Nguyên nhân phát triển đạo tin lành trong đồng bào dân tộc hmông ở vài tỉnh miền núi phía bắc nước ta hiện nay và biện pháp khắc phục mặt tiêu cực của nó

BO GIAO DUG VA DAO TAO
DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA N O I
TRl/dNG DAI HOC KHOA HOC XA HOI VA NHAN VAN

NGUYEN KHAC DUG

NGUYEN NHAN PHAT TRIEN DAO TIN LANH TRONG
DONG BAO DAN TOC H'MONG 6 M O T SO TINH MIEN
NUI PHIA BAG Nl/6C TA HIEN NAY VA BIEN PHAP
KHAC PHUC MAT TIEU ClTC CUA NO
Chuyen nganh : Chu nghla duy vat bien chung
va chu nghla duy vat lich sur
Ma so : 5.01.02

LUAN VAN THAC SI KHOA HOC TRIET HOC
Nguoi hudug din khoa hoc
.JGS.TS. Nguyin Hitu Vui
CAI K C C O U O C GiA HA NOi •

TRUHGTAMTHDHGT!N.T!!UV!C!i

Y,.
^Vj

HA NOI - 2001


CHtr VIET TAT TRONG LUAN VAN

Chinh tri quoc gia :

CTQG

Chii nghia xa hoi :

CNXH

Chii nghia tu ban :

CNTB

Ha noi :

HN

Nha xuat ban :

NXB


MUC LUC
Ma dau

Trang
1

Chuang 1
Su* phat trien dao Tin lanh trong dong bao dan toe H'mong
a mot so tinh mien nui phia Bac nude ta va nguyen nhan

6

cua no
1.1. Sir phat trien dao Tin ianh d Viet Nam va d mot so tinh
mien nui phia Bac nude ta

6

1.1.1. Su phat trien dao Tin lanh a Viet Nam

6

1.1.2. Qua trinh phat trien dao Tin lanh a mot so tinh mien nui
phia Bdc nu6e ta

o

1.1.3. Anh hucmg ciia dao Tin lanh trong dong bao dan toe
H'mong a mot so tinh mi6n niii phia B^c nuoc ta

15

1.2. Nguyen nhan

21

1.2.1. Ddi song kinh te-xa hoi kho khan

21

1.2.2. Tif van de truyen dao va am muu Igi dung dao Tin lanh

25

eua eae the lire thij dich
1.2.3. Tix dac diem lieh su va van hoa cua dan toe H'mong

31

1.2.4. Su yen kem ciia he thong chinh tri lam cong lac ton giao

4\

Chuong 2
Nhfing bien phap khac phuc mat tieu circ ciia dao Tin lanh
trong dong bao dan toe H'mong d mot so tinh mien nui
phia Bac nirdc ta
47


2.1. Nliumg nguyen tac mang tinh phuong phap luan khi
gia! quyet van de ton giao

47

2.1.1. Giai quyet vKn de ton giao phai gdn lien v6i qua trinh cai
tao xa hoi cu, x^y dung xa hoi mdi

AQ

2.1.2. Ton trong va bao dam quydn tii do tin nguong va khong

tin nguong cua nhan dan, dong thdi chong Igi dung ton giao

r-j

2.1.3. Can phan biet mat chinh tri va tu tuong trong viec doi xir
v6i ton giao

^A

2.1.4. Co quan diem lich sir CLI the khi giai quyet van dt ton
gi^°

55

2.2. Mot so bien phap chii yeu

56

2.2.1. Phat trien kinh te" - xa hoi, nang cao ddi song vat chat ctia
dong bao H'mong

_^
30

2.2.2. Nang cao trinh do dan tri va van hoa ciia dong bao
H'mong
2.2.3. Cling CO va tang cucmg he thong chinh tri co s6, quan

^^

tarn den van de can bo lam cong tac ton giao

--«

Ket luan
Danh muc tai lieu tham khao

76


M6DAU
1. Tinh cap thiet cua de tai
Ton giao la mot van de phiic tap, nhay cam va c6 lich su ton tai lau ddi. Da
CO thdi ky ngucfi ta cho r^ng ton giao se chet di ciing v6i su phat trien ciia khoa
hoc ky thuat, nhung thuc te lai khac. Ben canh su phat trien manh me cua khoa
hoc va cong nghe, trong vai thap ky gan day ton giao dang c6 xu hudng phat trien
trd lai 6 mot so khu vuc. Su phat trien trd lai ciia ton giao, mot mat khang dinh
siic song tu than ciia no la su dap ung nhu c^u tinh than cua con ngu5i. Mat khac,
su phat trien do da gay nen nhi^u bien doi tieu cue trong ddi song xa hoi cua
chung ta.
Ton giao va dan toe cung la nhan to thuong xuyen bi cac the luc chinh tri Igi
diing trong nhi6u cuoc xung dot giua cac dan toe hien nay. Di6u do cang lam
tang them tinh phuc tap cua cac cugc xung dot, tac dong tieu cue den tien trinh
hoabinh the gidi.
O nu6c ta trong nhixng nam gan day, ciing v6i su doi m6i sau sdc tren moi
linh vuc ciia dcri song xa hoi, dM song ton giao, tin nguong cung phat trien. Co
the nhan thay bieu hien cua no, trudc het la su gia tang boat dong ciia cac ton
giao, ciia cac tin d6 cac ton giao va nhan dan noi chung, gia tang cua cac hinh
thiic nghi 11 ton giao, tang cucmg tu tao, xay cat co so vat chat ton giao, tin
nguong ... Nhung su thay d6i do trong doi song tinh than xa hoi la su phan anh

nhu can tam linh, nhu c^u ton giao ciia quan chiing nhan dan can thiet dugc dap
ling. Tuy nhien, neu khong dugc huang din, quan ly thi no lai la nguyen nhan
gay nen nhirng bat on trong d6i song xa hoi.
Nhin chung boat dong ciia cac ton giao a nude ta hien nay diln ra theo
chieu hudng tuan thu phap luat, cac ton giao g^n bo v6i dan toe. Tuy nhien, van
de ton giao cung thucfng xuyen bi cac the luc thu dich Igi dung de thuc hien am
muu chong pha each mang nu6c ta, tijr do tao ra nhung vu viec phiic tap trong mot
so ton giao, trong do co dao Tin lanh.


Dao tin lanh la mot ton giao 16n tren the gidi. Mac dia mdi vao Viet Nam
khoang 100 nam, nhung da phat trien manh tren mot dien rong trong ca nu6c.
Dac biet su phat tren khong binh thucmg cua ton giao nay d cac tinh mi6n niii
phia Bdc nude ta trong thdi gian g^n day da va dang tao ra nhiJng hau qua tieu
cue tren nhi6u linh vuc ciia ddi song xa hoi dong bao cac dan toe a day, trong do
noi bat nhat la dan toe H'mong. Tin lanh da thuc su len loi sau vao tan cac ban
lang xa xoi heo lanh ciia dong bao cac dan toe thieu so. Vi vay, nghien ciJu tinh
hinh phat trien ciia dao Tin lanh trong vung dong bao dan toe H'mong a khu vuc
nay, ban nua la tim ra nguyen nhan cua su phat trien va giai phap de giai quyet
tinh hinh do, hofn bao gid het vSn la nhung van de thdi su, mang tinh cap thiet ca
ve ly lu£in va thuc tiln.
Dua tren ca sd do, toi da manh dan lua chon van d6 tren day lam d6 tai luan
van thac sy triet hoc ciia minh.
2. Tinh hinh nghien ciili de tai
Trong thdi gian qua d nude ta da cd rat nhieu cong trinh nghien cuxi \6 dao tin
lanh, ke ca nhiing cong trinh nghien cixu ve nhiing van dt co ban ciia ton giao
nay. Cho den nay cd the neu ra mot sd di tai, bai viet chu yeu v6 dao Tin lanh va
dao Tin lanh d mot sd tinh phia Bdc nude ta sau day:
Tac pham " Ve vai trd cua dao tin lanh" cua Max Weber; "Hoi thanh tin lanh
mien nam" ciia Ixoraca-Richared Woff- Sai gdn 1959; "Cac he phai tin lanh d

My" cua Bensons Y Lendis- New York 1986; "Dao tin lanh: Cac giao hoi va
nhiJng bien the mdi nhat" va'Tin lanh Viet nam, trudc va sau 1975"- Mai Thanh
Hai: Ton giao the gidi va Viet nam, NXB Cong an nhan dan, H.2000, tr 77,159;
"Dao tin lanh"- Ban ton giao ciia chinh phii: Mot sd ton giao d Viet nam (Tai lieu
tham khao - Luu hanh noi bg), H, 1995, tr 101; "Dao tin lanh d Viet nam"- Tong
cue chinh tri: Mot sd hieu biet ve ton giao ton giao d Viet nam, NXB Quan doi
nhan dan, H. 1993, tr 165; "Tim hieu nhung he qua cua viec truyen giao tin lanh
ddi vdi van hoa truyen thong va tin ngudng ton giao Viet nam"- Nguy6n Xuan
2


Hiing, T/C Nghien ciiu ton giao, Sd 1-2000, tr 45; "Budc dau tim hieu anh hudng
ciia dao tin lanh ddi vdi van hoa truydn thong d viing dong bao H'mong huyen
B^c Ha"- Vi Hoang B^e, T/C Dan toe hoc, Sd 1-1997, tr 42; "Su phat trien cua
dao tin lanh trong vung dong bao dan toe it ngudi d mot sd tinh mi6n niii phia
b^c nude ta hien nay" - De tai khoa hoc cap bg, chii nhiem TS. Nguydn Diic Lir,
H 1999; "V6 tinh hinh phat trien dao tin lanh d midn niii phia Bdc - Trudng Son Tay Nguyen" - D6 tai khoa hgc cap bg, chii nhiem GS. Dang Nghiem Van , H
2000; "Su phat tren ciia dao Tin lanh d cac tgc ngudi ban dia Lam Dong hien
nay: Van d6 va bien phap giai quyet" - Biii Trung Hung, Luan van thac sy khoa
hgc Triet hgc, H 1998 ; "Thuc trang dao Tin lanh tai thanh phd Ho Chi Minh va
nhixng van de dat ra cho cong tac an ninh" - Nguyin The Hanh, Luan van thac sy,
H 2000; "Hien tugng truyen dao trai phep "Vang Chii-Tin lanh" d viang dong bao
H'mong phia Bdc nude ta" - Dang Van Hudng, luan van thac sy khoa hgc ton
7

giao, H 2001; " Anh hudng cua dao Vang Chii-Tin lanh ddi vdi dong bao dan tgc
Hmong d Ha Giang hien nay" - D6 Ky Hgp, luan van thac sy khoa hgc ton giao,
H 2001; " Qua trinh xam nhap va anh hudng cua dao Tin lanh d mot sd vung
dong bao Hmong tinh Son La-thuc trang va giai phap - Le Dinh Nghla, luan van
thac sy khoa hgc ton giao, H 2001 ...

Nhin chung, nhiing cong trinh nghien ciJu tren day da neu len dugc nhiing
noi dung ca ban ve dao Tin lanh va dao Tin lanh d Viet Nam. Han niia, cac ket
qua nghien ciiu dd da d6 cap tuang ddi sau ve thuc trang phat trien ciia dao Tin
lanh va nhiing van de lien quan den su phat trien ciia no trong dong bao dan tgc
H'mong d mot sd tinh phia Bdc nude ta, nhu Ha Giang, San La, Lai Chau... Dong
thdi nhiing cong trinh nay cung da phan tich nguyen nhan va bien phap giai quyet
va'n di dao Tin lanh d khu vuc nay. Tuy nhien, viec tap trung nghien ciiu de tim
hieu nhiing nguyen nhan phat trien cua dao Tin lanh va tren ca sd dd neu ra
nhiing giai phap de' khdc phuc nhiing anh hudng tieu cue ciia nd trong dong bao


dan tgc H'mong d khu vuc nay thi con chua day dii va chua mang tinh he thdng,
do dd cAn tiep tuc dugc nghien ciiu.
3. Muc dich, nhiem vu va pham vi nghien cuii cua luan van
* Muc dich
Tim hieu nguyen nhan phat trien cua dao Tin lanh va nhiing bien phap chii
yeu nh^m khac phuc anh hudng tieu cue cua nd trong viing dong bao dan tgc
H'mong d mot sd tinh mi6n niii phia Bac nude ta.
* Nhiem vu
- Trinh bay khai quat v6 dao Tin lanh d Viet Nam va tinh hinh phat trien cua
dao Tin lanh d mot sd tinh mien niii phia Bac nude ta; anh hudng ciia dao tin lanh
den ddi sdng xa hoi ddng bao dan tgc H'mong d khu vuc nay.
- Neu len nhiing nguyen nhan chinh ciia su phat trien ciia dao Tin lanh trong
vung dan tgc H'mong d mot sd tinh mi6n niii phia Bac nude ta.
- De xuat nhixng giai phap chu yeu de ban che nhiing anh hudng tieu cue ciia
dao Tin lanh trong viing dan tgc H'mong d mot sd tinh miin niii phia Bac nude ta.
* Pham vi nghien ciiu
Di tai tap trung nghien ciiu nguyen nhan phat trien dao Tin lanh trong viing
dan tgc H'mong d mot sd tinh mien niii phia Bac nude ta va nhixng bien phap chu
yeu nham khac phuc mat tieu cue ciia nd.

4. Ca sd ly luan va phuong phap nghien cihi
* Ca sd ly luan
- Quan diem ciia chii nghia Mac-Lenin va tu tudng Ho Chi Minh ve ton giao;
chii truang, chinh sach ciia dang va nha nude ta ve ton giao.
- Ke thufa va phat trien nhiing cong trinh nghien euru da dugc cong bd cd lien
quan den de tai luan van.
* Phuang phap nghien ciiu


De tai dugc thuc hien chii yeu dua tren cac phuang phap duy vat bien chiing
va duy vat lich six. Ngoai ra con sir dung mot sd phuang phap cu the khac, nhu
phuang phap khai quat hoa, triiu tugng hoa, phuang phap lich six-logic, phuang
phap phan tich-tong hgp, phuang phap so sanh, dieu tra, khao sat...
5. Dong gop mdi cua luan van
Trinh bay mot each cd he thdng nhixng nguyen nhan phat trien dao Tin lanh
trong viing ddng bao dan tgc H'mong sd d mot sd tinh mien nui phia Bac nude ta
hien nay va bien phap chu yeu de khac phuc mat tieu cue ciia nd.
6. Gia tri thuc ti^n ciia luan van
- Luan van cd the lam tai lieu tham khao trong nghien ciiu va giang day ly
luan khoa hgc vi tin nguong, ton giao.
- La tai lieu tham khao cho can bg lam cong tac ton giao d ca sd.
7. Ket cau cua luan van
Ngoai phan md dau, ket luan, phu luc va danh muc tai lieu tham khao, luan van
gdm 2 chuang 4 tiet.


Chirang 1
Si; PHAT TRIEN DAO TIN LANH TRONG DONG BAO DAN T O C
H'MONG 6 MOT SO TINH MIEN NUI PHIA BAC NlTClC TA VA
NGUYEN NHAN CUA NO

1.1. Sir PHAT TRIEN DAO TIN LANH 6 VIET NAM VA 6 MOT
SO TINH MIEN NUI PHIA B A C NU^dC TA
1.1.1. Sir phat trien dao Tin lanh d Viet Nam
Dao Tin lanh la mot ton giao ra ddi d chau Au the ky XVI trong cugc cai each
ton giao, gan lien vdi nhixng nhan vat tieu bieu la Martin Luther va Jean Calvin.
Hien nay dao Tin lanh la mot ton giao quoc te Idn thii ba tren the gidi(sau Cong
giao va Hoi giao), cd mat d hau het cac khu vuc tren the gidi, trong dd tap trung
chii yeu d cac nude cong nghiep phat trien.
Ngay tii cudi the ky XIX, nhiing nha truydn giao cua to chiic Lien hiep Phuc
dm va Truyen giao (CMA) da chu y den Viet nam va khu vixc Dong Duong nham
muc dich phat trien dao.
Nam 1911, CMA cix ba muc su: R.A.Jaffray, P.M.Husler, va G.L.Hughes tii
Trung Quoc vao Da NSng bat dau truyen dao. Ngudi theo dao Tin lanh dau tien
la dng Hoang Trgng Thiia, cong chiic va ong trd thanh muc su ngudi Viet nam
dau tien nam 1922.
Nam 1918, CMA lap nam chi hoi d Bac ky, 6 chi hoi d Trung ky va 5 chi
hoi d Nam ky, tap hgp trong mot to chiic mang ten " Hoi thanh Tin lanh Dong
phap" ( Mission Evangelique de L' Indochine francaise - MEI ). Nam 1927, Hoi
thanh Tin lanh Dong Phap hgp dai hoi ddng Ian thii IV tai Da Nang bau ra Ban tri
su Tong lien hoi Hoi thanh Tin lanh Viet nam do muc su Hoang Trgng Thiia lam
hoi trudng.
Sau dd, dao Tin lanh tiep tuc phat trien ra khap cac viing trong ca nude ta:
Nam 1932, CMA truyen giao Tin lanh len viing dan tgc thieu sd d Tay nguyen.

6


Nam 1933 giao hoi Ca ddc phuc lam vao truy6n giao. Den nam 1945 ca nude cd
khoang 40 000 tin dd. Nam 1954 cd 60 000 tin do, khoang 80 muc su, tru sd

chung dat d sau chg Hang Da (ngay nay la sd 2 Ngo Tram), Ha Noi.
Sau hiep dinh Geneve (1954), dao Tin lanh d hai mi6n cd six khac nhau. O
mi^n Bac sd dong tin dd va muc su chay vao Nam, ca quan Tong lien hoi cung
chuyen vao Sai Gdn, chi con lai nam nghin tin dd va muai muc su, giang su. Nam
1955, nhixng tin dd, giao sy edn lai d mi6n Bac da lap ra mot to chiic rieng la Hoi
thanh Tin lanh Viet nam ( Mi6n Bac ), vdi dudng hudng vira boat dong ton giao,
vira boat dong yeu nude cho den ngay nay.
O miin Nam, nhixng nam 1954 - 1975, trong diiu kien cugc chien tranh xam
luge ciia My, dao Tin lanh phat trien manh me. Tin lanh ra siic ciing cd, md rgng
he thdng to chiic ca sd ton giao, ca sd kinh te, van hoa, xa hoi ... md rgng pham
vi truyen dao ra nhieu dia ban, nhat la d Tay Nguyen. Hoi lien hiep Phiic am va
Truyen giao My dat ban mot ban tri su d Sai gdn de chuyen lo giiip Tin lanh Viet
Nam ve kinh phi, phuang tien truyen thong, huan luyen dao tao giao sy, to chiic
di tham quan nghien ciiu d cac nude. Vi mat to ehiic, Tong lien hoi Hoi thanh
Tin lanh Viet Nam chinh thiic md dai hoi tai Sai Gdn, nhanh chong hoan chinh to
chiic ba cap: tong lien hoi, cac dia hat, cac chi hoi ca sd. Cac ca sd dao tao giao
sy dugc ciing cd va md rgng. Trudng kinh thanh Da NSng dugc chuyen vao Nha
Trang, nang len thanh cap dai hgc vdi ten ggi mdi la " Thanh kinh than hgc vien";
md them hai trudng thanh kinh d Da lat va Buon Ma Thugt chuyen dao tao muc
su va giang su ngudi Thugng (Tay nguyen va Nam Trudng San).
Day cung la liic cac giao hoi Tin lanh khac nhau d My tich cue sang Viet
Nam phat trien chi nhanh. Cimg vdi cac he phai CMA, Ca ddc phuc lam, cdn cd
ban hai muai giao hoi khac ciia Tin lanh, chii yeu la eua My vao truyen giao. Dd
la cac he phai nhu Bap-tit, Trudng lao, Ngu tuan, Chiing nhan Gie-ho-va, Menno-nai, Quay-ca, Hoan cau Khai tugng (Worid Vision), Thanh kinh hoi, Vien


ngon ngii miia he, Ca quan xa hoi Tin lanh chau A, Tin lanh Phap, Tin lanh Han
Quoc ...
Den nam 1975, Hoi thanh Tin lanh mien Nam phat trien thanh mot to chiic
Idn nhat vdi khoang 250 nghin tin dd, 800 muc su va truyen dao, 7 dia hat vdi

ban 400 chi hoi, 500 nha tbd.
Sau nam 1975, ciing vdi six that bai cua My, nguy d mien nam, boat dong ciia
dao Tin lanh giam siit ro ret, tham chi d nhieu nai Tin lanh dudng nhu chua tung
ton tai.
Nhung nhiing nam gan day dao Tin lanh lai dang phat trien trd lai, dac biet
la d Tay Nguyen, Trudng San, va cac tinh mi6n niii phia Bac nude ta. Theo ket
qua tong dieu tra dan sd va nha d toan qudc(4-1999), hien nay nude ta cd 410134
ngudi theo dao Tin lanh.
1,1.2. Qua trinh phat trien dao Tin lanh d mot sd tinh mien niii phia
Bac nirdc ta
Cho den nay ggi hien tugng ton giao dugc truyen vao ddng bao dan tgc thieu
sd d mot sd tinh mien niii phia Bac nude ta la dao Tin lanh hay dao Vang Chif van
cd nhieu y kien khac nhau.
Theo chiing toi, khi mdi vao viing ddng bao H'mong thi ton giao nay dugc
ggi vdi ten Vang Chit vi nd gan bd mat thiet vdi tin ngudng truyln thdng ciia
ddng bao. Nhung cang ve sau thi noi dung Tin lanh cang bieu bien ro ret, ve ddi
tugng ton thd, ve kinh thanh, nghi li cua dao Tin lanh... Dieu dd cd nghia la, ve
ban chat "Vang Chii" chinh la Tin lanh. Vi vay trong luan van nay chiing toi
manh dan ggi ten la dao Tin lanh, diing nhu quan diem ciia Dang ta ve van de
nay trong ke boach 184B(1999), thong bao 255/TW(1999), tong ket nghi quyet
24 sd OIBC/BCD ciia Bg Chinh tri.
Ve su phan chia cac giai doan phat trien ciia dao Tin lanh trong ddng bao
H'mong d mot sd tinh phia Bac nude ta hien nay van cdn cd nhiing quan diem
8


khac nhau. Chiing toi nhat tri vdi quan diem chia qua trinh phat trien ciia dao Tin
lanh d khu vuc nay lam ba giai doan chii yeu sau day:
Giai doan thic nhat, 1986'1987: Day la thdi ky bat dau qua trinh xam nhap
cua dao Vang Chii vao ddng bao H'mong.

Nam 1987, dao Vang Chii bat dau xam nhap vao huyen Song Ma tinh San
La. Qua trinh xam nhap dao Vang Chii d day bat dau tii boat dong ciia Thao Ba
Hu. Nam 1986, gia dinh Hu cd con dm chiia mai khong khdi, sau khi nghe dai
Manila( hay dai FEBC, phat tCr Philipin) va Idi tuyen truyen ciia nhiing ngudi di
buon tir Yen Bai den, nen Hu da cung bai ngudi H'mong d day sang nha thd
Tram Tau(Yen Bai) gap Siing Bla Gidng de hgc "Cach ciing mdi". Gidng da day
hg hat thanh ca, dgc kinh thanh bang chii H'mong La tinh, cac nghi le hanh dao
va cung cap mot sd tranh anh chiia Gie su ... Sau khi trd ve 15 ngay, Hu bd ban
thd to tien, treo anh chiia va dgc kinh theo hudng dSn ciia nha thd. Thang 5-1986,
Hu da van dong dugc trudng ban ddng y cho truyen dao trong dan ban va da cd
8/17 bg trong ban tin theo, cudi nam 1986 len den 16/17 hg, va bat dau Ian ra cac
ban H'mong trong toan xa.
Tii San La, dao Vang Cbii phat trien sang cac xa ciia huyen Dien Bien-Lai
Chau. O cac xa nay cd 183 hg theo Vang Chii. Nhirng ke cam dau den truyen dao
la Hang Chii Va va Hang A Dy d xa Phi Nhir. Chiing Igi dung trinh do dan tri
tha'p, phong tuc tap quan lac hau, ddi sdng kinh te' khd khan ciia ddng bao de
tuyen truyen liia bip, ep bugc nhan dan tin theo Vang Chii.
Qua trinh phat trien dao Tin lanh d Ha Giang bat dau tii boat dong ciia mot
sd phan tix cam dau d dia phuang. Chiing da tu tap mot bg phan quan chiing nhan
dan nghe dai Manila phat bang tie'ng H'mong de kich dong ddng bao theo dao.
Ddng thdi, nhixng ten cam dau nhu Ma Seo Chao, Trang A Vang, Ma Seo Bay,
Giang A Chiing da true tiep den nha thd xii Tuyen Quang, Yen Bai, Lao Cai va
Tong hoi thanh Tin lanh mien Bac de hgc hoi ve each thiic truyen dao.
Qua trinh truyen dao d giai doan nay noi len mot sd dac diem nhu sau:


- Luc lugng truyen dao Igi dung six ban che ve nhan thiic, six me tin ciia ddng
bao de truyen dao. Hg bia dat ra nhung cau truyen hoang dudng, thong qua
truyen mieng gay tam ly hoang mang, lo sg ciia ddng bao de tap hgp quan chiing
phat trien tin dd. Noi dung truyen dao d giai doan nay xung quanh ngudn tin: den

nam 2000 trai dat se no tung, trdi se sap va mgi ngudi se chet. Liic dd ne'u ai theo
Vang Chii thi se dugc ciiu sdng vi cd canh bay dugc len trdi, cdn ai khong theo se
bi chet bet. 6 tren trdi ngudi theo Vang Chii se dugc sdng sung sudng, khong lam
ciing cd an va chet rdi se sdng lai. Chiing cdn ndi: Khi nao vua sap ra, tai ca
khong ai dugc ra khdi nha, phai chuan bi mang quSn ao dai trang de don vua. Liic
dd trdi se toi 3 ngay 3 dem, sau dd xuat bien 7 con rdng phun nude xudng khu
vuc huyen Sin Ho. Dd la liic Vang Chii ddn ngudi H'mong len trdi. Chiing tung
tin hii doa, nam 2000 se cd nan hong thuy, ai theo dao se dugc chiia ciiu vdt ...
Noi dung tuyen truyen nhu vay thuc six la hoang dudng, me tin, song do ddng bao
H'mong vdn dan tri tha'p, nhieu phong tuc lac hau, nang dau dc me tin va ddi
sdng cd nhieu khd khan nen hg da tin theo.
- Viec truyen dao chu ye'u thong qua phuang thiic truyen mieng, viXa bi mat,
viia cong khai; truyen dao thong qua dai FEBC.
Nhiing ngudi truyen dao Tin lanh d giai doan nay viXa cong khai, lai viia bi
mat, Chiing truyen dao bi mat cho ba con, giii kin ddi vdi can bg, nhat la can bg
xa, huyen. Chiing truyen dao cong khai thudng vao ban dem, tir 9 gid den 1-2 gid
sang.
Thu doan truyen dao la, mot sd ngudi cam dau to chiic nghe chuang trinh phat
thanh ciia dai FEBC rdi ghi am, sau dd di tdi cac ban md cho nhieu ngudi nghe,
ket hop vdi truyen mieng, tung tin lira bip, de doa lam cho nhan dan nua tin nua
ngd nen nhieu ngudi do sg ma theo.
Giai doan thu: hai, 1988-1991: Dac diem chinh ciia giai doan nay la six phat
trien cua dao Tin lanh Ian rgng ra d hau bet cac tinh mien niii phia Bac, ddng

10


thdi xay ra tinh trang ddng bao khiing hoang niem tin va tim den nha thd Cong
giao.
Nam 1988, dao Vang Chii tiep tuc dugc truyen vao hai xa Ang Ta va Mudng

Thin ciia huyen Tuan Giao-Lai Chau. Tiep dd nam 1989, dao nay phat trien rat
nhanh, cung mot liic vao ba huyen Sin Ho, Mudng Te va Phong Tho. Chi trong
vdng 3 tuan le ciia thang 10-1989, d huyen Sin Ho da cd 11 xa vdi 29 ban va 533
hg theo Vang Chii. Den nam 1990, dao Vang Chii phat trien sang huyen Mudng
Lay. Chi sau vai nam truyen dao, den cudi nam 1990, toan tinh Lai Chau cd 1159
hg d 75 ban cua 32 xa thugc 6/7 huyen theo Vang Chii. Den nam 1991-1992, dao
Tin lanh d Lai Chau cd chieu hudng suy giam. Den thdi diem nay chi cdn 3
huyen, 3 xa, 5 ban va 143 bg theo Vang Chii.
Trong giai doan nay, d Lao Cai noi len six viec ciing ddn Vang Chii trong
ddng bao dan tgc H'mong. Dau tien bien tugng nay diln ra d ba huyen la Bao
Yen, Bac Ha va Bao Thang, sau dd phat trien sang cac huyen Van Ban, Sa Pa, Bat
Sat va Than Uyen. Theo bao cao cua Ban Ton giao va Dan tgc tinh Lao Cai, de'n
thang 6-1998 cd 14 034 ngudi H'mong va 165 ngudi Dao theo Tin lanh.
Liic dau ngudi H'mong dugc nghe tuyen truyen Vang Chii qua dai FEBC, va
sau dd dugc mot sd ngudi H'mong tii Ha Giang den tuyen truyen, trong sd dd cd
Sung Seo Pao. Pao da de'n chai nha anh re la Giang Seo Cau(Bao Yen-Lao Cai),
tai day Pao da tuyen truyen ve Vang Chii va tap hgp dugc mot sd ddi tugng khac
nhu Hoang Te'ch Giao, Lii Seo Gidng, Lii Seo Chau ... de tuyen truyen Vang Chii
sang cac viing xung quanh. Chi trong mot thdi gian ngan da cd gan 2000 hg,
khoang 6000 ngudi H'mong dang ky theo Vang Chii [9]. Tir nam 1991, do cd six
hudng dan giiip dd ciia giao hoi Cong giao, cac ddi tugng di truyen dao da cong
khai tuyen truyen, loi keo ngudi H'mong di theo "con dudng mdi"(thixc chat la
Cong giao). Vi vay, nhixng ngudi H'mong trudc day theo Vang Chii nay chuyen
sang theo dao Cong giao.

11


Su phat trien cua ton giao trong ddng bao H'mong San La giai doan nay ngay
mot gia tang va cd tinh chat dot bien. Trong thon ban Ian truyen du luan "Vua

H'mong sap ve, ngudi H'mong cd vua Vang Chii-cd Vuang chii, vua ve ngudi
Hmong se cd dat d rieng ...". Luc nay dao Tin lanh phat trien nhanh la do boat
dong tuyen truyen kich dong manh me cua luc lugng truyen dao thong qua dai
FEBC va tuyen truyen mieng, ddng thdi do six tac dong cua nhung thien tai xay ra
trong viing ddng bao. Nhixng "thira tac vien" truyen dao tich cue phai ke de'n
Thao Ba Hu, Hd A Phenh(huyen Song Ma); Hang A Dua, Vang A Va (Mudng
La); Giang A Thao, Vang A Dau (Quynh Nhai) ... Tinh den cudi nam 1991, cd
167 hg vdi khoang gan 2000 ngudi H'mong theo dao d 12 xa, 5 huyen trong tinh.
[14.4]
Nhiing nam 1989-1990, boat dong truyen dao Tin lanh trai phep da xua't hien
d cac huyen Bac Quang, Xin Man, Bac Me(Ha Giang). De'n cudi nam 1991, dao
Tin lanh da Ian rgng ra nhieu xa cua cac huyen Bac Quang, Hoang Su Phi, Xin
Man.
Cung nhu d mot sd tinh khac, dao Tin lanh xuat hien d Yen Bai vao cudi
nam 1989, dau nhiing nam 1990 do six du nhap dao tii tinh Lao Cai. Six du nhap
dd gan lien vdi qua trinh di dich cu dan ciia ngudi H'mong theo dao Tin lanh d
huyen Bao Yen-Lao Cai den xa Lang Thip va Chau Que' Thugng thugc huyen
Van Yen-Yen Bai. Khi mdi den Van Yen hg khai bao la theo dao Cong giao,
nhixng de'n nam 1992 hg lam don xin theo dao Tin lanh va cix dai dien xudng Hoi
thanh Tin lanh mien Bac xin kinh sach, bang ghi am va hgc dao.
Dac diem chii ye'u ciia giai doan nay la :
- Viec truyen dao Vang Chii gan vdi cac hien tugng thien tai xay ra vao thdi
diem nay, ciing vdi truyen thdng "Vua ra", "ddn vua" ciia ngudi H'mong. Nam
1990, d thi xa Lai Chau va huyen Mudng Lay da xay ra mot tran lii dng; nam
1991, tai thi xa Son La, huyen Mai San, Mudng La, Song Ma (San La) da xay ra
tran lu quet lich six, da de lai hau qua he't siic nghiem trgng. Lgi dung nhixng thien
12


tai nay luc lugng truyen dao Vang Chii tuyen truyen : ne'u ai khong tin theo dao

nay se bi nude cudn troi, bi ho an thit nhu mgi ngudi da tung chiing kien.
"Xung vua", "vua ra" la hien tugng vira mang tinh the tuc, lai vira mang tinh
ton giao dien ra trong xa hoi truyen thdng ciia ngudi H'mong. Viec truyen dao
Vang Chii d giai doan nay gidng nhu cac vu Xung vua, ddn vua d vung cao trudc
day bdi tinh cha't me tin, lac hau cua nd, song cd diem khac nhau la hien tugng
me tin da bat dau dugc gan vdi ton giao.
- Hoat dong truyen dao Vang Chii tir chd len liit, vira bi mat, viia cong khai,
gan vdi me tin thi nay chuyen sang cong khai vie't dan, di gap cac cap chinh
quyen xin theo dao Thien chiia va dao Tin lanh. Six chuyen hudng nay cd lien
quan den viec da cd nhieu ngudi chuan bi cac hoat dong chd ddn Vang Chii, song
thuc te da lau khong thay xay ra. Do dd, mot sd ngudi chu dong tim den cac nha
tbd d Tan Chau (Bac Quang), Yen Bai, San Tay de bdi ve chiia Gie su, ve dao Ki
to, nghia la hg xin theo dao va mudn hgc dao nay.
Vdi quan niem vl dao Cong giao thdng qua hgc bdi va it nhieu cd six tim
hieu ve chinh sach ton giao cua dang va nha nude ta, ngudi dan da viet dan, den
gap chinh quyen xin theo dao Cong giao. Tuy nhien, da sd cac nha thd Cong giao
chua chii dong ddn nhan.
Tuy hinh thiic chuyen sang Cong giao, song d giai doan nay, thuc chat tir tu
tudng den each lam ciia nhiing ngudi theo dao van chii yeu la tin theo Vang Chii
dugc phat tren dai FEBC.
Giai doan thu ba, tit 1992 den nay : Dao Tin lanh tiep tuc phat trien trong
ddng bao H'mong
Tii nam 1993 den nay, dao Tin lanh tiep tuc phat trien dot bien trong ddng
bao H'mong tinh Lao Cai nhd vao boat dong tich cue ciia luc lugng truyen giao,
va six giiip dd true tiep cua Hoi thanh Tin lanh mien Bac. Theo bao cao cua tinh,
den cudi nam 1993 da cd 1746 hg vdi ban 11 000 ngudi H'mong dang ky theo
dao Tin lanh [12 ]. De'n thang 8-1999, trong toan tinh sd ngudi bi tuyen truyen loi
keo theo dao Tin lanh la 2234 hg vdi 13 229 nhan khau.
13

6 San La, cudi nam 1991 dau nam 1992, theo chi dSn ciia dai FEBC, Thao
Ba Hu va Vang Seo Lau da xudng Hoi thanh Tin lanh mien Bac va dugc muc su
Biii Hoanh Thii ddn tiep, cung ca'p cho nhieu mSu dan xin gia nhap dao Tin lanh,
ciing mot sd tai lieu, bang cat-xet tuyen truyen dao. Sau khi trd ve, hg cung vdi
nhiing phan tir tich cue khac da van dong ddng bao trudc day ngg nhan theo dao
Cong giao chuyen sang theo dao Tin lanh. Thang 3-1993, 10 nhan vat ngudi
Hmong khac lai ve sd 2-Ng6 Tram-Ha noi de hgc dao, Thang 2-1995, mot nhdm
7 ngudi do Vang A Vu(trudng dao d Mudng La) cam dau di xudng Ha noi de hgc
dao. Thao Ba Hu da trd ve cac huyen Song Ma, Mai San, Thuan Chau va Mudng
La tuyen truyen phat trien dao. Tai sd 2-Ng6 Tram, cac "phan tix truyen dao" da
dugc muc su Bui Hoanh Thir, giang su Au Quang Vinh true tiep giang day, va
cung cap tai lieu, kinh sach ve dao Tin lanh. Theo sd lieu ciia Ban Dan van-Dan
tgc tinh uy, sd ngudi Hmong theo dao d mot sd thdi diem ciia giai doan nay nhu
sau :
Nam 1993 : cd 279 hg, 2005 ngudi d 26 ban, 12 xa, 5 huyen
Nam 1996 : cd 371 hg, 3022 ngudi d 57 ban, 24 xa, 7 huyen
Nam 1999 : cd 523 hg, 3719 ngudi d 77 ban, 28 xa, 7 huyen
Nam 2000 : cd 652 hg, 4030 ngudi theo dao [13.3 ]
Tii dau nam 1993, tinh hinh phat trien dao Tin lanh d Lai Chau dien bien trd
lai kha phiic tap va xuat hien nhiing da'u hieu gay mat on dinh ve an ninh trat tu.
Theo tinh toan sa bg, den cudi nam 1994, toan tinh da cd 1723 hg trong 40 xa,
103 ban theo dao Tin lanh. Den thang 4-1995, cd 2168 hg vdi 14471 khau theo
Tin lanh. Tii cudi nam 1995 den nay, dao Tin lanh khong chi phat trien trong
vung dan tgc H'mong nua ma da Ian truyen sang ca cac dan tgc khac nhu dan tgc
Dao, dan tgc Thai. Theo bao cao tong ket ciia tinh (9-1997), toan tinh cd 26 491
nhan khau bi lgi dung theo dao Tin lanh, trong sd 8 huyen, 56 xa, 207 ban.
O Ha Giang, den cudi nam 1993, tren dia ban cac huyen Bac Quang, Vi
Xuyen, Hoang Su Phi, xin Man, Bac Me da cd 1195 hg, 7703 khau ghi ten theo
14

dao Tin lanh. Theo thdng ke ciia Ban Dan van Trung uang, den nam 1994 d Ha
Giang cd 62 000 ngudi theo dao Tin lanh.
Nam 1997-1998, boat dong truyen dao lai noi len d cac xa Thugng Tan,
Phieng Luong, Giap Trung, Minh San (huyen Bac Me); xa Sung Thai, Siing
Trang, Thang Md, Yen Minh, Bach Dich (huyen Yen Minh); xa Bach Nggc va
Minh Nggc (huyen Vi Xuyen). Gan day, dao Tin lanh van tiep tuc phat trien d
mot sd xa ciia 9/10 huyen thi ciia tinh Ha Giang.
Six phat trien ciia dao Tin lanh d Yen Bai cung dien ra tuang ddi nhanh chdng.
Sd lugng ban dau chi cd 5 bg vdi 30 nhan khau, sau dd tang len 15 hg vdi 88
nhan khau nam 1992. Hien nay, dao Tin lanh phat trien rgng ban d mot sd dia
ban khac trong tinh nhu An Binh (Van Yen), huyen Tram Ta'u va thj xa Nghia
Lg. Theo sd lieu gan day ciia Ban Ton giao ciia Chinh phii (nam 1999), d Yen Bai
cd khoang 1000 ngudi theo dao Tin lanh.
Six phat trien ciia dao Tin lanh d giai doan nay cd mot sd dac diem sau day:
- Dao Tin lanh phat trien trd lai manh me ban, cong khai han, nhixng ngudi
cam dau truyen dao cd quan he vdi sd 2- Ngo Tram chat che ban.
Tii dSu nam 1993, cd nhieu ddi tugng truyen dao d cac tinh phia Bac quyen
gdp tien di ve Ha noi, den Tong hoi thanh Tin lanh (mien Bac) de hgc dao, xin tai
lieu va mSu dan in sSn de ve phan phat cho cac hg xin theo dao Tin lanh. Hg da
gap muc su Bui Hoanh Thu, giang su Au Quang Vinh va dugc giang giai ve giao
ly cua dao Tin lanh. Tir dd cac thira tac vien da ve cac ban tich cue phan phat tai
lieu cho dong bao, lap danh sach nhan khau tiing thon ban giri len cac cap chinh
quyen ddi dugc theo dao Tin lanh. Hoi thanh Tin lanh mien Bac the hien ro six
can thiep ngay cang sau vao qua trinh truyen dao Tin lanh d khu vixe nay, van de
ton giao ngay cang dugc gan ke't vdi van de dan tgc, vdi am muu thanh lap mot
"quoc gia tu tri" ciia ngudi H'mong,
- Xuat hien nhiing dau hieu gay mat on dinh ve an ninh xa hoi trong vung
ddng bao, hoat dong truyen dao cd tinh td chiic ban va cd hien tugng d ben ngoai

can thiep trang trgn ban.
15


6 nhieu dia phuang da xuat hien tinh trang khieu kien, vu khong chinh quyen
CO sd tao ra su chia re, mat doan ket giiia dan tgc H'mong vdi cac dan tgc khac;
mat doan ket ngay trong noi bg ngudi H'mong, tham chi trong timg gia dinh. Vi
tri ciia gia lang, trudng ban, trudng tgc hg vdn dugc kinh trgng, thi nay da phai
nhudng vi the chi phdi cho mot sd ngudi tich cue truyen dao.
Luc lugng truyen dao boat dong cd six lien ket, thdng nhat vdi nhau. Hg cue
doan ban, khd'ng che dan tren nhieu linh vuc trong cugc sdng. O mot sd ca sd, bg
to chiic quyen gdp, bugc dan nop tien de lam kinh phi boat dong. Hg de doa, co
lap can bg.
O ben ngoai, hien tugng Viet Kieu va ngudi nude ngoai thong qua con dudng
du lich, tham vieng ngudi than de thuc hien truyen dao da gia tang va cd nhieu
bieu hien phiic tap.
- Su phat trien ciia dao Tin lanh khong chi diing lai d dan tgc H'mong ma da
Ian sang ca cac dan tgc khac nhu dan tgc Dao, dan tgc Thai, dan tgc Pa Then...
Nhu vay, chi trong vdng mot thdi gian ngan dao Tin lanh da xam nhap va
phat trien d nhieu tinh mien niii phia Bac nude ta, trudc he't la d San La, Lai
Chau, sau dd la Lao Cai, Yen Bai ... Dieu dang quan tam la tinh hinh phat trien
ciia dao Tin lanh d day dien ra rat nhanh chdng va de lai nhiing hau qua xa hoi
tieu cue.
1.1.3. Anh huang cua dao Tin lanh trong dong bao dan tgc H'mong d
mot sd tinh mien niii phia Bac nirdc ta
Mac du van cdn cd nhieu y kien danh gia khac nhau ve anh hudng cua dao
Tin lanh trong ddng bao H'mong, nhung nhin chung six phat trien ciia dao Tin
lanh d khu vuc nay da anh hudng tieu cue den ddi sdng van boa, kinh te va sinh
boat xa hoi ndi chung ciia ddng bao.
- Six phat trien ciia dao Tin lanh anh hudng tieu cue den van boa, tin ngudng

truyen thdng, phong tuc tap quan cua ddng bao H'mong


Cung nhu nhieu dan tgc khac d nude ta, dan tgc H'mong da cd mot nen van
boa lau ddi, dac sac. Trudc he't, ddng bao H'mong la cong ddng cd ban linh va y
chi vugt len mgi dieu kien hoan canh de ton tai va khang dinh minh; hg can cii,
chiu khd, kien tri, ben bi, de tin va khi da tin thudng tim mgi each de theo duoi
muc dich da dinh. Truyen thdng van boa cua ngudi H'mong rat da dang va ciing
rat dgc dao, bieu hien qua cac le hoi, nhiing cau truyen co, dan ca, am nhac, miia
... Nhung khi dao Tin lanh xuat hien, nhiing sinh boat van hoa truyen thdng da va
dang bi pha va. Nhixng chang trai, co gai khong cdn nhiing dip de thoi khen, thoi
sao, khi cd ngudi che't khong dugc khdc, khong dugc tham vie'ng, chao bdi ngudi
ngoai dao, te't khong di nem cdn, cac le hoi truyen thdng cung mai mot dan ...
Do vai trd ciia cac gia lang, trudng ban bi giam siit, tham chi d nhieu nai
khong cdn vai trd, lam cho truyen thdng ciia dan tgc H'mong cd nguy ca bi bang
hoai, bdi vi Idp ngudi gia khong cdn bao ban, luu lai cho the' he sau. Nhiing tin
nguong CO xua nhu Thd ciing to tien, Thd Than lang, Than dat lai bi gan cho la
ma qui, tir dd khuyen khich Idp tre "tir bd nhung phong tuc, tap quan cdn tiem an
nhung cai hay chua dugc danh gia diing miic".[74.19 ]
Thd Cling to tien la mot hinh thiic tin nguong rat dac trung ciia dan tgc ta,
cung nhu cua dan tgc Hmong. Song hien gid, d nhieu nai ddng bao da chdi bd vdi
ly do cung rat dan gian : thd dng ba to tien da bao ddi rdi nhung den gid ngheo
kho van Cli ngheo kho. Do vay, hg den vdi mot tam linh mdi vdi hy vgng tim cho
minh loi thoat.
Tac dong tieu cue ciia dao Tin lanh ddi vdi van boa truyen thdng cua ddng
bao Hmong, thuc six la van de can quan tam giai quyet, bdi vi : "Van boa cdn,
dan tgc cdn. Diit doan van hoa, viit bd van hoa, dan tgc cd the cdn nhung la mot
dan tgc khac la; mot dan tgc bi ddng hoa, mat siic sdng va khong binh
thudng."[74.16]
Hang bao ddi nay, ngudi H'mong sinh sdng va cu trii theo ddng hg buyet

thdng. Mot khi da la ngudi cua ddng hg thi phai biet yeu thuang, diim bgc iSn
nhau, cho dii cd sdng d dau thi luat tuc ddng hg cung chi phdi tdi dd. Ngudi
CAi hocauoc G;^. HA NOI )
17
TRliNGT^MTHQNGTiNT.iJVlE^I


H'mong thudng ndi :"tdi la ngudi H'mong, chiing ta la ngudi H'mong, chiing ta
ciing mot gdc ngudi, cung mot hat lanh gieo xudng dat" [58.2 ]. Y thiic cong
ddng, doan ke't da trd thanh mot trong nhiing net dac trixng ve mat van boa ciia
ddng bao, vay ma gid day nd cung dang cd nguy ca bi pha va. Trong gia dinh
ngudi H'mdng bi mat di six binh yen, hanh phiic, mau thuSn giiia cac thanh vien
trong gia dinh cd khi gay gat. Tinh trang chia re anh em hg hang, giiia nhiing
ngudi khong theo dao va nhiing ngudi theo dao Tin lanh dien ra phiic tap. Trong
lang ban xay ra tinh trang mat doan ke't, nghi ky lan nhau tao ra bau khong khi te
nhat ma trudc day chua bao gid cd. Cac mau thuSn ay dSn tdi he qua ddi tach xa,
tach ban, tach ho, gay tranh chap dat dai... O tinh San La, den thai diem nay cd 3
xa ddi tach, 2 xa trong 2 huyen cd mau thuSn trong noi bg dang ve ddng hg, 9 xa
trong 5 huyen cd tranh cha'p dat dai. Mot dieu dang luu y la cac six viec tren deu
nam trong viing cd dao. [32.72 ]
- Six phat trien ciia dao Tin lanh lam cho ddi sdng kinh te' ciia ddng bao da
khd khan cang khd khan ban
Tir nam 1987 trd lai day, hien tugng ciing ddn vua Vang Chii trong ddng bao
dan tgc H'mong d mot sd tinh lien tuc diln ra da gay nen six ton kem tien ciia,
cong siic, thdi gian ciia ddng bao. De ciing ddn Vang Chii ngudi dan phai nop
tien, phai ban tbdc liia, trau, ngixa, Ign ga, bac trang. Khi theo dao ba con cung
phai nop "le phi theo dao", "tien tii thien" ... Sd tien dd cd the la 10 000 ddng mot
hd, 20 000 ddng boac cd the la 50 000 ddng mot hg tuy theo timg dia
phuang[15]. Chi tinh rieng d huyen Bac Ha tinh Lao Cai, tinh den nam 1999,
nhan dan da ban di 86 con trau, ngixa, 800 ddng bac trang va nop hang chuc trieu

ddng cho luc lugng truyen dao. 6 Son La nam 1996, ddng bao da phai nop "qui
dao" la 20 000 ddng mdi bg de lam le nhiing nude; nam 1997 tai xa Chieng
An(Mudng La), ba con phai nop 10 000 ddng de lam le Noen ...
Nguy hiem ban, viec theo dao Tin lanh lam mat rat nhieu thdi gian de san
xuat va sinh hoat cua ddng bao. Ca tin theo nhiing Idi le hoang dudng ciia nhirng
18


ten truyen dao rang "theo chua Gie su thi cd cugc sdng sung sudng, khong lam
cung cd an", "Theo Vang Chii thi lam cai gi cung cd", "ca nha se dugc bay len
trdi khong phai lam nuang "[58.35 ]. Tir dd mot sd ngudi bd ca san xuat, md trau,
bd, Ign, ga va ngdi dgi six ciiu giiip ciia chiia. Thdi gian lang phi vao viec cau
nguyen, nghe dai Manila, d nha ngay thii nam va chu nhat de dgc kinh thanh ...
Six xam nhap va phat trien cua dao Tin lanh cung la nguyen nhan ciia hien
tugng di dan tu do cua ddng bao H'mong, bgn xau tuyen truyen :"Mudn cd vua
H'mong, cd to qudc rieng, thi ba con ta phai di vi phia Tay nai mat trdi lan"
1 [58.27 ]. Ldi keu ggi dd danh triing vao tam ly ciia ngudi H'mong, gay nen tinh
trang di dich cu bet siic phiic tap, tii dd gay nen nhiing xao trgn trong ddi sdng
ddng bao, tao ra khd khan cho viec quan ly xa hoi ciia cac cap chinh quyen, gay
nen nan pha rimg buy hoai moi trudng sinh thai mot each tram trgng, cac te nan
xa hoi cd xu hudng gia tang. Cd the ndi rang ddng bao theo dao Tin lanh chang
nhixng khong cai thien dugc ddi sdng kinh te, ma trai lai cang ngheo kho ban.
- Mot khia canh quan trgng khac la su phat trien ciia dao Tin lanh da gay nen
tinh trang ma't on dinh ve an ninh chinh tri va trat tu an toan xa hoi, tac dong tieu
cue de'n niem tin ciia ddng bao ddi vdi six lanh dao ciia Dang, nha nude. Nd da
gdp phan lam suy yeu he thdng chinh tri ciia ta d ca sd. Mot sd can bg, dang
vien ghi ten theo dao, boac bi ldi keo vao hoat dong ciia nhiing ngudi truyen dao.
Nhixng can bg khong theo dao thi bi sd da theo dao cd lap, phan biet ddi xu, bang
each "viet dan td cao, vu khong len tinh, trung uang" [11.5 ]. Cac to chiic chinh
tri, doan the ciia ta boat dong khd khan. Tir dd tao ra tinh trang mat on dinh trong

thon ban, ngudi dan khong di hoi hgp, khong di nghia vu, khong di hgc, xa lanh
can bg dang va nha nude, lam dan keo de'n chinh quyen cac cap ddi dugc theo
dao ...
Bang nhixng thii doan tuyen truyen rang theo Dang, theo each mang van
ngheo, theo chiia mdi thoat khdi ngheo khd va gan nhiing dieu tdt dep vdi chiia,
viec dao Tin lanh phat trien nhanh chdng da lam giam siit niem tin cua nhan dan
ddi vdi Dang va chinh quyen nha nude. Tir chd tin tudng rang Dang da mang lai
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cugc sdng dgc lap, tu do cho hg, thi nay ngudi H'mong tin rang chi cd Vang Chii,
Gie su mdi ciiu giiip dugc minh thoat canh ddi ngheo. Hien tugng nay khong chi
xay ra ddi vdi nhirng ngudi dan lao dong ma ca can bg nhu chu tich xa, giao vien,
dang vien... cung tin vao chiia. Tir dd lam cho dudng ldi, chinh sach ciia Dang
khd di vao cugc sdng ddng bao. Chiing tuyen truyen kich dong : "Van ddng cii
van dong, tuyen truyen cii tuyen truyen, theo dao cii theo dao". [11.5 ]
Tuy nhien,ben canh nhixng anh hudng tieu cue thi dao Tin lanh cung cd vai
trd nhat dinh trong ddi sdng ddng bao. Trudc het, nd lam thay doi nep sdng ciia
ddng bao theo dao; dap ling nhu cau tam linh ciia bg udc ma tdi mot cugc sdng
day du ban. Nhiing dieu ran day ma dao Tin lanh neu ra phii hgp vdi nhu cau ve
tam ly cua ddng bao; giiip hoan thien dao diic ca nhan, giiip ddng bao giam bdt
ganh nang vi nhiing phong tuc tap quan lac hau trong to chiic ma chay, cudi xin,
chiia benh, gdp phan ban che' nhiing tieu cue trong xa hoi ddng bao nhu trgm cap,
ngoai tinh, ngugc dai trong quan he vg chdng , udng rugu, cd bac. Thong qua cac
nhdm sinh boat ton giao, ngudi H'mdng giiip do nhau trong lao dong san xuat,
khac phuc nhixng khd khan thudng nhat.
Han niia, d mot sd dia phuang nhiing ngudi theo dao rat chii trgng va khuyen
khich con em minh di hgc chii, dii rang chii ye'u la hgc tieng H'mdng La tinh vdi
muc dich de dgc dugc kinh thanh .
Thuc te' cho tha'y, six phat trien ciia dao Tin lanh da cd tac dong tich cue nha't

dinh de'n ddi sdng tinh than, van boa, dao diic, tham chi la kinh te cua ddng bao
H'mdng. Lien quan tdi van de nay. Dang ta neu rd : Tin ngudng ton giao la nhu
cau tinh than cua mot bg phan nhan dan. Dao dure ton giao cd nhieu dieu phii hop
vdi cong cugc xay dung xa hoi mdi (Nghi quyet 24 ciia Bg Chinh tri).
Tdm lai, chi trong khoang thdi gian tir nam 1986 den nay, dao Tin lanh da
phat trien nhanh chdng d bau he't cac tinh mien niii phia Bac nude ta. Six phat
trien ciia nd da gay ra nhixng hau qua tieu cue ve kinh te', chinh tri, van boa - xa
hoi trong ddi sdng ddng bao H'mdng d khu vuc nay. Tuy nhien, dao Tin lanh
cung cd nhiing anh hudng tich cue de'n ddi sdng dong bao, dd la six dap ling nhu
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c^u tam linh ciia bg, udc ma tdi mot cugc sdng day du ban, lam giam bdt nhung
giang bugc, phiic tap cua cac phong tuc tap quan lac bau de nang len ddng bao
vdn da khd khan.

1.2. NGUYEN NHAN
1.2.1. Doi sdng kinh te - xa hoi kho khan
Chu nghia Mac- Lenin khang dinh rang ton giao bao gid cung ra ddi tren ca
sd ton tai xa bdi nhat dinh. Trong tac pham cua minh, C Mac cho rang : ton giao
" phan anh sir ngheo nan ciia hien thuc", "nha nude ay, xa hoi ay da san sinh ra
ton giao" [47.569 ]. Ph.Ang ghen cung neu rd : "Nhung tat ca mgi ton giao chang
qua chi la six phan anh hu ao - vao dau dc cua con ngudi - ciia nhiing luc lugng d
ben ngoai chi phdi cugc sdng hang ngay cua hg; chi la six phan anh trong dd
nhixng luc lugng d tran the' da mang hinh thiic nhiing luc lugng sieu tran the'"
[50.437]
Ve mat kinh te', dan tgc H'mdng thudng cu trii d nhiing viing niii cao, nen
kinh te chu ye'u vSn mang tinh cha't tu cung, tu cap, phuang thixc canh tac chinh la
ddt rirng lam nuang rSy, khai pha rugng bac thang. Nhung gan day rimg ngay
mot thu hep, lam san it di, ddng vat hoang da ngay cang khan hiem, cay thudc

phien vdn la ngudn sdng chinh cua ngudi H'mdng thi bi xoa bd trong khi chua
tim dugc cay thay the' de dem lai hieu qua kinh te tuang ling. Viec xoa cay thudc
phien dugc vi nhu la mot "cii xdc" ve kinh te ddi vdi ddng bao H'mdng.
Viec chuyen doi sang nen kinh te' thi trudng da giiip chiing ta thoat khdi
khung hoang kinh te', on dinh va tang trudng kinh te'. Nhimg ciing chinh nen kinh
te' thi trudng da lam cho six phan hoa giau ngheo ngay cang sau sac, giiia mien
niii vdi ddng bang; giixa viing sau, viing xa vdi thanh phd, thi xa; giiia ngudi
H'mdng vdi ngudi Tay, ngudi Kinh ...
Trong thdi gian qua Dang va nha nude da rat quan tam den ddi sdng kinh texa hoi ciia ddng bao H'mdng bang nhiing khoan trg cap thudng xuyen den timg
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