NHÂN TỐ TÔN GIÁO TRONG LỊCH SỬ NƯỚC MỸ VÀ TRONG QUAN HỆ MỸ VỆT

NHAN TO TON GIAO TRGNG LICH sur NITDTC M Y VA
TRONG QUAN H | MY - Vl|T NAM NHONG N A M 2003-2006
TRXN THJ VINH"
DANG DINH Qui"

T

rong cfle nhfln t l chfnh trj, ehfnh
afich vfi ban sfic vfin hda My, tdn
giflo Ifl nhfin t l d^c bi^t quan trpng. Tdn
giflo Ifl chii d l xuyen suot trong Ijch sii
nUde My. Trong ehfnh afich doi ngo^ eua
My, tdn giflo cd anh hfldng ldn din tu duy
cua ngfldi Mjf v l t h l gidi ben ngofli vfl
phfldng efich mfi ngfldi My phan flng vdi eae
SI? ki^n diln ra doi vdi phin edn I ^ ciia t h l
gidi. Tren thi?c te, tdn gifio thi?e si? efi anh
hfldng tdi qufi trinh ho^eh dinh vfl triln
khai chfnh sflch doi ngo^ ciia MjF. Bfii vilt
nfly se t^p trung phfin tfch vai trd eiia nhfin
to tdn giflo trong ljch sii nfldc M;^, trong
chitih afleh dli ngo^i ciia My cung nhfl
nhiing tfie dpng eua nhfin tl" nfiy doi vdi
quan h§ My - Vi^t Nam giai do^n 20032006, khi Mjf dfla Vi^t nam vfio danh afich
"Cfic nfldc ein quan tflm d$c bi|t v l tdn
giflo" (Country of Particular Concern on
Rehgious Freedom- CPC) vfl qufi trinh Vi$t
Nam dfl'u tranh d l budc My dfla Vi§t Nam
ra khdi danh aflch nfly.
1. Ton giflo t r o n g Heh sit nxidc My vfi
chinh sflch doi ngo^i c u a My

1.1. Tdn gido • mdt chu di xuyen sudt
trong lfch sd nudc My
Ljeh sii hinh thflnh nfldc My cho thiy,
nhflng ngfldi djnh cfl d i u tiln trfin d i t My
lfi nhflng tfn d l b) xua duli, bi kit fin, phai
vflpt biln din vflng d i t mdi d l mifu sinh vfi
tim kilm tfl do d l theo duli dfle tin ciia
minh. Nflm 1613, nhiZng ngfldi chfiu Au
diu tiln d$t chfln Ifin nflde My Ifi ngfldi Tfiy
Ban Nha, dfldi si? chi huy ciia Juan Ponce
de Leon, hp da tim dfldng din ban dao r$ng
ldn mfi ngfly nay Ifi Florida. Tfim nfim sau,
cfic mi?c sfl Cd Ddc giflo La Mfi da din dfly
dl truyin gifio cho cfle t h l dfin da do, vfl tfl
nflm 1564. ngfldi Tfiy Ban Nha da thfinh
14P St. Augustine, m | t trong s l nhQng thj
trln c l xfla d Bfle My, n i m d Ddng Bfle
Florida. TrUdc khi t h l ky XVT kit thfle, efic
nhfi truyin giflo t h u ^ ddng thfinh Francis
dfi tdi khu vi?c mfi ngfiy nay Ifl bang New
Mexico.
Vflo t h l ki XVII, ddng ngfldi tfl Anh quic
tim dfldng giai thoflt khdi sfl ngflpc dai tdn
gifio dfl ding thdi d$t n i n mdng cho sfl ra
ddi vfi thinh vfldng ciia nfldc My. Mpt trong

"PGS.TS. Khoa Ljch sfl, Trfldng D^i hpc Sfl pb^m Hfi Ndi
" ThS. Hpc vidn Ngo^i giao

Rhto ttf ton giAo h-ong ljeh siS-...
ao nhflng hp qua ciia cupe cai cflch tdn giflo
d Anh dfldi thdi Vua James I (1603 - 1625)
lfi vipe cac tin do Thanh gifio h\ dfin fip dfl
man, khid'n cho ngfldi Anh rdi bd qud
hUdng di cfl sang Bfic My vdi hy vpng dflpc
tl? do vl tfl tfldng d l thi?e h i | n dflc tin eiia
minh ngfiy mdt ddng. Tfnh din nfim 1752,
ehfnh quyln Anh da thfinh l^p d Bfie My
13 thupc dia vdi dfin s l 1,3 tri|u ngfldi.
Ngay tfl thdi ky thudc dia (1600-1776),
ljch avt nfldc My dflpe dfinh dfl'u bing si? da
d^ng vl tdn giflo do nhflng ngfldi My ban
dja, nhflng nd I | chfiu Phi vfl nhflng ngfldi
di cfl din tfl chau Au. Ho dfl thi?c hi^n
nhflng ll nghi tdn giflo ridng ciia minh
dfldi nhilu hinh thfle khfle nhau. Vdi
khoang 550 cpng dong vfi ngdn ngfl khfle
nhau t ^ nflde My vflo t h l ky XVII, nin
vfln hda ciia ngfldi My ban dia da dflpc ghi
nhfln bdi tinh da d^ng nd'i b$t trong thdi
ky 14P quoc (1).

T h l ki XIX, trfldc nguy cd n$i ehiln.
Ting thing James Buchanan, Ting thong
thfl 15 eiia nfldc My trong nhflng nfim 1857
- 1861, da bilu th; sfl lo ngp d^c bidt cua
minh vl kha nfing cupe n§i ehiln cd thl Iflm
giam sut vai trd eua nflde My dli vdi eac

quyln ti? do edng dfln vfl tdn gifio trdn tofin
t h l gidi. Nhflng nflm sau Ndi ciiiln,
Ulysaea Simpson Grant, Ting thong thfl 18
cua nfldc My trong nhflng nftm 1869-1877,
trflde nhidm vi? khd khfin trong cdng eupc
tfii thilt dfi't nfldc aau tham hpa ehiln
tranh, da dl cao ti? do tdn gifio, bdn eanh
vfl'n d l an ninh tfii san, nhfl mpt nhu eiu
thilt ylu dl dam bao "dilu tdt dpp nhfi't cho
da so cdng chung".

Trong the ki XX vfl nhflng nflm diu t h l
ky XXI, ngfldi dan My tiep tue eoi trpng
quyln ti? do tdn gifio nhfl quyln tfl do phflt
triln kinh tl. Td'ng thong thfl 43 eua nflde
My trong nhflng nfim 2001-2009, George
Sang t h l ki XVIII, ba nfim aau khi vilt W. Bush, da nhfic nhd ngfldi My quan tam
Tuydn ngdn Dpc Ifip My (1776), Thomas den nguon goc aau xa ciia quyln ti? do nfiy
Jefferson da soan thao Dao luflt Virginia ve trong xa hdi My vfi cho rflng, chinh cfle b$c
tfl do tin ngfldng (The Vurginia Act For tiln bdi cua nfldc My trong qufl trinh I4p
Establishing Religious Freedom) vfio nfim quoc da nhfin thiy t i m quan trpng ciia ti?
1779. Dfiy Ifl bd lufit d i u tien nhflm bao vp do tdn gifio dra vdi v i ^ xay di?ng mpt Udn
tl? do tdn giao tai My, dflpc ban hflnh nfim minh on djnh vfi ben vflng. Si? quan tflm
1786, trong dd khiing djnh quyln ti? do tdn ddi vdi cfle gia trj tdn giflo da giflp cho
giflo vfl tl? do tranh lufin dl bao vd quan George W. Bush gianh dflpe si? ung hp eiia
dilm tdn giao ciia ngfldi My. Tdn giflo vfi mpt bp phfin khdng nhd dan chflng My.
quyen tfl do tdn giflo lfi mpt quyln ed ban Theo thong ke, cd tdi 56% nhflng ngfldi
da dflpc ghi nhfin trong Dilu b l sung siia "din nhfl thd ciu nguypn hflng tuIn" da bo
dli thfl n h i t cua Hiin phflp My vfi dfl fin philu cho Bush trong eudc blu cfl Tong
afiu trong lieh stt vfl ban sfic dfin tdc My. thing nfim 2000 vfi ty Ip nfly tflng Ien 63%

Vflo cudi t h l ky XVIII, tfnh da d ^ g tdu trong cu|e blu eii nfim 2004 (2).
giao d My da rfi't noi b^t, vfi dfly lfi mdt d&c
Ngfiy nay, cung nhfl trong lich aii trfldc
tinh khdng the phu nh^n trong bfle tranh dfly, da so ngfldi My dl eao cae tfn ngfldng
xa h$i ngay tfl buoi binh minh cua nflde vfi nghi Ii tdn giao ed ban - mdt n i t d$e thfl
My. Trong the gidi tdn gifio da d^ng vfi trong ddi aong ngfldi dfln. Thfing 6-2008,
phong phu ciia nfldc My thdi ky l^p quoc, Diln dfin Pew ve Tdn giao vfl Ddi song epng
dao Tin Lfinh ehilm vai trd chii d^o.
dong phi Ipi nhufln da cdng bo kit qua m|t


Rghian cflu L{eh aiV. arf 4.2011
cude dilu tra trdn quy md ldn, khao sflt
trdn 35.000 ngUdi, theo dd 92% ngfldi My
cho ring hp tin vfio Chua; 76% cho bilt hp
ciu nguydn ft nhfi't mli tuIn m | t lin,
nhilu ngfldi trong s l hp ciu nguy|n hfing
ngfly. Cfie kit quA dd cflng phfl hpp vdi cfle
eudc dilu tra da cdng b l trflde dfly, theo dd
cfl 10 ngfldi thl c6 trln 7 ngfldi tuyfin b i t d n
giflo ed y nghta "quan trpng" ho|c "hit aflc
quan trpng" trong cudc sing ciia hp. Nilm
tin eho ring tfn ngfldng ban thfin nd cd gifi
tr} to ldn da c6 tfl Iflu trong ljeh at! nflde
My. Td'ng thing George Waahington da
tflng tuyen btf trong diln vfln k i t thuc
nhidm ky ciia dng vflo nflm 1796 rflng,
ngfldi dfln trong mdt chfnh t h l cdng hda cd
t h l se khdng ti? Ifim chu dflpc dfl't nfldc vfl
cfi diy dii quyln ti? do eua hp nlu hp khdng

cd dfle hpih. Waahington eho rfing, "dfle
hanh dd dfla trdn tdn giflo vfl d^o ly" (3).
1.2. Tdn gido trong chinh adch ddt
ngoai ciia My
Vdi quan diem eho rfing tfl do tdn giflo
lfi try cpt trong hd thing hiin phflp cua
nfldc My, tdn gifio cd anh hfldng Idn din tfl
duy cua ngfldi My vdi t h l gidi bin ngofii.
Trln thUc t l , ngUdi My tin r&ng nfldc My
dflpe Chua Ii?a chpn trong afl m^nh ehing
lai mpi t h l Ii?e dfln fip t i n giflo vfi ti? do
trfin tofin t h l gidi, r i n g nfldc My c6 sfl
mdnh cai t^o t h l gidi. Nilm tin nfiy dflpc
xfiy dflng vfl cung c l trong autft chilu dfli
Ijch sii hinh thfinh vfi phflt triln ciia nfldc
My (4). P h i n ldn cfic hpc gia, chfnh trj gia
My diu cho rfing, vi$c pho biln dfin ehii vfi
tl? do t i n gifio trdn t h l gidi lfi m | t trong
nhflng bi§n phflp d l cung ctf an ninh eho
nfldc My (5). Ngfiy nay, nlu din B | Ngo^i
giao My d thii dd Wasahington D.C, ngUdi
ta thiy ngay b i n trdn eing chfnh vfio B |
Ngoai giao lfi m | t bfle tranh t h l hi$n rd
dilu nfly. Bfle tranh noi tilng vd trln

tfldng ciia Kindred MeLeary, hpa si hfing
d i u nflde My, ndi vl cfic quyln ti? do tdn
gifio, tl? do ngdn lu|tn, ti? do hdi hpp vfl tfl
do bfio chf. Bfle tranh dflpc hofin thfinh
nfim 1942, m | t trong nhiing thdi dilm

nhilu thflch thfle nhfl't trong I)ch evt nfldc
My, khi Chiln tranh thigidi thfl hai dang
din r i t g i n nfldc My. Dilu dd cho thiy
m | t thi?c t l Ifi, trong quan dilm cua ngUdi
My, ngay ck d nhflng thdi dilm d i t nflde bf
thfieh thfle vfl de dpa, thl mdt trong nhflng
trpng tfim chfnh sflch dtfi ngoai cua nflde
My v&n Ifi bao v$ vfi thuc dfly cfic quyln ti?
do cd ban, b i t diu b i n g quyln tfl do tdn
giflo.
L}eh sii nflde My cho thfify, b$ thing
chfnh tri My ludn cho phip vfl t^o dilu kidn
cho cfle nhdm lpi fch tdn gifio ho^t d|ng.
Bflng cfic cflch khfle nhau, nhfi't Ifi thdng
qua la philu cua cfle tfn do, cae nhdm lpi
fch tdn giflo tflc dpng vflo chfnh quyln, vflo
Qudc hdi di phfit triln dflc tin vfl md r|ng
anh hfldng tdn gifio ciia minh. Tdn giflo
trfin thi?c t l ludn ludn bj chfnh trj hda vfl
dflpe sii dyng nhfl mdt cdng cy trong ca
nin ehfnh trj ndi b | cung nhfl trong chfnh
sfieh ddi ngogi eua My. Cd t h l thiy, ngay
tfl thdi ky thu|c dja cho din nay, tdn giflo
dflpe afl dyng nhfl m^t cdng cu d l t | p hpp
li?c lupng phyc vy cho cfic myc tidu dli n|i
vfl dli ngo^i. D$c dilm nfiy xuyin suit
trong Ijch svl nude My. Thdng qua tdn
giflo, ngfldi My dflpc giflo dye vfl tuyln
truyin v l afl mdnh md ra m^t thdi d ^ mdi
khdng phai chi cho nfldc My mfi cdn lfi m | t

n i n dfin ehii trdn tofln c i u vfi m^t " t h l gidi
tl? do". Trong tU duy ngudi My, trong "thl
gidi ty do" dd, tfl do tdn gifio Ifl mdt p h i n
khdng t h l thilu vfl ddng vai tro quan
trpng hfing diu.
Nfim 1998, Ting thing My da ky ban
hfinh Dgo Iu4t Ty do Tdn giflo Qudc ttf


Rhto Ki ton gt6o h-ong ljch sit...
(International Rehgious Freedom Act - HR
2431). Dao lu^t nfiy khing djnh flu tiln
quan trpng trong chfnh afich dli ngogi eiia
My vfl quy djnh efie bi^n phflp mdi dl thfle
diy vfl bao vd quyln ti? do tdn gifio. Dgo
luflt eung cho phip thflnh l^p Vfin phdng
Tl? do Tdn giao Qudc t l vfi vj trf Dgi sfl Iflu
dpng phy trflch Quyln ty do tdn giflo qudc
t l tgi Bp Ngogi giao My, c6 nhi|m vy phtfi
hpp cflng nhau d l theo ddi tinh trgng tdn
giao tren tofln t h l gidi, ding thdi xfiy dyng
cfle chfnh sach vfi ehfldng trinh thuc diy
quyln ty do tdn giflo. Myc tidu dd dflpe thye
hidn thdng qua sy phdi hpp vdi cfic dgi sfl
qufln My d efie nflde trdn t h l gidi, cfic quan
ehfle nfldc ngofli, cfle td chflc ton giflo vfl
nhfin quyln.
Mpt bidn phflp quan trpng mfl Bp ngogi
giao My tiln hfinh hfing nfim lfi Bflo d o
thfldng nien ve quyln ti? do tdn giflo qu6c te

do qudc hdi uy quyln thi?c hi$n. Bflo efio
nfly tdm Iflpc thyc trgng quyln ti? do tdn
giao d 197 qudc gia txdn t h l gidi hfing nflm
vfl dflpc cdi^ bo bfing tieng dja phfldng tren
nhieu trang web eiia cfle dgi sfl qufln My d
nflde ngofli. Vdi cac nfldc mfl My cho Ifl cfi vi
phgm nghiem trpng quyln ty do tdn giflo
theo tidu ehl ciia My, Bd Ngogi giao My sd
dfla vfio danh sach CPC. Trong dilu 405,
khoan A ciia Dgo lu^t Ty do Tdn giao Qudc
t l quy djnh, Tong thong My c6 quyln thyc
hidn cae bidn phflp tfl thip din cao ddi vdi
cac nfldc ed trong danh sfieh CPC:
1. Ydu ciu giai thfch (vdi chfnh quyln
My),
2. Yeu eiu giai thich cdng khai trdn
cfie phfldng ti^n thdng tin dgi ehung,
3.

Phan ddi b ^ g kenh ngogi giao,

4.

Len an tgi cac diln dfln quoc tl,

5.

Hofin hoflc huy bd giao Iflu vfin hda

6.

Hoan ho^c htiy bd trao ddi khoa hpc.

61

7. Tfl chdi tilp cac dofln thfim lfim
vide, thflm chfnh thfle, thflm cfl'p eao ciia
Chfnh phli,
8. Hoan ho$e huy bo eflc dofin thfim
lfim vide, thflm chinh thfle, thfim cfi'p cao
ciia Chinh phu,
9.

Cfit giam ho$c ehlm dflt h i trp phflt

triln,
10. NgiKng cfle hogt ddng bao hilm diu
tu cua EXIM Bank, OPIC, TDA
11 Thu hdi, hgn c h i hofic ngflng cfle
vi|n trp an ninh quic phdng,
12. Bd philu chtfng tgi cfic to chflc tfli
chinh qudc tl,
13. Ap dyng cfl'm vfin dtfi vdi mdt phin
hay tdng the doi vdi mpt stf mfit hfing,
14. Cfl'm cfle t l ehfle tfii chinh My cho
vay tren mflc 10 tri^u USD,
15. Cfl'm Chfnh phii My ed hpp dong
mua hfing hay djeh vu (6).
Nhflng npi dung cua Dgo lu^t Ty do Tdn
giao ed hai diem dang Iflu y. Mdt Ifi, trong

dgo luflt nfiy khdng cd hinh thfle tri^u bdi
dgi di^n ngogi giao trong phfin tham
quyln ciia Tong thtfng My nhflng Igi quy
djnh vipe iiy ban Tfl do Tdn giflo qudc t l
My (mpt t l chflc tfl vin cho qudc hdi dflpc
thfinh Ifip theo Dgo Iu$t Tfl do Tdn giflo
Qutfc te) c6 quyln Iden nghj vipe tri^u hoi
dgi didn ngogi giao. Thfl hai, lufit nfiy eho
phdp td'ng thtfng My dupe hoan tfl 90 din
180 ngfiy de tham khao vdi ehinh phii eae
nflde bj xd'p vflo danh aflch CPC, cac to
chflc nhfln quyln phi chfnh phii vfl eae ben
lidn quan My trflde khi quylt djnh lya
chpn vi§e fip dyng hinh phgt nflo trong 15
mflc ndu tren.
Luflt Tfl do Tdn giflo Quoc t l eung quy
djnh, vi$e xip efie nfldc vflo danh aaeh CPC
se ty dpng het hidu lyc sau hai nflm, trfl


Rghian cflu Lieh ai5r. arf 4.8011
khi Chfnh quyln My tilp tye dfla nfldc dd
vfio danh sfieh CPC; ding thdi My ed t h l
dfla nfldc dd ra khdi danh afich CPC nlu
nude dd dfi ehfi'm dflt ho$e dfi tiln hflnh
nhflng bi|n phfip cd t h l kilm chflng dflpc
trong vide ehfi'm dflt nhflng vi phgm vl ti?
do tdn giflo theo quan ni^m eiia My. Thyc
t l cho thfl'y, ehfnh quyln My fip dyng l u | t
nfiy vdi nhflng Hnh hogt nhfi't djnh. Hai

nfim aau khi lufit nfiy cd hi|u lyc, thflng 92000, Iln diu tiln Bd Ngogi giao My cdng
btf danh afleh CPC gim nfim nflde:
Myanmar, Trung Qutfc, Iran, Iraq vfi
Sudan. Hai nfldc khfic lfi Serbia vfi
Afghaniatan cung bj xem lfi vi phgm d{Le
bipt nghidm trpng vl ty do t i n giflo,
nhflng do My khdng cdng nh^n Chfnh phii
Serbia vfi Afghanistan ndn khdng xip hai
nfldc nfiy vflo danh aflch CPC (7). Chfnh
quyln My cung khdng ap dyng cfle bi|n
phflp trflng phgt n$ng hdn nhflng gl da fip
dung vdi Myanmar, do nfldc nfly dfl bj hgn
e h l xufi't k h i u vfl trung chuyin cfie thilt
bi hflng hda qufin si? tfl trflde dd (8). Dtfi
vdi Trung Qu6c, My cung khdng fip dyng
bi$n phap trflng phat nfio n$ng hdn vide
hgn e h l xufl't k h i u cfie thilt bj phdng
chtfng tpi phgm dfl ap dyng tfl d i u nhflng
nflm 90 t h l ky XX theo Lu^t chuin ehi
Ngfin sfieh dtfi ngogi (9). Cung nhfl v|y,
khi Cpng hda Dfin ehu Nhfin dfin Trilu
Tidn bj dUa vfio danh sflch CPC nflm 2001,
Chfnh phu My cung khdng flp dyng thim
bidn phflp nflo vi nfldc nfiy dang bj My efi'm
vfln.
Khi Ting thtfng Buah vfio Nhfl TrIng, ty
do tdn giao dflpc eoi trpng hdn cfle chfnh
quyln trfldc d6, dong thdi nhflng mH quan
tam ciia Chfnh phii vl ty do tdn gifio d
nhi^m ky thfl hai (2004 - 2008) cao hdn

nhi^m ky diu (2000 - 2004). Cd ba nguyin

nhfln ly giai thi?e trgng nfly. Mdt Id, ban
thfln Ting thing Bush Ifl ngfldi theo dgo
Tin Lfinh, ddng Methodish. Mdt stf nhfi
nghiSn cflu cho ring, Bush thfle sy tin
Chua vfi lfi mdt con chidn r i t ngoan dgo.
M$c dfl ed mdt thyc ttf lfi, trong hflnh vi cua
cfic chfnh trj gia, khd c6 t h l phfin bidt dflpe
gifla dfle tin eiia hp vdi d|ng cd ehfnh trj,
tuy nhiln, khfle vdi eflc Tong thtfng khfle,
trong efic phfit bilu edng khai ciia Bush,
tdn giflo vfl ty do tdn gifio thfldng xuyen
dflpe d l C4P din (10). Hai Id, vl tfl tfldng.
Ting thtfng Bush chju anh hfldng ldn tfl
trfldng phai Bao thii mdi. Ding thdi, nhflng
phy tfl thfln cfln cua Ting thtfng Bush cung
theo trfldng phfii nfiy, diln hinh lfi Phd
Tong thtfng Dick Cheney. NhOng ngfldi bao
thii mdi coi nfldc My Ifl sidu dflng, cfle gifi
trj My bao gdm ca quan diem vl tfl do tdn
gifio mang gia trj p h i qufit vfi ngfldi My cd
sfl m^nh bao v$ vfi pho biln cfic gifi trj nfiy
trln binh di^n tofln ciu (11). Ba Id, trong
chiln Iflpc ciia chfnh quyln Bush, ben cgnh
cupe chiln chtfng khiing btf, v i ^ pho biln
dfin chii vfl ty do tdn giflo tren t h l gidi Ifl
mdt try c|t quan trpng (12).
Trong nhidm ky diu, Tong thtfng Bush
tuydn btf "ty do, dfin ehu vfl ty do kinh

doanh" Ifl "md hinh bin vflng duy n h i t eho
thfinh cdng ciia quSc gia" vfi gfln thfldng
mgi, vidn trp My vdi cfle dilu ki^n v l dfln
chii, nhfin quyln vfl ty do tdn giflo (13).
Trong diln vfin nh$m chflc nhi^m ky thfl
hai vfio thfing 1-2005, Ting thtfng Buah dS
nhilu Iln nhfic tdi thu^t ngfl "ty do khoi sy
ap d$t" hay "ty do hfinh dpng" vfl khing
djnh, nfldc My sd hS trp cho nhflng ngfldi
chiln dfl'u cho "ty do" trdn tofln t h l gidi.
Td'ng thtfng Bush dong thdi cung nhfiii
mgnh ring, lpi fch atfng cdn ciia nfldc My
hpp nhfi't vdi dflc tin sflu sflc cua ngudi My
(14).


Rhfln trf Mn gl6o h-ong ljeh si^...
Trong qua trinh triln khai ehfnh sfieh
dtfi ngogi, eflc cd quan cua chfnh quyln
Bush the hidn ro tfl tfldng vfi sy coi trpng
v&n. dl ty do tdn giflo trong chfnh sfieh dfii
ngogi. So vdi chfnh quyln Chnton, ehfnh
quyln Bush rflo riit hdn trong vide thyc
hidn Lu4t v l Ty do Tdn gifio Qudc t l 1998,
t$p trung nhieu hdn vfio tinh hinh ti? do
tdn giao tren t h l gidi vfl coi ty do tdn giflo
nhfl mdt edng cy ciia ehfnh sfleh dli ngogi.
Trong each nhin ciia chfnh gidi My vl ty do
tdn gifio, t h l gidi dflpc chia thfinh ba nhdm
qudc gia: (i) cfle qudc gia c6 ty do tdn giflo,

(ii) eflc quic gia khilm khuylt vl ty do tdn
gifio, vfl (iii) cfle quic gia khdng ed ty do tdn
gifio ein d$c bidt quan tfim. Quan nidm nfiy
ciia chfnh quyln Bush dfl biln mdt vfl'n d l
tdn giao thuin tuy thfinh vin d l quan hd
qudc tl, gfiy bfi't Ipi cho khdng ft qudc gia
trdn thd' gidi, mfi Vidt Nam lfi mpt trong stf
dd.
2. Nhan to ton gifio t r o n g q u a n h$
My - Vi^t Nam glal dogn 2003-2006
2.1. Qud trinh My dua Viet Nam vdo
danh sach "Cdc nUdc cdn quan tam
die biit vi tdn giao" (2003-2004)
Theo Luflt Ty do Tdn giflo Qudc t l My
1998, Bp Ngogi giao My chju trach nhi^m
chinh trong vi^c theo doi tinh hinh ty tdn
giao tofin ciu, ra bflo eflo hfing nfim vfl
quylt djnh danh sfleh CPC. Dtfi vdi Vidt
Nam, tfl sau sfl ki^n xay ra d Tfiy Nguydn
nim 2001, cac bao cao hfing nfim ciia Bp
Ngogi giao My vl tinh hinh ty do tdn giflo d
Vi$t Nam dflpc nhin nh^in theo cac tidu chf
ciia My vfl t h l hidn tfnh tidu eye ngfiy efing
tfing. Cfie bao cao tfl nflm 2002 den 2004
t^p trung vfio nhflng khfa egnh mfi My eho
lfi tinh hinh ty do tdn giao d Vidt Nam "xiu
di" ao vdi trflde, trong d6 t^p trung vao ba
chii de vl: vfin de Tin Lfinh d Tfiy Nguyen
vfi Tfiy Bfie, "Giflo hpi Ph^t gifio Vi^t Nam

Thtfng nhfi't" (UBCV) vfi vy Linh mue
Nguyin Vfin Ly.
Trong nin chfnh trj n$i b | My, truyin
bfl ty do tdn giflo cung nhfl dfln chu, nhan
quyln theo kilu My lfi quan dilm thtfng
nhfi't gifla eflc dang phfii. Tuy nhidn, tren
thye tl, ludn t i n tai sy khfle bi$t vl phfldng
cfich thyc hi|n gifla cfie dang vfi cfie chfnh
trj gia (16). Tgi Quoc hpi My, vl cd ban, hai
dang Dfin ehii vfl Cdng hda thtfng nhfi't vl
dfldng Itfi dtfi vdi Vidt Nam trong cae vfiii di
dfln chii, nhan quyln vfl ty do tdn giao
nhflng trdn thfle tl, ludn ton tgi hai trfldng
phfli vl phfldng cflch giai quylt trong linh
vye nfiy. Mdt phai chu trfldng duy trt vfi
thiic diy hpp tflc vdi Vidt Nam de din din
giai quylt vfl'n de ty do tdn giflo theo hfldng
My mong mutfn, dflng diu Ifl hai Thfldng
nghj si John McCain vfi John Kerry eflng
hai Hg nghj si, Dong ehu tjch Nhdm nghj ai
vi quan hd My - Vi^t Ifl Lane Evan vfi
Robert Simmon. Phai thfl hai ehu trfldng
dflng eflc bipn phap cflng rfin, trflng phgt
de Ip Vi^t Nam thay dd'i, dflng diu Ifl
Thupng nghj si Brown Back vfi cac Ha nghj
sT Loretta Sanchez, Chris Smith, Tom
David... Cac nghj s^ My bfiy td quan diem
vfi gfly sflc Ip vdi ehfnh phii trong eac vfin
di dli ngoai b ^ g cfle hinh thfle nhfl: ra
tuydn btf ridng, vilt thfl eho Ngogi trfldng,

yeu eiu dilu trln, dfla dy thao nghj quyet,
dy thao lufit... Cac hinh thfle tfic dpng nfiy
diu cd anh hfldng tdi qufl trinh hogeh djnh
ehfnh each dfii ngogi. Tuy nhidn, chi khi
nflo cfic dy thao lu^t dflpe qudc hdi thdng
qua vfi ting thtfng ky thfinh l u | t thi mdi cd
gifl trj rfing bupc.
Tfl diu nfim 2000, d§e bi^t lfi sau ay
ki^n xay ra d Tay Nguyen nfim 2001, moi
nfim cd hfing trflm bfii phat bilu, thdng eao
bao chf, thfl ciia ea nhfin vfl eiia nhdm eflc
nghj Sl giii tdi Tong thtfng vfl Ngogi trfldng


Rghian eiJru L|eh ai^. arf 4.2011
USCIRF cd anh hfldng ldn tdi chfnh sflch
tdn gifio cua ehfnh quyln My. Trln thi?c ttf,
USCIRF dfi cd cfic bfio cflo dflnh gifi tidu
eye tinh hinh tAn giflo d Vi|t Nam trong cfic
nfim 2001-2002 vfi khuyin nghj Chfnh phii
My dfla Vidt Nam vflo danh afich CPC tfl
nfim 2003.
Trong btfi canh dd, tfl cutfi nflm 2003,
Chfnh phu Vi|t Nam dfi n l lyc dtfu tranh
chtfng vi|c My dfla Vi|t Nam vfio danh sflch
CPC. Cflng vdi nhflng dli mdi trong chinh
sfleh ttfn gifio k l tfl d i u th$p niln 1990,
Nghj quylt TW 7 (Nghj quylt 25) nflm
2003 vl Tdn giflo da tgo ra nhiJng thay dli
quan trpng v l nh^n thfle vfl quy djnh dtfi

vdi tdn giflo. Thflng 6-2004, Oy ban
Thfldng vy Qutfc bdi da thdng qua Phfip
l|nh Tfn ngfldng Tdn gifio vdi nhflng dilm
mdi trong cfic quy djnh v l quan ly Nhfi
nflde dtfi vdi linh vyc ttfn gifio. Trong Phfip
Idnh cd ba dilm mfi phfa My quan tflm: (i)
quy djnh rd quy trinh dflng ky cfle t l chflc
tdn giflo; (li) quy djnh rd hdn v l vi|c phong
ehfle, phong phim, bo nhi$m, b l u cti, suy
Bdn egnh dd, hogt dpng ciia cfle t l chflc
cii trong cfic t l chflc tdn giflo; (iii) quy djnh
nhfln quyln nhfl An xfi Qudc t l (Amneaty
v l hogt d | n g xa hpi, tfl thidn nhan dgo cua
International - AI)i Theo doi Nhfin quyln
cfle chflc sfle, nhfl tu hflnh vfl to ehfle tdn
(Human Right Watch - HRW), Ngdi nhfi Ty
gifio. Dong thdi, Vidt Nam cung tflng
do (Freedom House - HS), Oy ban Ty do
efldng cfic bi$n phflp t r l n cfle kenh ngogi
Tdn giflo Qudc ttf My (United Statea
giao cung nhfl cfle hogt ddng xa hpi khfie
Commission on International Religious
nhfl tflng efldng stf lflFreedom
USCIRF)... cung c6 tfic d^ng
cfle dofin sang My, vdi thdng di^p lfim rd
n h i t djnh din q u i trtnh hogch djnh vfi
chfnh sflch eua Dang, Nhfi nfldc ta vl tdn
triln khai chfnh sfieh ciia chfnh quyln My,
giflo, v | n ddng Qudc hpi, chfnh quyln vfi

trong d6 USCIRF cd anh hfldng ldn nhfi't.
cfic t l ehfle tdn giflo My hiiu diing vl tInh
To chflc nfiy dflpe thflnh I|p theo Lu$t Ty
Mnh ty do tdn giflo d Vi^t Nam. Dong thdi,
do Tdn giao Quic t l 1998, c6 chflc nfing
efic bidn phfip v§n dpng n^i b | My thdng
theo ddi tinh hlnh ty do tdn giflo tren t h l
qua chfnh i^fldi My do Dgi sfl qufin Vi§t
gidi, bflo cflo vfi ddc l$p dfla ra cfic khuyin
Nam tgi My titfn hfinh dflpc diy mgnh,
nghj chfnh sflch cho Tong thtfng, Ngogi
trong d6 phai k l d i n vi§c thfinh I|.p Nhim
trfldng vfi Quic h | i My. Lfi t l chflc do quic
nghj SI vi Quan h§ My- Vi^t tgi Hg vi§n My
h$i I$.p ra, hogt d^ng biing ngfln sflch nhfi
ngfly 2-4-2004 vfl cfle hogt ddng cua nhdm
nfldc vdi 9 iiy vifin hpi ding do Nhfi TrIng
nfiy tgi Hg vi§n My.
vfi ngfldi dflng diu htd dang ehi djnh,

My bfiy td thfii d | v l tinh hinh ty do tdn
gifio d Vidt Nam, d|c bidt Ifl trfldng hpp
Linh mye Nguyin Vfin Ly vfi cfle vin d l
lidn quan din Tin Lfinh d Tfly Nguyin.
Hinh thfle td thfii dd mgnh hdn lfi ra nghj
quylt vfi gidi thi|u dy l u | t ra Quic h|i.
Tfnh rilng trong hai nfim 2003 - 2004, theo
thtfng kd ehfla diy du, ed 45 dy lu^t, dy
thao nghj quylt chtfng Vi|t Nam, trong dd
vfin ban c6 tfic ddng ldn n h i t din ehfnh

quyln My lfi Dy lu^t nhfin quyln Vidt Nam
2004, dflpe Hg vi^n My thdng qua ngfly 147-2004 vdi 325 philu thu^n, 45 philu
chtfng vfl 65 ngfldi khdng bd phitfu (16). C6
t h l thfi'y, nhflng nh^n djnh vl tinh hinh ty
do tdn giflo d Vidt Nam vfi cfle bidn phflp
trflng phgt neu ra trong dy lu|it nfiy m | t
m$t lfi sy cy t h l hda L u | t ty do tdn gifio
qudc ttf My 1998, m$t khfic t h l hi§n ay fip
d$t dtfi vdi Chfnh phii My. Sau dd, cac tfic
gia eiia dy lufit nfiy tim mpi cfich di dy lu^t
dupc thdng qua d Tbflpng vi^n nhflng
khdng thflnh edng.


Rhfin trf trfn g i t o h^)ng ljeh siJ'...

Bfi't chip nhflng etf ging tfl phfa Vi^t
Nam, tfl eutfi nflm 2003 den khi vy bgo logn
xay ra d Tay Nguydn trong djp ll Phye ainh
thfing 4-2004, Chfnh phu My tilp tye bfiy
to quan dilm ngfly cfing mgnh hdn trong
vfiii dl ty do tdn giflo vdi Vi§t Nam, ding
thdi tuyen btf hiiy bd efie cudc d^ thogi vl
nhfin quyln vdi Vidt Nam trong nfim 2003
vfi 2004 vdi ly do khdng ed "tiln triln diy
dli" trong nhflng "vfiii dl chii chtft vl nhfin
quyln" (17). Sy khfle bidt trong efie quan
dilm vl nhfin quyln, vl ty do tdn giflo da
khiln cho hai bdn khdng tim dflpc tilng ndi
chung. Ngfiy 15-9-2004, Bd ngogi giao My

cdng btf Bflo cflo Ty do Tdn giflo Qudc t l
nfim 2004, dfla Vi$t Nam vflo danh sach
CPC cflng vdi mdt stf nfldc tren t h l gidi
trong dd ed Trung Qudc vfl Myanmar.
2.2. Qud trinh gidi quyit vd'n di CPC
trong quan he My - Viet Nam (2004 2006)
Ngay aau khi My dfla Vipt Nam vfio
danh sflch CPC, Vipt Nam da no lyc dfi'u
tranh de dgt dflpc thda thufin vl vipe giai
quyet vfi'n de CPC trong quan hd vdi My.
Bp Ngogi giao, Uy ban Trung fldng Mfit
trfin T l quoc Vipt Nam, Ban Tdn giflo
Chfnh phii, dai bieu cac ehfle sfic tdn giao
vfi cac to chflc hen quan da Ien tieng phan
dtfi quylt djnh eua My (18). Ngfiy 16-92004, Ngydi phat ngdn Bp Ngogi giao Vipt
Nam ra tuyen btf phan dli Bflo cflo vl Ty do
Tdn giao ciia Bd Ngogi giao My vfi khfing
dinh chfnh aflch n h i t quan ciia Nhfi nflde
Viet Nam lfi tdn trpng vfi bao vp quyln ty
do tfn ngydi^, tdn giao vfl ty do khdng tfn
ngfldng, tdn giao ciia moi cdng dfin. Dong
thdi, cae hogt' dpng tuyen truyin vl tinh
hinh tdn giao trong nfldc cung nhfl cdng tfle
v ^ ddng eflc nhdm xa h^i d My dflpc tfing

Vi$c thyc thi Phflp l^nh Tfn ngfldng Tdn
giflo dflpc diy manh k l tfl khi Phap l^nh cd
hidu lyc thang 11-2004. Thang 3-2005,
Nghj djnh hfldng d&n thi hflnh Phflp l§nh
Tfn ngfldng Tdn gifio dflpe ban hfinh, trong

dd kh^ng djnh, "nghidm cfl'm vi^c dp bude
edng dan theo dgo, bd dgo ho$c Ipi dyng
quyln tfl do tfn ngfldng, tdn giao dl pha
hogi hda binh, dpc l^p, thtfng nhit dfi't
nflde" (19). Nghj djnh eung hfldng din cy
thl quy trtnh dflng ky eflc t l ehfle tdn giao,
thii tyc xay dflng vfi cai tao ed sd thd ty
cung nhfl cfle npi dung lidn quan trye tilp
din nhflng vfiii de phia My quan tfim.
Sau nhilu vdng lfim vigc vdi n5 Ifle vfi sfl
kidn tri cua Vipt Nam, ngfly 5-5-2005, hai
bdn ehinh thfle dat dflpc thda thufin vl vide
se khdng cd triftig phat kinh t l dtfi vdi Vi^t
Nam va tiln hfinh eac bflde tilp theo de
dfla Vi^t Nam ra khdi danh sach CPC. Tuy
nhidn, ehinh quyln My vin tilp tue chiu
sfle Ip tfl mpt atf nhom nghi si vfi cac td
ehfle nhan quyen, tdn giao cd chu trfldng
trflng phgt Vipt Nam. Tgi Thflpng vipn,
cfle Thflpng nghi ai ehii trfldng trflng phgt
Vipt Nam dflng diu Ifi Thflpng nghi si
Brown Back khdng tfl bd y dinh dfla Dfl
lu^t Nhfin Quyln Vi^t Nam Ien Thflpng
vidn vfi thfldng xuyen viet thfl cho Tong
thtfng vfi Ngoai trfldng, nhfi't Ifi trong
nhflng djp Bp Ngogi giao My ra bfio eao
thfldng nien v l nhan quyen vfi tfl do tdn
giao qutfc te'. 6 Ha vi^n, nhdm Ha Nghj si
dflng diu Ifl Hg nghj si Christopher Smith
cung phdi hpp hfinh dpng vdi nhom

Thflpng nghj si trong vi$c gay sfle dp vdi
Qutfe hpi vfi ehinh quyln gifl Vipt Nam
trong danh sflch CPC. Ding thdi, cac t l
chflc nhan quyln, tdn giflo nhfl HRW, FH
vfi d^e bi$t USCIRF eung gia tfing cfle
hogt dpng chtfng Vipt Nam.


Rghian euru Lieh aiSr. arf 4.2011
Thfing 6-2005, Chinh phu My ddn Thii
tfldng Phan Vfin Khai trong ehuyin thflm
efi'p cao diu tidn 30 nflm aau chiln tranh.
Kit thfle chuyin thfim, Tuyln btf chung xfie
djnh khudn k h i mdi cua quan h§ gifla hai
nfldc lfi "quan h | dtfi tfic xfly dyng, hflu
nghj, hpp tflc nhilu m^t" vfi nguydn tfie giai
quylt cfic vfi'n d l cdn cd ay khfic bidt Ifi "dtfi
thogi thing thfln vfi cdi md vl nhflng vfi'n
dl ein quan tflm, kl ea vi|e thyc hi^n
quyln con ngfldi, dilu kidn cho efie tin dl
vfi dfin tde (t ngfldi".
Thfing 11-2005, trong Bao eflo vl Ty do
Tdn giao cua B^ Ngogi giao My 2005, Vi|t
Nam vSn nfim trong danh sfieh CPC. Tuy
nhidn, khfie vdi bao cflo nfim trflde, bao eflo
vl Vi|t Nam nfim 2005 cd mflu afing hdn,
vdi nhin nhfln khfich quan hdn vl nhflng
chuyin biln eua tinh hinh ty do tdn giflo d
Vidt Nam. Cung trong thdi gian nfly, Vidt
Nam chii ddng diy mgnh cac giai phflp dl

giai quylt vfi'n dl CPC, trong dfi tfip trung
giai quyet mpt ao vfl'n d l phfa My d l nghj
nhfl: xem xdt d^c xa, cung efi'p thdng tin
cua mpt so trUdng hpp cfl nhfin mfi ngfldi
My quan tfim, diy nhanh vide xem xdt thu
tyc dflng ky hogt dpng eho cfle hd phfli Tin
Lfinh. Cdng tfle thdng tin tuydn truyin vl
tinh hinh ty do tdn giflo d Vi|t Nam dflpe
tflng efldng d trong vfi ngofii nfldc. Dong
thdi, Vi^t Nam tilp tyc tranh thii efie li?e
Iflpng trong nin ehfnh trj n^i bp My ldn
tilng doi ehfnh quyln dfla Vi^t Nam ra
khdi danh sfleh CPC.
Thfing 2-2006, trp ly Ngogi trfldng My vl
dan chii, nhfin quyln vfi lao d|ng - Dgi sfl
Hanford - da bfit diu noi Igi cfle cupe dtfi
thogi vl nhfln quyln gifla My vfl Vi$t Nam
sau hai nflm gian dogn. Cfle eude tilp xfle,
trao doi thdng tin gifla hai bdn gia tfing
cflng vdi vide Vi^t Nam tiln hflnh fln xa cho
mpt stf ddi tflpng vi phgm l u | t phflp Vi^t

Nam mfl phia My quan tfim trong cac djp
Tit Nguydn dfln 2006, djp ky nidm ngfly
Giai phdng miln Nam 30-4 vfi Quic khflnh
2-9. Vi|e thi hfinh efic vfln ban phap lu^t
mdi dflpe diy mgnh, theo dd, phin ldn efie
cd sd tdn giflo d Tfly Nguydn dfl hogt d|ng
trd lgi, nhilu cd sd dflpc ttfn tgo, vi^c dflng
ky efie chi hdi Tin Lflnh dflpc cai thi$n, Dgi

hdi H|i thfinh Tin Lfinh Vi$t Nam (d miln
Bfic) vfi Ting Liin hdi Tin Lfinh Vi^t Nam
(d miln Nam) dflpc t l chflc vdi sy hidn di§n
eua cfle dgi didn Dgi sfl qufln vfl Tong lanh
ey qufln, trong dd cd Ting Lfinh sy qufin
My tgi Thfinh phtf H i Chf Minh.
Trong nfim 2006, Chfnh phu My da nhin
nh^n kha quan hdn vl quan hd song
phfldng My - Vidt. Thfing 6-2006, Bd Ngogi
giao My cdng khai quang cflo "Nflm 2006 Ifl
nflm dM<}c mfla cua quan hd My - Wi^V (20).
Dfly 16 mdt vide rfl't ft khi Bd ngogi giao My
lfim ddi vdi mpt nfldc vfla vfl nhd. Tai mpt
atf diln dfln, quan chflc Bp Ngogi giao My,
d§c bidt Ifi Dgi sfl Hanford da coi \^dt Nam
Ifi md hlnh thfinh cdng cua Bp Ngogi giao
My trong vi|c giai quylt vfin dl CPC (21).
Ngfiy 13-11-2006. trude khi Tong thtfng
Bush de'n Hfl Ndi dy Hdi nghj Cip cao Diln
dfln Hpp tfic Kinh ttf chau A - Thai Binh
Dfldng (APEC) vfi thfim ehfnh thfle Vi^t
Nam, Bd Ngogi giao My edng btf dfla Vi^t
Nam ra khdi danh sflch CPC.
3. Nh$n xdt
Tdn gifio Ifl mdt ehii d l xuyen sutft trong
Ijch sii nfldc My k l tfl khi l|ip qu6c eho din
ngfiy nay. Trong tfl duy ciia ngfldi My, ti?
do tdn giflo Ifl mdt n$i hfim quan trpng ciia
ty do, ndi cflch khfle, mpt p h i n khdng t h l
thilu ciia ti? do Ifi ty do tdn giflo. Chfnh vi

v4y, dli vdi ngfldi My, tdn giao vfl thuc diy
ty do tdn giao theo kilu My Ifi m$t htfp
phin quan trpng trong chfnh sach d£a
ngogi ciia My. Tdn giao tren thfle ttf ludn


Rhfln trf trfn g l 6 o h-ong ljch ai3r...

ludn bj ehfnh trj hoa vfi dflpc sfl dyng nhfl
mpt cdng cy trong chfnh afleh doi ngogi My.
Qufi trinh My dfla Vipt Nam vfio danh
sach "Cfle nflde ein quan tfim d$c bidt vl
tdn giflo" vfi qufl trinh Vi^t Nam ra khdi
danh sfleh nfiy cho thiy mdt thye t l lfi. My
gifl thd' ehu dpng vfi sfl dyng vfl'n di nfiy
nhfl mpt cdng ey thye thi chfnh sfieh dtfi vdi
Vipt Nam. Tuy nhidn, Vidt Nam da xii ly
thfinh edng vfi'n d l CPC, khdng dl vfi'n dl
nfiy anh hfldng din bfii mye tieu ldn nhfi't
trong quan hd vdi My giai dogn nfiy (20032006) Ifi: (i) dfla quan hd hai nflde vfio
khudn kho on djnh Ifiu dfii vfi (ii) kd't thuc
dfim phfin vdi My v l vide Vidt Nam gia
nhlip To chflc Thfldng mgi Qutfc t l (WTO)
va dgt dfldc Thda thufin vl Quy che
Thfldng mai Binh thfldng Vinh vien vdi
My (PNTR). Trong qufi trinh dfl'u tranh,
Vi^t Nam da tflng bfldc chuyin quan hd
hai nfldc trong linh vflc tdn giflo tfl eye
didn dtfu tranh Ifi chu dao sang eye didn
vfla dfl'u tranh vfla hpp tfic cflng giai quylt

vin dl. Sau khi dat dflpe thda thufln vdi
My, Viet Nam diy nhanh vipe thyc hi^n
cac nhdm bien phfip d trong nflde vfl nfldc
ngofii, phll hpp hfinh dpng gifla cfle
nganh, eflc elp, tren nhilu linh vyc de dgt
dfldc muc tieu bude phia My phai dfla Vipt
Nam ra khdi danh saeh CPC.

giao. Chfnh vi vfiy, vide nghidn cflu sflu di
hiiu ro quy trtnh ra quylt sfieh eung nhfl
ay v^n hfinh eiia cfle nhdm lpi fch trong qufi
trinh nfiy mang y nghia h i t sflc quan trpng.
Thyc t l eho thiy, trong efie quylt djnh dtfi
ngogi, qufi trinh ra quylt sflch chju tac
ddng eua nhilu cfl nhan vfi td chflc cd lpi
(ch khdng gitfng nhau d My. Do v|y, vide
nghien cflu h0 thtfng v ^ hflnh, qufl trinh
tfldng tac gifla cfic nhdm Ipi fch trong qufl
trinh ra quylt afleh sfi giup cho ehung ta
hiiu ro hdn cfle nhfin ttf tfie ddng den chinh
sflch ddi ngogi My cung nhfl nhflng vfi'n dl
nfim sfiu trong ban chit eiia quan hd My Vidt Nam.

Vfi'n di tdn giao vfi ty do tdn giflo Ifi vfin
dl nhay cam trong quan hd My - Vipt, dfic
bidt Ifl trong giai dogn 2003-2006, khi My
dfla Vidt Nam vfio danh sflch "Cae nfldc cin
quan tfim dfie bipt ve tdn giflo" vfi sd tilp
tyc Ifl vtfn d l gai gde trong quan hd song
phfldng. Thfle t l Ijch sii cho thiy, cd sfl

khac bidt trong quan nidm vl quyln ty do
tdn giflo gifla My vdi cfle quoc gia khfle tren
t h l gidi, trong dd, gifla Vift Nam vfl My da
vfi dang ton tgi nhflng khfle bift khdng nhd
trong vfl'n d l nay. Vipe gia tfing dtfi thogi,
giao Iflu, tfing efldng bilu bie't lin nhau ed
thl giam thieu sfl khae bidt, tuy nhien dl
giai quylt nhflng vin de ty do tdn giflo
trong quan hd gifla bai nfldc thi nhflng tien
Dfic dilm the che chinh trj My, cude dfi'u
trien ciia Vift Nam trong vide thfle hipn
tranh ehinh trj npi bp, vai trd cua cac nhdm
cdng tfic tdn gifio, hofln thidn hp thtfng lufit
ldi fch (interests groups) Ifl nhflng nhfin to
phflp vl ton giflo, Ifi mpt trong nhiing nhfln
c6 anh hfldng quan trpng din quan h§ My tied y nghia quylt djnh.
Vift, dfic bipt lfi trong vfin d l ti? do tdn
CHU THfCH
(1). Catherine L. Albaneae: "Sfl da d^ng vi tfin
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(2). Kirkpatrick, David D: "The 2004
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(15). Judia John B: The Chosen Nation- The
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(19). Chfnh phu nudc Cdng hda Xfi h?i
nghia Vi$t Nam: "Nghi dinh ad22-2005, ngdy
2005 vi hudng ddn thi hdnh m^t sddiiu khodn
Phdp linh Tin ngUdng Tdn gido', Ca ad dil
Qufic gia vl thu tyc bfinh chfnh.

Chil
1-3cua
li^u

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