Những vấn đề pháp lý về hợp đồng bảo hiểm hàng hoá xuất nhập khẩu ở việt nam hiện nay

DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI
TRUING DAI HOC KHOA HOC XA HOI VA NHAN VAN

TRAM HOMG TJ-IAMH

N H O N G V A N O E P H A P LY V E H O P

DONG BAG HIEM HANG

•

HOA XUAT NHAP KHAU 6 VIET NAM HIEN NAY
•

NV - / . 4 L / X ^ ^

CHUYEN NGANH : LUAT KINH TE
MA SO

: 6.01.05

LUAN VAN THAC SI KHOA HOC LUAT
Egirai hirang din:
TS. TRAN DINH HAG
(VIEN NGHIEN CUV NHA NlfOC VA PHAP LVAT)

HaNoi 12-2000


BANG GIAI THICH CHLfCAI VIET T A T
- TTR: Phirofng thuc thanh loan dien chuyen tien trong buon ban ngoai thu'cmg (

telegraphic transfer reimbursement).
-

GIF: Phuang thiic giao hang co sa trong buon ban ngoai thuang theo Incoterms:
Tien hang, bao hiem va cuac phi (... cang den quy dinh)- Cost insurance and
freight.

-

FOB: Phuang thuc giao hang ca sa trong buon ban ngoai thuang theo
Incoterms: Giao len tau (... cang boc hang quy dinh)- Free on board.

-

CFR: Phuang thuc giao hang ca sa trong buon ban ngoai thuang theo
Incoterms: Tien hang va cuac phi (... cang den quy dinh)- Cost and freight.

-

CIP: Phuang thuc giao hang ca sa trong buon ban ngoai thuang theo Incoterms:
Cuac phi va bao hiem tra tai (... nai den quy dinh)- Carriage and insurance paid
to.

-

XNK: Xuat khau, nhap khau

-

QTC 90: Quy tac chung ve hap dong bao hiem hang hoa van chuyen bfing

dudng bie'n ban hanh theo Quyet dinh 305-TC/BH ngay 9-8-1990 ciia Bo
truang Tai chinh ve viec ban hanh Quy tSc chung v^ bao hiem hang hoa van
chuyen bang duang bien.

-

HDBH: Hap dong bao hiem

-

HDTM: Hap dong thuang mai

-

Quy che 581a: Quy che tam thai ve hap dong bao hiem ban hanh kem theo
quyet dinh 581 a/TC/TCNH ngay 1-7-1996 cua Bo truang Tai chinh.

- AFTA: Khu vuc mau dich tu do ASEAN
• TNHH: trach nhiem huu han
ILU: Hoi nhung nguai bao hiem Luan Don (institute of London underwriters)


ICC: Cac dieu kien bao hiem do Hoi nhung nguai bao hiem Luan Don soan
thao: ICC (A), ICC (A), ICC (C).
Incoterms: Dieu kien thuang mai quoc te (International commercial terms)


MUC lUC
Loi mo dau
Chirong 1: Noi dung phap ly ve giao ket HDBH hang hoa XNK

1
8

* Vai net ve khai niem hang hoa XNK va HDBH hang hoa XNK
dirac de cap trong luan van

8

1.1 De nghi giao ket HDBH hang hoa XNK

10

1.1.1. Khai niem De nghi giao ket HDBH hang hoa XNK

10

1.1.2. Hinh thiic, ban chat phap ly cua De nghi giao ket hop dong bao
hiem hang hoa XNK

12

1.2. Giao ket HDBH hang hoa XNK

14

1.2.1. Nguyen tSc giao ket

14

1.2.2. Doi tugng giao ket

18

1.2.3. Chu the giao ket

21

1.2.4. Hinh thuc, thii tuc giao ket

24

1.2.5. Hieu lire hap dong, thai han cua hop dong

27

Chuong 2: Noi dung phap ly cua HDBH hang hoa XNK

32

2.1. HDBH hang hoa XNK va nhung dac diem dac thu

32

2.1.1. Khai niem HDBH hang hoa XNK va nhung dac diem dac thCi

32

2.1.2. Nhu cau dieu chinh phap luat doi v6i quan he HDBH hang hoa XNK

37

2.2. Noi dung phap ly cua HDBH hang hoa XNK

39


2.2.1. Khai niem

39

2.2.2. Noi dung phap ly cua HDBH hang hoa XNK

40

Chirong 3: Thirc hien HDBH hang hoa XNK a Viet Nam hien nay
va mot so kien nghi bu6c dau

51

3.L Thuc hien HDBH hang hoa XNK

51

3.1.1. Nguyen tSc thuc hien

51

3.1.2. Quyen va nghia vu ciia cac chu the

52

3.1.3. Chuyen nhuang, chuyen giao HDBH

55

3.1.4. Phuang thuc va noi dung boi thuang thiet hai

56

3.2. Thirc te thirc hien HDBH hang hoa XNK a nude ta hien nay
va mot so kien nghi h\x6c dau.

59

3.2.1 .Thuc le thuc hien

59

3.2.2, Mot so kien nghi bu6c dau

65

a. Quan diem tiep can khi xay dung phap luat ve HDBH hang hoa XNK

65

b. Xay dung Luat bao hiem hang hoa XNK thong nhat trong mo hinh,
cau true ciia he thong phap luat dieu chinh cac quan he bao hi6m thuang mai. 66
c. Mot so noi dung ca ban can chu y khi xay dung phap luat ve HDBH

hang hoa XNK.

68

Phan ket luan

71

Danh mue tai lieu tham khao


Ldl Ud DAU
I.

TINH CAP THIET CUA DE TAI:
Mot nen kinh te on dinh va phat trien ben vUng phai la mot nen kinh te huong

ngoai, mo rong va khong ngung nang cao cac quan he kinh te quoc te, trong do c6
cac quan he hang hoa XNK. Trong mot bao cao gan day ciia Bo Tai chinh trinh
Thu tuong Chinh phu v6 du" an Luat kinh doanh bao hiem c6 doan viet: ... Dung
truoc yeu cau phat trien manh me va toan dien ciia nganh bao hiem trong dieu kien
hoi nhap quoc te, can s6m xay dung va ban hanh luat kinh doanh bao hiem lam co
s6 de hoan thien he thong phap ly, cung co va nang cao vai tro cong tac quan ly
Nha nuoc doi voi nganh kinh te quan trong va giau tiem nang nay.
Cung tai bao cao nay co doan: ... Tiem nang bao hiem 6 nuoc ta con chua
duoc khai thac het, chang han gia tri bao hiem xay dung lap dat cho cac cong
trinh dau tu 6 trong nu6c moi chi dat 12% (1997) va 23% ( 1998) so voi tong von
dau tu xay dung co ban; gia tri bao hiem hang hoa nhap khau chi dat 19% (1997)
va 20% (1998) tren tong gia tri kim ngach nhap khau. Dac biet, trong bao hiem
hang hoa xuat khau, ty trong tren con rat nho, m6i chi dat 3,8% (1997) va 5,7%

(1998) tren tong gia tri kim ngach hang hoa xuat khau.
Ly giai thuc trang nay, ben canh nhung nguyen nhan yeu kem ve tai chinh,
cong nghe bao hiem, trinh do can bo..., cung phai ke den nhirng han che ciia phap
luat trong ITnh vuc bao hiem a nu6c ta hien nay. Su thieu hut mot so van ban luat
lam CO so phap ly dieu chinh boat dong kinh doanh bao hiem, trong do co ITnh \uc
bao hiem hang hoa XNK, HDBH hang hoa XNK, dang tro thanh mot van de co
tinh thori su. Xet mot each tong the, he thong phap luat ve HDBH hang hoa XNK o
nu6c ta hien nay con qua nhieu bat cap, han che, chua that su dap ling duoc yeu
cau phat trien cua cac quan he kinh te XNK mo cua va hoi nhap nhu hien nay.
Thuc te nay dang goi md cho chung ta nhieu dieu m6i me can nghien ciiu va tim
toi.
Theo nhiJng thoa thuan da ky ket giiJa Viet Nam va cac nuoc trong ASEAN,
s6m muon gi thi mot khu vuc mau dich tu do (AFTA) cung duoc thiet lap ma theo


do, cac quoc gia thanh vien phai xoa bo hoan toan hang rao thue quan va phi thue
quan[49,12]. Dieu nay vijfa la ca hoi nhung dong thdi cung la nhung thach thuc 16n
de Viet Nam vuan len tu khang dinh minh tren tru5ng quoc te, chi it cung la trong
khu vuc. Mat khac theo lo trinh ma Hiep dinh thuang mai Viet - My vua ky ket,
chi trong khoang tren du6i mu5i nam nua Viet Nam phai ma cua hoan toan thi
trudng cho cac cong ty My, trong do co viec ma cua thi truang bao hiem ... Khong
han che v6i cac dich vu bao hiem cho cac xi nghiep co von dau tu nuac ngoai,
ngu5i nu6c ngoai lam viec tai Viet Nam, cac dich vu tai bao hiem, cac dich vu bao
hiem trongvan tai, cac dich vu tu van, giai quyet khieu nai va danh gia riii ro. Cu
the la:
- Ba nam sau khi Hiep dinh c6 hieu luc duac lap lien doanh v6i doi tac duac
phep kinh doanh dich vu bao hiem a Viet Nam. Phan von gop Hoa Ky khong qua
50% von phap dinh cua lien doanh do.
- Nam nam sau khi co hieu luc ciia Hiep dinh duac thanh lap cong ty 100%
von Hoa Ky. Cac cong ty cung cap dich vu co von dau tu Hoa Ky khong duac kinh

doanh cac dich vu dai ly bao hiem, cac dich vu bao hiem bat buoc. Tuy nhien, han
che nay se duac bai bo doi vai lien doanh la 3 nam sau khi Hiep dinh co hieu lire
va 6 nam doi v6i cong ty 100% von Hoa Ky.
- Doanh nghiep bao hiem lien doanh, cong ty 100% von Hoa Ky va chi
nhanh ciia cong ty bao hiem Hoa Ky phai tai bao hiem tai cong ty tai bao hiem
Viet Nam mot ty le toi thieu la 20% va han che nay se duac bai bo sau nam nam
Hiep dinh co hieu luc.
R6 rang la, ben canh nhung thuan lai ca ban, chung ta dang dung truac kha
nhieu nhung thach thiJc va kho khan khi hoi nhap kinh te quoc te. Thuc te do dang
dat ra cho cac nha hoach dinh chinh sach, cac nha lap phap hang loat van de biic
xuc, noi com can nghien cuu va giai quyet. Viec nghien cuu va tiing buac hoan
thien he thong phap luat ve bao hiem, trong do co che dinh phap luat ve hap dong
bao hiem cung duac xem la mot nhu cau, doi hoi mang tinh th5i su.

^^7^^^ /^/ Y ^ V

^

^^'^^ Y^'^'Jr-


Chinh vi le do, chung toi manh dan chon de ta/ nhung van de phap ly ve HDBH
hang hod XNK a Viet Nam hien nay lam de tai luan van tot nghiep thac si luat
hoc.

n.

TINH HINH NGHIEN CUU:
Tren the gi6i, nhung nghien ciJu ca ban ve boat dong kinh te bao hiem, hap

dong bao hi6m co tuf rat s6m va da dat dugfc nhung ket qua nhat dinh, dang de
chiing ta tham khao, hoc hoi. Chang han co the ke' ra day cong trinh nghien ciiu
ciia tien si David-Bland ve de tai Bao hiem-cac nguyen tac va thirc hanh (the
principle and practice)-NXB Tai chinh 1999; Hap tac tai chinh trong cac nuac
ASEAN, nhutig trien vong trong ngan hang, tai chinh va bao hiem (Vien Chau
A Thai Binh Duang- Michael T. Skully); Dieu kien bao hiem do Uy ban ky thuat
va dieu kien (Technical and clause committee) do Vien nhung nguai bao hiem
Luan Don ( Institute of London Underwriters- viet tat la ILU ) soan thao. O nuac
ta trong thcfi gian gan day, van de nay cung da bat dau thu hut su quan tam ciia cac
nha nghien cuu, a nhung goc do, miic do va pham vi, muc dich khac nhau. vai
mong muon lam the nao de xay dung a Viet Nam mot nganh kinh te bao hiem,
mot he thong van ban phap luat ve bao hiem, HDBH thong nhat, khoa hoc. Tat
nhien trong do co ITnh vuc phap luat ve HDBH hang hoa XNK - boat dong mang
tinh chien luac cua mot n6n kinh te huang ngoai. Dang chii y a day la cong trinh
nghien cuu mot so van de co ban ve kinh te bao hiem ciia PGS-PTS Bui Tien
Quy; van tai va bao hiem trong ngoai thuang cua PGS-PTS Nguyen Hong Dam;
de tai doi mai chinh sach va hoan thien ca che quan ly Nha nuac doi voi boat
dong kinh doanh bao hiem do Vu tai chinh cac ngan hang va to chuc tai chinh
Ha Noi thuc hien thang 3-1995. Dieu dang noi la, bao hiem va nhung van dt phap
ly xoay quanh HDBH cung da gianh duac su quan tam nghien ciiu ciia khong it
sinh vien luat cac trudng dai hoc. Chang han nhu: Luan van cu nhan luat ve de tai
mot so van de phap ly ve bao hiem hang hoa XNK chuyen cha bang duang bienthang 6-1998 ciia Nguyen Thu Huang - khoa Luat Truang Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha


Noi; luan van cu nhan luat ciia tac gia Dao Duy Bau Trudng Dai hoc Luat Ha Noi
ve de tai phap luat hap dong bao hiem thuang mai va thuc tien ap dung 6 Viet
Nam hien nay - thang 10-1999... Tuy nhien can phai noi la, nhung cong tiinh
nghien cuu ke tren, do tinh chat de tai, miJc do, dieu kien, cung nhu muc dfch
nghien cuu, nen cac tac gia m6i chi di sau vao tim hieu ban chat kinh te ciia bao
hiem la chu yeu. Rieng cong trinh nghien ciiu ciia tac gia Nguyen Thu Huang, tuy

CO de cap den khia canh phap ly ciia HDBH hang hoa XNK, nhung do pham vi
ciia de tai, nen tac gia chi di sau vao tim hieii nhung van de phap ly ciia boat dong
bao hiem hang hoa XNK noi chung trong qua trinh chuyen cha bang duang bien.
Cong trinh nghien cuu ciia tac gia Dao Duy Bau, vai nhiem vu, muc dich nghien
cuu la lam sang to nhung noi dung phap ly ciia HDBH thuang mai, nen du da co
duac quan diem, each tiep can diing huang khi nghien cuu, dua ra mot so giai
phap ca ban khac phuc ban che, tuy nhien, ket qua nay cung mai chi dung lai a
tam khai quat chung ciia phap luat ve HDBH thuang mai. NhiJng van de phap ly ve
HDBH hang boa XNK, va mot so kien nghi bu6c dau nham tiing buac hoan thien
no, van la de tai con tuang doi m6i me, cha dai duac nhieu nguai quan tam
nghien cuu.
Cung can nhan manh la, van de phap luat ve bao hiem thuang mai, trong do
CO nhiJng noi dung cua phap luat ve HDBH hang hoa XNK, trong nhung nam gan
day, da tra thanh doi tuang nghien cuu ciia khong it du an do cac to chuc quoc te
thuc hien, nhu: Chuang trinh h6 tra chuyen doi kinh te a Viet Nam ciia hen
minh Chau Au, trong do co van de tro giiip xay dung hoan thien luat kinh doanh
bao hiem. Hoac nhu chirong trinh nghien ciru thirc trang thj trucmg bao hiem
nong nghiep o Viet Nam do to chiic luong thuc the gioi (FAO) tien hanh vao cuoi
nam 1999, va da dua ra 10 kien nghi doi v6i Viet Nam trong linh vuc bao hiem
nong nghiep, khong ngiing hoan thien nhirng quy dinh cua phap luat Viet Nam
dieu chinh cac quan he bao hiem, HDBH...
Dieu da nhan tha'y la, nhung cong trinh nay, chua phai la nhiJng nghien cuu
thuan tuy ve phap luat HDBH hang hoa XNK, dij co de cap nhung chua that su

4


tuang xiing, chua dap ling v6i yeu cau cua thuc tien dang dat ra. Nhin chung cac
tac gia chii yeu di vao nghien cuu a tam vi mo ciia kinh te' bao hiem, phap luat bao
hiem nhieu han la di vao nghien cuu cu the cac noi dung ciia phap lual \c hop

dong, cung nhu phap luat ve HDBH hang hoa XNK.
Cung can noi them la, trong ca cau to chuc va boat dong cua mot so truang
Dai hoc nhu Dai hoc kinh te, Dai hoc Tai chinh-Ke toan, da hinh thanh cac khoa
doc lap nghien cuu ve bao hiem. Du vay, v6i chu'c nang cua mot truang kinh te,
cong tac hoc tap va nghien ciiu a day khong hoan toan tie'p can tu goc do ciia phap
luat, khong nham muc dich xay dung, hoan thien phap luat bao hiem. Van de nay
CO duac de cap nhung con a muc do ban che, chii yeu thien ve cac khai niem, thuat
ngu kinh te, hieu qua kinh te ciia HDBH. Chang ban nhu each tinh toan miic phi
bao hiem, cac chi phi phat sinh Trong qua trinh thuc hien hap dong bao hiem, each
thong ke, danh gia muc do riii ro, thiet hai, ca sa ky thuat ciia HDBH...

m.

MUC DICH NGHIEN CUU:

Muc dich ciia luan van la nghien cuu luan giai mot each tuang doi day dii ve
nhung noi dung ca ban ciia su dieu chinh phap luat ve HDBH hang hoa XNK a
Viet Nam hien nay. Tren ca sa do, ket hgp su phan tich, danh gia thuc trang ap
dung phap luat trong giao ket, thuc hien HDBH hang boa XNK, tac gia dua ra mot
so kien nghi bu6c dau v6i mong muon nhung kien nghi ciia minh la tai lieu tham
khao giiip ich phan nao cho cac nha nghien cuu, cac nha lap phap trong viec xay
dung che dinh phap luat ve HDBH hang boa XNK a nuac ta trong nhung nam tai.
Nhiem vu cu the la:
-

Nghien cuu lam sang to mot so quan diem tiep can ca ban khi xay dung phap
luat ve HDBH hang boa XNK

-

Trinh bay va phan tich nhung noi dung phap ly ca ban ciia su dieu chinh phap
luat ve giao ket, thuc hien HDBH hang hoa XNK a nuac ta hien nay


-

Dieu tra, nghien ciiu mot so vu tranh chap HDBH hang boa XNK co tinh tieu
bieu va pho bie'n, tijf do doi chieu, so sanh de lam sang to mot so bat cap, ban
che ciia su dieu chinh phap luat trong cac quan he HDBH hang boa XNK.

-

Tac gia de xuat mot so kien nghi bu6c dau nham hoan thien ca che dieu chinh
ciia phap luat doi v6i cac quan he ve HDBH hang boa XNK a n\x6c ta hien nay

IV.

PHAM VI NGHIEN CUU:
V6i tinh chat la mot loai hinh kinh te, boat dong bao hiem kha rong, bao

triam len moi boat dong ciia dai song kinh te-xa hoi. Vi vay, phap luat ve bao hiem
cung kha da dang va phiic tap, duac boc tach thanh nhieu loai hinh, nghiep vu bao
hiem khac nhau, nhu: bao hiem xa hoi, bao hiem y te, bao hiem thuang mai. Ngay
nhu trong khai niem bao hiem thuang mai, cung duac hieu la bao gom nhieu
nhom nghiep vu bao hiem khac nhau tao nen: Bao hiem hang boa xuat nhap kbaiu,
bao hiem xay lap, bao hiem phuang tien van chuyen, bao hiem boa hoan, bao
hiem vat nuoi cay trong,...
VcVi pham vi ciia mot de tai luan van thac sT, ciing nhu dieu kien, trinh do
nghien cuu con ban che, tac gia chi xin tap trung nghien ciiu van de trong giai ban
nhung van de phap ly ve HDBH hang boa XNK. Thuc te la, luan van chi di sau

nghien cuu nhung noi dung phap ly chii yeu ciia su dieu chinh phap luat trong giao
ket va thuc hien HDBH hang boa XNK, nghien cuu thuc trang ap dung nhu'ng noi
dung phap ly do trong thuc tien bao hiem, tu do dua ra mot so kien nghi buac dau.

V.

PHUONG PHAP NGHIEN CUU:

Luan van ap dung mot so phuang phap nghien cuu nhu sau:
- Phuang phap bien chiing, la phuang phap mang tinh chii dao, xuyen suot qua
trinh nghien ciru.
-

Phuang phap so sanh cung duac xem la phuang phap ca ban cua luan van. So

sanh vai phap luat HDBH ciia mot so nuac tren the gi6i, so sanh vai thuc trang ap
dung phap luat ve HDBH hang hoa XNK a nu6c ta hien nay.


-

Luan van ciing ap dung phuang phap nghien curu dieu tra, khao sat thuc tien
lam cong cu bo tra dac luc cho qua trinh nghien cuu va hoan thien de tai. Dieu
tra, khao sat thuc tien thong qua cac vu an, vu viec dien hinh ve tinh tiei, phong
phii ve tinh chat phu*c tap ciia tranh chap, chii yeu la cac tranh chap lien quan
den HDBH hang boa XNK.

-

Phuang phap phan tich - tong hap ciing duac tac gia su dung v6i muc dich lam

ro:
+ Y nghia, vai tro ciia he thong phap luat HDBH hang boa XNK trong lien

trinh phat trien, hoi nhap kinh te.
+ Thuc trang phap luat, thuc trang ap dung phap luat ve HDBH hang boa
XNK hien nay a Viet Nam.
+ Quan diem tiep can khi xay dung va hoan thien che dinh phap luat ve
HDBH hang boa XNK.
Ngoai ra, trong luan van nay tac gia con sii dung mot so phuang phap khac vai
dung y minh boa ro ban nhung luan diem, luan cu da trinh bay, nhu: phuang phap
thong ke- doi chieu, phuang phap bieu bang, liet ke,...

VL

BO c u e CUA LUAN V A N :
V6i muc dich, nhiem vu va pham vi nghien ciiu nhu tren, luan van duac chia

thanh ba chuang v6i Idi noi dau va phan ket luan. Chuang 1 trinh bay noi dung
phap ly ve giao ket HDBH hang hoa XNK. Chuang 2 trinh bay noi dung phap ly
ciia HDBH hang boa XNK va Chuang 3 la noi dung phap ly ve thuc bien HDBH
hang hoa XNK va mot so kien nghi buac dau.


r/

CHUONG 1: NOI DUNG PHAP LY VE GIAO KET HDBH HANG HOA XNK

* Vai net ve khai niem hang hoa XNK va HDBH hang hoa XNK diTdc tac gia de cap
trong luan van:

Trong luan van nay, khai niem hang hoa XNK dugc hieu la hang boa dich
chuyen qua Men gioi tren ca sa cac HDKT, HDTM giua cac doi tac kinh te vai
nhau. Va theo each hieu thong thucfng cung nhu thong le quoc te thi, khai niem
hang boa XNK gan lien v6i boat dong trao doi, mua ban hang boa giua trong nuac
va quoc te v6i tinh chat kinh doanh-thuang mai. Noi de'n hang boa XNK. cac
chuyen gia kinh te trong ITnh vuc ngoai thuang thuang de cap den nhung khai
niem ca ban nhu: kim ngach xuat khau, kim ngach nhap khau, can can thanh loan,
tham hut can can thanh toan vang lai, thi trudng hang boa XNK...
Nhu vay can phai phan biet v6i nhirng truing hap co hang boa dich chuyen
qua bien gi6i (nhap khau hoac xuat khau), nhung khong nam trong pham tru khai
niem hang boa XNK ma luan van nghien ciiu, bai le, do la nhu'ng boat dong bat
hap phap nhu buon lau, tron thue... hoac do la nhu'ng boat dong mang tinh chat
quan be dan su, nhu: cho, tang, vien tra...
Hay noi each khac hang boa qua bien gi6i thuoc loai nay khong nam trong
noi ham khai niem ciia hang boa XNK nhu trong luan van de cap. Va thuc te cQng
cho thay, so lugng hang boa thuoc loai nay cung khong nhieu, chiem mot ty le qua
nho neu dem so sanh chiing vai so lugng hang boa XNK v6i tinh chat kinh doanhthuang mai hgp phap.
Van de a day la, se khong loai truf truang hgp sa hiru chii ciia loai hang boa
do mua bao hiem khi hang boa qua ciia khau, nhung quan he do thuoc pham vi
dieu chinh ciia phap luat dan su, mang ban chat phap ly ciia mot hgp dong dan su
thong thuang. Tuy nhien tren thuc te van khong loai trii su can thiep ciia mot so
quy dinh phap luat trong linh vuc bao hiem hang boa XNK; cung nhu cac dieu
u6c, tap quan quoc te, ke ca phap luat nu6c ngoai doi vai viec ky ket, thuc hien va
giai quyet tranh chap phat sinh tii hgp dong bao hiem hang boa mang ban chat
8


phap ly dan su do. Chang ban nhu hinh thiic ciia hgp dong bao hiem, giam dinh
hang boa, boi thudng thiet hai, thong le quoc te ve van chuyen hang boa XNK...
Noi tom lai, HDBH hang boa XNK ma luan van de cap dugc xac dinh ro la

loai quan he hgp dong kinh te.
CQng xin noi them, a nu6c ta hien nay, ngay ca khi Bo luat Dan su 1995
dugc ban hanh, do ranh giai phap ly de xac dinh pham vi dieu chinh ciia hai he
thong phap luat kinh te va phap luat dan su con thieu tinh ranh mach cho nen van
con nhieu y kien khac nhau xung quanh vi tri ciia HDBH, trong do co HDBH hang
boa XNK, la hgp dong dan su hay hgp dong kinh te? Va tren thuc le da xay ra mot
so truang hgp, ciang mot vu tranh chap HDBH nhung dugc giai quyet a ca hai toa
an kinh te va dan su[39]. Tuy vay chiing ta van phai thira nhan la, dii Bo luat Dan
su da danh ban mot muc rieng quy dinh ve HDBH ( 14 Dieu, tii 571 den 584),
song, suy cho ciing, v6i tinh chat la mot Bg luat co tinh phap dien hoa cao nen
nhu'ng quy dinh do chi mai diing lai a cac nguyen tac chung nhat ve che dinh
HDBH noi chung. Duang nhien la, neu khong co cac van ban phap ly huang dan
thi hanh cu the thi nhung quy dinh do cua Bo luat Dan su khong the khong tranh
khoi nhiJng kho khan, liing tiing cho cac duang su khi ap dung va thuc thi phap
luat, nhat la trong nhirng truang hgp ma ngay ban than nhung quy dinh ciia phap
luat kinh te, hgp dong kinh te cung con chua day dii, thieu su dong bo va ro rang.
Bai vay cho nen, trong luan van nay, viec tac gia xac dinh noi ham ciia khai niem
hgp dong kinh te' ap dung cho cac HDBH hang boa XNK cung chi mang nghia
tuang doi va co the chap nhan dugc. Han nira viec xac dinh nhu the cung la tao
dieu kien giiip tac gia nghien ciiu, luan giai mot each ky luang ve nhung noi dung
phap ly ma de tai luan van dang dat ra.
Nhung van de phap ly ve HDBH hang boa XNK ma luan van de cap chi
gi6i ban trong pham vi ma tac gia xin tam ggi la "Nguyen tac lanh th6'\ Hay noi
each khac, HDBH hang boa XNK, dii ngudi mua bao hiem la ben Viet Nam hay
phia nuac ngoai, phai ky ket v6i mot doanh nghiep bao hiem duac thanh lap va
hoqt dong theo phap luat Viet Nam,

9

Cu the la:
- Doi vol loai HDBH hang hoa xuat khau, la nhung trudng hgp nguai ban hang
(phia Viet Nam) mua bao hiem , hoac ngu5i mua hang (phia nuac ngoai) mua
bao hiem tai mot doanh nghiep bao hiem trong nuac.
-

Doi vol HDBH hang hoa nhap khau, la nhirng truang hgp ma nguai mua
hang ( phia Viet Nam) mua bao hiem tai mot doanh nghiep bao hiem a Viet
Nam. Nhung trudng hgp ngudi mua hang, mua bao hiem ciia mot doanh nghiep
bao hiem a n\i6c ngoai, hoac nguai ban hang (phia nuac ngoai) mua bao hiem
tai mot doanh nghiep bao hiem nuac bg, sau do chuyen nhugng HDBH do cho
ngu5i mua hang la phia Viet Nam, khong thuoc pham vi nghien ciiu ciia de tai
luan van nay.

Luan van nay chi de cap va nghien ciiu trong pham vi nbiJng van de phap ly
ciia HDBH hang hod XNK goc, tuyet nhien khong de cap den nhirng kbia canh
phap ly ciia hgp dong tai bao hiem cho ciing loai hang boa XNK do. Tlico quy
dinh hien hanh ciia phap luat bao hiem Viet Nam, nguai mua bao hiem cung
khong CO quyen true tiep kien ddi boi thu&ng hay bat ky khieu nai nao doi vai
doanh nghiep tai bao

hiem\li,2]

1.1. De nghi giao ket HDBH hang hoa XNK
/ . / . / Khai niem
Trong quan he phap luat ve HDBH hang boa XNK noi rieng va quan he
phap luat HDBH thuang mai noi chung, nhu cau dugc biet nhiJng thong tin quan
trong lien quan den HDBH cho doi tugng bao hiem ciia cac doanh ngiep bao hiem
(ngudi bao hiem) la bet siic can thiet va no mang tinh dac thii ciia loai quan he
phap luat nay. Theo quan diem ciia ngucfi bao hiem, bg can dugc nguai yeu cau

bao hiem cho biet ve cac yeu to, miic do ciia riii ro; ten, dja chi, doi tugng dugc
bao hiem v.v... Tren ca sa nhirng thong tin do, nguai bao hiem se quyet dinh co
tham gia giao ket va thuc hien HDBH hay khong, neu quyet dinh thi mii'c phi, dieu
10


kien bao hiem... se dugc ap dung ra sao, riii ro dugc bao hiem, riii ro loai trCr trach
nhiem bao hiem la the nao...
Chinh vi nhirng le do, ngu5i mua bao hiem phai co trach nhiem cung cap
mot each day dii, chi tiet nhirng thong tin ma minh biet ve doi tugng bao hiem
hoac theo nhQng yeu cau chi dan ciia ngudi bao hiem. Mat khac ciing phai thira
nhan rang, de nghi bao hiem, hay con ggi la dan yeu cau bao hiem la ca sa phap ly
quan trong de xac dinh gia tri hieu lire ciia HDBH hang boa XNK, coi do nhu la
mot phan bat buoc ciia cau thanh HDBH cho hang boa XNK a nuac ta hien nay.
Dan yeu cau bao hiem la hinh thiic pho bien nhat de nguai bao hiem co the nhan
dugc nhirng thong tin can thiet lien quan t6i riii ro se dugc bao hiem. Doi vai
nghiep vu bao hiem hang boa XNK, ngudi yeu cau bao hiem se dien vao dan yeu
cau bao hiem nhiJng noi dung theo mau va nop cho nguai bao hiem. Cac dan nay
CO the thuc hien true tiep vai ngudi bao hiem (cong ty me), hoac thuc hien thong
qua moi giai bao hiem, trung gian bao hiem.
Do tinh chat da dang ciia hang boa XNK cho nen yeu cau ve thong tin cua
nguai bao hiem xoay quanh doi tugng dugc bao hiem cung rat phiic tap, dai ngan
khac nhau. Tuy nhien nhin chung cac mau dan yeu cau bao hiem cho hang boa
XNK ap dung a nuac ta hien nay thudng thong nhat trong mot so noi dung cu the,
pho bien, va dugc chia lam ba phan chinh:
- Phan ghi nhan
- Phan cam ket
- Phan canh bao

•

Phan ghi nhan - The hien quan diem, y chi giua cac chii the, nguai mua bao
hiem va ngucfi bao hiem ve su thiet lap mot quan he HDBH cho hang boa XNK
nao do trong mot khoang thc/i gian thich hgp.

• Phan cam ket - La nhung thong tin do ngu5i yeu cau bao hiem cung cap: Hoan
toan diing su that trong gi6i ban toi da nhirng gi ma nguai do biet va tin tuang.
Cam ket la noi dung quan trong, can thiet lam thoa man cac yeu cau cua
nguyen tac trung thuc tuyet doi trong quan he HDBH hang boa XNK.

11


•

Phan canh bao- Quy dinh nhirng yeu to phai khai bao va nguy ca gap phai nii
ro, thiet hai ganh chiu, neu nguai mua bao hiem khong khai bao day du ve
nhung thong tin ma ngudi bao hiem yeu cau.
Neu dan yeu cau bao hiem hang boa XNK dugc trinh bay hgp ly va nguai

bao hiem chap nhan dan do, ket hgp phi bao hiem dugc thanh toan (hoac co thoa
thuan trong hgp dong), mot HDBH hang boa XNK se dugc thanh lap, thong qua
hanh dong cap dan bao hiem, hoac true tiep ky ket HDBH giira nguai mua bao
hiem va ngucfi bao hiem.
Tii nhirng phan tich neu tren, chiing ta co the dua ra mot dinh nghia tuang
doi chinh xac ve khai niem Dan de nghi giao ket HDBH hang boa XNK nhu sau:
Don de nghi giao ket HDBH hang hoa XNK la van ban trong do chiia dung
nhu'ng noi dung ve su cam ket, ghi nhan va canh bao giiia nguai bao hiem va nguai
mua bao hiem ve viec chuan hi cho qua trinh giao ket, thuc hien HDBH sau do.

1.1.2. Hinh thiccy ban chat phap ly cua dan de nghi giao ket hap dong
Theo thong le chung ve boat dong bao hiem hang boa XNK, dan de nghi
bao hiem phai dugc lap thanh van ban, co tinh bat buoc doi vcVi bat cu cbii the nao.
truang hgp nao, va la mot phan tat yeu cau thanh nen HDBH cho cung loai bang
boa XNK da neu trong dan. Ngay tai Dieu 9, Quy tac chung ve bao hiem hang
boa van chuyen bang duang bien ban hanh kem theo Quyet dinh 305-TC/BH, ngay
9-8-1990 ciia Bg truang Tai chinh ( sau day ggi tat la QTC 90), cung de cap kha
chi tiei van de nay:
'' Khi CO nhu cau bao hiem, ngu5i co nhu cau phai lam giay yeu cau bao hiem
trong do ghi ro cac dieu khoan sau day...".
Xet ve ban chat, y nghia phap ly, dan de nghi bao hiem la bang chung ve
viec xac nhan HDBH da dugc thiet lap, neu nguai bao hiem dong y lai de nghi do,
thong qua viec cap dan bao hiem. Va nhu vay, dan yeu cau bao hiem tra thanh
mot phan tat yeu ciia HDBH cho hang boa XNK, ke ca truang hgp cac ben giao
ket HDBH bao cho hang boa XNK do, vai thai ban thong thuang la mot nam.
Trong nhirng tru5ng hgp nhu vay, mac dii giira cac chii the da co mot ban HDBH
12


ky kei true tiep, vai tuang doi day du nhung thong tin quan trong lien quan den
quyen, nghia vu phap ly ciia cac ben; quyen, nghia vu doi v6i hang boa dugc bao
hiem..., nhung yeu cau hoan chinh, bo sung dan de nghi bao hiem van dugc dat ra
cho tiing chuyen hang cu the, trong khoang th5i gian quy dinh. Neu nguai mua
bao hiem khai bao cham tre, ngu5i bao hiem chi thira nhan bao hiem neu nguoi
mua bao hiem chiing minh dugc su cham tre do la do nguyen nhan khach quan,
ngoai kha nang kiem soat ciia minh. Tuy nhien, dieu kien bat huge la khong dugc
cham qua ngay tau bat dau den cang da hang cuoi ciing ghi tren dan bao hiem.
Truang hgp tru6c khi xep hang, nguai mua bao hiem chua biei thong tin ve
phuang tien van chuyen thi co the giri giay yeu cau bao hiem dua tren ca sa L/C va
hgp dong mua ban hang hoa. Ngay sau khi nhan dugc thong bao ve 16 hang da

dugc xep len tau, nguai mua bao hiem phai giii giay yeu cau bo sung cho nguai
bao hiem, trong do ghi ro nhiing noi dung nhu sau:
-

Ten hang boa dugc bao hiem

-

So lugng, trgng lugng va gia tri CF hoac FOB ciia moi chuyen hang...

-

Ten tau, ngay khai hanh, cang di, cang den, ngay va so van dan.
Van de dat ra a day la, lieu viec dieu chinh ciia phap luat doi vai quan he

mang tinh chat ''tien hgp dong" nhu tren co dem lai hieu qua thiet thuc trong thuc
tien nang dong, canh tranh quyet liet ciia thi trudng bao hiem hang boa XNK nhu
hien nay. Co nhieu y kie'n thira nhan la, viec can thiep ''qua s6m" cua phap luat
trong quan he HDBH hang boa XNK , da tao ra khong it kho khan, bat Igi cho cac
chu the khi tham gia giao ket, thuc hien hgp dong. Thuc te khong phai liic nao
nguai mua bao hiem cung co the dap ling day du nhirng yeu cau mang tinh thii luc
nhu lap dan yeu cau bao hiem bat buoc nhu quy dinh ciia phap luat. Mat khac
cung CO y kien lai thay rang, viec dieu chinh cua phap luat nhu vay la rat can thiei,
bao dam su on dinh, chat che ciia mot HDBH hang boa XNK khi da dugc thiet
lap, la can cii phap ly quan trgng de cac ben thuc hien tot nhat quyen va nghia vu
phap ly ciia minh trong quan he hgp dong.

13

Du con nhieu quan diem chua thong nhat ve van de nay, nhung chiing ta van phai
thong nhai v6i nhau ve gia tri phap ly, ban chat phap ly ciia dan yeu cau bao hiem
a mot so diem ca ban nhu sau:
-

Dan yeu cau bao hiem la ca sa phap ly va la mot phan tat yeu ciia cua HDBH.
Dieu nay cho thay cac chu the co nhu cau de nghi bao hiem cho hang boa XNK
phai rat than trgng tru6c khi dien vao dan nhiJng thong tin ma ngudi bao hiem
muon biei.

-

Dan yeu cau bao hiem la bang chiing phap ly quan trgng ve viec the hien thien
chi ciia nguai mua bao hiem ve viec xac lap va thuc hien mot HDBH trong
tuang lai.

-

Dan yeu cau bao hiem la ca sa phap ly de nguai bao hiem thuc hien nghia vu
ciia minh doi vai tai san, hang hoa XNK ciia nguai mua bao hiem khi ho chap
nhan lai de nghi yeu cau bao hiem theo nhirng noi dung da dugc ghi nhan va
cam kei.

1.2. Giao ket HDBH hang hoa XNK
1.2.1 Nguyen tac giao ket
Nguyen tac la tu tuang chi dao, la khuon mau chuan muc co tinh bat huge
thuc hien doi v6i bai ky chii the nao khi tu dat minh vao moi quan he ciia nhiing
nguyen tac do. Trong ITnh vuc boat dong bao hiem hang boa XNK, viec dieu chinh
CO tinh nguyen tac doi v6i cac quan he ve hgp dong co mot y nghia bet sue quan
trong, gop phan bao ve quyen, Igi ich hgp phap ciia cac chii the khi tham gia cac

quan he bao hie'm hang boa XNK von di luon ham chiia trong minh nhu'ng riii ro,
bai chac, rat de dan den pha san doanh nghiep neu nhu khong co cac bien phap
dieu chinh kip thai. Bao dam tinh nguyen tac trong giao kei HDBH hang boa XNK
la bien phap gop phan ban che, khac phuc thiet hai, riii ro co hieu qua cao nhai cho
cac chii the.
Noi den nguyen tac giao kei HDBH hang boa XNK, tru6c hei chiing ta phai
tim hieu it nhieu ve nhiing noi dung ca ban cua nguyen tac bao hiem thuang mai.

14


mot van de co tinh chai xuyen suot, chi phoi moi boat dong bao hiem, trong do co
cac quan he giao kei hgp dong, thuc hien hgp dong.
- Nguyen tac sang loc: Trong bao hiem thuang mai, tru6c nhii'ng nhu cau, tinh
chai bao hiem ngay cang da dang, phiic tap, ngudi bao hiem cung buoc phai diing
truac nhieu loai doi tugng bao hiem khac nhau, vai nhirng miic do, tinh chai rui ro
bao hiem ciing rat khac nhau. Vi the, nguyen tac sang Igc doi tugng bao hiem la
doi hoi mang tinh nguyen tac dat ra va rat dugc coi trgng trong boat dong bao
hiem thuang mai. Van de lua ebon, sang Igc nii ro khong chi vl Igi ich ciia nguai
bao hiem ma con gan lien vdi quyen Igi ciia ca phia nguai mua bao hiem, dong
thai tranh cho bg nhirng chi phi qua cao trong nhiJng truang hgp bao hiem ma
thiet hai la "tai yeu" se xay ra. Hay noi theo ngon ngu* nghiep vu bao hiem, do la
riii ro "qua xau".
- Nguyen tac phan tan, phan chia rui ro: Su da dang ciia cac nhu cau bao hiem,
su phiic tap ciia cac rui ro bao hiem trong thuc te, cong vai gia tri tai san bao hiem
ngay cang Ian, khien ngu5i bao hiem co the rai vao tinh trang mat kha nang thanh
toan bai cii liic nao. De tranh hi rai vao tinh trang "mao hiem" trong kinh doanh
bao hiem, nguai bao hiem, hay noi each khac, boat dong bao hiem thuang mai
phai ton trgng va quan triet nguyen tac phan tan, phan chia riii ro cho nhirng nguai
bao hiem khac. Cac nghiep vu bao hiem thuc hien nguyen tac nay co the ke ra day

la: Phan tan riii ro bang hinh thiic dong bao hiem, tai bao hiem, va tham chi la ca
phuang thiic tu bao hiem cung dugc phat buy hieu qua mot each toi da.
- Nguyen tac bao hiem rui ro mang tinh ngdu nhien. Ban chai kinh te ciia bao
hiem la ban che, phong ngira va san se riii ro thiet hai, chii khong phai la bien phap
kinh te de ngu5i mua bao hiem Igi dung, chiem doat tai san ciia nguai khac, hoac
nhu CO tinh day nguai bao hiem vao the chac chan phai boi thudng thiet hai. Chinh
vi the, nguyen tac bao hiem nhiing riii ro mang tinh ngau nhien- nghia la rui ro
dugc bao hiem co the xay ra tren thuc te hoac ciing co the khong xay ra. Dieu nay
ca nguori mua bao hiem va ngu5i bao hiem deu khong the biei truac va cung khong
he mong muon dieu do la co that. Noi dung phap ly ciia bai cii HDBH nao cung

15


de cap kha chi tiei, cu the van de nay, do la nghia vu khai bao trung thuc cua
ngu5i mua bao hiem .
" Nguyen tac ''lay dong bit if': Nguyen tac nay dua tren nen tang ly thuyet xac
suai cho rang, riii ro chi xay ra a mot miic do va so lugng nao do, chii' khong the
noi den riii ro la noi den tinh chai thiet hai tuyet doi ciia doi tugng dugc bao hiem,
neu nhin nhan van de nay theo nguyen tac "quy luat so 16n" hay con ggi la nguyen
tac "xiic sac'[15,29]. Nhu vay la, cang nhieu nguai mua bao hiem thi mirc do san
se riii ro thiet hai cang cao, va kha nang nguai mua bao hiem nao do bi thiet hai se
dugc khac phuc mot each kip thcfi. Quy luat so dong con the hien qua boat dong
nghiep vu tai bao hiem cho cung loai bang boa bao hiem do, nham phan tan nii ro
cho nhieu ngucfi, chia nho trach nhiem bao hiem cho cac chii the nhan bao hiem
khac ve cung mot loai hang boa dugc bao hiem.
Dieu dang chii y la, quan he HDBH hang boa XNK mang ban chai phap ly
ciia quan he hgp dong kinh te. Vi vay, theo quy dinh cua phap luat kinh tc, ngoai
viec tuan thu nhirng nguyen tac chung ciia bao hiem thuang mai, boat dong giao
kei HDBH hang boa XNK con phai tuan thii nhiing nguyen tac quy dinh tai Dieu 3

phap lenh hgp dong kinh te ngay 25-9-1989 ve giao kei hgp dong. Do la:
-

Nguyen tac tu nguyen, tu do giao kei

-

Nguyen tac binh dang va ciing co Igi

-

Nguyen tac true tiep chiu trach nhiem bang tai san ciia minh
Thuc tien ap dung phap luat trong giao kei HDBH hang boa XNK cung co

mot so van de khong ham chiia tinh nguyen tac, nhung rat can dugc luu y, do ki:
Sir ap dung hoac ton trgng luat phap quoc te, thong le quoc te trong giao kei cac
HDBH hang boa XNK.
Tuy khong phai la nguyen tac nhung thuc tien boat dong bao hiem hang hoa
XNK, nhirng noi dung nay luon dugc ton trgng tuyet doi. Co le cung xuat phat tu'
thuc te do, tai doan 3, Dieu 8 cua Nghi dinh 74/CP ngay 14-6-1997 cua Chinh phii
ve sira doi, bo sung Nghi dinh 100/CP ngay 18-12-1993 ve kinh doanh bao hiem,
da du lieu truac: "... Doi v6i cac nghiep vu bao hiem khac ( nhiing nghiep vu bao


hiem khong phai la bao hiem con nguai va bao hiem bat huge), doanh nghiep bao
hiem phai bao cao vai Bg Tai chinh quy tac, dieu khoan, bieu phi bao hiem truac
khi ap dung."
Nhu vay la, cac nha lam luat da du lieu tdi nhirng van de mang tinh tai yeu
ciia cac quan he bao hiem, sir da dang ve mat chu the, sir phiic tap ve tinh chai cua
cac moi quan he bao hiem hang boa XNK trong dieu kien phap luat bao hiem Viet

Nam con qua nhieu bai cap.
Mat khac ciing phai tbiia nhan la, tinh tu nguyen, tu do y chi; nguyen tac
binh dang cung co Igi trong giao kei HDBH hang hoa XNK, tren thuc te, con
dugc hieu a miic do rat ban che, v6i nhirng tinh chai, dac diem ciia hgp dong kinh
te thong thucfng, tong quat, chii chua mang tinh dac thii ciia loai quan he HDBH,
trong do co HDBH hang boa XNK. Co the neu ra day mot dan chiing thuc tien nhu
sau:
Cong ty CO phan bao hiem Biru dien ban bao hiem cho 16 hang thiei bi phan tich
khi ciia cong ty TNHH Tan Hiep, tru sa Ha Noi, v6i gia tri bao hiem la 14.574
USD, van chuyen tir Thuy Dien ve Viet Nam. Trong qua trinh giao kei HDBH, vai
tu each ciia nguai mua bao hiem (chii khong phai la ngudi van chuyen), Cong ty
TNHH Tan Hiep khong the biei dugc hang tir Thuy Dien ve Viet Nam co phai
chuyen tai hay khong? Han niia ciing khong thay dai dien cho Cong ty c6 phan
bao hiem huang din gi, nen da bo trong muc chuyen tai (Transhipment) trong dan
de nghi giao kei HDBH cho 16 hang nhu da neu tren. Kei qua la khi hang bj mat,
Cong ty CO phan bao hiem lu6n lay do lam ca sa phap ly de loai trir trach nhiem
bao hiem ciia minh. Kh6ng the hien tinh binh dang, ciing co Igi ngay tir khi giao
kei HDBH giiia hai chii the cho hang boa nhap khau da dugc bao hiem[38]. Theo
thong le chung ve bao hiem hang boa XNK thi, viec bo trong ciia C6ng ty TNHH
Tan Hiep la hoan toan co the chap nhan dugc, vi no nam ngoai kha nang ciia nguai
mua bao hiem, kh6ng the cung cap th6ng tin nay cho ngucfi bao hiem, chii* khong
phai vi CO tinh giau giem va thuc te la, ai co the doan chac rang hang van chuyen
bang may bay tir Thuy Dien ve Viet Nam, trong mot chuyen bay nao do, c6
chuyen tai hay kh6ng? Dieu nay ciing phu hgp v6i nhung quy dinh hien hanh ciia
~-

,

17

phap luat bao hiem Viet Nam ve yeu cau ngu6i mua bao hiem phai khai bao trung
thuc, day dii nhiing thong tin ma minh biei ve nhiing van de lien quan den doi
tugng bao hiem cho ngu5i bao hiem . Vu an nay da dugc Toa an nhan dan ibanh
pho Ha Noi xet xir sa tham ngay 8-6-2000, ban an kinh te so 22/KTST.
Van de dat ra qua vu viec cu the nay, do chinh la su dieu chinh ciia phap
luat ddi vai cac quan he hgp dong bao hiem va kem theo do la ca che thuc hien
phap luat trong thuc tien.

1.2.2. Doi tuang giao ket
Doi tugng giao kei HDBH hang hoa XNK la hang boa XNK. Vai xu huang
toan cau hoa, quoc te hoa nhu hien nay, hang boa buon ban, trao doi giira cac
nu6c, ngay cang mot nhieu. Dieu do cho thay, doi tugng giao kei trong HDBH
hang boa XNK ciing ngay cang phiic tap, da dang:
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Hang boa xuat khau

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Hang boa nhap khau

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Tien cu6c van chuyen

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Tien lai \i6c tinh

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v.v...
Noi den khai niem doi tugng giao kei HDBH, chiing ta thuang de cap den

khai niem quyen Igi dugc bao hiem. Vay khi nao thi diing den khai niem quyen lai
dugc bao hiem?
Trong quan he HDBH hang hoa XNK, doi tugng giao kei HDBH, dugc xem
la quyen Igi bao hiem, chi khi nao nguai chii sa hiru ciia hang boa do thiei lap mot
quan he HDBH mang day du gia tri phap ly va tinh chai dac thu cua dich vu bao
hiem hang boa XNK.
Giao kei HDBH hang boa XNK phai co doi tugng bao hiem, hay noi khac
di, do la hang boa XNK, va trong mot chirng muc nao do, quyen Igi ciia chu hang
boa XNK trong viec bao toan gia tri tai san ciia minh khi van chuyen, ciing duac
coi la doi tugng giao kei HDBH hang boa XNK.

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Theo quy dinh tai Dieu 201 Bg luat Hang hai Viet Nam hien hanh thi, doi
tugng bao hiem hang hai co the la bai ky quyen Igi vat chai nao lien quan den cac
boat dong hang hai ma co the quy ra tien, bao gom: tau bien, hang boa, tien cuac
van chuyen, tien c6ng van chuyen hanh khach, tien thue tau, tien thue-mua tau,
tien lai u6c tinh ciia hang boa, cac khoan hoa hong, chi phi ton thai chung...
Neu ggi gia tri bao hiem la V, thi quyen Igi dugc bao hiem trong bao hiem
hang hoa XNK thu5ng dugc tinh bang c6ng thirc: V= 110% CIF
Tren thuc te, de giam thieu phi bao hiem, khi giao kei HDBH hang hoa
XNK, ngu5i mua bao hiem thudng chi tham gia bao hiem v6i gia CIF, tiic la chi
bao hiem cho phan chi phi thuc te da bo ra: V == CIF
Di lien v6i khai niem doi tugng bao hiem la van de rui ro dugc bao hiem

cho chinh doi tugng bao hiem do. Vay ban chai phap ly ciia riii ro dugc bao hiem
la gi?
Cho den nay trong he thong ly thuyet ve bao hiem van chua co mot khai
niem chinh thong, bao quat hei y nghia noi dung va ban chai cua khai niem riii
ro. Tuy nhien ciing co mot so hoc gia dua ra nhiing dinh nghia dien hinh dang chii

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Riii ro la kha nang xay ra su co kh6ng may

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Rui ro la su kei hgp cac nguy ca

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Rui ro la su kh6ng the doan tru6c mot khuynh huang dan den kei qua thuc
khac vai kei qua du doan

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Riii ro la su kh6ng chac chan ve ton thai

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Riii ro la kha nang xay ra ton thai.
Tuy nhien, dieu khien chiing ta quan tam a day la van de ban chai phap ly

ciia riii ro dugc bao hiem (thuoc pham vi bao hiem) co lien quan the nao den doi
tugng bao hiem:

Mot la, Rui ro dugc bao hiem phai co tinh ngSu nhien. Dieu nay co tfnh
nguyen tac ciia bao hiem, loai trii hoan toan tinh chac chan xay ra ciia "rui ro'\
Tinh chai riii ro la cai kh6ng ai muon, va no lu6n dugc dien ta a hai trang thai doi
lap nhau, song song ton tai", co the co, co the khong. Dieu dang chii y la. nii ro
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dugc bao hiem mang tinh ngau nhien, nhung phai la riii ro true tiep gay nen thiet
hai cho doi tugng bao hiem. Co nhiing rui ro thuoc pham vi bao hiem nhung thiet
hai ciia hang boa dugc bao hiem lai kh6ng xuai phat tii nguyen nhan ciia nhung rui
ro do. Hay noi each khac, riii ro la nguyen nhan true tiep gay ra thiet hai tren thuc
te cho chinh doi tugng dugc bao hiem, trong moi quan he nhan qua, tai yeu va 16
gich ciia boat dong bao hiem hang boa XNK. L6 gich bao hiem a day dugc hieu la
mot chinh the cac moi quan he bien chiing theo nhirng trinh tu, dieu kien nhai dinh
cua qua trinh bao hiem: Phai co doi tugng bao hiem (hang hoa XNK), tien hanh
viec mua bao hiem cho hang boa do (giao kei hgp dong), xac dinh nhirng rui ro
thuoc pham vi bao hiem (pham vi bao hiem), nhirng riii ro loai tru* bao hiem ( rui
ro loai trir). Va cuoi ciing la, thiet hai xay ra cho doi tugng bao hiem phai xuat
phat tir chinh nhiing riii ro thuoc pham vi bao hiem. Hanh vi boi thuang thiet hai
ciia ngudi bao hiem la tai yeu va chi con la van de thu tuc, phuang thiic boi
thudng. Tuy nhien, nhii'ng van de do van nam trong su dieu chinh ciia he thong cac
quy pham phap luat quoc gia, cac th6ng le, tap quan quoc te ve bao hiem hang boa
XNK...
Hai la, Riii ro dugc bao hiem phai dugc xac dinh da xay ra trong dieu kien
kh6ng gian, thai gian thuoc pham vi bao hiem:
+ Kh6ng gian bao hie'm la dia die'm, hanh trinh, luong lach, duang bay... va dugc
quy dinh ro trong HDBH. Co riii ro gay nen thiet hai, ton thai cho doi tugng dugc
bao hiem , nhung riii ro do xay ra trong mot kh6ng gian dugc xac dinh kh6ng nam
trong "kh6ng gian bao hiem", chang ban nhu di sai luong lach, hanh trinh, giao
hang sai dia diem..., thi ngau nhien nhirng rui ro, thiet hai do khong dugc bao

hiem.
+ Thai gian bao hiem la rui ro gay ra thiet hai cho doi tugng bao hiem phai xay ra
trong khoang thai gian dang phat sinh hieu lire hgp dong, trach nhiem bao hiem
ciia nguai bao hie'm doi vai chinh hang boa do. Truang hgp riii ro, thiet hai xay ra
truac khi cac ben giao kei HDBH, noi chinh xac la, riii ro, thiet hai xay ra truac
khi phat sinh trach nhiem boi thu6ng thiet hai ciia nguai bao hiem, deu khong
dugc ngu5i bao hiem boi thudng.
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