tài liệu ôn thi đại học cách phân biệt và nhận biết chất kèm bài tập ứng dụng

1
 


www.giasuthukhoa.org -
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


I- 

- 
- 


-  
- 



- 
- 

- i

- 




2
 

CO2 + Ca(OH)2 => CaCO3 + H2O
SO2 + Ca(OH)2 => CaSO3 + H2O





* phenolphtalein * 

Axit sunfuric








 =>2Fe(OH)3




:

Al(OH)3 + NaOH => NaAlO2 + 2H2O



3
 






* Axit (HCl, H2SO4 )







K , Ba, Ca, Na * H2O






Cu, Ag, Hg

)





BaO, Na2O, K2O
4
 

CaO




CuO
Ag2O

 






CaCO3 , CaSO3













5
 

* dung 





* d










B











6
 




Axit formic : H- COOH
- 





 




+) CH C  CH2  



II- 









7
 












 

Na2CO3 BaCl2 H2SO4 HCl
Na2CO3
BaCl2 -
H2SO4 -
HCl - -


 




Na2CO3 + BaCl2 => BaSO4 + 2NaCl
Na2CO3 + H2SO4 => Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2
Na2CO3 + 2HCl => 2NaCl + H2O + CO2
H2SO4 + BaCl2=> BaSO4 + 2HCl
8
 























sau:





9
 


H2SO4
ch


Na2CO3 BaCl2 MgCl2 H2SO4 NaOH
Na2CO3 -
BaCl2 - -
MgCl2 - X
H2SO4 -
NaOH - - -

H2SO4

(2)








-
=> BaCO3 + 2NaCl
 => BaSO4 + 2NaCl
BaCl2 + Na2CO3 => BaCO3 + 2NaCl
SO4 => BaSO4 + 2NaCl
- 
10
 


BaCO3 + 2HCl => BaCl2 + H2O + CO2

BaCO3 + 2HCl => BaCl2 + H2O + CO2
 


a) NH3, H2S, HCl, SO2 ; c) NH3, H2S, Cl2, NO2, NO.
b) Cl2, CO2, CO, SO2, SO3. ; d) O2, O3, SO2, H2, N2.

 


b) Cl2, CO2, CO, SO2, SO3:

 
c) NH3, H2S, Cl2, NO2, NO.



m.

H2S + 4Br2 + 4H2O =>H2SO4 + 8HBr .
d) O2, O3, SO2, H2, N2.

2KI + O3 + H2O => 



11
 


 


NaHCO3 HCl Ba(HCO3)2 MgCl2 NaCl
NaHCO3 - -
HCl - -
Ba(HCO3)2 - -
MgCl2 - -
NaCl - - - -




 


- -


2, SO2, SO3, H2.




-
15 )


12
 













I- :
- 


- 

- 


AlCl3 + 3NaOH => Al(OH)3 + 3NaCl (1)
Al(OH)3 + NaOH=> 

AlCl3 + 4NaOH => NaAlO2 + 3NaCl + 2H2O (2 )

 
axit.

13
 

Na + H2O => 
2NaOH + CuCl2=> Cu(OH)2 + 2NaCl




 => 
=> 




Zn + CuCl2 => ZnCl2 + Cu
Fe + CuCl2 => FeCl2 + Cu

Fe + 2AgNO3=> Fe(NO3)2 + 2Ag

Fe + Cu(NO3)2 => Fe(NO3)2 + Cu

II- 





Na + H2O => 
CuSO4 + 2NaOH => Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO4

Ba + 2H2O=> Ba(OH)2 + H2
14
 

6NaOH + Al2(SO4)3 => 2Al(OH)3 + 3Na2SO4
Al(OH)3 + NaOH => NaAlO2 + 2H2O


2NaOH + Ca(HCO3)2 => CaCO3 + Na2CO3 + 2H2O

NaHSO4 + Na => 
 
NH4Cl + NaOH => 












- 


- 
Na2CO3 + HCl NaCl + NaHCO3 

NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl + H2O + CO2

15
 

- 

AlCl3 + NaOH => 
- 

AlCl3 + 3NaOH => 
t:
Al(OH)3 + NaOH => NaAlO2 + 2H2O








Mg + CuCl2 => MgCl2 + Cu (1)
b b (mol)
Mg + FeCl2 => MgCl2 + Fe (2)
c c (mol)
-
-
-



Fe2O3.

16
 









2FeCl3 + 3Na2CO3 + 3H2O => 6NaCl + 2Fe(OH)3 + 3CO2
2Fe(OH)3 => Fe2O3 + 3H2O

Ba(HCO3)2 + ZnCl2 => Zn(
















17
 










NO3.





 













18
 

2H2SO4 + Zn => ZnSO4 + 2H2O + SO2
 

4H2SO4 + 3Zn => 3ZnSO4 + 4H2O + S
=> 

H2SO4 + Zn=> ZnSO4 + H2





4Na + O2 =>2Na2O

2Na + 2H2O => 2NaOH + H2
Na2O + H2O=> 2NaOH
Na2O + CO2 =>Na2CO3
2NaOH + CO2 =>


2Na + 2H2O =>2NaOH + H2
Na2O + H2O =>2NaOH







19
 

4HNO3 + Cu =>
8HNO3 + 3Cu=> 
=>NO2
NO2 + 2NaOH=> NaNO3 + NaNO2 + H2O
NaNO3=> 
(A) (B)








2NH4NO3 + Ca(OH)2=> Ca(NO3)2 + 2NH3 + 2H2O
(NH4)2SO4 + Ca(OH)2=> CaSO4 + 2NH3 + 2H2O
(NH4)2CO3 + Ca(OH)2=> CaCO3 + 2NH3 + 2H2O

2NH4NO3 + K2CO3 =>2KNO3 + H2O + CO2 + 2NH3
(NH4)2SO4 + K2CO3=> K2SO4 + H2O + CO2 + 2NH3
(NH4)2CO3 + K2CO3 =>2KHCO3 + 2NH3






NH4NO3 =>
(NH4)2SO4=> H2SO4.2HN3
20
 

NH4Cl=> HCl . NH3
(NH4)2CO3 =>H2CO3.NH3
 + NH4Cl + H2O=> NaCl + Al(OH)3 + NH3

.
- 
I- 
- 


- 









=>2Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2
NH4 ) :
=>CaCl2 + 2NH3 + 2H2O

II- 


 

21
 









MnO2 + 4HCl =>MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2
Cl2 + 2NaOH=> NaClO + NaCl + H2O

Cl2 + Ca(OH)2 =>CaOCl2 + H2O

NaClO + CO2 + H2O=> 
2CaOCl2 + 2CO2 + H2O=> 

KMnO4 + 8HCl =>KCl + MnCl2 + Cl2 + 4H2O












22
 


.


=>3SO2 + 2H2O



Suy ra 1 mo


CO2 + H2O + Na2CO3=> 2NaHCO3
SO2 + Na2CO3 =>Na2SO3 + CO2








- NO3



 



23
 







D < B.





H

 Cl.


 dung



ra.





FeS2.
24
 

FeS2 + 18HNO3=> Fe(NO3)3 + 2H2SO4 + 15NO2 + 7H2O
H2SO4 + BaCl2 =>BaSO4 + 2HCl
Fe(NO3)3 + 3NH3 + 3H2O =>Fe(OH)3 + 3NH4NO3








: MnO2, K2Cr2O7 )


F2 + 2NaCl(r) =>

 





AlCl3.




=> 

25
 

2NaOH + CaCl2 =>
Na2CO3 + CaCl2=> CaCO3 + 2NaCl
3Na2CO3 + 2AlCl3 + H2O=> 6NaCl + 2Al(OH)3 + 3CO2









PTHH.





CO2 + NaOH=> Na2CO3 + H2O
=>NaHCO3
=>NaCl + H2O + CO2
Na2CO3 + 2HCl=> 2NaCl + H2O + CO2

 


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