ĐÔI NÉT VỀ HOẠT ĐỘNG QUY HOẠCH VÀ SỬ DỤNG ĐÂT CÔNG CỦA NGƯỜI PHÁP TRONG KHU VỰC PHỐ CỔ HÀ NỘI

DOI N€T V€ HOnr DONG OUV HORCH VR SU DUNG DAT CONG
CUfl NGUdl PHflP TRONG KHU VUC PHO CO HR NOI
CUOI THCKV XIX DRU THCKV XX

NGUYEN THI BINH

S

au chi du ngay 1-10-1888, Ha Npi 1. Loai h i n h d a t cong t r o n g k h u pho co
trd thanh nhUdng dia cua Phap. Tfl Ha Noi niia d a u t h e ky XDC
day, ngUdi Phap bat tay vao cong cupc khai
Khu vUc phd' cd (1) Ha Npi hien nay gdm
thac, lam chu Ha Npi vdi nhii'u hoach dinh 76 tuyi'n phd', thupc 10 phUdng: Ccta Ddng,
nhU: thiet lap t h i chi' mdi, sap xep, quy Ddng Xuan, Hang Bac. Hang Bd, Hang
hoach lai dd thi Ha Npi nham bii'n Ha Npi Bdng, Hang Budm, Hang Dao, Hang Gai,
thanh "thu phii eiia xU Ddng DUdng", mpt Hang Ma, L^ Thai Td. Qua nhflng thao tac
"Paris thu nho", "niem tU hao cua mdu so sanh thong tin tfl dia ba, thdng tin dii'u
qud'c Phap". Ni'n tang cd ban cua cong cupc tra dien da cac di tich tren dia ban (xem
quy hoach Ha Npi chinh la chinh sach vi' phu luc 1) ki't hdp vdi phfldng phap ban dd
da't dai. Trong chuyen
Sd dd 1: Ban dd giap cac ddn vi tong dau the ky XIX
luan nay, chung tdi chi
trong pham vi khu vUc pho co Ha Npi
tap trung nghiin cflu cac
boat dpng quy hoach va sii
dung loai hinh da't cong
cua ngUdi Phap trong
pham vi khong gian khu
vUc Phd cd Ha Npi. Du chi
nghiin cflu trong pham vi
nhd vdi mpt loai hinh da't

dai kha tiiu biiu: loai
hinh da't cdng cung da cho
thay dUde nhflng dudng
net cd ban nha't trong chii
trUdng, chinh sach ve da't
dai cua ngUdi Phap giai
doan ndy.

* ThS. Trung tam Ho^t dpng VSn hda khoa hpc VSn Mieu-Qudc Tfl Giam, Ha Npi


Rghien cuu Ljeh sir, so 7.2014
Bang 1: Cac loai hinh dat cong trong khu viic pho ed Ha Npi dau the ky XIX (2)
Dcfn ui: m, s, t, t, p
T e n loai h i n h dat c o n g
Dat cong thuoc s3 hflu
nha nu6c
Dien tich mat nUdc cong
Cong tho
Cone dien
Than tir Phat tu
Loai lihac
Tong cong
Tong dien tich dat dai

K h u p h o CO
190.5.02.6.6.3 30%
15.2.11.9.7.0
2,37%
46,25%

286.6.11.6.3.7
0.0.00.0.0.0
0%
38.2.03.0.4.0
6%
102.0 05 5 9.0
16,38%
632.6.04.8.0.0
100%
1161.9.10.8.3.0

chung ta xae dinh dUpc dia gidi hanh chinh
ciia khu vUc nay trong niia dau the ky XIX
(xem sd do 1).
Cd the tha'y khu phd' cd Ha Npi nam trpn
ven trong 5 ddn vi tdng dau the ky XIX
gdm: tdng Ddng Thp, tdng Ddng Xuan, tdng
Phuc Lam, tdng Thuan My va tdng Vinh
XUdng thupc huyin Thp Xudng. Trong do,
dien tich ciia 4 tdng: Dong Thp, Dong Xuan,
Phiic Lam, Thuan My nfim trpn ven trong
pham vi phd' cd'. Riing tdng Vinh Xudng,
mpt phan diin tich, chinh xae la hai thdn
Yin Trung Ha va Yen Trung ThUdng nam
trong pham vi khu vUc phd' cd hiin nay,
phan cdn lai thupc khu vUc phia Dong Nam
thanh Ha Npi.
Dua vao nhflng thong tin k i khai trong
dia ba dau thi' ky XIX ciia cac tdng, thdn,
phudng bao gdm toan bp dien tich ciia khu

vUe phd ed Ha Npi ngay nay nhu da neu ci
tren, chung toi xay dUng bang thdng ke ve
cae loai hinh da't cdng ciia khu vUe nay,
cung so' h i u do dac dupe (xem bang 1).
Qua bang 1 cd the tha'y:
Tong dien tich da't dai trong khu vUc phd'
cd Ha Npi theo dia ba la 1161.9.10.8.3.0
(1161 mau 9 sao 10 thu6c 8 ta'e 3 phan)
chii'm 37,25% tdng diin tich da't huyen Tho
Xirdng. Loai hinh da't cong trong khu vuc
phd cd Ha Npi la 632.6.04.8.0, chii'm
54,43% tdng dien tich da't dai ciia khu vUc

H u y e n T h o Xtfdng
209.9.01.3.1.3
12,13%

T;ie%
90%

68.2.05.2.4.3
3,95%
32.17%
654.4.07.0.1.8
576 5.08.9 0.0
33,45%
6,47%
92.5.11.1.1.0
221.1,14 3.3 0
12,83%

1722.8.13.9.1.4
100%
3117.8.11.9.3.4

22%
61,6%
0%
41,4%
46,2%
36,7%
37,25%

nay va ehiem 36,7% diin tieh da't cong toan
huyin. Trong do:
- Loai hinh da't tU nhiin gdm: Da't dich
xa, bai cat bdi, bai cat trang chua thanh
da't, phu sa thang dien... chii'm tdi 90%
dien tich da't tu nhiin toan huyin Thp
Xudng. Loai da't nay thupc quyi'n sd hi3u
nha nude nhUng thupc dia phan thon,
phudng nao thi do ddn vi hanh chinh do
quan \f.
• Loai thfl hai do thdn, phudng quan ly
nhu ciia cong va do cpng ddng cU dan sii
dung gdm: Cdng hd, Cdng hd pha. Cong ho
ngoai de, Cdng pha tri, Gii'ng... Loai nay b >
khu vuc Phd' cd chii'm 22% diin tich mat
nudc toan huyen.
- Loai thU ba la cac loai "cong thd" gdm:
Cdng chau thd, Cdng chau thd trdng dSu,

Quan tang thd. Loai nay chiem 51,6% diin
tich da't cdng toan huyin. Ve mat hinh thai
sS hflu, loai nay gpi chung la "cong tho"
thupc quyi'n quan ly va sii dung (phan
phdi) ciia thon, phudng, nhflng cd mpt dien
tich nho gpi la "quan tang thd'" la da't trdng
dau cua nha nUdc.
- Loai thfl tu la rupng cdng gdm "cong
dii'n" la rupng cdng, "cdng pha dii'n" la
rupng gd bai cao va "quan hd dii'n" co li \k
rupng eanh hd hay thupc pham vi hd trU6c
day do td chflc quan sU quan ly. Loai hinh
da't dai nay khong cd trong khu vUc phocd.


BOI n&TChoat ddng guy hoach...
- Loai thfl nam la "than tfl Phat tU" la
rupng da't ciia cac cpng ddng mang tinh
ch^t tdn giao, tin ngudng gdm chu yeu la
rupng da't cua cac den (thdn tijf thd, than tfl
di^n), rupng chua gpi la rupng "tam bao"
hay "Phat tu" (3). Chi tinh rieng sd rupng
da't ghi ro rupng da't cua di'n chua thi khu
vUc nay chii'm tdi 41,4% diin tich da't den
chua ciia toan huyin. Loai rupng di^t cua
d^n, chua la loai sd hflu cpng ddng tin
ngUdng-tdn giao thudng dUde phat canh
hay cho thue hay do tin dd canh tac, dung
hoa lpi vao cac hoat dpng thd ciing va l i hpi.
- Loai thfl sau bao gdm: Da't tha ma, mp

dia, thd phu (gd dd'ng), da't trung, tich dii'n
(rupng sii dung trong nghi li trpng ndng
cua trii'u dinh). Loai da't nay trong khu vUc
phd cd chii'm tdi 46,2% dien tich loai da't
vfla niu trong toan huyin Tho XUdng.
Vi' cd ca'u loai hinh da't cdng ciia riing
khu vUc phd' cd, cd thd nhan tha'y, loai da't
chii'm ti l i ldn nha't la da't cdng thd
(45,25%), thfl hai la da't tu nhiin do nha
nfldc quan ly (30%), thfl ba la loai hinh da't
khac chii'm 16,18%, hai loai hinh da't cdn
lai tdng cpng chii'm 8,37%. NhU vay cd thi'
thay rang, loai hinh da't cdng lang xa do
cpng ddng lang xa quan ly va sii dung so vdi
loEii da't cdng thupc quan ly eiia nha nUde cd
su chenh lech ldn (chi gdn bang 1/10).
Tdm lai, quy da't cdng trong khu vUc phd
cd nfla dau the ky XIX da dang nhii'u loai
hinh va chii'm mpt niia tdng dien tieh da't
dai ciia dia ban phd co, ti li can bftng vdi
diin tich da't tU. Cd the noi, day cung la
mpt trong nhflng dii'u kien thuan ldi de
ngUcfi Phap tii'n hanh cac quy hoach, sap
xi'p lai dd thi Ha Npi trong dd eo khu vUc
phd CO.
2. Nhiing boat dpng quy hoach va sii
dung dat cong cua ngUM Phap trong
khu pho CO Ha Noi

Sau khi lam chu dUde Ha Npi, ngudi

Phap bat dau tii'n hanh thii't lap bp may
hanh chinh chinh tri song song vdi viec
kii'n thii't lai hinh dang cua dd thi nay. Ta't
ca nhflng tai san thupc quyi'n quan ly va sfl
dung ciia nha nude phong kii'n cu dUdc
chuyen giao sang tay ngUdi Phap. Nhu vay,
ngUdi Phap chi dupc toan quyen sfl dung
loai hinh da't cdng thupc sd hflu ciia nha
nUdc trUdc day, va nhU the thi hoan toan
khong du de phuc vu eho cac "y tudng" cua
minh. Bdi vay, Phap da bat tay vao cong
cupc tang quy dat cong san thupc dia b Ha
Npi, trong dd cd nhieu boat dpng true tie'p
t r i n dia ban phd'cd.
Phd thdnh Hd Noi
Nam 1805, trii'u Nguyin tii'n hanh xay
dung thanh Ha Npi - mot tru sd quan sU,
chinh tri ddu nao cua Ha Npi. De'n nam
1873, ngay sau khi chii'm thanh Ha Npi,
Garnier da chii'm dung cac cong trinh con
lai trong thanh. Cac dinh thU cu hi triet
pha de la'y chd xay dflng trai linh cung cac
cdng trinh quan sU khac. Nam 1894, thUc
dan Phap da pha huy phdn cdn lai ciia
thanh Ha Npi, chi de lai cd'ng Chinh Bac
vdi da'u tieh vit dan cdng thanh. Thanh Ha
Npi de'n day ma't ban diin mao quen thupc
trong canh quan thanh phd. Tdi nam 1897,
thanh va hao thanh Ha Npi bi san la'p hoan
toan. Viie pha huy nay da dem lai cho

ngUdi Phap mpt quy da't cong nha't dinh
phuc vu cho qua trinh quy hoaeh.
"...Thanh phd se eo dUdc 6 ndi dd nhflng
khoang da't cua mpt be mat dien tieh quan
trpng, t r i n do thanh phd cd the vUdn rpng
ra theo hUdng hd Tay va vUdn Udm. Nd
eiing se dem lai cho quan dpi mpt sU thoang
khi td't hdn va nhflng toa nha mdi cd tien
nghi. NgUdi ta si tha'y ma't di nhflng d lay
nhiem tao nin bdi nhflng dudng hao bao
bpc tudng thanh chfla day thfl nfldc tu


34

Hghien eiiru Lich sir, so 7.2Q14

Nhu vay, sau khi thanh Ha Npi hi pha
huy, ngoai viec hinh thanh nhflng phd' mdi
nhu Phung HUng, Ciia Dong, Bat Sfl, Bat
ThUc te la, mpt loat nhflng con phd' va cac Dan... cac xdm nha cd san cung dfldc cai tao
cong trinh mdi b khu vUc nay da dUdc hinh theo quy hoach thanh phd', trd thanh cac
thanh trong dd cd mpt so' con phd' nam trong phd' Rue Feitshamel (Nha Hda), Rue des
khu phd CO Ha Npi ngay nay nhu phd' Phung Forgerons (Ld Ren)... Cac con phd' nay trd
Hung. Tfl nam 1894-1897, do ngfldi Phap thanh nhflng khu phd' mdi, xay dung theo
pha thanh, la'p hao, phd' Phung Hiftig dUdc kieu Men dai, nghia la cd via hi, long
Wnh thanh. Tuy nhien, cho den nam 1910, dudng rpng, nhii'u cay xanh va he thing
phd'nay mdi cd 2 doan ngan. Khoang dat dpc cdng ranh thoat nUdc...
cky cau vin bo tro'ng. TU sau Chien tranh
Lap ho ao, lap song

thd gidi thfl Nha't (1918), cung vdi da md
Ha Npi dupc m i n h danh la thdnh phd'
mang Ha Npi, phd' Phung Hung dUpc xay sdng ho cd le bdi mpt h i thd'ng hd ao rpng
dung nhanh ehdng. De'n nam 1920, dien mao ldn phu day len be mat canh quan do thi.
phd Phung Hung hoan thanh ve cd ban.
Sau khi lam chii dUde Ha Npi, ngUdi Phap
dpng, dan chung se tim dUpc qua dd nhflng
viic lam, vi chi riing viec pha tudng thanh
cung can din hang nghin thd thuyen..." (4).

Ngoai ra, khi ciia ehinh dong tudng
thanh va con hao khdng con (nam 1897),
ngudi Phap cho md mpt con dudng mdi dan
thang ra khu phd'budn ban. Con dUdng mdi
dd dUdc dat ten la Rue General Biehot (nay
la phd C^a Ddng). Phd' Cfla Ddng la mpt
dudng phd' mdi md d sat khu quan sU trong
thanh, lai la chd tUdng va hao cu, nen da't
cdng d day dUdc dem phat mai, ban cho
nhflng chii da't hau hi't la ngUdi Tay va mpt
sd Hoa kieu lam giau nhe) cac quan h i vdi
ngUdi Tay.
Rue des Tasses (Phd' Bat Sfl) la mpt
dudng giao thdng cii di tfl khu vUc Ciia Bac
xuo'ng, eon dUdng di dpe theo bd hao cii.
Sau khi bd hao bi pha, con dudng eu nay trd
thanh lo^i di chinh di qua canh chd Ddng
Thanh va co t i n la phd' Bat Sfl.
Mpt phan cya phd' Bat Dan (Rue Vieille
des Tasses) ngay nay cung mdi dUdc md

mang vao khoang tfl nhflng nam 20 ciia thi'
ky XX sau khi ngfldi Phap pha huy khu vflc
thanh Ha Npi. Khu vflc nay gan cdng thanh
nin cd nhflng ciia hang eua Nhat va Hoa
kii'u md phuc vu cho khach hang la binh
linh Phap.

da khang dinh quyi'n sd hflu da't dai ciia
minh bang mpt loat cac nghi dinh, thdng tU
dfldc lien tii'p ban hanh. Trong Nghi dinh
ngdy 26-5-1891 ciia Todn quyin Bong
Diidng, quyi'n sd hflu da't hd, ao trin dia
ban Ha Npi eiia thuc dan Phap dUdc ghi r6:
"Dieu 1: NhQng da't ao, ho d vi tri sau
dupc khang dinh thupc tai san cdng cua
thanh phd'Ha Npi:
Gifla phd' Cau Gd, phd' Hang Manh, phd
Hang Bac va Hang Dao
Gifla phd Hang Bac, Ma May, Hang
Budm, Hang Ngang
Gifla phd'Hang Dau, d i va Hang Than
Gifla phd' nha ThUdng Khach cua Hang
Than, pho' Hang Bun
Dii'u 4: Thanh phd' Ha Npi danh thue
nhflng ngfldi chii'm dung da't ao, hd cing,
nhflng ngfldi nay ed nghia vu thUc hiin viic
la'p ao trong thdi han 1 nam dUdc tinh tfl
khi chuyen nhupng" (5).
Vdi nghi dinh nay, thUc dan Phap da td
chflc la'p hd, ao trong toan bp khu vUc Phocd.

Trong cdng bao ciia Thanh phd' Ha Npi nam
1916 cd de cap vi' cae dU an la'p hd ao nay:


Bdi n& ve hoaf ddng guy hoaeh..
"Du an A: La'p nhflng cai ao b phia Bac
Ha Npi da dupc bat dau tfl nam 1915. Cong
viic nay phai dupc hoan thanh vao nhflng
nam tii'p sau de la'y da't phan ca'p thanh
tflng sua't, dam bao cho sfl Iflu thdng nUdc
ve phia nhflng con pho bao quanh ehung.
Cung di dam bao viic lUu thdng nUdc song
bang cac cong trinh khac bang viic thay
the nhflng ao hd cd trUdc kia lam thanh
nhflng vung dim.
Cudi nam 1915 da la'p hi't 50000m^ da't
va tieu hi't 13000 ddng bac. Viie ca'p 15000
ddng bac vfla dUdc cha'p thuan cho viie tii'p
tuc mpt vai cdng trinh: k i n h dan nfldc, cdu,
den bu chiem dung da't...
Dfl an B: Du an nay bao gdm viic la'p ao
Sdm Cong va xay dung cdng. Dd'i vdi cdng
trinh nay, neh nhac lai, ngudn nUdc cua ta't
ca khu phd' bao gdm gifla phd' Hdng Budm
va Hang Gao (nay la phd Chd Gao - TG),
phd Hang Ngang va phd' Hang Bac, di'u
chay vao Sam Cdng, ao "dong kin" va chi
can nUdc bang each bay hdi. Khdng can
phai he lp ve tud'i tac ciia nhflng cai ao nay,
ta't ca nhflng gi thanh phd quan tam la vi"

sfl dpc hai va sU ban thiu ma chung gay ra
cho dan cU va nhflng ngoi nha.
Vi vay, cai ao nay si bi lap va si bi trUng
dung, di' cho phip md 6 dd mpt trong nhflng
cai quang trfldng cdng rpng ldn ehe di cai
khuyi't dii'm ciia Ha Npi. Cdng viie la'p da't,
quy hoach quang trfldng va nhflng con dfldng
CO tdng so tii'n la 15000 ddng bac" (6).
Ngoai ra, thflc dan Phap eon khuyen
khich ngUdi dan trong cac khu pho thue
hipn viec la'p ao, hd. Theo thu giii quan Ddc
ly ngay 9 thang 3 nam Thanh Thai thfl 9
(1907) cua Nguyen Van Tran la Kinh lieh cl
tinh HoSng Hoa, ed nha d sd 54 phd Hang
Bd thupc hp thfl 2 cho biet: "Bdi vi toi dfldc
loi quan ldn yi't thi rang pham nhflng nha b
trong thanh pho ma nha nao gan hd cdng,

ni'u ma la'p dfldc, thi toa quan ldn ca'p cho
van tich va dia dd cho la da't tu. Lai hfla
mdng 5 thang nay, tha'y dng canh sat
trudng de'n b cki hd a'y truyen rang la'p di,
mpi ldi lam vay. Nay nha tdi dudng sau gan
hd cdng xin la'p 1 doan cai hd a'y, chflng 100
thudc vudng tay, vay xin quan ldn xet eho
ma eho toi van tU lam bang de tdi la'p thi
cam dn quan ldn lam lam" (7).
Nhu vay, thUe dan Phap da co nhii'u
chinh sach Uu dai de khuyin khieh nbiJng
ngUdi dan giau cd td chflc la'p ao, hd trong

khu pho'CO. NgUdi dan bd tii'n cua, cdng sflc
ra la'p ao, hd thi nha nudc se cap chflng
nhan da't ao san la'p a'y thuoc sd hflu cong
nhUng tu nhan dupc quyi'n sfl dung. Cd le
do chmh sach Uu dai nay ma chi trong mpt
khoang thdi gian ngdn, di'n gifla the ky XX,
dien tich mat nUdc ao hd trong khu vUc phd'
cd dUdng nhu bii'n ma't hoan toan.
Rd rang, mue dich cua cae du an la'p hd ao
nay nham md rpng diin tich da't dai thupc sd
hflu cdng. Dat cong dfldc phan 16 ban da'u gia
hoac lam quy da't quy hoach, xay dUng cac
cong trinh cdng cpng cua thanh pho'.
Viic san lap diin tieh mat nUdc hd, ao,
sdng d khu phd cd trong giai doan nay da
tao dieu kien thuan ldi cho cac phd mdi
dUde hinh thanh va eac khu phd cu dflpe
"lot xae". Nam 1897, khi tudng thanh Ha
Npi bi pha, hao bi lap, mpt khoang da't
tro'ng xen lan cac hd, ao nho Idy lpi c6 lac cd
ten la hd Xae Tre. Mudi nam sau (1907),
phdn ldn hd ao d day dUdc lap bang. Sau dd,
chinh quyi'n thanh pho cho Dufourq thui
chd da't nay de trdng hoa va rau. Ddu nam
1920, chinh quyen ddi khu da't khac d phia
sau hd Halais (hd Thie'n Quang) cho
Dufourq va tie'n hanh sfla sang khu vflc
phia sau chd d Rue des Cuirs (pho Hang
Da) thanh khu phd nha d. Thflc dan Phap
chia da't thanh Id ban cho tu nhan de xsiy

Rghien emi XJch sii". sd' 7.2014
dung va hinh thanh nhflng dudng phd' mdi
nhu: Rue de Nguyin Trai (phd' Nguyin Van
To' ngay nay). Rue de Pham Phu Thfl (phd'
Nguyin Quang Bich ngay nay)...
Sau khi hd Thai CUc (hd Hang Dao) bi
la'p, hai ngd di vao cac xdm cU dan b chung
quanh hd: mpt ngd tfl Hang Bac vao va mpt
ngo tii phd Cdu Gd vao dUdc ndi vdi nhau
va md rpng thanh dUdng phd'. NgUdi Phap
dat ten la phd' Od'endhal (phd' Dinh Liet).
Con lach thdng gifla hd Thai Cflc vdi hd
Gudm cung hi san la'p, bien thanh mpt con
phd' nhd t i n la phd' Hoan Kii'm. Doan pho'
tu nga tu Ma May - Dao Duy Tfl di'n nga tU
Ta Hiin la doan phd' mdi cd sau khi hd Ngu
Vong dupe san hang cflng thdi gian nay.
Hay con phd' Lfldng Ngpc Quyi'n - Ma
May cho di'n nhflng nam dau thi' ky XX, cd
t i n gpi la Lang Chai bdi khu vflc nay vkn
cdn da'u vi't nhii'u hd ao da't trung day bio
tay, dan b do sd'ng mpt phan nhd d nghe
danh bat torn ca. Sau khi chinh quyi'n
thanh phd' cho la'p h i t hd ao, vach dfldng
phd theo qui hoach tren da't Lang Chai cfl,
phd' mdi md cd t i n la phd' Galet.
Tom lai, vao nhflng nam sau Chii'n tranh
thi' gidi I (1920), bin trong khu tfl giae tfl

phd Hang Budm, Hang Ngang - Hang Dao,
Hang Be, Cau Gd mdi that su la'p hi't hd, ao.
TU nhflng da't ao hd bi la'p nay hinh thanh
nin eac dfldng phd Dinh Liet, Gia Ngfl,
Trung Yin, Ma May, Ta Hiin...
Di'n cudi thi' ky XIX, vao nam 1888,
khuc sdng To Lieh chay trong khu vUc 36
phd phudng bi thuc dan Phap san la'p hoan
toan. Nhflng lang xdm ven bd sdng dfldc md
rpng dien tieh, cai tao thanh nhflng phd'
dong due nhu phd Hang RUdi, Hang Ca.
Hang Lupc...
Phd Hang Ludc con cd t i n gpi la Cong
cheo Hang Lupe. Ddng sdng To Lich tfl chd
Gao chay theo hUdng Ddng Tay di'n sd 14

Hang Lupc thi quat l i n theo hUdng Tay
Bac. Ngay trudc, ngUdi dan bac mpt cai eau
tre d chd quat dd de tien di lai. Sau dd, do
nudc sdng Td da can kiet, cau tre dUdc thay
the bang mpt cai cong to. Sau khi la'p sdng,
thUc dan Phap tii'n hanh md mang, cai tao
khu dat cd ven sdng trd thanh pho' xa sam
uSit, ta'p nap va dat t i n la phd' Sdng Td Lich
(Rue du Sdng Td Lich).
*
Phd' Hang Ca tii'n than la trai Tiin NgU,
nam t r i n bd sdng Td Lich. Ngudi dan d day
chuyin nghe danh ca va budn ban ca. Sau
khi la'p sdng Td, nghe ca d day bii'n ma't,

ngU dan di tan khap ndi. Ndi day chi eon
nha ciia ciia nhflng gia dinh giau cd din
mua da't xay dUng va nha b cua cac cong
nhan, viin chflc lam viec cho Phap. Cung
nhu phd Hang Ca, phd Hang Rudi nkm bin
bd phia tay sdng Td Lich, chii yeu dUdc
thanh lap sau khi sdng Td bi la'p. Do viy,
da sd cdng vien chflc nha nUdc sd'ng tap
trung d phd'nay.
Nhin chung, viic la'p sdng, hd, ao giai
doan nay da lam bie'n ddi hoan toan canh
quan tu nhien trong khu vUc 36 phd'phudng.
NhGng khung canh dam tinh cha't nong thon
CO truyen nhu vo gao nia rau giat qudn ao
bin hd ao, hay nhflng ehii'c cau gd, edu tre
bac qua lach, qua song... hoan toan dUdc
thay the bdi cac eong trinh xay dflng cing
cpng hoac nhflng toa nha kii'u mdi. Dd nhfl
mpt da'u net dat gia phan anh nhip dp do thj
hoa d khu Phd' cd giai doan nay.
Chii'm dung
chiia, mie'u

ddt

cua

dinh,

din,

Ngoai ra, de lam tang t h i m quy dat cdng
cua thanh phd eung nhu thuan ldi cho viic
trUng dung da't dai trong cac du an quy
hoach, ngfldi Phap da dung mpi "biin phap"
lam chii da't dai eiia dinh, di'n, chda, mie'u.
Day la loai hinh da't thd cung nhu da niu b
tren, thupc quyi'n quan ly cua nha nfldc


Bfli n6t ve hoat dong guy hoach..
nhUng quyi'n sd hflu va sfl dung cua cpng
ddng lang xa thdi phong kii'n. Ngudi Phap
mudn nam quyen lam chu va sut dung loai
hinh da't dai nay da yeu cau nhdm cpng
ddng cfl dan phai trinh gia^y td chflng minh
quyi'n sd hflu. Ni'u khdng cd gigiy td thi se
hi Thanh phd sung cdng vao cac muc dich
xay dung cdng cpng ma khdng dUdc de'n bu.
Ket qua la hdu het cac cong trinh thupc sd
hflu tu nhan hi sung cdng trong thdi k;^ nay
la nhflng dinh vpng, thd cac dng thanh
hoang lang hoac dng td nghe do nhflng
ngUdi tfl cac tinh xa di cU din thu dd lam
5n budn ban. Phan ldn cae cdng trinh tin
ngudng nay nam trong khu vUc phd'co.
Dudi day la mpt bang chflng ve hoat
dpng "trflng dung" da't thdn tfl Phat tu cua
ngUdi Phap:
"Thu ngay 18 thang 6 nam Thanh Thai

3 tflc ngay 23 thang 7 nam 1922
Hoang Cao Khai la Kinh lUdc Bae Ky,
kinh tra ldi quan ldn Thd'ng sfl td xet. Trudc
day toi cd tii'p ldi quan ldn tu (ve so' thU
2158) ring, cd quan Ddc 1^ Thanh phd'trinh
rang xin dem dinh, miiu cu d Hang Vdi,
Hang Khay, Hang Bac, sap ve thanh pho',
tfl xin to xit eac chd a'y, sfl tieh the nao,
nhan dan thd tu the nao ma nay hien tinh
li nao cd ung sap ve Thanh phd' hay khdng
phuc lam mpi le.
Nha toi tu hdi, cfl huyin Thp XUdng khai
ba'm chua rd, cd xin sai quan doc cong la
Balula, hpi ddng vdi viin ngoai nha tdi la
Nguyin Thuat va huyin ay tdi cac chd a'y
kham that cfl biin tinh hinh mpi le. Nha tdi
lai xit chd nao nghi the nao, liic ra sau nay
kinh tra ldi xin th^m.
Hp 3. Phd Hang Bae (vi' thon Dung Thp,
cd mpt mii'u da't, dai 16 thflde tay, rpng 4
thudc 4 ta'c, cd 3 cai dinh da gin hu nat).

Hdi dd thdi t i n Vd Thiin Thuat lam Thi
Trudng, t i n Bui Nhuan lam trfldng phd,
trinh xung rang, chd a'y la da't ciia cdng
dan, Dmh a'y tfl thud vua Gia Long tdi bay
gid. Nhflng ke mua ban vang bac (hiin nay
di'u chi't ca), quyin gdp tien bac ma lam
Dinh a'y, de lam chd thd dng Tiin sfl bdn
nghe va de due bac nen va bac lupng la khi

nao cd viec cdng, thdi hpi chd a'y, tfl ma'y
nam nay tiiu dung gi din nhflng bae ddng,
thdi chd a'y khong cd due bac nfla, lai ich cd
hpi hiip Dinh ay chi giao cho t i n Li Van
Che lam tfl d gifl phung thd.
Nha tdi phuc xet chd ay, thud dau nhflng
ke mua ban vang bac (la nhflng hat ngu tai
phd ay ma mua ban) quyin gdp tii'n bac ma
cat lam ehd ky, vd'n lam eho de ma nhom
nhflng ma'y ngudi thd due bac, nhdm a'y lai
dat lam chd thd ong Tiin sU bdn nghe, may
nam nay tieu xai nhflng bac ddng, l;hdi
nhflng thd due bac nd thay b cho khac, thdi
ehd a'y lai giao cho 1 ngudi lam tfl coi gifl,
hien nay da nhii'u hu nat, nghi Ung lUdng
cho tii'n bac, khii'n chung no dem bai vi
Tiin su hiep vdi mii'u phd khac ma thd, cdn
da't dy cung 3 cai nha ngdi sap vi' thanh
phd'gifl lam" (8).
La thu nay tudng chflng nhfl la mpt
minh chflng cho tinh cdng khai, khach
quan va dan chu cua ngUdi Phap trong viie
trUng dung da't dai. ThUc cha't, no la mpt
biin phap cfldng ep, chii'm doat da't cdng
cua dan lang bie'n thanh dat cdng ciia
Thanh phd', sau dd ban lai eho tfl nhan, mpt
hinh thflc "bie'n cdng vi tU" ma ldi nhuan
rdi vao tui cua nhflng ngUdi cam quyen.
Co rat nhieu la ddn khieu nai trUdc
hanh dpng xam thuc da't dai b nhflng chd'n

Unh thiing nhU dinh, di'n, chua, mieu.
TrUdng hdp nhan dan lang Bach Bdi Thi
(tflc phd' Hang Dao) vie't ddn khii'u nai, to'
cao la mpt vi du cu the:


Rghien curu Uch sii-. sd T.2Q14
"Kinh bam cflng quan Doc ly Ha Npi
Chiing eon la Ky muc, chflc sac, dan
lang Bach Bd'i Thi, thupc ve phd' Hang Dao
(nguyin quan la lang Chfnh Kinh, Tdng
KhUdng Dinh, dai ly Hoan Long) di'n kiu
quan ldn mpt viec nhfl sau:
Mong ngai la'y lUpng hai ha ma minh xet
cho chiing con.
Nguyin trUde kia, hdi nam 1922, chinh
phu Phap da lay quyen hanh ba't cdng, ba't
chinh ma ap, bach chung con rdi bo ngdi
dinh cua chung con de chii'm doat la'y rdi
dem ban da'u gia cho t i n L i Thuan Khoat
bang mpt gia cflc ky vd y nghia.
Tren mpt thfla da't rpng 400 thUdc
vudng, d ngoai la ngdi nha so 49 pho' Hang
Dao hiin thdi, chinh la Tu thd cua dan lang
Bach Bd'i Thi cua chung con. Tren khu da't
dd, do 200 nam ve trUdc, tii'n to ciia chung
con ed dUng lin mpt ngoi dinh hang nam
van nop thui' thd trach b Dd'c ly nhfl
thudng, chung con khdng hiiu vi duyen cd
gi vao hdi nam 1922, ehinh phu Phap ddi

hdi Van tu dia dd, chung con vi lau ngay,
trong vdng 200 nam gidi, cd danh tha't lac
di ma't nhflng gia'y ma can thii't, nhUng
ehung con cd bang chflng la hang nam vdn
nop thue tu thd cf Dd'c ly nhfl thfldng, ehung
con khdng hieu vi duyen cd gi, chinh phu
Phap vien le la khdng du chflng cd, rdi bat
bupe chiing con phai rdi bd ngdi dinh do rdi
ban eho t i n Le Thuan Khoat.
Tin Li Thuan Khoat hdi dd lai lam Nghi
viin hieu ro sfl thflc, la ngdi dinh dd cd mpt
dia diim ra't thuan ldi, cho viee budn ban,
tflc la trung tam diem ciia mpt dd thi.
Vi ham lpi, chang nghi gi de'n viec chii'm
mua dinh chua la can vao tpi, Qud'c te li
nghi, cfl bo tii'n ra mua bang mpt gia ri't re,
khi dupe tm ban da'u gia ngdi dinh lang
chung con, chung con ra't la dau khd, tieng
keu oan da vang Iflng gidi da't, nhung cung

vo ich, nhii'u ngUdi tha'y thi' cat la'y lam
cdng phan cho chung con bao cho each lam
giay minh oan, nhung khd'n ndi di di'n dau
cung deu bi xua duoi vao trong vdng kii'm
chi'ba't cdng cua hp. Cai ly luan eiia mpt ke
manh hdn bao gid cung hdn, hp cUdp ngdi
(finh cua dan chung con mpt each vd ly,
nhung khdng dUde phan tran, khdng dUdc
minh oan.
Bam lay quan ldn xin quan ldn xet cho

nhflng ndi khd thd'ng ciia dan Viet Nam
trong vdng dd hp ciia mpt nude manh hdn,
ehi true ldi, chi uy hie'p ma thdi, Sau vi thi'
cd, ngan cd khong keu dUdc, nen dan lang
ehung con gat li, ma bo so' tie'n ra de chupc
lai ngdi dinh de la'y chd ma thd kinh nhUng
ac nghiep thay, tan bao thay, hp khdng cho
mua, hp cfl ban cho t i n L i Thuan Khoat vi
ten nay hdi dd lam Nghi Viin, quyi'n hanh
va than mat vdi ngudi Phap lam..." (9).
Mdt la ddn trinh bay dudng nhu da lam
sang to nhflng "gdc khua't" trong chinh sach
quy hoach va sfl dung dat cdng cua ngUdi
Phap.
3. Ket l u a n
Toan bd cac hoat ddng quy hoach ciia
ngUdi Phap trong khu vUe phd'co Ha Npi co
the dii'm qua nhU: pha thanh Ha Npi, la'p
hd ao, trung dung da't thd tu... di'u nham
muc dich dau tien la tang ngudn vd'n da't
cdng. Nhflng hoat dpng quy hoach ciia
ngUdi Phap da phan anh ro net mpt ehinh
sach dat dai mang nang tu tudng thflc dan.
Ngudi Phap dung mpi hoat dpng di' tang
quy da't cong da cd s i n tfl trfldc trong khu
phd'cd nghia la tang quy tai san'thupc dia,
song ehi sfl dung ehung vao cac muc dich
quy hoach t r i n binh dien diem b nhflng vi
tri quan trpng va ich ldi dd'i vdi ho. Day
chinh la cd sd, ni'n tang cua ta't ca mpi hoat

dpng sau nay nhfl; khai thac kinh ti', quy
hoach dien mao dd thi, s i p xi'p lai trat tU


Bfli n6t ve hoat dOng guy hoach..

39

do thi, bidn ddi ddi song van hda xa hpi ciia
dd thi Ha Npi... Die'u nay dfldng nhu la mpt
chu trUdng chung trong cdng cupc chii'm cfl
thupc dia cua thUc dan Phap, ba't ke thupc
dia kieu gi, b chau My, chau Phi hay chau
A. "Nam 1894, trong Thdng tU gLii Toan
quydn cac thupc dia, Bp trudng thupc dia
Delcasse bay to y kii'n ve va'n de khai thac
ndng nghiip thupc dia nhu sau: "Khai thac
nhflng vung lanh tho rpng ldn ma chung ta
da chiem dfldc, thii't lap 6 dd cac ddn dii'n
phat trien sflc san xua't cua thupc dia va
bang chinh eon dfldng dd phat trien mdi
quan he ve thUdng mai vdi ehinh qudc...".
Nam 1903, mpt tac gia vii't: "Ni'u mue dich
la md rpng nhflng anh hfldng cua dan tpe di
xam chii'm thupc dia thi qua thflc, sU
nghiip ddu tiin la khai thac da't dai.
ThUdng mai va cdng nghiep chi ra ddi sau

dd" va day la "mpt phUdng tiin tuyet vdi
nha't dam bao sfl dn dinh cho nen dd hp cua

ehung ta" (10).
Cae hoat dpng nay da anh hudng tdi khu
Phd cd Ha Npi cudi the ky XIX ddu the ky
XX. Nhflng anh hfldng tuy khdng manh me
dfl dpi song nd cung the hiin dUdc mpt qua
trinh van dpng chuyen minh cua khu vUc
buon ban sdm ua't cd truyen nay tU dien
mao, canh quan dUdng phd' tdi ddi sd'ng kinh
ti', van hda, xa hpi ciia cU dan ndi day "gid'ng
nhfl mpt cd gai cdi bd chii'c ao nau sdng de
khoac lin minh chii'c ao hoa".' Ta't ca di'u b i t
dau mang hdi hudng, dang hinh cua dd thi
hiin dai kieu phUdng Tay, van hanh theo
hinh thai kinh ti' tU ban ehu nghia vdi mpt
ddi sd'ng van hda Au hda song ehi dflng lai b
hinh thflc ben ngoai va khdng trai di'u toan
bp khdng gian khu phd' cd.

Bang dieii each Ihon phirdng nira diiu the ky XIX tirtmg ung vdi khu virc phu co Ha Nui hien nay
qua dieu tra khao sdt di tich
Ten thOn/phydng n i h i d a u the k y X I X

|

Pho hien nav

I. T 6 n g Odng T h o
DiCn Hirnc (phirfmi;)
DQnK'nio(lh6n)

Hiina NaanE
HiinE Bac. Ma Mflv, Ta Hifin

DflfiE Yen (ihfln)

Nauv^n Huu Huan

GiiiNEif{ih6n)

Gia Ngu. Dinh L i 6 i

Ha Kh^u(phu'ctnK)
HuiTng M m h (ihfin)

M J May. Ta H i i n . Dflng Thai. Nguyen Van Sifiu. HiiiiE Bu6m
Dinh L i c l . Htnmg M i n h
Hang Be

NamHoadhOn)
NhiSm Thuong (ih6n)
Ngir Vong (Lh6n)
LTuNEhiadhon)

Hang Diiu. CAu C f l
Luong NKOC Ouye'n
H^nE Chinh, Luang Ngoc Ouvfin. N g u y i n Hihi HuSn

11. T u n g D o n g X u d n
Cd Litona (ihfin)

Ngo Gach. Hang Giay. Nguyen Van Si6u

D6naThuiin (ihfln)

Hiing Cii, Chii Ca

£Wna Xuiin (phuftng)
Oi^c Mfln (ihdn)
HoaTruna(lh6n)
Huvdn ThiCn (ihOn)

Hiing Giilv. Cau Dflng. mfll phdn Dona Xuan
Han a Dudng
D6ns. XuAn
Hang Khoai

Huona Biii (ihAn)

O Ouan Chudng

NKhTa U D Uhdn)

Hilna Dau
Nguyen Thi6n Thuat
HimeChiCu. Thanh Ha

TiinTrunedhfln)
Thanh Hii (ihdn)
P h i Ttr (thOn)

Hang Lutfc. Giim Cau

VTnh Hanh (phufma)

Hiing Ducma. Hiing M a , Hang Ruoi

V i n h TrO (th6n)

Hang Khoai, HiinE Luoc

Yfln Phd (thdn)

Hiing Ma, Hana Ruoi


Hghien curu Lieh 5i3r. s6 7.2014

40

m . Tong Phuc Lam
Huong Nghta (ihfln)
Nguyen Khie'f Ha (ihOn)
Nguyen Khie! Thuang (ihfln)
Phuc Lam (thon)
Trang U u (thfln)
Trilna TTianh (Ihfln)
TriJng Thanh Trung Siii Dong (ihon)
IV. Tong Thuan MJ
Dai l_ai (phudng)
Dflng Ha(phudng)

Dflng Thanh Thi (ihfln)
D6ng Lac(phudng)
Hffu Dflng Mfln (ihfln)
Kim C6 (thfln)
Nhan Nfli (ihOn)
Tan U p Tan Khai (ihfln)
Thuan M?(thOn)
Thuong (ihfln)
Td Tich (Ihfln)
Xuan Yen (ihfln)
Y6n Nfli (thfln)
Yen Nfli Dflng Thanh (Ihfln)
Yen Thai (Ihfln)
V. Tong Vinh Xuong
Yen Trung Ha (thfln)
Yen Truna Thuona (ihfln)

Dao Duy T£f. Cho Gao. TrSn Nhat Dual
Tran Nhat Dual
Cao Thdng. Tran Nhal Duai
Hang Dau, Gdm C&u. Phiic Lam
Hang Thiing
Hang MuSu Hang Tre
Nauyen HiJli Huan,
Hang Dao
0 Quan chudng, Hang Gai
Bai SiJ. H^ng Biil, Hang Phen, Thuoc Bac, Hang Vai
Hang Dao
Dudng Thiinh. Himg C^n
Hang Gai. Dudng Thanh. Hang Manh. Hang Bong

Thudc Bac, Bai Dan, Hang Bo
Hang Vai. Himg Chai, L.d Ren, Hiing Col, Himg Gii. Ci!ra D6ng
Hang Oual
Hang Hdm
TdTich. Hang Quat, Luang Van C ^
Hang Can. Luang Van Clan, Hang Bo
Hang Da. Hang Dieu. Hang Thiec. Nha Hoa
Hang Non
Yen Thai. Hang Miinh
Ha Trung. Ngo Tram. Nguyen Van Td
Nguyen CJuang Bich, Hang Bong

CHU THICH
* Nghien CLIU nay duoc tai trcf bSi Quy Phat
trien Khoa hpc vk Cong nghe Qud'c gia
(NAFOSTED), trong De tai ma so IV 3.2-2011.11.
(1). Khai nifim khu pho co, khu pho buon ban,
khu 36 pho phuong duoc diing deu n h i m muc dich
chi khu vUc phia Dong t h a n h Ha Npi, giap vdi song
Hong, ngay nay la bp phan quan trong nhat cua
qulln Hoan Kiem cung nhu ciia Thii d6 Ha Npi.
Khu vuc pho' cd, theo Quyet dinh so 70 BXD/KT
ng&y 30-03-1995 ciia Bp xay ddng duoc gidi han
nhu sau: Phia Bic: pho Hang Dau; Phia Tay: pho
Phung HUng; Phia Nam: pho' Hang Bong, Hang
Gai, Ciu Go, Hang Thiing; Phia Dong: pho Tran
Quang Khai, Tran Nhat Duat.
(2). Bang tho'ng ke sii dung so lieu trong cuo'n
Dia ba cd Hd Ngi, tap 2, Nxb. Ha Npi, Ha Npi,
2010 do GS. Phan Huy Le chu bien.

(3). Trong mot so' dja ba khong tach biet dat a
(tho trach vien tri) vdi da't den (than tfl), da't
chda (tam bao hay Phat tU) ma ghi chung vao
mpt loai goi U "thd trach vien tri, than t\X, PhSt

tu". Loai ghi chung "thd trach vien tri, than
tCr, P b ^ t tu".
(4). De Lanessan, EM colonisation francaise en
Indochine, dkn theo Nguyin Thiia Hy, Tu lieu vdn
hii'n Thdng Long - Hd Noi: Tuyen tap tU liiu
phuang Tdy, sdd, tr. 712-713.
(5). Ho so so' 28, Phong S6 dia chinh Ha Npi tai
Trung tam Luu t r d Quo'c gia (TTLTQG) 1, trich
trong td 8: "Nghi dinh ngay 26-5-1891 ciia Toan
quyen Dong Duong".
(6). Bulletin municipal de la ville de Ha Npi
1916, p. 357 (Cong bao Thanh pho Ha Npi nam
1916 ky hieu J 329 tai TTLTQG I).
(7). Ho sd so 358, Phong Sa Dia chinh Ha Ndi
tai TTLTQG 1.
(8). Ho so so 29463, Phong Tda Doc IJ Ha Npi,
TTLTQG I.
(9). Ho sd sd 759. Phong Sa Dia chinh Ha Npi.
TTLTQG L
(10). Ta Thi Thiiy, Don diin cua ngUiJi Phdp d
Bdc Ky 1884-1918, Nxb. Th^ gidi, Ha Npi, 1996,
tr.ll.

i