Dang Ngoai. Tuy nhien,
san
iQdng

td
lua
san xud't hdng ndm vdn
rd't ldn, dap Qng
dii
nhu cau thu mua ciia
ngQdi nude ngodi do mpt
sdlUdng
ldn hd gia
dinh tham gia san xud't.
Trong giai doan 1637-1699, VOC
diu
tU
khoang 13.524.028 guilders chu yeu vao
san
phim
td
lua
Dang Ngodi, tUdng dUdng
vdi 215.000 guilders mdi nam (62). Thdi ky
ndy cung chQng kien sy phdt trien manh
me
ciia
nen
mau
dich
ciia
Hoa thUdng vdi
mien blc Viet Nam. Mac du chung ta
khdng ed tu lieu ehi tiet ve

diu
tU budn ban
eua Hoa thUdng, nhQng thdng tin gidn tiep
tQ ngudn tu lieu VOC cho tha'y tdng
diu
tU
eua ngUdi Hoa vdo budn bdn vdi Ddng
Ngodi ude tinh dat 2/3 tdng vd'n
diu
tU
ciia
VOC.
Neu ude
lUdng
ndy
Id
chinh xdc,
khoang 9.009.352 guilders da dUde Hoa
thUdng diu
tQ
chii
yeu vao td lya Ddng
Ngoai trong khoang 7 thdp nien cudi
eiia
the ky XVII (63). NhQ vay, tdng
diu
tU vdo
Dang Ngodi, ehu yeu vdo td lya,
ciia
rieng

ngUdi Hd Lan vd ngQdi Hoa giai doan
1637-1700 da len tdi 22.523.380 guilders,
tQdng dQdng vdi 350.000 guilder mdi ndm -
chQa ke de'n cac khoan
diu
tU
ciia
eae
thudng nhan ngoai qud'e khdc, ddng chu y
Id
ngUdi Nhdt vd ngUdi Bd Ddo Nha trong
giai doan trUde dd cung nhu ngUdi Anh va
Phdp trong khoang 3 thdp nien cudi the ky
XVII (64).
Vay
khdi lUdng
Idn vdn dau tU ndy da
tac dpng nhu the ndo den nganh
thii
cdng
nghiep td lya Dang Ngodi, cu the hdn Id sd
lUdng
nhan cdng lao dpng? Mae du khd cd
the dUa ra con so' chinh xac cho cau hdi
tren, hien thyc phat trien ngoan mue
ciia
ngdnh td lua Dang Ngodi trong
niia diu
the ky XVII gidn tiep cho thd'y nhu cau Idn
cung nhu ngudn vd'n

diu
tU tQ ben ngodi dd
vdo ngdnh
thii
cdng nghiep trpng ye'u ndy.
Vao giQa thdp nien 1630 khi san pham td
lya
mien
bae
Viet Nam cdn dUde Ua chuong
tai thi trudng Nhdt Ban va san
lUdng
td
lua
san xud't hdng ndm edn b
mile
tUdng
ddi
cao,
ngUdi Hd Lan ude tinh hdng nam Ddng
Kith loai
H^n
Tlftii
B^n
va chuyen
biefn
59
Ngodi san xud't va xua't
khiu
khoang 1.500

pieul
(tUdng dudng 90 ta'n) td sd'ng vd
khoang 6.000 td'm lya cdc loai nhu pelings,
baas, chio, sumongij, hockiens (65).
Mpt dieu chac
chin Id
mpt sd'
lUdng
ldn
nhdn lyc da tham dy, du trye tiep hay gidn
tie'p,
vdo viec san xud't
khdi lUdng
ldn san
phdm td lua ndi tren. Viec cdc ngudn tU
lieu khdng cung ed'p thdng tin chi tiet ve
san
lUdng
td lya trung binh do mdi hp gia
dinh san xua't
bupe
chung ta phai suy ludn
tren cd sd nhQng dQ lieu
lien
quan va mang
tinh dai dien. Theo ket qua khao sat
gin
day tai mdt sd hd san xud't td
lya
truyen

thd'ng tai Vu ThQ (Thai Binh) thupc chau
thd sdng Hdng, mdt hp ndng dan - ben canh
canh tdc lua - thu hoach
tdi
da khoang 10
can td mdi
nam
tQ viec trdng dau nudi
tim.
Gia sQ moi hp gia dinh Ddng Ngodi the ky
XVII cung thu hoach trung binh 10 can td
nhQ tren, it nhd't 9.000 hd hoac 45.000
nhan cdng (tQdng dQdng 1% dan sd Ddng
Ngodi
luc
dd) da tham gia vdo viec san xud't
90 tan (1.500 pieul) td sd'ng hdng ndm. Dd
Id chQa ke den mdt sd'
lUdng
ddng ke nhdn
cdng nhu thd det, nhudm, tay, theu tham
gia vdo qua trinh san xud't lua tdm. Neu ta
thyc hien mdt phep tinh ddn gian
ring
mdi
hd gia dinh tham gia san xua't td
lya (chua
tinh den nhQng khoan
diu
tQ vd chi phi

trong san xud't) thu hoach khoang 10 can
(166,5 catties) td sd'ng mdi mua, d mQc gid
trung binh 3,5 guilders/catty, moi hp thu
nhdp khoang 60 guilders tQ boat ddng san
xud't td lya.
(3
mot xQ sd thuin ndng nhQ
Dang Ngodi - ndi gid ca ede mdt hdng xoay
quanh gid gao - 60 guilders ed the mua
dQdc khoang 39 piculs (tQdng dQdng 2,3
tan) gao b
mile
gid 15 tien (khoang 1,5
guilders) moi pieul. Sd gao ndi tren nhin
chung tQdng
ddi
dQ dat cho mpt hd gia dinh
vdi trung binh 5 nhan khau.
Phai
IQU
y mdt dieu
Id ph6p
tinh tren
ddn thuan mang tinh cd hpc gian ddn bdi
nd chQa xet den ede vd'n de lien quan nhQ
ndng ddn trong thyc te thQdng phai bdn
mdt
iQdng
san pham nhd't dinh eho chinh
quyen d mQc gia thd'p nhieu gid thi trQdng

kem thee eae khoan thue vd chi phi. Tuy
nhien, nd
dii
sang td de cho thd'y ddng gdp
quan trpng
ciia
ngdnh
thii
cdng nghiep td
lua (vd gd'm sQ) trong viec thu hut nhan
cdng lao ddng vdo san xud't hdng hda xud't
khau, tdc ddng trQc tiep den sy md rdng
eiia
nen kinh te hang hda va ngoai thUdng
Dang Ngodi the ky XVII. Dieu ddng tide Id
cdc san pham td
lua
vd gd'm sQ Ddng Ngodi
- nhQ da dQdc chi ra treng ede chuyen ludn
nghien
cQu
gan ddy - nhin chung chi
Id
cac
san pham ddng the cho cdc mat hdng td lua
vd gd'm sQ den tQ Trung Qud'e (vd d chQng
mye ndo dd
Id
td lua Bengal). Vi the, khi td
lua vd gd'm sQ Trung Qud'e xud't hien trd lai

tren thi trQdng khu vyc vd qudc te thi san
pham Ddng Ngodi lai nhanh chdng ddnh
md't vi the eua minh (66).
Theo ghi nhdn cua ngUdi Hd Lan, tQ
cudl thap nien 1660 ngQdi Dang Ngodi bat
diu
chuyen nhieu bai trdng dau sang canh
tdc lua vd boa mdu - he qua cua mdt nen
thu cdng nghiep td lya dang tren dd suy
thodi do md't thi trQdng tieu thy Nhdt Ban.
ThQdng diem Hd Lan cho biet nhQng ndm
gan day thd det Ddng Ngodi thQdng khdng
tien hdnh cdng viec mdt cdch ehu ddng md
dpi den khi thQdng nhdn nQde ngoai dd den
giao tien dat hdng. Vdo cudl thdp nien
1680,
"thQdng nhdn thQdng phai
iQu
tru 3
hdac 4 thdng sau khi dat tien mdi cd the
nhdn dQdc hang bdi vi ddm thd ngheo chi
thue dQdc khi tdu vdo ben vd tien cdng da
dQdc trao" (67). Sy suy thodi trong san xud't
vd budn ban td
lua
tac dpng khdng chi den
ndng ddn, thd thu cdng md ea ede giai tang
60
Rghien curu Lich
sJr.

sg
1.2010
khde nhu thUdng nhan, ngUdi mdi gidi
Viec ngUdi Anh vd Ha Lan rdi bo Ddng
Ngoai lln
lUdt
trong cac ndm 1697 vd 1700,
ehUa ke den viec nhieu Hoa thudng da rdi
bd Ddng Ngoai tQ cudl thdp nien 1680, da
gdp
phin
ldm suy giam ddng ke sd'
iQdng
nhan cdng Dang Ngodi tham gia trye tiep
bode gidn tiep vdo ngdnh san xua't td
lua
xud't khau.
4.
Ket luan
Do ban che ve thdi
iQdng,
bdi viet khdng
the di vdo thao
luan
toan bp cdc khia canh
kinh te - xa hdi dudi tac dpng
ciia khoi
lUdng
Idn kim loai tien te Nhdt Ban do
ngUdi Hd Lan va cdc thUdng nhan ngoai

qude khdc nhdp khau vdo Dang Ngodi giai
doan 1637-1700. Tuy nhien, viec phan tich
ba vd'n de cd ban
la
ti gia
hdi
doai bae/tien
ddng, gia ca hang hda vd ngudn nhan
lyc
tham gia vao mdt sd' ngdnh
thii
cdng
nghiep mui nhpn (td
lya,
gd'm sQ) cung da
cho thd'y hien thyc ve tdc dpng manh me,
trye tie'p vd hang xuyen cua bae, ddng vd
tien ddng den sy md rpng cua ngoai
thQdng, vd rpng hdn Id todn bd nen kinh te
hdng
hda.
Dang Ngodi the ky XVII. Thay vi
lap lai cac ket ludn vd'n da dQdc dQa ra day
dd trong bdi viet dan xen vdi viec phan tich
dQ lieu, phan ket ludn xin khdi qudt ve
mang
ludi
trao ddi kim loai tien te qud'e te
the ky XVII vd dinh vi Dang Ngodi trong
cac ludng mdu dich kim loai ndi tren.

TQ vdi thap ky qua khai niem "toan cau
hda giai doan cdn dai sd ky" (early modern
globalization) da trd nen ngdy cdng thdng
dyng trong gidi sit hpc qude te, nha't
Id
nhQng ngQdi nghien
cQu lich
sit todn elu
(global history). Mot trong sd cdc nhan td
then chd't gdp
phin
tao nen qua trinh toan
cau hda sdm
la
sy hinh thanh eae nhip
ciu
thQdng mai va bang giao qudc te, ke't
ndi
khdng ehi chau Au md ca chau My vdi chau
A. Gidi nghien cQu tQ
lau
cung da nhdn
thQc ro tac dpng manh me
ciia
ngudn
bae
tQ Tan The gidi (chu ye'u tQ Peru va
Mexico) de'n eupe
"each
mang gia ca" (price

revolution) tai chau Au the ky XVI (68). Va
gin
day Gunder Frank da khai quat hoa
mpt each thuyet phuc xu the va tac dpng
ciia
cac ddng di chuyen kim
loai
quy den
kinh te' va xa
hpi
chau A, tieu bieu la xa hpi
Trung Qude, giai doan can dai sd ky (69).
Theo dd, xung
lyc
manh me vd tac dpng
hang xuyen cua cac ddng kim
loai
tien te
(ke ca cac ddng chay cua kim
loai
Nhdt
Ban) de'n cac nen kinh te chau A thdi ky
ndy
la
dieu khdng the
phii
nhan.
Vdi Ddng Ngoai, ne'u nhU the ky XVI
mien bae Viet Nam vdn hi cd
lap

tQ cac
ludng hai thUdng quo'c te qua khu vyc Bien
Ddng (70), the ky XVII chQng kien sy tham
dy, du edn thieu
chii
dpng, cua Ddng Ngoai
vdo he thd'ng thQdng mai chau A cung nhu
cdc ludng hang hai A-Au. Ne'u nhu Surat
(An Dp) tQ
lau
vin
dUdc
coi
la
"canh tay
trdi"
(linkearm) trong mang
lUdi
budn ban
hUdng
lieu
cua VOC vdi khu vyc Moluccas
(71),
nhQng nghien cQu
gin
day ve quan
h?
VOC-Ddng Ngodi eho tha'y Dang Ngoai
cung Id "canh tay trai" cua nen mau dich
ciia

VOC vdi Nhat Ban (72). Trong bdi canh
td
lua
Trung Quo'c khan hiem tren thi
trUdng khu vUc va quo'c te, td
lua
Dang
Ngoai trd thanh
chiee
chia khda van nang
de VOC mcl toang canh ciia thi trUdng kim
loai
quy Nhat Ban
nhim
thu mua bae,
ddng, tien ddng, vang -
loai
vo'n dau tU
khdng the thieu cho nen thUdng mai "kim
loai
ddi hang hda"
(bullion-for-goods
trade)
ciia
Cdng ty Ddng An Ha Lan tai phUdng
Ddng. ThUe te tren da gdp phan dUa Dang
Ngoai trd thanh mot
mIt xich
tUdng
ddi

quan trpng trong mang
ludi
buon ban kim
loai
tien te
lien
hodn cl khu vue Ddng A the
Kim loai Hen
RI)a!
B^n
va chuyen bien
61
ky XVII nhu da dUdc John K. Whitmore
chi
ra rd't xac dang tQ nhieu
nam
qua (73).
TUdng ty nhu tai cdc qud'e gia phUdng
Ddng khdc the ky XVII, sy phdt trien
ciia
kinh te hang hda Ddng Ngodi mdt mat dudc
kich thieh, mot mat hi tdc ddng manh, bdi
khdi lUdng
ldn kim loai tien te do thUdng
nhan ngoai qud'e dUa vdo de ddi ld'y td lua
vd cdc san pham xua't khau khde, nhu da
dUde phan tich b tren. Hi vpng nhQng
nghien
cQu
sau ndy ve sy md rdng

eiia
kinh
te hang hda rieng, bien ddi kinh te xa hdi
ndi chung, d Dang Ngodi the ky XVII se
hQdng nhieu hdn den viec tim hieu ye'u td
ngoai sinh nay ben canh nhQng ye'u to' npi
sinh vd'n da vd dang dQdc phan tich khd ky
trong cdc cdng trinh nghien cQu tQ trQdc
de'n nay.
CHU THICH
(43).
Samuel Baron,
"A
Description
of the
Kingdom
of
Tonqueen",
in
John Pinkerton (ed.),
A
Collection
of
the Best
and
Most Interesting Voyages
and Travels
in AU
Parts
of the

World,
Vol. 9.
(London, 1811),
p. 664.
(44).
BL
OIOC
G/12/17-1,
Tonkin Factory
to
London,
7
Dec. 1672,
fos.
41-55.
(45).
Nguyen Thanh
Nha,
Tableau economique
du Vietnam
aux
XVIIe
et
XVIIIe Siecles (Paris:
Cujas,
1970), Tham khao
ban
dich tie'ng Viet
cua
Tu

heu
Khoa Lich
sQ,
TrUdng Dai hoc KHXH&NV,
DHQGHN.
, , .^, ,,, ,
(46).
Xem so
lieu
chi
tiet
vi
hoat
dpng nh9p
kha'u
bae
vao Dang Ngoai
cua
VOC
tU
Bang
1.
(47).
Xem cac
phan
tich
ve
hoat ddng
nhllp
kh^u bae

vao
Dang Ngoai ciia VOC
d
ph£n
diiu
cua
bai viet.
(48).
BL
OIOC
G/12/17-9,
Tonkin factory
to
Fort St. George,
24
Nov. 1696,
fo. 460.
(49).
VOC 1197, Tonkin comptoir naar Batavia,
Nov. 1653,
fos.
598-611;
Generate Missiven
II,
pp.
697-702.
(50).
Generate Missiven
III,
pp. 346-347.

(51).
Sd
lieu trich
lUdc
tQ
nhat
ky
va
tai
lieu
kinh doanh ciia thudng diem
Anh tai
Dang Ngoai:
BL OIOC G/12/17-1:
fos.
41-55;
G/12/17-3:
fo. 169;
G/12/17-6:
fo. 272. Xem
them hoat dong nhap
khiu tien zeni Nhat
vao
Dang Ngoai trong
cac
ph£n
trudc
cua bai
viet.
(52).

Nguyen Thanh
Nha,
Tableau economique
du Vietnam,
p. 200.
(53).
Xin xem cac
thao ludn
chi
tiet
vi
hoat
ddng xua't kha'u
td lua
Dang Ngoai sang Nhat
Ban
thong
qua
Cdng
ty
Ddng
An Ha Lan VOC
cung
nhu
gia mua
vao
(tai
Dang Ngoai)
va
ban ra (tai

Nhat
Ban)
tif:
Hoang
Anh
Tua'n, Silk
for
Silver,
pp.
143-164.
(54).
Tinh toan
til so'
lieu trong Buch,
"La
Compagnie" (1937), pp. 183-184.
(55).
VOC 1140,
Specificatie
van de on-
ende
montcosten anno 1642
in
Tonquin gevallen.
(56).
Tinh toan
tU
VOC
1140,
Specificatie

van
de
on-
ende montcosten anno
1642 in
Tonquin
gevallen;
BL
OIOC G/12/17-1, Tonkin factory
records, 20 Aug. 1672, fos. 29-30.
(57).
Ve va'n de
nhan cdng
va
gia ca, cd the
tham khao
tit
Nguyen Thua Hy, Economic History
of
Hanoi
in the
17"',
18"'
and
19"' Centuries (Hanoi:
ST
PubUshing
House, 2002),
pp.
221-270; Nguyen

Thanh Nha, Tableau economique
du
Vietnam.
(58).
BL
OIOC G/12/17-9, Tonkin factory
records,
25
Dec. 1693,
fo. 340.
62 Rghien
eiiru
Lich siir. so
1.2010
(59).
Om Prakash,
"Bulhon
for Goods", pp. 159-
187;
Om Prakash, The Dutch East India Company
and the Economy of Bengal 1630-1720 (Princeton:
Princeton University Press, 1985), pp. 234-248.
Xem them: Femme Gaastra,
"Geld
tegen
Goederen: Een Structurele Verandering in het
Nederlands-Aziatisch Handelsverkeer", Bijdragen
en Mededelingen Betreffende de Geschiedenis der
Nedertanden 91-2 (1976), pp. 249-272.
(60).

Xin xem Nguyen Thua Hy, Economic
History of Hanoi, pp. 154-169. Hoang Anh Tua'n,
Silk for Silver (Chapter 2: An Economic
Background) de co them thong tin chi tiet ve tinh
hinh san
xuS't
td lua tai Dang Ngoai the'ky XVII.
(61).
Theo
ude
tinh eua Li Tana, Nguyen
Cochinchina, p. 171.
(62).
Td'ng kim ngach
dJiu
tu eua VOC tai Xiem
trong 62 nam (1633-1694) la 9.934.526 guilders,
trung binh 160.234 moi nam
(So'lieu
tinh toan tii
Smith, The Dutch in Seventeenth-Century
Thailand, pp. 63, 70). Tuy nhien,
c^n
lUu y
mot
thue te la
cfl'u true
thUdng mai VOC-Xiem the ky
XVII tUdng dd'i khac biet vdi
cS'u

tnic thUdng mai
VOC-Dang Ngoai cung thdi diem. Trong nhiing
nam dau ciia
quan he vdi Ayutthaya (tii nam
1604),
VOC toan tinh
sQ
dung Xiem nhu
cQa
ngd
de md quan he vdi Trung Quo'c
va
thu mua thUdng
pha'm Trung Hoa. Sau dd Xiem trd thanh nguon
cung ca'p
lUdng
thuc (chu yeu la gao) eho Batavia
va cac thudng pham
xuS't kh£u
sang Nhat,
Formosa, Malacca, An Do, chau Au. Mae du
vay,
vin
ed the nhan tha'y rang kim ngach cua VOC
trong buon ban vdi Dang Ngoai the ky XVII diing d
miie
tUdng dd'i cao so vdi Xiem, dac biet la vdi Lao
va Campuehia (Ve budn ban ciia VOC tai Lao
va
Campuehia, ed the tham khao tii Buch, "La

Compagnie" (1937), pp. 195-237.
(63).
Theo nhiing thong tin trich
lUdc
dUdc tit tU
lieu VOC, trong nhieu nam so'
lUdng
vdn dau tU
vao budn ban vdi Dang Ngoai ciia Hoa thUdng tham
chi
VUdt qua sd vdn diu tU
ciia
ngUdi Ha Lan.
Vi
du, nam 1664 Hoa thUdng mang de'n Dang Ngoai
200.000 lang bae (xa'p
xi
570.000 guilders) dl thu
mua td lua cho thi trUdng Nhat Ban, trong khi
ngUdi Ha Lan
chi
dUdc cung ca'p 347.989 guilders
eho
mila
budn ban nam do. VOC 1252, H. Verdonk
to Batavia, 23 Feb. 1665, fos. 209-248; Buch, "La
Compagnie" (1937), pp. 161-162.
(64).
Iwao
Seiichi Ude tinh

rSng
moi thuyen
Chau An Nhat ra budn ban d Ddng Nam A mang
theo trung binh 50.000 lang
bae
(hoac 155.000
guilders). Neu ta cha'p nhan con so Ude
lUdng
tren
ciia
Iwao, khoang 2.000.000 lang
bae
(hoac khoang
6.200.000 guilders) da dUdc thuy§"n Chau a'n Nhat
dUa den Dang Ngoai tii nam 1604 den
nam
1635.
Seiichi Iwao, Shuin-sen Boeki-Shi no Kenkyu
[Nghien
cQu
hoat dong
mSu
dich Chau An thuyen]
(Tokyo: Kobundo, 1958), pp. 49, 269.
(65).
Dagh-register Batavia 1636, 69-74. Xin
xem them tii Hoang Anh Tua'n, "Mau dich td lua
cua Cdng ty Dong An Ha Lan vdi Dang Ngoai,
1637-1670", Tap
chi

Nghien ciu Lich si 3/2006, tr.
10-20.
(66).
Xin xem nhflng thao
lucln
ve va'n de ddng
the cua san phim Dang Ngoai tren thi trUdng qudc
te tii: Klein, "De Tonkinees-Japanse
zijdehandel",
pp.
152-177; Hoang Anh Tua'n, Silk for Silver
(Chapter 6); Ho Chumei, "The Ceramic Trade in
Asia, 1602-1682", in, A. J. H. Latham and Heita
Kawakatsu (eds.), Japanese Industrialization and
the Asian Economy (London and New York:
Routledge, 1994), pp. 35-70; Bennet Bronson,
"Export Porcelain in Economic Perspective: The
Asian Ceramic Trade in the 17"' Century", in Ho
Chumei
(ed.).
Ancient Ceramic Kiln Technology in
Asia (Hong Kong: University of Hong Kong, 1990),
pp.
126-150; Hoang Anh
TuS'n,
"Gd'm
sQ
Dang
Ngoai xua't kha'u ra Dong Nam A
th6'

ky
XVII:
TU
lieu
va
nhan thiic",
T^p
chi Nghien ciu Lich si
11/2007, tr. 26-39.
,v^
i i
=r;!
.
-i^l,'
n
Kim logi
Hdn
RI}^
Bin va
ehuyin
bi6i
63
(67).
William Dampier, Voyages and Discoveries
(London: The Argonaut Press, 1931), p. 49.
, ,- _
(68).
Earl J. Hamilton, American Treasure and
the Price Revolution in Spain (Cambridge, Mass.,
1934).

Xem them
c6c
tham
luftn
chuyen dl vl
vft'n
di
kim loai tiln
t$ trSn
pham vi
toin
ciu vko
trung dai
m^t
ky-cftn
dai sd
ky
trong J. F.
Richards
(ed.).
Precious Metals in the Later
Medieval and Early Modern Worlds (California:
CaroUna
Academic Press, 1983).
(69).
Xin xem nhiing
luftn
diim thu vi vl cac
dong chay cua kim
lo^i

tiln
t§ vio chflu
A trong:
Frank, Reorient: Global Economy in the Asian Age,
pp.
131-164.
(70).
Xem
lufln diim
vk khdi qudt hda vl
Thang Long ciing nhU
Dang
Ngoai ndi chung trong
bdi
canh hai thudng khu vUc
thi
ky XVI tQ:
Anthony Reid, Southeast Asia in the Age of
Commerce 1450-1680 (Vol. II: Expansion and
Crisis) (New Haven:
Yale
University Press, 1993),
pp.
62, 63, 71
va
cac trang
tilp
theo.
(71).
Femme Gaastra, De Geschiedenis van de

VOC (Walburg Pars, 2002).
(72).
Hoang Anh Tua'n, Silk for Silver, pp.
219-
220.
(73).
Whitmore, "Vietnam and the Monetary
Flow", pp. 363-396.
NCHi
TAM
Td
NAM KY THdl THU$C PHAP
•tn^sii
-;i.
(Tiep theo trang 27)
Mpt khi
xu&'t kh^u dutjc
td sdng, trien
vong nganh
t^m
td Nam
K^
se ra't Idn. Theo
mpt thong bao chinh thQc ciia Bp ThUdng
mai Phap, trong
nSm
1910
vi$c
nhdp
kh^u

td sdng va cac phe
ph^m
cua td
t^m
vao
nu6c Phap se tang
len
340
tri$u
francs.
Vl nhQng
budc
cai tie'n tie'p theo, Phai
dodn cho
rling:
cac dyng cy Udm td
d$t lya
dang
dU<?c
Nha Canh
ndng-ThUcJng
m^
Bdc
K^
Ua chupng chu ye'u Id
phye
vy san xua't
cua cac gia dinh. Thdi
giein
tdi, phai tim each

che tao nhQng co may
I^p
dSt
theo
h?
thdng
cd khi cua Phap, nhUng phai re tien hdn va
thich nghi vdi eae phUdng phap ban xQ, de
CO
the cung ca'p nhiing san
phllm
tdt hdn vd
cha't
lucjng
ciing nhU gia trj bing hda. Tuy
nhien, nhiing be Udm vd khung
cii
eua cac
gia dinh vin se cdn tdn
t^i
phd bie'n.