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'' -^ p b a t t r i é n nr.M vu bao t r o n ^ 'choa hjc ky t b u j t ,
trox^i^ aao x u a t da de r a trJc?c n:tt e^ i e a tx*a ky
t h u ^ t nh**nc ablji© vy phan t i c h hoan t o ^ n e i . , ;:;iei q u y a t
ahili3g n h i ^ vy nay c a c phJTnr phap boa ^i^ bau nhii kiiS&G de
iteg day du d-J'^. ^ronc vige tbira do IJo c h a t , lanh g i à t r 3
l J ( ^ g mo you c a u phan t i c h h-.ag n ; c m , bjmj vgii mau t r o n g
T^^t tioTl itiiwj ar^la dap Ufìg k^p cbo k a t qun t h % dox t r o n g I
t b u a t xiniyen t a b i ^ d f l 'iun.^ nb-Jii^: a::uyèn l l f u r ^ t t i n h
I c h l e t , yeu om t ^ c ^9 nbgy c u a pbép ph%n t f e h l e n vnt c a o
(1U
^ 10*^^^^ ) l c 5 n r nehi§p bnn dan yèu c*u ^o Igil can doi
tei ben nUa ( i c T ^ '• 1 0 ' ^ ' f ) j con?^ a ^ h l p p CaC c h a t dòn
v\
^ J t r » o b i f s vy klem t r a d%nh Iif;^" t h a o h ph*n dDnc v^ c u a
cac c h a t khl a cee t i n h c h a t boa hjc cua c a c t ' * n h rsbnn
acae d^nh t h ^ t e khon^); khac n h a u , b \ n : ph\trTixz ph9ip hóa b j c
khong t h e kiecs t r a difgr cac h ^ c u a t iịn;: vj.»
I9g«ah cSn- n r h i j p hon b j c da d* r a n b i è u a b i ^ vy
^ 1 ^ b i | t , t h l dy nba kiais t r e pbép tonn hgp eoe hgp c b n t ntd
rcieo t r a aan r a a t c a c v i t a c s l n , san acuat p o l l r r a , t i n b c:À le
lifa v . v . . . kifìss t r a cmi t j o pbnn t i , xoc dj^nb ' ^ t:.Qr*b, phs
CflAi t r u e cua n o . Jhunr t a v.ìAn^ thm ke b e t c a c y%xx c^u va
a L i ^ vy tfr*i ctol b o i c u a c a c n anh kboc ahau t r o n g l l n h vysc
feboa h^c ky t h u g t ve kinh t o quoc ì n n , nbir.s n h ^ n ; di cu n?u
t? t r e n c u n : du da chun t a t h a y r^isg rjjjT csn t h i a t vn c a p
b ^ h l a bosan t b i ^ c ' è pìi\^mr phap phan t f e h , t^^ djn^^ \ ó a
qua t r l n h phsn t i c h va tpo r a cnc pi .-^m; phtp r ì \ . Ben cgnls
VOTL S ^ boan t b l j n cac pb r TIP: pbap pb*a t i c h boa h j c ,
e «e
ph^lstis phap boa l y , cric philrm.r- phap v | t l y dmsìg^, dii;^ ap d^n
mpt c s c h j ^ n c r o i va torr- v o i t r ò quan t r j n ^ t r ^ n ; v i ^ f l p
q u y e t c ^ yf?u c^u t i ^ . Tron,^ s o c a c ph ffa^ phap ^ ó , phJ^mg
^bi^p ph*r t i c h nugffl" pho fj:iJ ffijt v a i t r o chu y*u#
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Thnn t i c h quanc pho cbunr t a hiou l a ngt rVtt?ag
phap p h w tfch vpt l y cac thanh phan hoa hje cua chat djfa
%r9m Bif khao s a t cac pho bifc x^ va hap thy cua eoe n:::uyen
t a fcojjc pfcan t u C'^J^
ô^ ^^^^ '"^^ ^^ôT^ ^^đ *^^^^ ^"^^^ aititi
chat cu: c^c l e ? drign t u cua nruyerx t u va phan t u , b^tn^ ca*
dao d§ng cua hgt nban n-^.uy&i t u trong phan t u , h'^ta? n^} <\M%
cua cac phan t u , cung nhU bltns n^f toc tju,: cua -±01 I t ^ g
va cau t r u c cnc hjt nhan n^c-^ttrx td ìen v | t r i cac ^-ic n ^ c
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lU^ag* !J£Oei ra» cac pho con pby tiiujc vao aj/ t u t i s t a c CUJ
e «e n:;ay&n t u va j bar. t ' v?:*i isoi tr'„fc*nc xun: quanh. l;o vj;y
p!5n tfch quang pho sU «yac 2>9t vun/r san^; r j n g , t u aonr
Btfni^^hea den aon.;:^ vo t«yen microract. ffhi^ta vy cua v^i^'P phaa
t i ^ h quang pho dugc c i ^ -gn ^ ' ' i ^^^i - ^ c^a pho oaan^
Oan chu y rln^:, daaih t u pl:ian t i c h hoa quas^ pho d5:
kM hieu nhU danh t u ph^n t i c h qu«dcig nho* Ta himi logli ph«j
t i c h -uan.3 pho nnj khi aa r i a l d o ^ dà» ami phan t f c b di^B
ohuon bj. b'tnc phum^ pbap hoa h ; ^ , t h i dy nhU logd t r ù eoe
nguyen t o can t r e , hojc Ims t?lng hass lu.'sa^s hon t i ^ càn pbà
t£ch (la© r i s u ) .
Vcl trlnh UU v l j t , phSn t i c h nhanh CUE* pnóp nhnn
t l c b quan,:j pho, n'xjxi^:,^ Irhon:^ phai lue nao c*ns t h ^ Idgn
dugc ù% d a n : , nhet l a t r o n ; liau kign d t aUi?c t a con c j ^
hhieu kliO khHn, khané;: phai
c\xn- co nhU5Ei£^ bff saau t i a u ehuan phyc vy cho con:: tac phan
t i c h , che tgo chlnh x ^ nó cun^ khonc d'arci c i é n . Hcm nUo,
doi tu^'nr man pY.^n t i c h cua chJnr t a I j i - uòn hinh vjn ? ^
^fu a y i yeu cau rhyc vy cho c o n : toc nuoc p : W : , cur. ;• nhu
phyc vy cho nèn kinh t a quoc dan. 5o gi©i quyet mjt nh©n
kho )sh:Axx t r e n , me* ryn.^; p b ^ v i ap dyr-c co biga qua cua ^vJm
phan t f c h quaiiù pho, thfch \ ^ vf?i dieu ki^n Vi«t Tan, bea
I t t ^ vHn nb^^ ayc 'tich ncM-cn cuu pìjUt.^;:: pha$» ^Theo'' trong
ph«r^ phan tfch quan^: pho n j t crjch ton r quat h
tiicfi hpn trorii* l l n h vye quanc zho pbat x j ) , -u- r j n ' : nhUn^
hĐn ehâ cua phUEem ; pbap t h e a a^ln c o , t g o dlou kign d e àmnr
cho cac phon?: t h f n/liifm r-han t f c h cac l o p i r^m TIR arjuyon
t o can nhan t f c h co hem IJ^C h a t k y , n h s t l e basa l'dgni:
lem (-ìa phep phan t f e h cuanc pho l-J xUa khSnv co Uu t ' . e se
vc^ phip phan t f c h noe h y e ) , t r o n * d i e u kign khan co ctu
h o j ^ hosn toan khon : co e s c by mou t i é u chuan de phan t f e l
Ban l u ^ v ^ n ;o?ii phan sicr dou, k e t lupn con co 6
ehilcmg va phan pLy l y c .
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GhUcTir I I 2
t i e b djnh luyn{; quanc pho p b a t xgi.
S ^ H S i ù - i l a - l ì l A - r i - ' i i - I * ^^"^ t b u j t toott, 3Coy
l ^ n g CSC no hiuh phan c i c a m^:?i, m'.' r j n ^ c i ^ hgtfi has li/j^ìì
cua phi^Ts ; pLap thèm t r o n g phep phBn t f c h tjnh 1 L ^ . : : quang
pho p h a t xgi*
GhUrn;^VI s !ighien cUu cac yeu t o v% d i è u kign da
t'tn.^ dg cLinl-i xac cua phap phan t i c a d^nh lu^n^j qu^ri^ pfio
p ^ t x§,
Ket^lugn : ''iUne k e t lugn r u t r a tronr qua t r l n h
n ^ h i e n cuu xay d^^^ cac rao hliih phan t f c h t a c i . Dmxh - l a
cac k o t qua t l ^ d-J-^^^
II:li^ìc£-.l • Bang t i n h cac k e t qua t h e o ino h l n h
phan t f c h !•: ^.
Ch\Pm'.
Tong^lu^n
PHKP rnAS Tfcn Dirwi
UJ^G
TJAJ^G
r n ò priAT
XA
Khl kfch t h f c h a::>iyen t J , thucni, :n§t troni;: nhjng
d i g a t u ben n;:o?^i t h y c hlgn d j c h chuyen» oign t u nhU t h e
•39Ì l a v^ijn t u qur.ng h j c .
Da dj.ch chuyan
nguySn t u mgt n^n^^ lu^nr; hoan toan xac d j n b , c h i n h n l u g
lUjfn,;- nay s p i l a t h e Irich t h f c h . ^ rst^ c a n ; c a o , t h e >feh
t h f e h cang li?n»
Tiiniyèn ttl e? trginc t h a i kfch t h f c h n o t thc*i lirm ral
n ^ » , t a t co i^lioang 10
c i a y . Ho t r u y e n a>tog lU;:^^
t h f c h nhgin dilg^ va tre* I g i trgnr^ t h a i kriorx- vfch t : ; i c h .
DJeh chuy^^n th^jc h i g n n^ay Ipp t u e xuons rr.ue khonf, ho;(c
t^m^; rnJC, t u rjyt TUC nav den n y t raUc khac t b a p h r n .
hi
d^ch c h u y e n , i.^uycn t u bue xp p*tO ton ; v ' i ^ j t n^xic lUgtig
zac d j n h , h ^ vpy cho nSn, rr.oi vpch pho co n?,§t t h e kfch
t h f c h xac rijjih»
Gac vgch co t b e kfch t h f c h t h a p .;© kfch t h f c h c h a t .
Cac vgch nay thurmr* co Cìrrt* dg nang lem n b a t » f>on^, ^*^
du t h e kfch t h f c h t h a p , '^ft 30 vgch tronr: nno khon^ x u a t
h i g n . nhUn - vgch nhu t h e l a nhUn.-^, vgch ^c^ Cam. I:.eo qui
l u g t chgn l y c , cac qui l u ^ t nay cho phep de dm-.: tlm c a c
djeh chuyon h% ca?n ho;j,c cho phép cua dign t i i . Zhi cac d | e h
e h u y e n , k h i rtn s é l ' i ^ n - t u ru;7 dgo 1 t h s y doi n j t :»cfn v |
In nhune d j c h ehuyen di^^^c p h e p . T.\i d y , c ' c -^Jcn c'iuyln ttt
c«e atte S den cac ^M P ^Xeta t3?onc C^^?r^hU v p y , CGC vgich co tvi kfch t l i l c h t h a p co c u V ^
«9 0«BC I n i nltiat, tUTi.^ ;ne v r ^ c a c d j c h chuyen -«ugi; n?^én.
Ehi ::XBm hss lu^'ri^ eu". nruyen to trcn,r rs^u phsM tich, cac
vgch nay aat B O U cur.G (sau tct ca cac vgch r;nec; cua n^^uy
to da cho. ! ^ vpy cho non, nj.:ri ta ,gi cac vgch nny la
cac vgch cuoi cuni^:.
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Cac vgch pho tycmg ÌMZ v - l cac dj.ch chuyen 5?n ijfi
g i l a ccc vgch cyn,^ huc^^;,. a •qo eoe vgcb cu:5i cuj
t
^
Im c a c vgch cgng hU^T^:.
§.2 -
gl^j,1^0^
Khi t:'tns n^ng lUgti;: cua cac n?juy3n tU kfch t l i f c h ,
dign t u ehuyen l e n mJo cao hì?n , l i e n '^et ctìa nó v r l h g t
nhan yeu d i « ?Teu cui-x;; cap cho n^-osy^n tJ mgt ti'^.nz lUjng <
l e m , t h l co t h e honn tom l*r h g t ^ i g a t u r a khói n uvan
t u . ';*!ng lUj^n^: t o i t h i e u can de ion.: :iOg G;:uy0n t u khong
kfch t h f c h , c p i l a t h e ionfj h ó a , ^o b^ng dign t u von ( e v )
The 16©:: hoB lan hc?n t h e kfch thfc'n cua mjt vgch
pho b a t ky tron/^ n^^uyen tU truut^ hoa» 0 1 * 1^$. cua t h e ioni
hoa phy tbugc vao I j ^ kóo di[^n t u vao hgt rJaoa. rxxm.: s o i
chu ky ciin b n^ tu?.n noin « ì 1 ? l ^ e p , t h e i 5 n r hóa tnar: khi
djch ve phlfj eoe njuyén t o njT.j h c ^ , va ,.;iam tro^i^ s o i nh\
Br?l vgy cho n??n, t h e ÌOT:-; hóa t h e p n!iat '• Xedi ìi%\rr 3 , 3 ^^
xep €f f^oc di^.-i, ben t r a i cua bnns' t u a n Urjoa, va t h e i S n ^
hoa cao n h a t e è l i b^n^r 2^,6 ev ^ n'.:uycn t o nay xep 0 -^oi
p h a i , p b i s t r e n cua ban; t u a n :oon.
Cac ion,7, co t h e bJ. kfcb tììtlch nh s cac n^^yea tU
twkiis b ị a . ng t h ó n - cac rUC n^n^^ 1U£^ g c u a i o n e ^ 1 ^ n^-U
cua Ut-uyan t u t r u r - hoa c J a n^r^yen t ó p h i a trUo'c tror*:; bai
t u a n h o a n , br?l v i chunr co cun^ mgt so i?ign t u . Thf d y ,
i & i g Ra'* cu. . co hg t h ó n - ^\k n t n ^ l-;*»?^ nhU é nruyen t u
t r u n g hoa ?ìo. wac pho cua chun?- tUcrc t ^ n ; . s u , c h i khac ^
i o n e t a t ca c e c vgc!ì i i c h ve ;:LÌn són.- n "ìn^ hr*i v i d i g n
t f c h hgt nhan cua i o n ^ I r n hc'n o g t ••^an v j . .
Cac vgch cua njj^iyen t u t r u n g hoa ky higu b*n - o ,
(«o tsgt Lm mi)^ CU0 ior.^;: vr?i mgt dl^n t f c h - b^.ac so I I ,
- 6 -^
l 8 n r b o i dign t i c h - I I I , v . v . Thf d y , vgch Tt I 3 5 3 , 1 t
l a Vgch ;?B>5,1 ^ cu£% n-r^uyèn t i c h i trun^;; h o a . Sr I I 4077»i
% vgch cua lon6 S r * .
r e 1^3! x u ' t hign cac vgch c:.a ion , c a a n a t rsgt
n i n o 1-^cn, r a t l^*n de ion hóa n ;uy?n t u , aau do kfch thf<
n o . -V i o n : hoa cac ni^uyen t u cua da so cac r;,:uyon t o t l e r
hWth t r o a £ eoe n; uon aan^*; n h i g t Tg c?50 - t i a d i g n , (? day
Cac vgch cua ionr; co cUcfH;^ dy l:7n r : h a t . 'ror/^; nr:uon ?^nng
khac TiiiH ho qu*mg, n h i g t tg t h a p lrm% è day chu yeu c h f
k i c h t h f c h c a c vgch cua nguyen t u t r u n ; ; o a . 3?^ v j y cho
AW t h u r n g ccc vgch Qila i o n r C9l 1^^ C'^c vgch t i a d i g n , coi
Cac vgcii cua nguyen t u t r u n ^ non •:^gi .^a cr.c vgch ho qurJit^Cac vgch pho dunv3 t r o n - . c a c nhon^ t h i n^thign hign
nay co chUns ^ 0 . 0 0 0 v g c h , nhUnr !a c h i nìci. In mgt ph-^n nh<
tron^^ RO to»n bg nhua vgch cua coc a^voyon t o a a niz;irrx t a
chUa b i c t h o t .
Oac nguyon t o 'Khnc nhau vnt nhicu ve s^jf phtfc rgp
cua pho» Tneo l y t r u y o t , so vjcb pho cua n^-^t n::rayen t o bai
ky r a t I n a . HhUivj, b*n£; thjpì r<:;higffi c h i kfch t h f c h dd^ n\
so v^iri !'^gn onc vgch i^hc. T';;i dy, pho c u a L i t i ( M ) c h i
kfch t h f c h dU^x v a i chyc v g c h , t r o n g k h i ^o pho ci-.a Volfri
(w)g hojc pho CUE a l t ( F é ) b i e t trrl -ran ^ . 0 0 0 vgch»
So pho quan s a t dii^;^ phy t.iugc v«> kha n'in^ t a c h
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cac nuc phUc t g p thonh cac ;::Uc dc/n (Tian. Tron:; libi t a c h ,
a g t vpch thanh h a i vgch, ba v g c h , !:o;j.c nhl<ìu l-c*:: nUa; l:^a
nHn£; t a c h con-z 3 g n b , pho cm^^ phUC tgp#
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G* Hy^ro (M), b*nr: thj/o arhlgra ho^ai t o è n kbSnr: tavgeh dUyc. ' g t dign t u duy n h a t t r o a g nruy*n tU h y t r d qua;
trc^nf. Tgt tr-Jcr^r hgt nhSn hoan toan dot xTno» V| t r f caC
aUc c h i p:y''j. thuyc vao 30 lUgm^. t u c h i n h v . v . . . :ìi^
chf,
ca^ a\ite v r l uhMr. g i à t r j so luyn,i- t u (pxì dgo 1 >hoc n--nu
tìif dy 5 8 , ^p va 3d c o n>inz l u ^ s nhU nbmi v?^ h ^ n h a t (hj
lifti) l a jngt, L:^i vgy cho n e n , ti-on:; ?^o cua hy.*ro quan «si
C'à t h a y d i ^
21 v g c h .
Tron^ c?^c n uy^n t u cua cnc n^jayor t o k h a c , dign
trtfóxir: hgt nh&n b^ s a i I g c h (khOH; l o i x i n g ) bc^i ehuyen
dgn : cua cac d i j n t u ben t r o r i g . O^-C b i y t trOc^n.: hgt nhan
c a i I g c h can::^' 1 ' ^ t h l s ^ t a c h mie cr^ng mgnh tronj:: n^-uySn
t u CO CSC mie ù ho^^c r t l : i c u . Jec n uyon t o nay co pho
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phUc t g p l ì h a t , nhu cac k ln l o g i cua t a t c s cnc n otn p^yt
t r a t a nhoci dau t l e n . Tat c a cac n u y s a t o cua cac n'ioas
chfnb t r a n s hg thong tuan .onn co pho -^c^n c l a n .
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Tinh c h a t uoa hgc cnn cac rxo^y^n t o Cung onU phO
ena chun^ ho©a to?in xac d^^T^,ìl b'rl c u t g o cua cac m;/e dign
t u ben nrtoai*
r p t ca cac a liits va cac k--l tzv/ dèa .;ho k l c h t h f c l
cac vjch c u o i CUUG cua chun,: n t o ^ vun"* tU s^-ogi xa va tU
n . o g i cbnn khon.^. Tat c s e s c liim l o ^ i kfch t h l c h de h'?r;,
c«ìC vgch c u o i cu;:jr cuft c un;-" CO bu-'c aon : I m h r n . ^ac kia
l o g i nr-u co pbo dc^n rr^nn, c a c kits l o g i den co pho philc tgj
T« b i e t r \ n 3 , >hi a g t c?ign t u tr«mg n^^uycn t u nha;
t u mgt qui :''go xa hgt nh*n vao qui tgo i^an hgt :ihSn, t2ìl
ac^^yen t u ay b.;c xg mjt pho ton:^ n>lng lu^'-u^ h ^ , x u a t
h i g n du *i b l n b 'hUc r:§t t UC ÌÌ^ dign t u fc*n so V •
fluon Cho r.j^uyen t u bue xg dU;>c ph-'i >-ich t h f c h
a^uyén t u , n n h l a l a dUa n^ruyen t u t u trga^j t h a i n t u g lUj^m
t b ^ aang sigt t r g n ^ t r . a i n^ng lu;*n>:r c a o h:^n, vn xihu v g y ,
p h a i t n ì y e n c h o nf-uycn t u n § t n l n g 1.^*3 b*:n£ ho^c 1 Vi hci
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i'-^i'nc cua nr:;iiyon td e hai
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tì\t\t
(CGO va t h a p ) .
Vige t r u y è n ntoi: luyao - ó cho dign ts co t h e t h ^
h i ^ du^ b*n£T nbiou phucing phnp t hoHc b'tné" v^^ va c:.pi
eoa ac^u^'Sn t u vcd nhuiit; .gt cl.uyeu d^Uì-r nhmxh (<>ign t u ,
lo,:.?::, n^'uyen tU vn phSn t J ) . Iroxxrr ?=^ va chpn '!:o, dgng ni
cua cac hgt dUjc tri^yen cho n nin t u , ^ÌU© u.r^uyen t o anni.
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trgni.'; t h a i k i c h t h i c h j ho^c b ^ng a^f va C;.^i V^TL cac n^u/i
t u da b}. kfch t h f c h , t r o n v B^f va cbgra n a y , i*^': \\V-^z ^^i
n^^iiyen t u bJ, kfch t h f c h truyè:; cbo nruyén t u chU© bj. kfc]
t h f c h | hojc b^n-^ s^ hap t h y mgt pho ton,r co n^ng l i J ^ g h:
la^^iSkz lUj^^C hV e uè bUc xg dU;x; nruyen tU hap t h y va e l e n
t h a n h n^ii^ l u - ^ g -ifcb t h f c h ; ho^e b^ng 3^^ bop thy n^jig
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lUg^ig phonr; t h x c h t r o n ; : cnc r^bon -.'n^ ho^ h ^ c , uguyen t u
^
9
9
9
9
^
4
*
0
tham ij^ vao cac phf^^n Jnc -lo nh;m n n«: lUi*n? ?
t h a n h n^nr; l u ^ n c kfch t h f c h .
Trong c a c n':nion :-an£ tb^rc, i t hay u h i e u deu co Sj
ca cac qnn t r l r h n a y , nh:tnz bao r;ic t a C:I-, co t h e t ó c h
. ^
*
9
%
9
9
9
r
%
.
#
r l e n r vAi-^nr qua t r ^ n h co t a c d^nc chu yeu t r o n ^ nguon nm
Tronp: c a c ncuon a a n r dùng t r o n r phan t f c h quanr pho p b a t
X§ % nt^n l U a , ho quan^ va tU^ d i g n , quo tx^lnh t h u a c a t ,
0
0%
9
A
»
#
#
t i c qua t r l n h va chgm cua nguyen t u veri cac h g t chuyeu d\
nhanh chlew liu t ì : e , cho nen t a s e x e t c h i t i e t qua tx^Tx.h
Qua t r l n h va cligin cu?» dign t u v-*i n uyen tU v«
phuctin: d i g n n^n^ l u ^ g co fihe xay r a n h i e u e ' e h Ichóc nhai
'
eh rUc cgng hUcTtg cua nc^^n
t u , t h i n uypT: t v khong T
i f c h t L f c h , dgnr n t n r io se ph*n p h ó i cho h a i h g t va chga
t b e o djnh l u j t va chg^s d&c b o i .
*"eu i!gn": n
•
^
9
9
9
9
^
'
.
-
J
a
vc*i -rigt trgnz t b a i k i c h t h i c h c u a nguyen t u , d^c b l ^ t Ta
-rgn^;^ t h a i kfch t l f c h cgn£ hu-'ng, t h l SBU k h l va chjgn.
- 9 •
ix^ýì^ t u co t h e c:*uyen sane ãTĐno t h a i ^-ach t h f c h do» m%
phan dgnr! n^ng cua dign t u dU;^'C dune vao v i g e k i c b t h ì c h ,
phaa con I g l se ^ i j c ohan r h ó i cho ^ a i -igt *o t .©o d^^'h
l u g t va c h ^ dan b o i . ?a co t h e v i e t t
I va : • In Ign;^: n>lnT t r U : ^ ve sau khl va c h ^ , E
ytjpk-^ cua nguySn t u e t r g n : t h a i kfch t h f c h .
l a rx^ims
Ta khonr; t h e c o i BJ VR chgm r . i i a n^oyen t ; va
dign t u ehuyen dgnr, nhas^h nhU nh/^n-' va c h ^ ce? hgc nonn
t o ^ n * i:iy e ayen d y n : n ^ / 3 cu!^ dign t u th?.:;h n ? ^ I t ^ i g
kxch t h f c h Cua nrrwyen t u t h y c hign qua t a c dyn^j txffnrr ho
CU6 dign t u v c l vo dign t u cu© n yen t u tUc?n^;; ^t . -ac
a^.:- tift^ns ho nBj co nnh hu TÌC b 4 t dàu t u n g t khoan_- c*HBh
n^no d o , khoan^:: cach nay 1 TX hec^ nho tuy t leo vgn toc cu©
dign t-^ VPL t i n h c h a t cua nguyen t u ( c u t g o cua vo dign
t u ) , ruon khso '^^t t a c dyrig tur^rr^ ho nay» t a dUa vao •::gt
t g l iugr*.7 y ^ d;ic t r u n s khoang cach t u n^-^uyen t u t t k d i a
xa nhrit ma d i g n t i bay quo do con co kha a'tn>j t r u y è n dgng
atn/-; cho nr-^uyen t u . ^*uon tm dyn;: vao n.:^uySn t u , -Ugn t u
p h a i chgc thur;^ khói CBU t a a irj Urtuyen t u ban kfuh p . Diti
t i c h cua v
Sl^i l a t i e t d i g n h i g u lynxr cua r^ruySn t u «
Tl-ii i i h i g s i vn l y t:':iuyet eh l'i»" t ó r*n^5 t r j so c u a j
d o i v r i nhua.~ va chgp» khon dsn b o i , ohu t!:uoc v*o vSa tó<
cun dign t u , va phy t h u g c voo TÌUC n l n g 1UÌ.1Ì^^ cua a r u / è n
t u . ?ci. nhUng vgn t o c v cu-- dign t u ung v A
-
10 •
K l à nlnii lu^^n.- cua mUc do t h l / b^;— s o J (khon
n^:bli^a l à va cLgs: co t f n h c h a t ^an h ò i , l a u dig^i tU bay i^an
as'-tyen t u dèn dou curig khòng co s^; k l c h t h i c h .
VfTi vpn t o c Linz vtri
A mv^
r
(1-5)
E:
tiil. f
tHnr; r©t r hanh va -tgt t(7i ,::ió t r ^ cye ^ g i : v * i
nHng l4|pi^ b o i l:?n ìvm atnr: lUg^nc e*'© ^^'^<^ ^o r^gt c : ; u t . ^
0
*
9
v^iqt qua t r j so r'o,
*
»
i
cf cho c j ^
f
'
%
9
9
drm, de t i e n tr^i 0 . nhUn-, a ^ a
JÌBR
-
•
*
•
<
»
' g i » s o va c:.g* co higu l;^c k i c h t ì i i c h cun:: khcm^
*
%
%_
9
^
•
%
\
^
4
0
9
9
n h i e u , c h i v a i paan r^^hin cu^ sa va chjea mei co t a c dy:ig
k i c h t h i c h ji^-uyen t u .
Ta cun^ dj,nh r. h i a cngt cach tu*n{^ t^f, t i e t d i g n
higu dynrr eue n^^x-y^n t u t-^onc aj^ vo c?ìg^ :'iUa cnc nruyen
t u , hojc nguyen t u va phan t u , nhung va chgm g i u a ni3uyen
t u vt?l n h a u , h o j c ^ i u e n^:uyen t u wi ohihxk t u I g i con I t
t a c :lyng kfch t h i c h Ixm va C':Ì^Z V ^ dign t u n h i e u . Oho nen
dau nonr dg cua n ; ^ y e n to' t r o n n gn IKÌH cua ho quanG hay
t i a dign lr?n hc'n non^^ ãĐ cu?^ dign tU n b i à u , cac vn c!:^^
kfch t h i c h chu y^u van l a do cac dign t u càc^' 3:*a. Chi t r o n g
t r u ^ n : \\i^ ^J^"^ l U a , t h l no dign t u :r.t a c dyn^ hcm nt^uyen t u va phan tu#
Ksuyen t u 0 tri^nir t\ni kfch t h i c h trcnfr T^gt khomig
tiHVl GÌtfì gl-^l ^ 9 ! (cliUTi^, 10
c i a j ) nen con co sU va chasi
*
A
»
»
*
•
•
9
9
9
cua dign t u v c l n^-uyen t u e t r g a g t h a i k i c h t h i c h - Tro'-^;
n^ va chgTi n a y , ho;jc x.'xxypin t u cnuyen san,; : ^ t 'rgìi^^ t h a i
kfch t h f c h cao hrm, hojc nigt phan n t e g l u g r c cu?« nr^jyen t u
bJ. d i g n t u t b a l a y la© dgiig n'ing, va n^uyèn t u c;iuyQn ve
t r g n s t h a i kfch t h f c h t h a p h^ a t r l n h ion^-; hóa n^-uyen t u va lua t r l n h kfch
t h i c h cac ionf?: c u n r xay r a myt e ' e h tu-^jt t y , . à chu yeu
van do r y v a chga v c i dign t u . ruon ion^; hóa mgt n^-^uyen t u
•tlgn t u p h a i co dgnr; n*tng Ic/n hcn hay bVig n ^ r ^ lu^n.^ cua
lon^: trgn^: t h a i a y . Tiet -^ilgn higu dyn:r cua n uySn t u
-
11
-
t » » ^ qua t r l n h ion?^ hóa cun- co nyt c^^c ^gi .*n voi. s g t
vgn toc V cua dign t u , va aau do giars lan kìA v t^n.x»
Tronr- nguon s^n^ curi;V xay r a nhiDg; qua t r l n h n U^x; Igii,
qpaa t r l n h hut ^i;^n t u de t r r thanh n^-uyan t u trunc hoa,
qua t r i n h va chg© vcd. dign tJ de ma% nlnr; li^*ni7: kich
thfch.
Jf
9
9
9
9
%
^
*
Kit qua cus cac qua t r l n h tbugn ri.:,hjch nay trong
ém terfl nong cua mi:uon n^n^z l a tronfi do co ngt t r ; n s t h a i
c*n fc^.n^, n"hÌ8 l a d&sx beri co rs-^t non^ ^g nguyen t u va
iSn^ fcj kfch thfch khong ^?i^ n%nr *g khon^: doi n%y xóc
d^nh eterne dg sor^: cua noi vgch pho. l l n h noac dg cay
trong trUnrih hj^ dgi curane r t kho, vi r n t rhuc t g p , doi
hei phai b i e t hkm aó kfch t h f c h , '-.m so iS.v; hóa, mj p ' s n
ho diga t u theo vjn t o c , dei sonn cua n;.uyen tU i j . kfch
thfch v . v . . ,
Tron,: e ne n^uon srm ^.un ^ 'e vhm t i c h nurmg p ' o i
a :gu lUa, ho qunnr va t i a d i g a , sp .';unt cu chat khf l à
1-ii, non- dg cur. dign t u c a o , t a co the ap dyng ph.ep tfnh
dtfn e i a n , a j ^ vao m]f phmi bo ì^rtcxoen.
T^eu t a dot no::^ rngt chat .hi cbi c.^:Ua mgt logi
h g t , t i vgn toc cac h|it ne phan bó nhj s a u , so hgt d?' co
vgn toc t r n/: kho.^n*^ v va v * I v , dug*c xac d^i-xh b^i bieu
ari
teomK do
P?^
13
T
K
•
-
m
\
V**" e . ^^^ dv
(1-6]
o
l e t o n - so nnjySn t u cua ^Tuyen t o phéi xel
khoi lu^nr cua ^oi h g t ,
l e nhigt dg ch«t khf,
l a h^n so B o l t r a a n .
^f phan bo n^y r g l l à phan bó n b i g t , vi lió chu yéu d:i-^
%m djnh b d nhigt dg T CÙB chet ;:bf. fig à i r a , c h i < i.
nào vgn toc CQC hgt phSn bó theo ^*inh luj^t này, tn -M. co
•
thi
1''
•
n ó i t e i n h i g t dg r c u s c h a t
khf.
Cac d i g n t u ti'^nr^ c a c riivuon s a a j cua t e t u a n t^ieo
djnh l u g t n a y . Dgs^;: nln'ì: tiniac t i n h cua dign tU co t r j . fsoj
fi
9
2
.sr..
.
UwU
«
2
1
4
P
kT
(I-?)
Ti
%
9
9
^
0
J9
0
%
U{iat iihl tron^: n{]?jon song e? ap a u a t lem, $!0 l a n va
cbgs si^n dign t u V;?i n uyen t u , v - l io-i::, r a t I m i , nr-n
iffn t o c c u a nruyen t u v© c u a i o n ; cua • t u a n t a e o d^ah l u g t
9
9
0
i
'
0
9
H>!c:
cun;.:. r^gt n h i g t i g ! • HhU v g y , ?"TÌUO CE^C h g t do co n^j cSc
%
o :.
%
%
f
9
*
4
r i h i g t , ve dgn?: nHa:^ t r u n r h i n h cue cluan, co t r J no s
2
a
2
2
®vL»
svf^*.;.
ffivf-!;,
.
3
b fUd. i^ls@, »i? can bHng n h i g t SÌUJÌ cac h g t va B^
Tglbmn bo vgn t o c t h e o 1|nh l u g t I c x o e n , 1 ',^c tritaz cho
#
.
9
0
0
^
^
9
dWB Ì3£^* ?ron::5 •>$? phonr; dign dUi*i ap a u a t t h a p , v i na va
0
m.
%
*
m
^
0
«,
c h ^ i t , dgn : n'^^.'j;, t r u n ^ binh cua dign t u lena iicm dgncj
a*tnc trunr; b i n h cua nguy^n t u v s khon^ co sjf con b'
C^ng nhU t r o n c trtlcm^ h ^ phan bo vgn t o c , t a
khont: chu y den vgn t o c r i e n r b i g t cu?-, t^^n.; h g t t r o n j
trU'-.Tai-: b ^ c o s^? can b*(ng n h i g t , k h i n-:-hien cUU sj^ phSn bc
*
*
*
*
*
*
A
ô
ã
nln;i lUgiSA^, k i c h t h i c h cua dign t u , t a khon : qusn tsm t c ^
a ^ n 1^2^^. r i é n j b i g t c u s tunrr n^^ynn t u . Khi co 3^ c a n
b^ru n h i g t , so va c h j n khon,- dan b o i Vm n h a t l u e nào cung
b*r. ^f> va chga dan b o i . ?^^ pY^n bo n^^-; lujmr kfch t h f c h
e •
uySn t . vs ion^'; k h i ;1o khon;;: t h a y doi tì.oo t h c ^ ^ l a r
va dJ^^ b i e u i e n b i. mgt hais s o , ;Tgi l a barn ao ' o l t ^ o a n »
tUc?ri~ t^t nhU hatt KScxoe^. h^ h g t cua n^:^ySn t u e? trgn:^
t l i ó i kfch t h f c h Une: vi'l nSag lu^'ng E co t r ^ co x
'»
*0
^o
Tron: do R^ l a ton,: so n^::uyén t i c u a nguyan t o
phai x e t .
-
13 -
ve g - - l a ^ ^ i h^.nG &o un,;; v d
•
-»
trgn^, t h a i la va
*
trgr^t t h a i can b^lng.
?Teo nrtiyen t u tror.;: dan h-j'i duyc p!'^an bó t h e o cac
ffliie n?in^ 1^^^?»^; dun^ nbu 00^^: t h u c n à y , t h l t e noi l a pho
bJ kfch t h f c h n h i g t .
Kon;: dg nnuyen t.' bJ. kfch t h i c h e -^gt t r ^ h th©i m
phy thugc n'^nu:;: lisir^:^ E Un;: vt?i rtàì da * h i g t dg t u y ^ t
d4i !•• E cane lOT, t h l so n^f^uySn t u bJ kfch t h f c h tf?l
t r ^ n g t h a i tUcmi^ ^z càn^t f t . ??higt dg cua *m 1K?Ì c ^ g
O M t t h l m njuyen t u bJ. kfcb t h f c h càn;, li^n. 2ronQ ho
qaani; va tron.^ t i a dign n h i g t dg cua "m ':! r a t cao t^'i.
lO.OOù d g , co t h e kfch t!iich vgch paò co t e higu k i c h
thfch l e n .
fi)/ iSn hoa c h a t k h i t r o n h cac n/'aon Gan;r euur co
t f n h c h a t n h i g t tUttn^: t ^ nhU «?j; kfch t h f c h nrrayen t u . .^^o
iSn;;, V.^ dUjc t f n h t h e o c8n..: thUc t u r a ^ t ^ (cSnc thia :]^£;a
Vi
m
- ^o
^ e (. k l )J^^^
e
- "^^
(I-IO)
e
Trong do $
^n ^^ *^^ - ^^ a>?iy«n t * cua n^^uyen t ó
phai x e t ,
•
4
t^
9
TT
' l a eo dign t u ,
%
0
9
E. In dign t h e i o n
e l e mgt h«ns s o .
hoa,
Pdct r c o t h e ::'c djnh dUg^ so cac i o n - bJ k f c h
U l e h Kjj t i ^ irate n^n^ lU^'a^ Z^ t
\
g^
•^ " *% ^o
-r
Can nhc? r n g , c
t n i A kfch t h f c h nruyen
4Ù-.£,, do phan t f c h QUaa^
Tron ri£.^on «ang con co
\ t ^
•
k.
(i-^o
e n e t dc^ :;ian nay cua c a c qua
t u va ion:j tror^^ eòe n uon ^ ' : r
p h o , c h i l à nhUn;- n e t dgi c ^ ^ n g .
n h i c u qua t r l n h libóc, cur.h: ,^iu
- 14 vai tro quan trgnc nhUn^ hign nay ta chUa bict du chi
tiet cua clmr.r].
g.5 - Cl^'G Dy V^Ch„P^
Gac nruyen tU hojc ion co n^.xxr, l u p i ; kfch thfch
SLt Sttu mgt t h ^ Gian "2:^* I g i tre; ve t r g n t h a i bina
th *?n :, hoje triste t i e p , hoj^c qua nh'eu mUc nnni^ lu^tig
truno r l a n . -^lii do, ^oi riv"a:/en t u bUc xg ngt pho toac
nnng luj'nr hV v d
F^
va E_n là hai -?r:Uc n^n;'
lUcm^. tron va dUc*i cua
,13
*
nguyen tu ha^^ ione bJ kich t h i c h .
So uj^uiycn t u bJ. kich th_ich do qua t r i n h bUc xg
htmi t h i e n v r l thc^i r i a n theo ragt ham so nhat djnh.
^
4
*
»
*
•
%
9
\
' - *
Bo nnx^fen t u da bue xg va trr>' ve t r g n r t h a i nao
do, Igp tue du^c thay the n V r aó n :uyen t u kfch thfch
9
%
%
m
A
*
*
9
9
%
*. - n^ixiyen
. •
mcd.
aan,^ lVi
a non.::
khon;, dgdoicua(can
b'tng t un hbJ
i g t kich
) , nf^nthilcli
to c utrong
n : co ncuon
the
c o l If^ w> nn^yen t u refi nUc n"1/ir^ lu^i-: n cung khonf^ vdoi
th^> t ì ^ S i o n . KhU v^iy, tror.c ngt don v% thcd c l a n co
i^m
ã^
7
ô
9
9
%
a:"TJ:;en t u bUc jcp ( ?
9
9
9
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ã%
M
^,gi l a thcrl .*ifjn son;^ t r u a ^
\,
\
.^
4
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••A
binh cua sUc kich thxch a ) . Vi Tg^ ^ t niio, khoan-^ 10
^%S oSn f30 Hihayon t u nay I c ^ hc^ IL nhieu, -^ieu này co
n hi© l à mol a :uyon t u bJ kfch thfch va biic xg r ' t
l a n t r o n r J^?t g i a y .
nhl^
.90 nhuyen t u t u ^Uc nSn^:^ lUinvr;. cs ©aaj cac nuc
thap h(?n khan^; phan bò dnu theo cac rrjiJte do^ Gol iL^ l à
0
M
^
A
%
0
0
#^*
xec suat cna siT nhay t u TUC n^ng lUg^t': m JOiong !5tte aSng
l«^*h: k , t h i so ni:uyea tu xuonf- TÌUC n'Anz lUi^*>^ k co trJ.
»o
A-i- V" •
Ta co I
^J
k*in— 1
B
De d o t
a
k«ia-i
n l a rUc a*tnr l i ^ , ^ t h n p n h a t .
T t o l ":lan sonc trua^: b i n h Z^ cua nroay*» t u 0
t i q n S t h a i k i c h thich» m doi v&L nhUn: n^ayen t o khac nhau
co XT% 80 khac n h a u , va doi veri nh^ftif:. rsUc n>^JiZ l'U^n" khaO
ni:=.au cua cu s- n g t n uyen t u cun^ co t r J so khac n h a u . ìCsc
x u a t A^i^ con phy thugc vao mite n^tsij l u ^ g fc. KhUng ca ZT
l a n JLj^ tfàu khon;:: phy thugc vào dieu kign kfch t h i c h va
l a h^jac so cua riol nruyen t u .
^
%
*
^rj. no L
0
vn \ j^ r a t kho
^
4
*
xnc dj.nh. NgU<7Ì t a c h i t s d do dug^c cho njgt 90 vgch cua
^
4
m
«
4
*
%
*
4
%
ngt so n;:uyen t o . fìz^ay^n t u can^^^; p h i ^ t g p , so v^^ch Cì^nf^
n h i e u va A cang n h o . Ironz ounz n g t day vgch trJ. so t y
doi cua A de do d\l^ hcm. I)i can;'; xa t r e n dB:y A cang :iam
dmx% v i s o TOUC nSn£ lU^nc dUc?i càn^ n h i e u .
CxÈmxz -g cua vgch pho t y I g vr.-l BO n;-uyen t u bue
xg» 'Si nf^uyen t u bue >:g mgt n'^nz l'^nr. hV , cij^nt^ do
9
9
0
jt
^
•
b i ^ xg do do co trJ. BO
•^mk
•
^ >'mk ^ a k \
^
ã
*^ Vôk ^nk r
^
^o
(1-^5)
^
_
^o ô
kT
""
Cilcm : tiftrng: ti? »
^
J.l o n g„• "- Vak
• " "APkX
"
% ''o **
so
^^'^''^
-
16 •
Cac conr thuc dgi cucnfr này chUng t o rtnc" trong
trud&C h ^ kfch thfch va i o a : hos bfeg n h i g t , cUcmc dg
VfCh pho chu yeu dujc xac dj.nh b^nr nhigt ìg T. t^higt dg
cua nruon san^ l a thong no chu yeu xac T^ah agng cua vgcn
pbo. ? i e t nhigt -tg cua n.uon anng vn rriol liBn hg c^iUa
nhigt ^g va cac s^f bien thden cus dieu kign kfch t h i c h ,
b i e t the higu klch thich cu8 cac vgch et? b^n cua n^gt
ii^a,>en t o , tn hi a i thich dUj^c day da agt cach djnh tfnh
a g i hl$n tU;TiS ce? bnn lion qunn t^^i B^ kizh t h i c h quang
p^4.
XrUc?c h e t , cac cong thuc t r e n cno tray r-txf^ do
cho cac h^tis: so V , A va e doi v i da ao cac vgch co trJ.
so tue?: UnfD, nen f>o hgnj ea ban xac dj-nh cUcuc <^9 vgch
4
%
tf^f#*
%
pho l a nlnp; lUjTir muc t r e n cua n o . '^Uc nHn-: lUj^i^
Can;- thap tlil cikrzic ^9 vgch pho càn;. I c a . ^joi vc?i
nguyen t o , t h l v^ch co cU:n.£; dg l
nhgy nhat tron£ phep phan t i c h djnh t m h . Ir vgch
hi*cmc .
M
0
».
>
«
«
nay
moi
vgch
cgri::^'
^
!1«u t a ao aanh dg nhgy cua p>^ep piiaxi t i c h dj^nh
tfnh 'Un-; vtrl nhieu nguyen t ó khac nhau, t h l thay r^ln^; sUC
l l c n ket r^i-'a cac dign tu quanc cua riiruyen t u vcl hgt
nhmx cang long l e o , tr.l c*^»c aUc nilnr lU;*ri,: kfch thfch cua
ng;uyen t ó can ; t h a p , vr^ phop phan t i c h cnn^ nhgy. Do do,
thay T^^Xi^ vige xac djnh kim l o g i kies nhgy n h a t , xon d^n
kie l o g i kien t h o . Vige xac djrh cac n^uyon t o cua r.hóm
halShien va cac chat khi tre? IR kho kh^ji va kóa nY.^y hna
ce.
Cac con thuc t r e n con cho t s tnay r*Sng, nhUi^
vgch pho nao, vgch t i a dign hay vgch ho ou.nnc: f;e co UU
the tron.." agt n.T-uon eon^. C? nhigt dg t'iap, chùng ^i'IX)
d g , dg ionr hoa cua irgl n uyen t o , ke ca kito l o g i k i m ,
dau xap xi bnng kh&ih. nhigt dg do c h i co vi^ch cua
Uf^'n^en t u . nhUnr: t? nhigt dg cao hcn, t h l dy 6CXX) dg^ le
co nhieu vgch ionr (vgch t i a ^ign) va t ' i n h i g t .?g lO.oOO
c ^ , t h l vgch t i a lign thành co Uu the»^^;j^^^~^ :f^==^^
-'•"EXérhlt
-
17 -
Nhu v p y , n h i g t dg càn t ^ n ; , so n c w ^ n t u cgnr^
hifem*^ F BIMS d i , v i so jiguyen t u bJ ionq hoa t^A-^ ^an va
o
\
dau
e
^^
finf- t h e o n h i g t d g , cun;;: khonr;
g i a n cua ?A • Do do CUCTIT dg cua vgch ho qufinct
dgt tat t r J so cyc d p i , t h l giom d*n k h i n h i g t
Con cUtmg dg cua vgch t i a dign f^n*; r a t nl'^nh,
bu I g l dg
s?»i k h i
'g t^oi^»
v i ca t-.^
e
kT
*
*
jf
*
•
-,
•
.if
va
e
tHng t h e o n h i g t d g . i>oi v * i cac a uyen t o
hieia, t h l ngay trenta ho q u a n : , cac vgch t i s d i g a cun^; co
UU t h e .
NhU da t r l n h bay a t r e n , cucvi.: dg bue xg (bo qua
•lign t u y n c hap t h y ) :lugK: bi:?u d i e n hhnij: con;i thUc
J ,
mk
«
?^ \ , h "9
k m
,
(1-185
^^ ^^^
rak
Trong truBcmg J ^ can b V ^ n h i ^ t , va k h i non^ dg
c««s n^ruyen t u bJ. k i c h t h f c h pbsn bó theo d%nh l u g t Bolts?man, C'U^?nh dg bue xg J .^ b>in
«^mk- \
^ «
"'
-V^'^nk
<^-'9)
a day n - non,: ig c a c i:,.uyen t u e? ti^yt]^ t h a i
b i n h thUrmg;. TrUtm:^ hyp kfch t h i c h nhU v^y c g i 1^. k5rch
t h f c h n h i g t . l-^ xg phu hyp vc?i con^:;: thUc ( 1 - 1 9 ) ggi l à
bue xg Boltsaaan. Khi t*1ng mgt dg quang, t u e l à k h i c o
lugQ tUgn^; ty^ hap thy anh a a n g , bue xg Boltasraan b 4 t dmx
ehuyen t h à n h bUc xg P H u g k .
%
m
0
*
t
4
Ciicmh ^g san,; CUG vgch phò t h e o qu<^ diam l i ^ g
t u 5e l a t
y-L-i/JFyl
- ia 00
00
\r
x*i»o
%tr
2
x*«o
(1-20)
w* day ne ( v ) l v - ??ó dign. tu co vgn toc n\n ( tron-;;: khoang
f
(v , v-t-'lv). ^i-v^^^ "* Tiet dign biju <^gnz cui? n;.-:uyen t u
tifcm:
v^d. va chgcs da cho. ?(v) - hast phan bo :^^^xoen
eue c?*c dign t u t.ieo vgn toc \htm chat vgt l y cua cong
thite (1-20) xeâ trour
^'^)*
Đã6 • pif^G ;;>• ^1-^^ ^nL?^- ^•^^' ^-»^h-^ ^'^.^
Gonc thUi (1-16) cho t a t h : y cUc^ dg biic xg cua
V||b1k pbo t y ^ Ig vvi nonr *g eue chat >,hf t r o n r d«5 hc?i,
vgy, neu c l ^ nhigt ig cua x.::uon sanq; vhoah doi t h l non
^
cua n^":uyari t u tron^T dan brfl va cxjkmz *y bue xg cua vgch
pho l i e n hg vcd. nhau b\nr r-gt bieu thUc bge nl^at lo-n ;:imi.
M I U iiày chf dunt^ v^i nhjn/ nruyen t ó co hàe l^J^^ nhó
tvmm «*i» phan t f c h . n^ cm4'; tnn^,^ ©ói l l e n hg r^lua ^ va
5^ CiBig phUc t g p . Khi non ; dg cua n?^ay«n t i t^lnr^ l e n ,
trone nmon QQXUI co asgt qua t r l n h n^Ug^ I g i , l à qua t r l n h
Haf» thy s hUc xg do a g t n^uyon t u bJ. kfch thfch phón^- ^
wm^ I g l bJ m§t sguyen tu khac cune cu^^ n::uyen t ó ay ^iap
1 ^ de chu^-en t u t r g n e t h a i thap p.an{?; t r g n t h ó i c a o .
Ctfcmi: d j bue xg cua vgch pho d^nr l e t ^ j nhanh, th*rJa r e
t a a s ehgB. m g a tug^g này ^ i l à s^r t y hsp t h y . ì3.gn t t ^ i g
haip tì^ lsìxịn£. co acb bUcmg
barn l i ; ^ g oacu;: t^tag t h l anh hilrmc: cua nó càn ; ro r e t » hóu
t a ve dc^5;i^ cong bien t r d e n cua I g j theo IgC, t h l diicc
àìkmg CQug co dgng e? hinh 1 .
- 19 -
B«0,5
B*U,5.,,
isc
?^nh
c h i t i e t cua dxìcnz cong thay doi theo vgch
vgeb quanc phị dèu t y Ig vcd N^. F^ cnng t^tn>-, dtkmz thnxii
c«Bs h}. be con^j, dan ve phia t r y c hoanh, va ^TUc?n>2 con ; t i ^
egn v r i -:gt dUcn-ig thnng s t e - song vci t r y c hoanh : J t i m i
t&i g i à t r J •bao hoa*.
K'ic nMac lUs^ir: dUc*i E^^ cena th-p t h l dd^xz co^^
uón cong cano s ^ . Do do, n h ^ g vpch de co hign tià/n;; t^f
bap t^iy l à nhung vgch cga^ hUcnis»
Troi^ t h j ^ t e , tht»nG i ^ l nhitìag barn liIspJG nho I K »
0^f#» l^baa diJ^mg cons t r a n co t h e bieu dien kha dung vt?i
ìxmx ao t
I g J « b IgN,
(1-1)
va K l à nlitto: h^n^ so Utxc: vtfi isoi khoanc haa lU;^i> Vcfl
nhììDi^ has lugng r a t nho, trong da ao tI^^?n hg^ b » 1»
ngoai hign tU;Tig t ^ hap thy nay, khi non^;; dg N
cua ngiyren t u ttn?^, tronc d«s 1K*1 con xay m tigt hign
tUjjn;: khac, nhiiyen nhan cun^r l a nj hap thy hét a^ruyen t u .
Tremg c®c nruon aaiig t h ^ , n h i ^ t dg cua daa bei. khon^, hoar
toan deu| phan giUa cua dmn hc?i co nhigt ìg cao h*n, pV.fm
-20
-
^* J^S^^S-SS^-^SS* ^ ^^ -i^^ '^ói l i è n hg g l i a
N va C, phai b i e t cac qua t r l n h qayét dlnh sy bay hc?i cua
nmx p h ^ t i c h dUa vào ron : n-juon ssng. 7an de n%:y >iign
nay chUa dUgc n h i e n cUu dtj du ve phu^*n: dign l y thuyet
cung nhu T^ phUcme. dign thyc n >higr3. C*-*c ch^ja r^n:: cac
<^a t r l n h do bieu dien nigt cs'^h riènz r e va phy thugc
nhieu yeu t ó , tz^ng t h a i ket tflp cac ^m phan t f c h , cau
t g o , thonh phan, nbigt dg nong chey v . v . . . TThUn^ t a co thó
cbo r ^ ^ ao n uyen t u moi nruyen tó 1 ugts bisy h d trong a g t
dcm vj. thcri r i a n t l a t y Ig v r i .àm l u j ^ a C cua nguyen t o
do tron ^ mmx phan t f c h .
Ggi
j.
•
e^ l a vgn toc bay ho*i, t h l
•
•
»
m
cxc l à so l U ' n r
#
0
^
Wfjtffen t u bay vao trong daas hc^ cu n^ruon aan^: tronn ragt
dcm vj t h d ; d a n . gt phàn cac n^suyen t u ciò t h o a t ra n^oài
dan hcuon d i . so n-uyen t u do dì nhien ty Ig v ^ non ìg n cua
nguyen t ó , va co trj. nó / ^^^ , f l à ngt hg so t y Ig^ hhl
- J1 Khi co B]f can b*
bay d i vUr v'$n hkn^ so nr-uyen t u rrscfi t h o a t l y e? mau phan
t f c h . Do dò t
hay
c
•
N^
-
fT.^
(i-'-'a)
-^ c
(i-;>5)
ne;hla l à none
l^ff^3 C c u a nfniyèn t o t r o n mau phan t i c h .
t y I g vcfi hecj
Do vgy t
bay
va
IgJ
-
blfrN^ ^ K
(1-3^0
IgJ
•
ble:C
(I-*25)
i
m
BG^
+ 1^ a
(I-3b)
Tx'on;, do a l a n g t h^MC so phy thugc bar* c^^at p o , vgn t o c
bay te?i vr vgn t o c khuyech t a n .
Bieu thUc ( I - a : ) , t%xìs t h y c ngi^dgs chfnh Lonakln
da tiffl r a va no dune v^^i ingt khoang Ixam lu^nr; kha r g r r ; .
Jbfnh xac ht?n, b i e u thuc (I-=?6) co dgn^: sau
#
•
aO^
(I-^)
Già t r J B phy thiigc vao n:uyèn t o duyc phan t f c h
va cac d i e u ign cua p\^^p phan t i c h thUcT. ; no b i e n doi
t r o n g o l d hgn t u 0,6 den 1 (xen t r o n o ^ ^ ^ J ) , v* t r o n g
a g t so trUrm" h j ^ co t h e B > 1 hojte B < 0 , 6 .
nhu t r S n c h u n : t a t h a y r ^ g , cUcm dg sang cua cóc
vgch pho do no^;uySn t u trunj: hoa ì>'d
aon^ dg B^ cac nt^uyen t u cua CQC nguyen t o tixja;^ n/;nion
aang va n h i g t d^ ? c u a n o . ì^on dg n^ cua a::uyen t ó t3?on{^
tam hc?i I g i l i e n hg £;an dun. bgc nhat v - i ^àn lU-mQ- G c u a
nguyen t ó t r o n ^ mau phan t f c h ì^ìxx:*' b i e u thUc (x^n t r o n g
»o
c^
(1-3)
0* day, n ve p l a cac hg so phy thugc vào toc dg
boc h d cua cac nruyen t ó vào dam 1K?Ì ho quanp; t u mau phan
t f e h , va phy thugc vao toc dg b>ln r a khoi cua chun^ t u mau
p b i n t { c h do khuyech t a n cac n^uyèn t u , i o doi lUu c h a t
khif v . v . . .
K r h i s lei t a co t h e v i c t
J
n
*" kT
AC p (1 - Y ) e
•
(1-2:;)
^ - phan cac n./oyen t u h% l o n ^ boa»
f^eu t f n h dèn s'/ ty* hap thy cu- e ' e vgch p h o , t a co
kT
J
(1 - ^ ) e
A.G'''''.P
(1-50)
nf^hia l a
j
«
ac
«
4G
(1-51)
k b i b « 1, t a co B « n .
heu T3QU phsa t f c h co t h s n h pbsn hhac so v d cac
mau chuan t h l so cac n.h.iyén t u cua nruyen t ó thasì C Ì B veo
dasì may ho ru&nf;: tron^T; mgt dmx v\ t h d " i a n se khac nliau.
Thgt v g y , s e pha huy moi tUcm:;; quan t r e n lUa hain lUgri.cr
aguyen t ó càn xac d}.nh tron{T màu phan t f c h va nonf* dg cac
n^uysn t u cua no t r o n ^ "^asn mey cun nruon scn^ C \7^
Cung e a n n o i rln^t, d o i vc*i cac mau co t h a n h phan
\
0
#
%
^
9
9
*
*
*
ccf bon khac n h a u , eac d i e u i.ign t h o a t c e c n^-ayen t u c u a
aguyen t o : h a n t i c h t " de© ©ay chaeu s a n ; ne t h s y cioi khac
n au khd t o c hc*i, do l à nguyén nhan thU h a i arih hU^^n
td
Do syf t h a y doi e se hg so p va n , c'ò-n?: ^*g san;: ca<
Vgch pho eue c a c n:_,uy9n t . co t r o a ; thanh phan mau t h a y
doi !ngt cach tucmg Ung.
0§n^ t h u c ( 1 - 5 1 ) do r&nnkin tlm tbigr l ^ n ?àu t l e n
no dugc nshigcs kha duni^^: nhc t h j ^ n/^higsa va d^l^ su dyng
0 7
r ^ ; : r à i t r o n c phan t f c h qusn
a de*») phy thugc nhUiiG qua t r l n h phite t g p xay r a t r o n g
nguon san^T.
Cifemr dg vgch phy thugc cac di*u kign -{rh
%
•
•
*
*
4
thfch,
%.
*
^À
0
d i e u nay I f i dU^"X5 xec dlnh b d thon;^ BO c.ia nruon fsang. bC
a.^yen t u bJ. kfch t h f c h dU^*c XBC dj-nh b d mgt han ©o kfch
t h f c h , ffià tron^- de. BO truche; hjT[), co dgnj hàrs so BoltsDani
^^
O
^"
(l-^^2)
Va cxthniz dg vgch p h o , do dò co t h e t f n h theo cong
thiie
J
«
n*e
"* kT
B
C
(1-55)
^ b i e n t h i è n cac !leu k i g n kfch t h i c h anh hUr.'nc
chu yeu VQO n h i g t dg T; ? cf tronr: so rou cua lu^'' thUa, nen
s g t SO b i e n t h i e n t u *n,;: ^ o l nho cua T cuiv lam cho J b i e n
t h i e n mgt C3ch d s n r k e , khien ph^p phan t i c h d|.nli l'i^iz
l ^ e vào pt>^p do cucm-- -^g t u y g t doi khó bao dxM dg chfnh
xac c e o . VÌ vgy, ducr.: c o n - l a y màu thU:?nh: dd^^ ve t h e o
eucn-; dg t y d o i , t u e l a s a t y no cUc^r dg vgch phan t f c h
va mgt vgch ro 3 a n h . G^p vgch nhU t h e f g i Tn c;ip vgch phar
t f c h , p h a i ehgn nhu t h e nào cho khi d i e u kign h i c h t h f c h
t h a y d o i , t y so c u ' n e dg cua ch'joic van khoni.^ cloi.
Ggi J . l a cUim : dg cua vgch phan t f c h , J,, l à cAri:^
dg cua vgch ^o Banh, C, va C^ l a hean lUj/ng, E- , E-, l à
#
/
•
V
t
4
'^
9
ztSng lU^i^; k i c h t h l c h tUcmr; une cua iiai vgch ay» Ta co
*^1
•m
e; e" ' ^ ~
(jB
(l->^)
°2
(T-35)
^2
^2
m
-
24
-
Coi hàm l u j ^ g cuo vgch so sanh l à khon,-. d o i , t h l C^
khSn doi va Jn co t h e v i e t :
E^
a. e
vci
B^
.
a^
la
(I-%)
^^
C^'
(1-37)
Qì&nz ^g t y doi cun h a i vgch co t r j . ao t
^1
*^i
H
.
--.1-
n
-
A.e
«
'*^"^
-U^ e
n
r
C;
(I-5B)
kT
boMc
C^
(1-59)
Tnfnir hfp tonz njint "^^ ?* li:^, cUcn;.: dg t y toi
cung phy thugc n h i g t dg kfch t h i c h , lo .'^o, cun- dan den
»
0
Jf
*
4
A
'
k
*
%.
9
ohUng s a i PÒ t h ? t thUc^ir, neu u h i g t dg cua n..:uon siaaij t h a y
d ó l . CUcng dg ty !Ói này c h i khoas^ thay doi th«K> n h i g t x^g
tronr" trUmir hyp E. « Ep, tUc I 0 k h i h a i vgch cua c j p co
cu. „,; tngt t h e higu k l c h t h i c h . C^p vgch nào t h o a nàn d e u
kign nB:y ^gi I r c^Jp vgch doi Un^,, va d i e u kign E- « E^ l a
dieu k i g n doi Ung.
9
ã
#
ô
Tronti t n y c t e , thUcrri^s kho am chgn dU^^c c?Jp vgch
d o i itni 9
Ngifól t a da t f n h , nuon cho cUcrnr: dg t y ;iói bior^
t h i e n khon;- quo 1^ k h i n h i g t dg troh^s ncoxon e a n j b i e n t h i e
v à i t r ^ d g , p h a i chgn nhunt.:: c j p vgch co t h e higu kfch
t h f c h khong chenh Igch nh^ai qua 0,1 eV. rong th^Jc t e ,
n h i e u kiii p h a i dung nbUn c j p vgch co t h e higu kfch t h f c h
khac nhau hanr- d i g n t u von hay hcn nUa. Tro:.;; nhtfn^ trUcni?^
bgp ay» nbUn:: b i e n t h i e n nho tron;;^ nr^uon Banf co t h e d%n
t d nhieu s a i so n^hiém t r g n g .