Cơ cấu kinh tế tây nguyên và một số vấn đề đặt ra

KINH
IE
DIA
PHirONG
Co
cdu
kinh te Tay Nguyen
va mot so
vdn
de dqt
ra^
BUI
QUANG TUAN
NGUYEN DINH HOA
r
rong thdi gian
qua,
kinh
te Tdy
Nguy&n
dat
dUOc
mot
sdket
qud
ddng
ghi
nhdn, tdc
d$
tdng triidng
cao han

mik
trung binh
cua cd
niidc.
Tuy
nhien, tdng triidng kinh
te
chita
ben viing,
chu yeu
dUa vda
khai thdc
tdi
nguyen thien nhien
can
kiet,
vdn di, lao
ddng gian
dm,
trong
khi
cdc nguon
liic
ndy
duac
s^
dung
kem
hieu
qud.

Ca
cdu
kinh
t&
cua
viing chuyen dich
chUa
theo hiidng phdt
huy
Icfi
the ddc
thu.
vd lai
thd
so sdnh
cua
viing,
gid tri gia
tdng thdp. Cdch
tk&e
tdng trudng
vd
cO
cdu kinh
tenhu
vay
dang
ddt ra
nhieu thdch thiic
uSphdt

trien
ben
vUng.
Bdi
vi^
ndy
neu len
thiic trang
vd vdn de cua
chuyen dich
ca cdu
kinh
tenhdm
gdp
phdn
cho
thdo luan
ud
dinh hiidng cho viec
tdi
ca cdu kinh
teTdy
Nguyen theo hiidng phdt trien
ben
vUng.
1.
Thfle trang tang
trfldfng
va
chuyen

dich
cfl cau
kinh
te cua Tay
Nguyen
1.1.
Tdng triidng kinh
te
Kinh td' vflng Tay Nguyen
da cd
td'c
do
tang
trfldng
eao
thdi
ky
2001-2012,
dat
binh quan
12,99%/nam.
De'n nam
2012, tong
gia tri san
xua't
cua
vung
Tay
Nguyen
dat

74.727,85
ty
ddng
(gia so
sanh
nam
1994), tang 54.772,828
ty ddng
so vdi
nam
2001; trong dd: ndng,
lam,
HINH 1:
Toe do
tang
trfldfng
kinh te'
cua
thuy
san
tang 17.139,492
ty
ddng; cdng
ngbiep-xay dflng tang 21.862,836
ty
ddng; dich
vu tang
15.869,125
ty
ddng.

Ddy
diiOc
coi la
thanh
tuu
ve
tang trfldng kinh
te'
cua vflng Tdy
Nguydn. Ddng
gdp vao
thanh tflu tang
trfldr^
nay eiia
eac khu
vfle nhfl
sau: khu
vUc
cdi^
nghiep
- xay
dflng: 39,9%,
khu
vflc ndng, lam,
thuy
san:
31,9%
vd
dich
vu:

28,2%. Nhfl
v4y,
eac nganh
san
xuat
vat
chat ddng
vai trd la
ddng
Ifle
d^y
trong phat trien kinh te'eiia
viiiig.
vung
Tay
Nguyen giai doan 2001
-
2012
•
Canudc
•
Tay
Nguyen
- Nong, lam, thuy san
-
Gang
nghiep-xay
dung
- Dich
vu

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
2010 2011 2012
Ngudn:
NiSn
giam thdng
ke
cua cac tinh
TSy
NguySn.
Bili Quang
TuSn,
PGS.TS Vien Nghien
ciiu
phat
tri^n
ben viing Viing; Nguyen
Dinh
Hda, ThS., Vien Kinh
t^
Viet Nam.
I
Bai
viei
la
moi
phdn trong
san
phiim
cua De tai
TN3/X01 (Chuong

trinh
Tay
Nguyen
3).
Co
c^u
kinh
t^Tay
Nguyen
,
• Ndng nghiep, lam nghiep vd thuy sdn
Gia tri san
xud't
ndng, lam, thuy san cua
Tdy Nguyen tang binh
quan
8,11%/nam
trong thdi
k^
2001- 2011. Nam 2011, gia tri
san xuait dat 28.550,644 ty ddng (gia cd' dinh
ndm 1994), tang 1,64
l^n
so vdi nam 2005
va
2,28 Idn so vdi nam 2001. Tuy nhidn, tang
trfldng ciia khu vflc ndng, lam, thuy san gifla
cac ndm
thidii
sfl dn dinh. Ddng gdp cbinh

vdo tang trfldng ndng nghiep eua vflng la tieu
nganh ndng nghiep, vdi mfle 96,75%; lam
nghiep va thuy san, tfldng flng
la
2,48%
va
0,77%.
cac
nam 2002,
2005
va 2008 ed mfle
tang trfldng tha'p nha't, nguyen nhan ehinh la
do gia ndng san (cd phd) trdn thi trfldng the'
gidi giam manh trong nhflng nam nay.
• Cdng nghiip vd xdy dUng
Gia tri san xud't cua ngdnh cdng nghidp -
xdy dflng trong giai doan 2001-2011 tang
binh quan hdng ndm 19,70%. Gia tri san
xua't cua nhdm nganh
nay
tang tfl mfle
3360,329 ty ddng
nam
2001 len mfle
22.311,258 ty ddng
nam
2011 (tang 6,63 lan).
Tdc dd tang trudng cdng nghiep binh quan
nam
thdi

k^
2001-2005 dat 18,37%, thdi ky
2006-2011 khoang 20,36%. Mae du trong giai
doan 2001-2011, gia tri san xua't edng nghiep
vflng
Tay
Nguyen dat td'c do tdng trudng cao,
nhflng do xua't phat diem tha'p, nen chie'm ty
Id
nhd trong ngdnh cdng nghidp ca nfldc
(khoang 0,9%). Trong edng nghiep, nganh
cdng nghidp didn - nfldc vd nganh khai thac
md
la
cac nganh cd td'c do tang trfldng cao
nha't,
Idn
Ifldt la 44,84%/nam va 25,34%/nam.
Hai ngdnh nay cd
dflde
td'c do tang trfldng cao
la
do sfl triln khai xdy dflng, vdn hdnh cua
nhieu nha may thuy dien va du an khai thac
khoang san tren dia ban. Day
Id
nhan to'
chlnh thuc ddy vide chuyen dich cd cau kinh
te,
nhflng cung gdy nen nhflng bd't

Idi
ddi vdi
phat triln ben vflng cua Tay Nguyen.
• Dich vu
Dich vu dUdc danh gid
la
mdt trong nhflng
ngdnh cd tiem ndng d Tdy
Nguyen,
tuy
nhien, hien nay ngdnh
nay
phat trien chfla
tfldng xflng vdi tiem nang. Td'c dd tang
trfldng trung binh giai doan 2001 - 2012 cua
nganh dich vu dat 16,78%, trong dd giai doan
2001-
2006 dat
15,33%
va
giai doan 2007
-
2012 dat
18,23%.
Ke tfl nam 2005, tdc do
tang hang
nam
ve gid tri san xud't cua
nganh dich vu eao hdn td'c do tang chung
cua nen kinh te'. Gid tri tdng san pham cua

nganh da tang tfl 3.184,684 ty ddng nam
2001 len 5.798,460 ty ddng nam 2005 va dat
19.053,81 ty ddng
nam
2012.
1.2. Chat luang tdng trudng
• Ndng sudt lao dong
Tang nang sudt lao ddng la yd'u td' de dam
bao chd't Ifldng tang trfldng. Trong giai doan
2001-
2012, tdc do tang nang
su^t lao
ddng eua
vflng Tay Nguyen dat trung binh 5,3%/nam;
bang khoang 50% so vdi td'c do tang trfldng kinh
td' va nang suat lao ddng tuyet
ddi
van d mfle
tha'p,
chi dat khoang 16,32 trieu
ddng/Iao
ddng.
Cdng nghiep - xdy dflng
Id
linh vuc cd
nang
suat lao ddng cao nhdt trong ba khu vfle, trung
binh 64,23 trieu
ddngAao
ddng/nam. Trong khi

dd, hnh vUe ndng, lam, thuy san cd
mfle
nang
sua't tha'p
nh^t
so vdi cac nganh khac
(ehi
dat
10,98 trieu ddng). Hdn nfla, khoang each chenh
lech ve
mfle
nang sua't gifla ngdnh edng nghiep
- xay dflng so vdi ndng, lam, thuy san
ngdy
cang
doang rdng ra. Neu nhfl nam 2001, khoang
each
nay
la
3,6 lan,
thi
de'n nam 2012, khoang
each
nay la 8,36 lan. Xu hfldng nay, mdt mat, phan
anh qua trinh chuyen dich cd eau lao ddng tfl
ndng nghiep sang cdng nghiep (tfl nganh ed
nang suat lao ddng thap sang nganh cd nang
sua't lao ddng cao hdn) trong thdi gian qua didn
ra cham; mat khac, nd ciing the hien nganh
ndng,

lam,
thuy san cd tdc dd tang nang sud't
lao
ddng cdn ra't cham, tflc la hieu qua va cha't
lUdng
eua tang
trudng
nganh cdn tha'p. Nganh
cdng nghiep tang trfldng chu ye'u la do nganh
md rdng quy md san xuat vd ha'p thu lao ddng
trinh do
thdp\
chfl chfla phai ddng thdi tdng
quy md va san pham cd
ham
Ifldng cdng nghe
'
Bili
Due
Hung, Hoang Hdng Hiep (2011).
Luimg
hda
tdc dong ctia cdc nhdn
id
sdn
xudi
de'n tdng trudng cong
nghiep vdng Tdy Nguyen. Tap chf Nghien
cihi kinh
le'.

sd
4-20'll.tr.58-65.
Nghiin ciiu Kinh Idsi
435
- Thing
8/2014
45
C0
cau
kinh
te Tay
Nguyen

eao - la
yeii
to quyet dinh
toe
do tang nhanh
nang
suat
lao
ddi^
va nang Ifle canh tranh.
NhiJng
ban chd' ve chat Ifldng ngudn nhan
Iflc
la mdt trong nhflng nguyen nhan dan den
nang suat lao ddng cua vung Tay Nguyen cdn
tha'p.
Theo didu tra lao ddng va

vide
lam
hang ndm (Tong cue Thd'ng ke), trong giai
doan 2005 - 2012, ty Id lao ddng da qua dao
tao d Tay Nguyen ludn thdp hdn mfle chung
toan qudc va chi dflng tren vflng ddng bang
HINH 2: Nang suat lao dong cua
sdng
Ciiu
Long. Ty
Id lao
ddng khdng c6
trinh do chuyen mdn ky thuat chie'm 89,1%
(nam 2011); lao dong qua dao tao ehi
chi^n
10,8%
(sd cdp nghe: 1%; trung
c^p
nghi:
0,8%;
trung cap chuydn nghiep: 3,3%; cao
ddng nghe: 0,1%; cao dang; 1,7%; dai hoc
trd
len:
3,6%). Cha't
lUdng lad
ddng thap anh
hfldng tieu cflc den kha nang nang eao ndng
sua't san xud't va phat trien cac nganh
san

xud't mdi ddi hdi nhan
Iflc
cha't Ifldng eao.
vflng Tay
Nguydn
(trieu ddng I lao ddng)
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
-^ Tdng
stf
10345 107,62
,
—•—
Ntfng,
lam,
thuy san
j^
'
-*-C6ng nghiep-xay dung
84,20
°''™/^
—•—Dichvu
75,94
^
32,76 32,57

JS^
12,63
",76 15,18
9,06 8,20 9,30
2001
2002 2003
58,15
":^v^^
48,89^
4230^^*^^
23 90
25,38
28f8j0,21
,11,
1
nn IT-fl
'•'i"''
•'l.*^
„'
Y—
m m
10,04 10,00 10,39
11,69
11,49 12,07 12,89 13,71 12,87
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Ngudn:
Tinh toSn
tii
Nien giam thdng
ke

cua cac
tinh
Tay Nguyen.
• Hieu qud ddu tU
Tang trfldng kinh te' cao eua Tay Nguyen
gan
lien vdi tang manh vd'n dau tfl, the hien
qua ty
Id
dau tfl so vdi GDP tdng trong giai
doan vfla qua, tfl 43,56% nam 2001 len 51,77%
nam 2011; trung binh giai doan 2001 - 2011, ty
le
nay dat 46,2%. Hieu qua dau tfl tha'p dflde
the hien rd qua he
sd
ICOR cao vd cd xu hfldng
gia tdng theo eac nam gan ddy (hinh 3).
Sfl tang ngudn vd'n ddu tfl eua
viing Tay
Nguydn trong thdi gian qua chu ye'u la tfl
kinh td' ngodi nha nfldc, vdi ty le 69%, trong
khi dd, khu vflc kinh te' nha nfldc la 29,7% vd
khu vflc kinh te' cd vd'n ddu tU nfldc ngoai la
1,3%. Xet theo thanh phan kinh te, he so'
ICOR cua khu vfle ed vd'n dau tfl nfldc ngodi
cao hdn kha nhieu so vdi cac khu vflc khac.
Trong giai doan 2006 - 2011, de tao ra dflde 1
ddng GDP, kinh te' ed vd'n ddu tfl nfldc ngodi
cdn 12,30 ddng vd'n ddu tfl, trong khi dd, kinh

td' ngoai nhd nfldc va khu vflc kinh
t^
nh^
nfldc can tfldng flng la 6,12 dong vd 5,17
ddng. He sd
ICOR
eua khu vflc cd vdn ddu
ti(
nfldc ngoai dat ra va'n de can giam sat
chat
che ve bao cao tinh hinh san xua't kinh doanh
va
chd'ng chuyen gia cua eac doanh nghidp.
He sd' ICOR cao eua khu vflc kinh
t^
ngoM
nha nfldc
Id
do khu vflc nay hidn vdn san
xua't phdn tan, nhd le. Theo ket qua
diiu
tra
ndng thdn, ndng nghiep vd thuy san (ndm
2011),
quy md vd'n binh quan bd cua
vAng
Tay Nguyen ehi dat 13.856,2 nghin dong,
tha'p hdn trung binh cua ca nfldc (16.843,7
nghin ddng). Mfle vd'n nhd khd cd the dl san
xua't kinh doanh hidu qua, khi ma cac

lo^
cdy cdng nghiep ddi hdi ngudn
v6h
I6n.
46
Nghiin aiu
Kmh
i4s6435
-
Thing
8/20i*
Co eh kinh
l£ ray
Nguyen .
HlNH
3: Ty le von dau
tit
va he so
ICOE
cua vung Tay Nguyen giai doan 2000-2011
8
7
6
S
3
2.
1
0
J*7,56
^!^i< 44,«

43,3
43,6
\
3,66"
2001 2002 2003
48,3
429
2004
48,8
«^~~^
2005 2006
50,1 Jl'«
46,4
_,• •*
^ •
4!65
»_-—•
4.08
425
3,68
328
-•—ICOR
—•—
Ty
1§ v6n ddu
tu
2007 2008 2009
2010 2011
60
50

?
40|
3
30'^
t
2oa!-
p
10
0
Ngudn
• Tinh
todn
tir
Nien giam th6ng ke cua cac tinh Tay Nguyen.
• Dong gdp cua cdc nhdn td' vdo tdng
trUdng kinh te
Tren khia canh ddng gdp vao tang trfldng
kinh
td^
ciia vflng Tay Nguyen, tdng trfldng
kinh
t^
cua vflng Tdy Nguydn chfla ben vflng.
Tdng trfldng kinh td' cua vung chu ye'u dUa
tren cae ydu td ddu vdo (vd'n, lao ddng
va
khai thac cdc ngudn tdi nguyen thien nhien).
Nhi^u
nghien cflu tie'n hdnh ddc lap deu cd
ciing mdt nhdn dinh nhfl

vay.
Pham Quang
Tu va Le Thanh Vdn (2012) da tinh toan
ddng gdp cua nang sud't tong eac nhdn to'
(TFP) vdo tdng trfldng kinh te'
eiia
vung Tay
Nguyen giai doan 2000-2010. Ke't qua eho
thdy
trong tang trudng kinh td' Tdy Nguyen
ndm
2003,
ddng gdp cua vd'n chie'm tdi
46,76%,
lao ddng
la
16,27% va TFP
la
36,97%.
Trong giai doan 2006-2010, vd'n ddng gdp
83,49%,
lao ddng la 9,05%, cdn TFP chi cd
7,46%. Nhfl vay, trong giai doan tfl 2003 de'n
2010,
tang trfldng cua vflng Tay Nguydn chu
ydu dfla vdo vd'n
va
lao ddng. Trong khi tang
trfldng
ngay cang

phu thuoc
vao
vd'n dflde the
hi^n
nhfl hinh 3 vdi ty Id vd'n ddu tfl ngay
cdng tang, song hidu qua ddu tu lai giam
xudng. Ddng gdp ciia TFP
ngay
cang giam
cflng cd nghia Id vai trd cua khoa hoc cdng
nghe, tinh chuyen nghiep
va
chd't Ifldng quan
\S,
vd vai trd cua
thd'
ch^
hien nay
Id
tha'p
ne'u khdng ndi
la
rat
it.
Trong khi dd, cdc yeu
td'
nay
mdi la cac ye'u td' quan trong, quyet
dinh nang
lUc

canh tranh cua vflng. Dieu nay
eho tha'y khie'm khuye't ed tinh nen tang
trong
pang
cao nang
lUc
canh tranh va phat
trien ben viing eua vung.
Cae tdc gia Bui Dflc Hflng va Hodng Hdng
Hidp (2011)
eiuig
da tinh todn ddng gdp eua
cac nhan td' vdo tdng trfldng ngdnh cdng
nghiep ciia vung Tdy Nguyen trong giai doan
1996 - 2009 (vdi bd sd lieu hdn hdp vdi mdu
60 quan sat). Ke't qua flde Ifldng cho tha'y:
ne'u gia tang 1% ve
lao
ddng se ddn den gia
tang 0,75% gia tri san xua't cua nganh cdng
nghiep; trong khi do, neu gia tang 1% Ifldng
tai san cd' dinh se chi
lam
tang 0,25%. He sd
eo dan cua lao ddng cao the hien edng nghiep
cua vung Tay Nguyen chu ye'u gdm nhflng
nganh thu cdng, sfl dung nhieu lao ddng vd
tang trfldng cdng nghiep chu ye'u do sfl gia
tang sd Ifldng lao ddng. Ve ddng gdp cua vd'n,
lao ddng

va
TFP
vao
tang trfldng eua eac
tinh
tfldng flng nhfl sau: Kon Tum (63,45%;
58,31%;
-21,76%), Gia Lai (42,06%;
40,03%;
17,91%).
Dak Lak (47,30%; 44,09%; 8.61%),
Lam Ddng (33,77%;
28,41%;
37,82%). Nhfl
vay, tang trfldng cdng nghiep cua cac tinh
vflng Tay Nguyen ehu yeu la tdng trfldng
theo chieu rdng, chu ye'u dfla vao gia tang
NghiSn
aiu
Kinh l4s6435
•
Thing
8/2014
47
CO
c^u
kinh
t^Tay
Nguyen

vdii
vd lao ddng chfla qua ddo tao, chfla cd sfl
ddng gdp dang ke eua TFP.
Nguydn Van Huan (2011) da tinh toan
v^
ddng gdp eua cac nhdn to vdo tdng trfldng
eua tinh Kon Tum. Theo ke't qua cua nghien
cflu
nay,
trong ca giai doan 2000-2005 va
2002-2008, ddng gdp cua TFP eho deu
am.
Ve
ly
thuydt, ddng gdp eua TFP khdng the
am. Cd the ket qua nay
la
do sai
so'
cua sd'
lieu thd'ng ke hoac do each
tinh
TFP
la
theo
each
tinh phdn dfl
Solow.
Tuy nhidn, it nha't
ke't qua

nay
cho tha'y vai trd eua khoa hoc
cdng nghe, trinh do quan ly va the che' cua
tinh Kon Tum cdn tha'p va chfla dflde phdt
huy. Nen kinh te' tinh Kon Tum tdng trfldng
chu ye'u dua
vao
vd'n
va
lao ddng.
Nhfl vay, vdi each tinh toan chung cho ca
HINH 4: Cfl ca'u kinh te theo nganh cua
vflng, eho mdt nganh kinh te hay cho
mSt
tinh
ciia Tay Nguyen,
diu
cho
thd'y
tang
trfldng
kinh
te' cua Tdy Nguyen chu ye'u la
dfla tren cac yd'u to' dau vao,
yeii
to TFP (ve
mat cdng nghe, the chd) ddng gdp cdn
rd't han
che.
2.2. Chuyen dich

ca
cdu kinh the
So"
lieu tfl hinh 4 eho thd'y, kinh te Tay
Nguydn chu yd'u id ndng, 1dm, thuy san vdi
46,3%
(nam 2012), cdng nghiep - xay
dflng
va
dich vu, tfldng flng la 29,8%
va
23,8%.
Trong
khi dd, cd ca'u kinh te' cua ca nfldc (ndm 2012)
nhfl sau: ndng, lam nghiep va thuy san:
19,67%,
cdng nghiep - xdy dUng:
38,63%
va
dich vu: 41,7%. Nhu vay, ty trong kinh te
ndng,
Idm,
thuy san Tdy Nguyen cao hdn so
vdi cua ca nfldc.
vung Tay Nguyen giai doan 2002 - 2012
(%)
DNdngjam,
thuy sdn
I
Cdng

nghidp - xdy
dimg
D
Dich
vu
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
2010 2011 2012
Ngudn:
Nien giam
th6ng
ke cua cac
tinh TSy
Nguyen cac
nSm.
Cflng nhfl ca nfldc, cd
cd'u
kinh te' cua
vflng Tdy Nguyen dang cd chuyen dich theo
hfldng edng nghiep hda. Ty trong ndng, lam,
thuy san giam tfl 48,9% nam 2002 xudng cdn
48,8%
ndm 2005
va
46,3%
nam
2012; ty
trong cdng nghiep -
xay
dflng tdng tfl 25,2%
ndm 2002 len 29,8% nam 2012. Nhfl vay, ke

ca theo nghia edng nghiep hda truyen thd'ng,
cd ca'u kinh te ehuyen dich vdn cdn
cham.
trong vdng 10 ndm, ndng, 1dm, thuy san
chi
giam dflde 2,6%. Tuy nhien, mdt vd'n de
trim
trong hdn ciia chuyen dich cd cd'u kinh
t^
Tdy
Nguyen
Id
d chd, viec chuyen dich cd
c^u
kinh te dang didn ra khdng dfla tren
nin
tang ve cha't cua qua trinh, md
chii
y^u
1ft
dfla vdo vl Ifldng. Ty trong ciia ngdnh c6ng
nghiep tang ehu ye'u do ed sfl phat triln
cuft
mdt sd nganh cdng nghiep nhfl khai khoang,
48
Nghiin aiu
Kinh l4sd435
• Thing
80>1*
Co

cau
kinh
t^
Tdy
Nguyen
,
san xudt
vdt lidu
xdy dflng va dac biet
la
khai thac thuy
dien, la
cac nganh khdng cd
vai trd quyet dinh vl
nang
Iflc canh tranh
lau
ddi cua vung. Hay ndi
each
khdc, chuyen dich
cd cdu kinh
t^
cua viing trong thdi gian qua
chu ydu
la
do gia tdng vl Ifldng (phat trien
cac nganh khai
thac
tai nguyen), it ed
sti

thay
ddi
ve cha't (tang nang sud't vd tao ra
gid tri gia tang cao hdn, chuyin dich sang
mdt xich/cdng doan cd gia tri gia tang cao
hdn trong chudi gid tri gia tang). Nhflng ndi
dung
nay
dflde phan
tich va
de cap trong
nhiing phdn sau cua bai vie't.
• Ndng nghiep,
Idm
nghiep vd thuy sdn
Sd hdu tfl
hinh
4 cho tha'y, ndng,
lam,
thuy san
la
nganh kinh te chinh cua vung
Tdy Nguydn. Trong nhdm ngdnh ndy chu ye'u
Id tfl ndng nghidp (95,0 %), lam nghidp vd
thuy san, vdi cdc eon so tfldng flng
Id
3,9% vd
1,1%.
Ddi vdi ndng nghiip,
tiiu

nganh trdng trot
chiem tdi
84,8%;
chdn
nudi chi chid'm 12,7%.
Cac loai cay cdng nghidp
Idu
ndm ddng vai
trd
chinh
trong trdng trot cua vung
Tay
Nguyen, hang
nam
chiem tren 60%. Cae loai
cdy cdng nghiep lau ndm hien nay tren dia
bdn
la
ca phe, cao su, hd tieu, dieu, che,
Tong didn tich cac loai cay edng nghiep
Idu
ndm dat 880.815 ha (nam 2011), tang
248.648 ha so vdi nam 2001; trong giai doan
2001-2011,
trung binh mdi
nam
tang khoang
3,6%. Ddi vdi cac cay cdng nghidp
lau
ndm,

ca
phe la cdy cd dien
tich
Idn nhd't, nam 2011 da
dat 527.609 ha, tiep den Id cao su: 218.417
ha, dieu: 88.129 ha
va
che: 24.585 ha.
Dien tich cae
loai
cay cdng nghiep
lau
nam
tang len phan anh ehuyen dich cd cdu sfl
dung dd't ndng nghiep theo hfldng tdng
cac
loai
cay trong cd gia tri kinh
tM
cao hdn
va
diiu
nay gdp phan vao qua trinh chuyen dich
cd
c^u
kinh te ndng nghiep cua vflng. Tuy
nhidn, viec phdt trien cac
loai
cdy cdng
nghidp trong thdi gian qua dang hoc

Id
nhilu
vdn dl: phat trien khdng theo quy hoach,
khdng kiem soat dUde ve dien tich. NgUdi
ddn cd
tam ly
chay theo phong trao, chay
theo gia ca ndng san (vi du: khi
ca
phe dUdc
gia thi ngfldi
dan
dua nhau md rdng dien
tich, chat bd eac cay trdng khdc), cdi vdng
ludn quan "trdng - chat" cfl lien tuc xay ra.
Mat khac, gia tri san xud't cac
loai
cay
cdng nghiep thie'u tinh on dinh, phu thude
vao dieu kidn tfl nhien, nhflng ndm dflde mua
thi gia tri cao, mat mfla thi gia tri
thd'p,
khdng thu dUdc nhieu tfl khdu che' bien de
tao ra gia tri gia tang cao hdn.
Ca
phe, bd
tieu va cao su
la
hang hda trao ddi Idn
va

chie'n
lUdc
eua Tdy Nguyen nhUng hien tai
ehu yeu vdn
Id
xud't khdu dfldi dang nguyen
lieu thd (vi du: ty trong gia tri gia tang tren
tdng gid tri san xud't eua cd phe hat chi dat
10,6%,
cao su mu khd
Id
13,4%).
BANG 1: Gid tri gia tang trong gia tri san xua't cua mot so nong san Vidt Nam (%)
Ngilnh
Ci phe hat
Ciphech«bi«n
Cao su mu
khO
2001
9,6
14,8
15,8
2002
10,3
14,4
15,4
2003
10,7
13,8
14,6

2004
11,6
13,4
14,2
2005
12,2
12,9
13,6
2006
11,9
12,4
13.4
2007
10,6
12,1
13.4
2008
10,6
12,1
13.4
Ngudn:
Tdng
cue
Thfing ke.
Mdt
trong nhflng loai cay trdng chu
Iflc va
ddng gdp dang
kl
vdo gia tri san xua't ndng

nghiap
cua vflng Tdy Nguyen Id cay cd phe.
M$e
dfl
v$y,
san
xufift
cd phe hien nay ehu
yeu vdn dang ndm d cdng doan gia tri gia
tftng
tha'p trong chudi gia tri. Phdn Idn Ifldng
cd phe dflde san xuat ra (87%) chu yeu la ca
phe nhan xua't khau. Cd phe dflde che bien
thanh ed phe hda tan
Id
cdng doan ed gia tri
gia tdng cao nha't vdi 122,8 trieu
ddng/td'n
(quy nhdn) nhflng chi chiem khoang 4% td'ng
san Ifldng.
Nghiin
aiu
Kinh t6sd43S
•
Thing
8/2014
49
Co cd'u kinh
t^
Tay Nguyen

BANG 2: Gia tri gia tang san pham ca phe
Dong san
pbam
Ca phe nhan \6i
xulft
khdu
Ca phe nhan che
xu^t kh^u
Ca phe hoa tan nguyen
chfCt
Ca phe
rang xay
Ca phe
hoa tan
ph6i tr6n (2
in
1,
3 in
1
v.v )
Tdng
Cff cau san pham
(%)
87
6
1
2
4
100

Gia tri gia tang
(trieu dong/tan quy
nlian)
33,29
60,8
64,58
81,2
122,8
Ngudn:
B6
N6ng nghiep
va
phat trie'n nong
thOn,
Di
an tai cau tnic nong nghiep (2013).
Dd Lat la vflng san xud't hoa noi tieng
va
ed tiem
nang
Idn nha't ve san xuat hoa cua ea
nfldc.
Dien tich da't trdng hoa cua Lam Ddng
dat 4.500 ha, chie'm 5% dien tich dd't ndng
nghiep. San Ifldng hoa Da Lat flde khoang 1,5
ty canh/nam va gia tri hang hda khoang
2.500 ty ddng. Hoa san xua't chu ye'u la tieu
thu ndi dia, 60% san
lUdng
hoa dflde cung ea'p

cho thanh phd' Hd
Chi
Minh
va cac
tinh phia
Bde.
Cae san pham hoa cua Dd Lat ndi rieng
vd ca nfldc ndi chung hien nay mdi ehi qua
cac edng doan cat,
tia
vd bao quan, de phuc
vu cho nhu cdu tieu dung ndi dia dfldi dang
hoa tfldi, vi the' gia tri gia tang khdng cao.
Vide che' bien hoa thanh cac san phdm nhfl
boa khd (tranh bang la, tinh ddu, ) mac dfl
cd thi trUdng, ed nhu cau vd cd gia tri gia
tang cao, nhUng vide thUc hien theo eac
chudi san pham nay hien vdn dang cdn bd
ngd.
Bdi vdi ngdnh
Idm
nghiep, trong cd cd'u
kinh te, nganh nay chiem ty le khdng dang
ke (chi 3,9% trong giai doan 2001 - 2012) va
cd xu hfldng giam ddn, do ea dien tich va cha't
Ifldng rflng deu suy giam. Ddng gdp chu yd'u
vao
nganh lam nghiep la khai thac lam san
(75,1%);
eac boat ddng nhfl trdng va nudi

rflng, dich vu chi chie'm 16,5% va
8,4%.
Viec
phat trien lam nghiep dfla vao khai thac lam
san, cung vdi md rdng dien tich de trdng cac
loai cay edng nghiep lau nam
va
phat trien
thuy dien, dd anh hfldng dang ke tdi dien
tich rflng. Td'ng hdp diln bie'n dien tich rflng
qua cae giai doan phat trien kinh td' - xa hdi
cua Tay Nguyen cho thay, tfl nam 1976 den
2010,
dien tich rflng tfl nhien cua Tay
Nguyen giam hdn 1 trieu ha, giam gdn 30%
so vdi nam 1976. Do che phu
rCfng
cua Tdy
Nguyen chi cdn khoang 42% (cd eon so thdng
ke eho tha'y ehi cdn 34%).
Nhfl vay, nhflng vd'n de trdn cua phat
triln ndng nghiep Tay Nguyen hidn nay cho
tha'y cae ye'u to' ddng gdp eho tang trfldng chu
ye'u
la
ve Ifldng chfl khdng vl cha't, khdng co
gia tri gia tang cao, chfla tap trung phdt huy
vd dau tfl dii de phdt trien eac san phdm c6
Idi
the' so sanh

va Idi
the' canh tranh ciia
vung. Dieu nay cung ham y rdng, cdng
nghiep che' bie'n cdn dflde flu tien dau tfl, vai
trd cua doanh nghiep can phat trien manh
hdn nfla de hd trd ndng nghiep va gia tdng
gia tri san pham cd
Idi
the'.
• Cdng nghiep vd xdy dUng
Trong nganh cdng nghiep eua vung Tay
Nguyen, trong giai doan 2001-2011, cong
nghiep ehe' bie'n chie'm ty trong cao nhd't
(79,3%),
tiep den
la
san xua't didn (16,4%) vd
cdng nghiep khai thac md (4,3%). Tuy nhidn,
xu hudng cua nganh edng nghiep che biln
dang giam ddn; ngfldc
lai,
nganh
cdng
nghiap
khai thac
va
san xua't, cung flng didn cd xu
hfldng gia tdng manh, nhd't la trong nhflng
nam gan day. Ddng gdp cua ngdnh cdng
nghiep che bien ngdy

cang
giam
thi
hien mdt
xu hfldng ba't hdp ly trong qua trinh cong
nghiep hda.
50
Nghiin aiu
Kinh t4s6435
- Thing
8/2014
Co
ein
kinh
te Tay
Nguyen
Ddi vdi nhdm nganh cong nghidp che bie'n,
bflde
ddu da khai thac tdt the manh cua dia
phfldng,
tijtng bflde
da hinh thdnh mdt so cd
sd cdng nghidp ehe biln ndng, lam san, ddng
gop vdo tang kim ngach xud't khau cua vung.
Tuy nhien, viec phat trien chfla
dflde
ddng
diu,
chd!t
Ifldng va hieu qua d mot so linh

vflc,
san pham chfla cao, kha ndng canh
tranh cua san phdm cdn thd'p. Cdng nghiep
che bien nong,
lam
san chfla sau, phdn Idn la
sd che, ty
le
san phdm tinh che chfla cao, han
chi
sflc canh tranh va xuat khdu.
Chuyen dich cd ca'u nganh san xua't dien d
Tdy Nguydn Id do
vide
xay dflng cdc nhd may
thuy didn quy md
Idn,
vfla vd nhd trong
nhflng ndm qua.
Din
ndm 2012, trdn cac he
thdng sdng chinh eiia Tay Nguyen nhfl sdng
Ba, Se San, Srepok, Ddng Nai cd den 287 dfl
an thuy dien, vdi tong cdng suat 6.991,8 MW,
gdm 43 dfl dn
(5.528,7
MW) thuoc quy hoach
bac
thang thuy dien tren ddng chinh va 244
du an (1.463 MW) thude quy hoach thuy dien

nhd tren sdng, sud'i nhanh. Xay dUng thuy
didn d Tay Nguyen thdi gian qua da chiem
dung 65.239 ba ddt dai cac
loai,
trong dd
khoang 16.600 ha rflng (mdi chi
ra soat
khoang 163 edng trinh) va khoang gdn
25.300
hp
dan hi anh hfldng. Vide chan ddng
de xay dflng cac cdng trinh thuy didn khien
Iflu Ifldng nfldc tren be mat
cac
sdng, ho,
sudi
can kiet; cac mach
nUde
ngam vflng ba
Iflu
suy giam; nhflng
tac
ddng nay
lam
eho mfla
khd Tdy Nguyen cang trd nen khd ban hdn.
HINH
5:
Cof cd'u kinh te cong nghidp vung Tay Nguyen giai doan 2001 - 2011 (%)
D

Cdng
nghidp
khai
thac
md
D
Cdng
nghidp
chd
bidn
D
San
xudt
va
phan phdi
dien,
khi
ddt va
ni/dc
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%

-
^2
UnJ
3
tii
Iff
en
17.1
n.4i
26.8
LraJ
mm
r4i
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
2009
2010 2011
Ngudn:
Nien giam thdng
ke
cua cac tinh Tay
Nguyfin.
Cdng nghidp khai thac chi chie'm 3,3%
(ndm 2001) tong gid tri san xud't cdng nghiep
ciia vflng Tdy Nguydn, nhflng da tang len
4,0%
ndm 2010. Cac loai khodng san
dflde
khai thac nhieu nha't trong thdi gian gan day
Id
khai thac vdng sa khoang d hdu khdp 5

tinh Tay Nguyen; khai thac
vonfram
d Kon
Turn; khai thac cac loai da xay dflng d Gia
Lai;
khai thac bauxite d Lam Ddng Phdn
Idn ho^t ddng
khai khoang d Tdy Nguyen
mang tinh chd't tu phat (nhU khai
thac
vat
lieu
xdy dflng), manh mun, nhd le, ngdn han.
Bieu hien eua tinh trang
nay la
gia'y phep
khai thac dflde ea'p phep tran Ian, chia cac
md thdnh cac md nhd de cap phep. Trong khi
chfla chfl trong nhieu dd'n tieu chi ndng
Iflc,
cdng nghd, giam thieu d nhidm mdi trfldng,
Cach phat trien theo chilu rdng nhfl
vay lam
giam hieu qua eua viec khai
thac va
sfl dung
tai nguyen khoang san.
Nghiin ciiu Kinh t4s643S
• Thing
8/2014

51
CO
c^u
kinh
te Tdy
Nguyen

• Dich vu
Trong ngdnh dich vu ciia Tay Nguyen,
ngudn
Iflc
dang cd xu hfldng chuyen dich
sang thUdng mai, van tai, khd bai, hflu chinh
viln thdng; giao due vd dao tao; Dich vu
thUdng mai chiem flu
thi
va hidn chie'm
23,1%,
tang 5,4% so vdi nam 2007. Ty trong
ciia dich vu giao
due
va dao tao tang tit
15,0%
len
23,2% trong cilng thdi
k^.
Cac dich
vu cd tac dung hd trd san xudt phat trien
nhtf
dich vu tai chinh, ngan

hang
chid'm ty trong
hidn vdn cdn tha'p (6,3%).
BANG 3: Gia tri san xuat va cd cau nganh dich vu cua vung Tay Nguydn
Linti vijc
B5n bu6n
vl ban le
5
t6, xe may
Giao
thOng,
lini
kho va
tnty^n
thbng
Khach san, nha hang
Tmng gian tai chinh
B^t
d6ng san va hoat
dOng
kinh
doanh
Khoa hoc
vk cOng nghS
Chinh tri vl an ninh
qu6c
phong
Giao
due
vl dao tao

Yt«
Vui
choi
gidi
tri
Hoat dang djch vu khac
Tcfng
s6
2007
Gia tri
(trieu dong)
1.813.112
1.442.145
828.313
858.171
800.956
676.439
473.238
1.533.758
1.429.429
35.528
355.254
10.246M3
Ty
trong
(%)
17,7
14,1
8,1
8,4

7,8
6.6
4,6
15,0
14,0
0,3
3,5
100
2009
Gia tri
(trieu dong)
5.211.253
2.909.105
1.583.931
1.373.972
1.326.969
753.061
1.013.193
3.174.729
2.372.599
1.097.864
629.267
21.445.943
Ty
trong
(%)
24,3
13,6
7,4
6,4

6,2
3,5
4,7
14,8
11,1
5,1
2,9
100
2011
Gia tri
(trieu dong)
8.762.382
4.852.535
2.460.743
2.398.783
1.971.657
887.701
1.401.964
8.805.368
3.741.076
1.681.416
966.637
37.930.262
Ty
trong
(*)
23,1
12,8
6,5
6,3

5,2
2,3
3,7
23,2
9,9
4,4
2,5
100
Ngudn:
Nien
giam thdng ke cua
cdc
tinh
Tay
Nguy6n.
Vdi flu the' dac thu cua
Tay
Nguyen la
nhflng san phdm van hda ndi tie'ng nhfl "van
hda Cdng Chieng", diem du lich rieng ed Da
Lat va nhieu Id hdi khac nhau, du
lich
eua
Tay Nguyen cd tiem nang rat
Idn
de phat
trien. Tuy nhien, vui ehdi giai tri vd du lich
eua vflng chfla phat trien tfldng xflng vdi
tiem nang
va

dac thfl cua vung, chfla trd
thanh ddng
Iflc
de phat trien kinh te'. Nam
2007,
du lich chi ddng gdp
0,3%
trong nganh
dich vu va nam
2011
cd tang len nhflng chi
chidm 4,4%. Nguyen nhan cua tinh trang nay
la nhflng han che' trong viec xuc tien du lich
d vung Tay Nguyen.
Cac
cd sd phuc vu du
lich nhfl khach san, nhd hang da xud't hien
nhieu d Da Lat, Budn Ma Thudt, Pleiku ,
nhflng nhin chung vdn chfla dap flng
dflde
ve
ca sd' Ifldng va cha't Ifldng. Cd sd ha tdng, dac
biet
la
mang Ifldi dfldng bd, chfla
dflde
cai
thien de khai thac hieu qua tilm ndng du
hch
cua vung. Cae hoat ddng xuc tien ciing

chfla
dflde
chu trong dau tfl de thu hflt khach
du lich nhieu hdn. Thie'u nhilu san phdm du
lich de cho du khach trflc tiep tham gia boat
ddng, de gifl chan du khdch va thie'u cac san
pham ha'p ddn de keo du khach quay lai sau
khi da de'n tham Tay Nguyen. Hien nay du
lich cua vung Tay Nguyen chi phat trien
d(Jn
tuyen (khach chu yeu de'n Da Lat),
thilu
si^
hen ket thanh cac
tuyin
chang ban nhfl
DS
Lat - Mdng Den, tuye'n cac tinh Tdy
NguySn
vdi cae tinh ven bien. Hdn nfla,
vide phfit
52
Nghiin
cdu Kmh tdsS435
• Thing
8/201*
Co
clu
kinh \€
Tay Nguyen

,
trien du lich thieu sfl lien ket va bo trd
Idn
nhau. Khdch du lich den Tdy Nguyen cung
chi mdi
dflde
tdn hfldng cae san phdm thudn
tfly ve thdm quan phong canh du lich, cdn
cac dich vu di kem nhfl thfldng thfle cac san
phdm ddc san, cac san pham
dflde
ehe bid'n tfl
Ban vdt cua Tay Nguydn, du
lich
nghi dudng,
cac san phdm tfl hoa (hoa khd, tinh ddu tfl
hoa),
chfla dflde ehu trong phat triln. Viec
gdn
kit
eac san phdm ndng nghidp vdi ehe
biln va du lich theo
each
tiep can chudi vd
each
tiep cdn da ngdnh chfla dflde chu y
nghidn cflu ddu tfl de flng dung
thvt
nghiem
vd trien khai.

Cac
linh
vflc dich vu khac vl tai cbinh
ngan
hang, khoa hoc cdng nghd phat trien
kdm va chua trd thanh nhflng diem dot
phd trong
Iinh
vfle dich vu. Linh vflc du
lich
cd tilm ndng Idn de trd thdnh
Id
mdt ngdnh
kinh tl mfli nhon lai chfla dflde khai thdc
va
phat triln
tit.
Phdt trien ngdnh du lich cdn
phai dUdc phat triln manh me de phat huy
tilm ndng va Idi thd' cua dae thfl Tay
Nguydn. Phat
tri^n
dich vu trong dd dae bidt
la du lich se tao cd hdi de bien cac ye'u td' xa
hdi,
vdn hda, mdi trUdng la ddng
Ifle
cho phat
trien.
2.

Nhflng van dl dat ra doi
vdfi
phat
triln
bin vijfng
Tay Nguyen
2,1.
Kinh
tephdt
trien khong ben vUng
• Tdng trudng kinh ti'cao, nhiing
chUa
ben
vUng
Trong hdn 10 nam qua, vflng Tay Nguyen
dat
mfle
tang trfldng kinh te' khd eao, vdi td'c
do
d^t
mfle 12,99%/nam - eao hdn trung binh
cua ca nfldc, quy md GDP da tang
gd'p
3,4
Idn
80 vdi
nam
2001. Tuy nhien, tang trfldng
kuih
tl cua

Tay
Nguyen trong giai doan vfla
qua
Id
md hinh tdng trudng theo chilu rdng,
Tdng trudng kinh
tediia
vdo lao ddng thu
cdng: tang trfldng cua Tay Nguyen vdn chu
ylu
dfla
vao
lao ddng thu cdng gia tri thd'p.
Hi0n
tai, ty le ddng gdp vao tdng trfldng kinh
ticua
nhdn
Iflc,
tri tue va ndng sud't lao ddng
d Tdy Nguyen cdn ban ehe. Tuy nhien, lao
dpng
hi^n
nay chu yd'u
Id lao
ddng khdng qua
dao
tao
nghi,
do vay khd tao ra nang sudt
lao

dong va chat Ifldng hang hda cao. Trong
tfldng
lai
gan, nhiing Idi the lao ddng gia re
se khdng giam ddn va biln md't, do
vdy,
de
ndng cao
ehdt
Ifldng vd hieu qua tang trfldng,
va'n dl nang cao cha't Ifldng ngudn nhdn Ifle,
thdng qua giao
due
va ddo tao nghe, dd'i vdi
vung Tdy Nguyen
la
va'n de cd tinh then
ehdt.
Phdt trien dUa vdo vdn ddu tU di, song
sH
dung kem hieu qud: tang trfldng kinh td' eua
vung Tay Nguyen thdi gian qua dUa trdn vln
la chinh, vdi ty
le
vdn ddu tfl gdn 50% GDP.
Tuy nhien, hieu qua sfl dung vd'n ddu tfl thap
vd thfldng Uu tien dau tU eho cac nganh khai
thac tai nguyen (thuy dien, khai khodng).
Nguyen nhan chlnh dan den tinh trang bieu
qua dau tfl ddng vdn d Tdy Nguyen thd'p do

cdng tac quan ly kinh the' thd'p, tinh chd't thu
cdng, sfl dung cdng nghd tha'p, nen phai bd ra
rd't nhieu vd'n mdi tao ra dflde san pham.
Phdt trien dUa vdo khai thdc tdi nguyen:
cae nganh tang trfldng thudn tfly nhd khai
thac tai nguyen bao gdm ndng, lam, thuy san
va
khai thac mo, thuy dien chie'm ty
trpng
Idn,
flde trung binh 51,64% trong GDP trong
giai doan 2001-2012. Sfl dung tdi nguyen dd't
de phdt trien eac loai cay cdng nghiep, didn
tich gieo trdng hang ndm tang len. Vide phat
tridn nay danh ddi vdi viec suy giam dien
tich rflng, nha't la rflng tu nhidn; trong khi
dd, cac san pham ndng san ehu ye'u dflpc tieu
thu d dang thd hoac chi qua sd che nen hieu
qua kinh tl, gia tri gia tang tha'p. Ddng gdp
vao
tang trfldng va chuyen dich cd cd'u cdng
nghiep cua vflng trong thdi gian qua chu ye'u
dua vao thuy dien, trong khi dd khai thac
thuy dien gay ra nhieu tac ddng ba't
Idi
dd'i
vdi mdi trfldng va cudc sd'ng cua ngfldi dan.
• Ca cdu kinh te chuyen dich chdm, chUa
di theo chieu sdu, chUa dUa vao lot the
Cd cau kinh te cua Tay Nguyen da cd sfl

ehuyen dich theo hfldng giam ty trong nganh
ndng nghidp
va
gia tang ty trong cua cdng
nghiep
va
dich vu. Tuy nhidn, kinh te chu
yd'u dfla vao ndng, lam, thiiy san truyen
Nghiin
aiu
Kinh tSs6435
-
Thing
8/2014
53
CO can kinli
te
Tdy Nguyen

thong (chiem khoang 48%), trong ndng
nghiep, chdn nudi chfla
dflde
phat tridn
manh, gia tri gia tang chfla nhilu; cdng
nghiep chu yeu phdt trien d cae nganh khai
thac tai nguyen nhU khai thac ngudn nfldc
d^
phat triln thuy didn va thdc thac tai
nguyen khoang san. Dae biet, ty trong cdng
nghiep che' bien ed xu hfldng giam xud'ng vd

diiu
ndy eho thay ehuyen dich cd ca'u
la
thidn theo chieu rdng ma khdng di
vao
chilu
sdu, khdng dfla vdo
nang
cao nang
Iflc
canh
tranh. Ve mat chd't, chuyen dich cd cd'u kinh
td
theo nganh eua vung thdi gian qua chfla
bin
vflng. Linh vflc ndng,
lam,
thuy san cdn
phu thude vao cac yd'u to' thdi tilt, gia ea va
qua trinh phat trien nay danh ddi vdi suy
thoai da't dai, suy giam dien tich rflng. Nang
sud't cua cae nganh va nang sua't td'ng cac
nhan td' chfla dflde chfl y.
2.2. Nhiing thdch thUe ddi vdi phdt
trien ben vUng
Dd'i vdi vflng Tay Nguyen, qua trinh phat
trien nhanh, manh me
va
ludn duy tri td'c dp
tang trfldng d

mfle
cao, dac biet
la
phat trien
cay edng nghiep, phat trien dd thi, cae dfl an
phat trien kinh te' xa hdi da gay ra sflc ep
Idn
va
gay nhieu nguy ed d nhiem
va
suy
thoai tai nguyen va mdi trfldng.
• Tdi nguyin ddt vd tdi nguyen riing
Tdi nguyen thien nhien cd ddng gdp quan
trong dd'i vdi tang trUdng kinh te' eua Tay
Nguyen thdi gian qua. Tuy nhien, viec khai
thdc
Idi
the' va tilm
nang cac
ngudn tai
nguyen da va dang day Tay Nguyen dflng
trfldc nhilu thach
thfle va
nguy cd mat
can
bang sinh thai
va
can kiet tdi nguyen.
Nhilu dien tich rflng da bi chat pha, chuyen

muc dich sfl dung dd't sang trdng cay edng
nghiep va phdt trien edng nghiep, xay dflng
cd ban. Mfle dp chuyen mue dich sfl dung
dd't rflng sang cae
loai
dd't khdc d vung Tdy
Nguyen giai doan 2000 - 2010 didn ra ra't
manh chfla kiem soat
ducic
vd cflng vdi Ddng
Nam Bd la 2 vung vdn bi suy giam dien tich
rflng. Trong vdng 5 nam tfl 2000 - 2005 cd
469,4 nghin ha rflng tfl nhien bi chuyen
thdnh cae
loai
dd't trdng va
dd^t
khac (binh
quan
rdfng
tfl nhien bi md't 93,4 nghin
ha/nam)^.
Do che phu cua
riXng
nam 2005
dat 54%. Trfl Ifldng riing nam 2005 cdn
khoang 288,6 trieu
m^
(chiem 35,6% trd
Ifldng gd ca nfldc), giam 28,4 trieu

m^
go so
vdi nam 2000. Tfl 2005 - 2010, tong dien
tich rijfng hi mdt
Id
366.731 ha, chuyin sang
san xuat ndng nghiep gdn 217 nghin ha
(chid'm 59,1%), trd thanh da't trong ddi
trpe
va
muc dich
khac
khoang gdn 127 nghin ba
(34,6%),
chuyen sang da't phi ndng nghiep
khoang gdn 23 nghin ha
(6,3%)l
• Tdi nguyen
nUdc
Tai nguyen nfldc d Tdy Nguyen dang hi
khai thac qua
mfle
vao mfla khd (chu ylu do
gia tang nUdc tfldi cho cay edng nghidp, cho
thuy didn) nen
ngay cang
cd nguy cd mdt can
dd'i nghiem trpng khdng nhflng cho ndi vdng
ma ddi vdi ea khu vfle rdng Idn
d

ha
Iflu.
Lfldng nfldc sfl dung (chu ye'u cho ndng
nghiep) khdng dflde
hoan lai va
bi ton that
kha Idn, flde tinh tren 20%. Vl mfla khd, cac
sdng, sudi d cae khu vflc khdng cdn riing
tii
nhien hau nhfl can kiet nfldc (nhfl
Iflu
vflc ho
chfla thuy dien
Yaly,
Pleikrdng tren sdng
sdng Se San), mfle nfldc ngam tut
sau
gay
thie'u nude nghidm trpng. Viec xay dflng
nhi^u
cdng trinh thuy dien trong thdi gian qua d Tdy
Nguyen da phai danh dd'i
Idn
vl tai nguyen
dat, tai nguyen
riflig
va dae biet la da gay ra
nhieu tac dpng bat
Idi
de'n mdi trfldng sinh

thai,
kinh te', vdn hda vd xa hdi cua vung.
• Hoat dong kinh
tevd
siic ep, tdc dong
tdi
mdi trUdng
Dd'i vdi ndng nghiep, cung vdi md rdng dien
tich san xua't keo theo nhu cdu sd dung
phdn
bdn va hda chd't bao ve thuc vdt ngdy
cai^
tang. Sfl dung phdn bdn da de
lai
mot Ifldng
khdng nhd dfl Ifldng dd khdng
dflde
cay trdng
ha'p thu cd tae dpng tidu cflc
din
ehinh hd sinh
^
Vien Dieu tra quy hoach
rCtng
(2000, 2005),
Di^
tn
dien bie'n ritoig
cic
viing sinh

th^i
va
to^
qudc 1995 •
2000,
2001
- 2005.
^ Ki^m ke dfft
dai nam 2010 viing
Tay
NguySn.
54
Nghiin aiu
Kmh
tSs643S
- Thing
8/^1*
Co clu kinh tl Tdy
Nguyen,
thai ndng nghiep ciing nhfl gay ra 6 nhidm
ngudn nfldc, 6 nhiim dat va ed the gay dot
biet gen ddi vdi mdt so'
loai
cay trdng. Hoat
ddng san xudt cdng nghiep phat trien ddn den
khdi Ifldng cdc
ehdt
thai ngdy cdng gia tang ea
vl
80

Ifldng vd chung
loai.
2.3.
Mot sd nguyen
nhdn
chinh cua
cdc
hqn
che hien nay
Cac ban che ddi vdi tang trfldng
va
chuyen
dich cd cdu kinh tl cua vflng Tay Nguyen
trong thdi gian qua
la
do hai nhdm nguyen
nhan khach quan va chu quan. Nguydn nhan
khach quan bao gdm: (i)
diiu
kidn tfl nhien
cua vung Tay Nguyen; (ii) tdc ddng cua biln
doi
khi
hdu. Nguyen nhan chu quan bao gdm:
(1) nhan thfle vl phat trien ben vflng vd tdng
trfldng xanh cdn ban ehe; tfl duy phat trien
kinh tl vdn ehu ylu hfldng vdo khai thac tai
nguyen va ngudn luc cd
sin,
nang ve chieu

rpng
ma
chfla theo chilu sau; (2) chfla cd
nhdn thfle ddy du vl chudi gia tri va gan phat
trien chuoi gia tri vdi
Idi thi
cua vung; (3)
cha't Ifldng chinh sach
va
to chflc
thfle
hien
cung nhfl nang
Iflc
cua bd may cdn ye'u; (4)
thilu ngudn nhdn Ifle cdn thid't cho phdt trien,
cha't Ifldng ngudn nhan Ifle cdn ban
ehi;
(5)
vai trd cua khoa hoc va cdng nghe chfla
dflde
phat huy, lien kd't san xua't vdi khoa hpc, cdng
nghe, thi trfldng cdn ban che'; (6) cd hdi va tac
ddng cua hdi nhdp chfla
dflde
nhan thfle day
du; (7) thie'u eac the che' hen ke't vd hdp tac ndi
viing vdi ngoai vflng, trong dd cd ca qud'c te'; (8)
chinh sach di dan gifla cac vflng chfla hdp ly.
Tdm lai, vdi vi tri dac thfl,

Tay
Nguyen
dUdc
xem nhfl mai nha Ddng Dfldng,
cac
boat
ddng kinh td'
lam
ton hai de'n cac ngudn tai
nguydn (tdi nguyen rflng vd tdi nguyen nfldc)
khdng chi anh hfldng de'n vflng Tdy Nguyen,
md cdn anh hfldng tdi ddi sd'ng, boat dpng
kinh tl cua hang tridu ngudi dan
miin
Trung
vd Nam Bd. Phat triln kinh te Tdy Nguyen
thdi gian qua chu yd'u hfldng trpng tdm vdo
khai thac tdi nguyen vi Idi ich kinh te' trudc
mat,
chfla chfl trpng nhieu vdd phat trien ben
viJng.
Chd't
lUdng
tdng trfldng khdng dflde
dam bao, chuyin dich cd cd'u theo hfldng
nang cao gia tri tang chdm.
Diiu
nay dat ra
yeu cau cd'p thiet phai tfl duy lai ve vide tdi
Cd cau kmh tl Tay Nguyen. Theo dd cdn ehu

y nhilu hdn
din
chilu sdu va mat chat Ifldng.
Cdn phai
diiu
chinh md hinh tang
trUdng
theo hudng chuyin tfl chu yeu gia tang san
Ifldng sang nang cao gia tri gia tang dfla tren
Idi
the so sanh cae yeu td' cua viing ddc thfl,
phat trien cac san phdm ed Idi
thi
canh tranh
va
Idi thi
so sdnh, dfla
vao
ndng nghiep edng
nghe cao, tang nang sud't vd hidu qua cua cdc
yd'u td' ddu vdo san xud't. Cdn phai ban ehe
vide khai thac cdc tai nguyen thien nhidn
(dac biet tai nguyen rflng), thay vdo dd, tang
cfldng cdng
tac
quan ly va bao vd cac ngudn
Iflc
nay vd chu trpng
nang
eao vai trd eua

cae
ngudn
Iflc
cua edng nghe,
sang
tao va eon
ngfldi dflde
dao
tao cd ky nang va nang Iflc
dap flng yeu cdu mdi.
3.
Mot so' dl xuat giai phap ban dau
De dam bao chuyen dich cd ca'u kinh tl
theo hfldng phat trien ben vflng cho
Tay
Nguyen, ed the de xuat mdt sd dinh hfldng
va
giai phap chinh
sach
nhfl sau:
Can phai cd mdt quan niem mdi vl
ehuyen dich cd cau kinh te' theo hfldng phat
trien
bin
vflng d vflng
Tay
Nguyen, dd
la
dfla
vao

phat huy tinh dac thfl
va Idi
the so
sanh
cua Tay Nguyen, tham gia nhieu hdn
vad
chudi gia tri gia tang eua
cac
san phdm chu
lUc;
ddng thdi tinh tdi cac ye'u td' xd hdi, mdi
trfldng, vdn hda va dn dinh chinh tri trong
chuyen dich cd cau kinh te'.
- Can phai cd nhan
thfle
day du ve md
hinh tang trfldng phfl hdp vdi dac thu cua
Tdy Nguyen, chuyen tfl md hinh tang trudng
theo chieu rdng sang md hinh tang trfldng
theo chilu sau trong phat trien kinh te, khai
thac
va phat buy eac
Idi
the vd diem manh cd
tinh
rieng cd cua cac ye'u td' kinh te', xa hdi,
mdi trUdng
va van
hda cua Vflng Tdy Nguyen.
- Can phai dinh hfldng lai mdt each cu the

cdc ehinh sach tang trfldng kinh te'-xd hdi
hien dang
dUa
vdo vd'n
va
lao ddng gid re,
khai thac tai nguyen thien nhien kiet que,
ma
khdng tinh tdi
cac
ye'u td' phdt trien ben
N!fi\Hn
cdu Kinh iff sd
435
•
Thing
8/2014
55
CO clu kinh
tiTay
Nguyen .
viing, chuyen sang cac chinh sdch phat huy
Idi
the tuyet ddi va Idi
thi
so sanh, dfla vao
cac dae diem dac thfl cua Tay Nguyen, day
manh tham gia vdo chudi gia tri todn cdu vd
khu vflc, tham gia nhilu hdn vao mang san
xua't khu vfle, tdng cfldng va phat huy nhilu

hdn cac
lien
ke't thi trfldng, dfla
vad
cac quan
he thi trudng,
s^
dung
cac Iflc
Ifldng cua thi
trfldng, phat trien cae cum nganh (clusters)
trong cac nganh eua nen kinh te, tang cfldng
cdc
mdi
lien kd't theo chudi gia tri, nang cao
vai trd cua doanh nghidp tfl nhan.
- Gdn ehuyen dich cd eau kinh te theo
nghia tren vdi giam ngheo, thu hep bdt binh
dang, giai quyd't xung dot xa hdi tfl gdc do tiep
cdn phfldng tien san xud't dac biet
Id
dd't dai,
giai quye't bat binh ddng trong tiep can ed hdi
ddu tfl
va
kinh doanh, ndng cao nang
Iflc
nam bat cd hdi dd
eiia
eon ngfldi

va
doanh
nghiep, cd tinh tdi cac khia canh vl bao ve
mdi trfldng, khai thac tai nguyen hdp
ly,
quan
ly
tai nguyen hieu qua,
va
dam bao d'n
dinh chinh tri vflng.
- Cdn phai tiep tuc ddu tfl hdn nfla tfl
trung fldng, huy ddng cac ngudn vd'n khac
nhau cua cac thanh phan kinh te' d dia
phUdng de phat huy nang
Ifle
ndi tai eua Tdy
Nguyen, trong dd dae biet chu y phat trien
ha tang giao thdng ke't nd'i, phat trien ngudn
nhan
Ifle,
dac biet ngudn nhan
Iflc
dflde ddo
tao chd't Ifldng, ddu tfl cho khoa hpc va cdng
nghe, ndng cao nang Iflc canh tranh eua cac
san pham chu Ifle cua vflng va ndng eao nang
Iflc
canh tranh eua cac doanh nghiep eua
vflng Tdy Nguyen.

- Cdn phai long ghep
tit
hdn cae ehinh sach
vao cac chie'n
Iflde,
quy hoach,
ke
hoach eua cac
tinh trong vflng de dam bao sfl phat trien hai
hda gifla cae ye'u to' tang trfldng kinh te dfla
tren ddc thfl va ndng cao gia tri gia tang vdi
cac
ylu td' dam bao phat trien xa hdi hai hda,
bao ve mdi trudng va quan ly tai nguyen thien
nhien hieu qua, bao tdn van hda cua dan tdc
ban dia, bao tdn mdi trfldng sd'ng
va
mdi
trfldng van hda eua
cac
ddn tdc, dn dinh an
ninh vd chinh tri eua vung Tay Nguyen.
- To chflc
lai
va
thilt
lap cac
thi chi
Hen
kit

vflng hidu qua, nang cao chat Ifldng, hidu
qua cua
lien kit
vd hdp tac ndi vung vd hen
kit,
hdp tac vdi ngoai vung va
quic
tl. Cdn
phai tan dung hdp tae vung quoc tl trong
bm
canh cdng ddng kinh tl ASEAN
sdp
ra ddi vk
cac
thi
che ASEAN+ dang vd se cd hieu Iflc.
Phat huy nhilu hdn vai trd cua cac
doanh nghiep, cdng ddng, cac td chflc chinh
tri xa hdi, cae hiep hdi cho sfl phat trien
lidi
hda vd ben viing vung Tay Nguyen, phat huy
nhieu hdn
mli
lien ke't doanh nghidp vdi cac
the che' khoa hpc
va
edng nghd, phat huy
nhilu hdn tinh hdn kd't cua chuoi gia tri san
pham dac thfl vdi eac boat ddng cua cac
nganh khac nhau nhfl trdng va

ehi
biln ndng
san theo hfldng edng nghe va gia tri gia tang
cao,
gan cac san pham ndng nghiep vdi cac
boat ddng du lich.
- Can phai to' chflc mot cd quan chuydn biet
vl vflng ed chflc nang quan ly, giam sat vl phat
trien
bin
viing cua viing Tdy Nguyen de dam
bac cd sfl phat trien dung hfldng cua viing
ndy/
TAI LIEU THAM
KHAO
1.
Bach Hdng Viet
(2012),
Mdt
sdvan
de
ccfbdn
ciia
kinh
te'Tdy
Nguyen trong qud trtnh phdt triin ben
vihig.
Nxb Khoa hpc xa
h6i,
Uk

NOi.
2.
Bao dien tit Dai
bi^u
nhSn
dan, Khdng de ddn
vUng tdi dinh cu bi thieu
ddt
sdn
xudt.
Ngu(iii:

ewsld=272841.
3.
Bili Minh Dao (2011), Thuc trang phdt trien Toy
Nguyen vd mot sdvan de phdt trien bin
vSng.
Nxb Khoa
hoc xa
hOi,
Ha
NOi.
4.
Nguyen Van Huan
(2011),
Mot sdvan de ve
ch^t
luang tdng trudng kinh te d tinh Kon Tum giai
doqn
2001-2010. Tap chi Khoa hoc xa

h6i
Tay
Nguyfin,
s6
3-
2011,tr.l7-26.
5.
PhamQuangTii,
Le
Thanh van
(2012),
P/ian'fcA
chat
lumg
tdng trudng kinh te Tdy Nguyen giai
do^n
2000
~
2010. Tap chi Khoa hoc xa hfii Tay
Nguyfin,
sd4-
20I2,tr.40-50.
6.
Vien Dieu tra quy hoach rimg (2000,
2005,2010),
Dieu tra diin biin rUng cdc vUng sinh thdi vd todn
quA
1995 - 2000. 2001 - 2005 vd 2006 - 2010.
7. Vien
Di^u

tra quy hoach rtmg (1995), Cdng
triak
khoa hoc ky thudt dieu tra quy hoach
ritng,
Nxb NOng
nghiep, 1996.
56
Nghiin
ciiu Kinh
t4sd435
-
TTi*w
8/201*