TRƯỜNG KỸ NGHỆ THỰC HÀNH Ở HÀ NỘI THỜI PHÁP THUỘC

TRaCTNG KY NGHE TH^C H^NH (f Hfl Npi
TH^I PHflP THUQC
DAO

C

ho den nay, h i u nhfl chfla cd mdt
cdng trinh nghidn cflu nflo, cho dd
chl lfi mot bfli vidt n g i n vd Trfldng Ky nghf
Thye hflnh d Hfi Nfii (^cole Pratique
d'Industrie de Hanoi) thdi Phfip thufic (1).
Chiing ta chl ed thd tim dfldc mfit sd rfi't ft
thfing tin cua Trfldng qua mfit vfii efing
trinh nghien cflu '^c h^ thdng gi&o due d
Dong Dfldng ndi chung va d Hfl Npi nfii
rieng.
Dfla trgn mdt sd tfli lidu cua Trung tfim
Lflu trfl qude gia I, bfli viet hy vong khic
hoa lai nhiSng ndt chfnh ve qu& trinh hinh
thflnh vfi nhdng hogt ddng cua Trfldng Ky
nghg Thfle hfinh Hfl Ndi mot thdi da tiing
dflo tao ngn nhdng ngfldi th^ tfii hoa d
Dfing Dfldng.
Trudng Ky nghg Thflc hanh Hfl Nfii do
Phdng ThUdng mgi Hfl Ndi (Chambre de
Commerce de Hanoi) thfinh Iflp ngfly 10-81898 (2) nhfim muc dfch "cfdo tao cde doc
cdng hodc xitdng tritdng ngiidi bdn xti co
khd ndng trd giup ngiidi Au trong cdc c6ng
trtnh cdng nghiSp vd thtic day ky nghi bdn
xa phdt trien, dem ky nghe cua cdc niidc
khdc vdo day cho ddn thuoc dia" (3) vdi ten

goi ban d i u lfi TrUdng Dgy nghd Hfi N^i
Creole Professionnelle de Hanoi).
• TS. Trung tfim LUu trd Qude gia I

THI Dif N'

Theo bflo cfio eua Giflm ddc Gifio due
cdng
d
Bic
Ky
(Direeteur
de
I'Enseignement Public du Tonkin) gfli
Thdng sfl Bic Ky ngfiy 5-6-1905 thi "Khu
nhd cU cda Tritdng Hdu bo ldc ddu dittJc
diing l&m tru sd cua Tritdng Ky nghe Hd
Noi. VS sau, Phdng Thi/dng mai xdy them
cdc xiidng, vdn phdng vd cdc ldp hoc" (4).
Cdn theo tfli lidu ky thufit ve cdng trinh
Nha Kinh lU^c Bfie Ky thi try sd cua Nha
dUde x&y vflo nflm 1896 trfin mfit manh dtft
vufing vfln quay mflt ra 3 phd Borgnis
Desbordes (phd Trfing Thi), dai Id
Jaurgguibeiry (phd Quang Trung) vfi dai Id
RoUandes (phtf Hai Bfi Trflng), nay lfi
khudn vien eua Thu vien Qutfc gia (5) di
lfim ndi Kinh lUdc Bflc Ky thay mfit trieu
The hpc ainh TrUdng Ky nghfi Thye hflnh Hfl
Ndi 1904

'•

um. v\\m:ssm\\.\.iy. \w. \\\m


Rghian eiiru L|eh aii'. s611.2018
To&n c&nh xiidng lilp r&p cua Trt^ffng K^ ngh$
tbifc hinh Hi NJI
^^^

r.:i
dinh Hud giao thigp vdi chfnh quydn Bao
hd.
Nfim 1897, Kinh luyc Bfic Ky Gdc nfiy Ifl
Hofing Cao Khai) thfinh Ifp Trfldng Hflu bd
(Ecole des Mandarins) ngay trong khudn
vien cua Nha dd day tidng Phap vfl chfl
Qude ngfl cho cac hflu bo (da do cfl nhfln, td
tai hay Ifi fl'm sinh) eua eac tinh gdi ddn
hoc. Tuy nhien, khi chflc vy Kinh Ifldc Bic
Ky bi bai bd, nfim 1898, try sd cua Nha
(trong dd cd cac ldp hoc cua Trudng Hflu bd')
da dUde nhfldng lai cho Phdng ThUdng mai
va nflm 1898, TrUdng Ky nghg Hfi Ndi dUi?e
thanh Iflp, tidp thu cd sd vflt chtft cua
Trudng Hflu bd. Nflm 1900. Phdng ThUdng
mai cho md rdng TrUdng Ky nghe tai khu
vUc phfa nam Trfldng Thi, gifip efic dai 1$
Rollandes (phd Hai Bfi Trflng), Carreau

(phd Ly Thfldng Ki$t), Jaureguiberry (phd
Quang Trung) vfl phfa tfly gifip Palais de
Justice (Tofi fin), bao gdm ca khu vye stf
nhfi 2F phd Quang Trung ngfiy nay.
Thdi gian d i u mdi thfinh Iflp, Trfldng
nhfin hoc sinh tfl 15 ddn 25 tudi d cfle tinh
thufic Bfic Ky, theo chg' dfi ngoai trfl, cfi hoc
bdng vfl thdi gian dflo tgo Ifi 3 nflm.
Di dfldc nhfip hoe, hpc sinh d Hfi NOi
phai ndp ddn eho Dd'c ly con hoc sinh d cfic
tinh thi nop cho cac Cong afl hoflc Tinh

trfldng. Ddn xin hoe phdi kflm theo gitfy cfln
cfldc vfi chflng nhtfn v l hgnh kilm (c6 xflc
n h | n cua ly trfldng) vfi m^t b i n cam kit
theo h9C trong c l 3 nflm. Thdi hgn ndp ddn
ddn hdt ngfly 6-12 hflng nfim. C&c thf sinh
p h i i cd mfit tgi TrUdng Ky ngh§ v&o ldc 8
gid s&ng ngfly 27-12 d l kilm tra sd lu^c
trUde khi nhfip hoc.
Khi dS dUqfc nhfin vfio hpc, hpc sinh dfl^c
cfl'p hpc bdng hfing thflng Ifl 3 ddng eho nflm
thfl nhfi't, 4 ddng cho nflm thfl hai vfl 5
ddng cho nfim thd ba. Hpc h i t 3 nfim sg
dupe cfl'p chflng chi.
Chfldng trlnh hoc bao gdm 2 phin:
- P h i n hpc nghd: gdm cfic nghd m ^ , rfln,
ed khf, canh ndng vfl hpc ky ngh§ (thp ve,
thd ddc ddng vfl thd cham).
• P h i n ly thuyet: so vdi thye hflnh tiu IJ

thuydt ed p h i n hgn chd hdn, gdm c&e mdn
tidng Ph&p, sd hpe, kd toan, hinh hpc sd
dfing (each thdc do dac), ve b i n g thUdc, ve
bfing tay, v6 theo mflu... Ngofii ra, TrUdng
cdn cd efic ldp hpc nghd kd tofln vfl danh
mfiy-tdc ky.
Thdi gian d i u , vi thieu phfldng tifn nen
Trfldng chi cfi t h l md cflc ldp hpc vflo buli
tfii, ehung vdi ldp dgy hinh hpa vfl ky hoa
vfi m$t Idp hpc vd ndng nghidp dvttfc gin vdi
cfle hpc sinh lflm vi$e ban ngfly trong Vudn
Hfii diln thd thao cua TrUdng Ky nghf th^c
hflnh Hfl Nfii


Tnfdng h^ ngh6 thye hanh..
Bfich thao Hfl Ndi.
Do sd lUdng hpc sinh tfing Ign vfl nhd cfi
trd ctfp cua chfnh quydn Bao hp, d l dflp
dng nhu c l u thflc td, n h d n g ldp hpe ban
ngay d i u tien da dUde md cho cfing nhfin
lflm gd, s i t vfio nfim 1902. Cdng vflo nfim
1902, Trudng nhfln 2 gifio vifin ngUdi
Nh&t, mfit vd due ngh$ thufit vfl mfit v l
sdn. Nfim 1902, n h a n sfl tfing thfim 1 gifio
vign ehuyen day vd ndng nghifip vfl 1 gifio
vign dgy ve nghfi thufit. Nflm 1905 ed
thgm chdc danh TrUdng xUdng s i t vfl
1907 thgm ehfle d a n h TrUdng xUdng m$e.
Nhu v^y, nhfin sU cua TrUdng vflo thdi

dilm nfim 1905 gdm:
- 6 gifio vign ngUdi Au (kd ca sdlflm hpp
ddng), trong dfi bao gdm ca Gifim dtfc
Barbotin, giang vign chfnh hgng 2.
- 4 nhfin vien ban xfl (trO giang theo che
dp hdp ddng).
- 4 ddc edng ban xd (theo che dp hdp
ddng).
- 2 nghfi Sl ngUdi Nhfit, mdt Iflm TrUdng
xfldng sdn (Ishiro) vfi mdt Iflm Trfldng
xfldng due nghfi thuflt (Ishikawa).
Cdn sdhpc sinh cd 182 ngfldi, trong dd ed
5 ngUdi Au vfl 177 ngUdi ban xfl.
Tuy nhien, ngay sau khi thanh Iflp,
Trfldng Ky nghg Hfl Nfii da gflp khd khfln
trong vfl'n dd tuyen sinh va chfldng trinh
giang day. Trong bao cfio ngfly 5-6-1905
gdi Thdng sfl Bfic Ky, Gifim ddc Giao dye
cdng d Bfic Ky da phai thfla nhfin r i n g :
"Tinh trang hgc sinh bo hoc vd khdng dU
thi t6i nghiip da xdy ra thiidng xuyen ki
tu khi thdnh lap TrUdng cho d^n tan ndm
1904' (6). Tinh t r a n g nfly ngfly mfit gia
tfing khien cho Barbotin, ky sfl che tao
m&y, Giam dtfc Trfldng Ky nghfi Hfi Nfii
da phai nghidn cflu va trinh bfiy trfldc
Phdng ThUdng mai Ha Nfii mot ban bao
cfio vd tinh hinh day n g h l d Phflp, d nfldc

SS

ngofii vfl trong c&c thu^c dja eua Phfip.
Chfnh quyln Bao hfi eflng phai fip dyng
m$t sd bi$n phflp d l gidp Trfldng Ky nghfi
Hfl Ndi tidp tyc hogt ddng.
Nfim 1904, Tofln quyln Ddng Dfldng ra
quydt d|nh d^t Trfldng Ky nghf dfldi sy
quan ly cua cua chfnh quydn Bao h^, ddng
thdi xdp Trfldng vflo h$ thdng dgy nghd eua
chfnh quydn thu^c dia vfl dfldi sfl chi dgo
cao nhfi't cua Phdng Thfldng mgi k l tfl 1-11904.
Bgn cgnh dd, vific tuyin sinh, chd dd dfii
ngd vfi ehUdng trinh hpc tfip eung thay ddi
d l vfla thu hdt sd lUdng, vfla dam bao chtft
Iupng hpc sinh dUde dflo tgo. Cy thl:
- Vigc tuyin sinh dU0c td chdc theo con
dudng thi cfl. Thi sinh tudi ft nhfl't Ifi 15 vfi
nhidu nhfi't Ifl 20. Hpc sinh phai cfi mfit d
trfldng tfl 7 gid sang ddn 11 gid trfla vfi tfl 2
gid chidu ddn 6 gid toi. Bfla trfla vfl bfla
chidu, hpc sinh fln d cfing-tin cua TrUdng.
Cac mfin hpc Oy thuydt hgn chd hdn so
vdi thflc hfinh), gdm:
- Cdng nghifip: tidng Ph&p, tofin, dia ly,
ky nghfi chung, ky nghfi ed khf, ky nghfi xay
dflng, hinh hpa.
Ndng nghiep: tidng Phfip, toan, ky
nghg chung, lich sfl tfl nhign, nfing nghigp,
ve.
- Nghg thufit cfing nghidp: tidng Phfip,
tofin, ky hpa, Ifim khufin, composition

dficorative.
So lfldng hpe sinh: 170 (theo bao e&o vd
hogt dong eua TrUdng Ky nghfi nflm 1909
thi con sd nfly ed t h l nfing Ifin ndu dia dilm
hpe tflp eho phfip vi thflc td sd Ifldng thf
sinh dy thi trgn 3.000 ngfldi. Khda d i u tign
theo chUdng trinh hpe dly du tdt nghigp
nflm 1905) (7).
Sau nhflng cd ging cua Trfldng Ky ngh§
cdng nhflng bifin phap giflp d3 cua ehfnh


Rghian cthi I4ch aJr. a611.2018
quydn Bao hd, tlnh trgng cd dudng nhfl
khfing mtfy thay ddi. Hpe sinh bd hpc d
Trfldng Ky ngh$ dd theo hpc cfic n g h l khflc
v i n tidp tye t&i didn vfl ngfly cflng gia tfing.
Trong thflng tfl ad 176 ngfly 24-7-1911 gdi
Dfi'c ly Hfl Ndi vfl Cflng sfl c&c tinh, Thdng
sfl Bic Ky da p h i i thfla nhtfn: "TH khi
thdnh l^p TrUdng, kinh nghidm dd cho
ph4p ngudi ta nhdn thdiy rdng phdn ldn hqc
sinh sau khi ra trUdng dd b6 khdng theo
ldm cdc nghi md hg dd dUpc ddo (po d
trudng' (8).

Trong nhd trdng dy trUdc Mt chi d4y hgc
trb ldm nghi, tay phdi ldm cho quen, khdng
phdi cho hiiu biii md thdi..." (9).

Ly do chfnh Ifl vi cfic thf sinh thi vflo
TrUdng Ky nghd da stf lfi eyu hpc sinh cfic
Trudng Ph&p-Vi^t, c&c mfln ly thuydt cua
Trudng Ky nghf giup hp tim dUdc vi§e
lfim trong c&c efing sd hflnh ehfnh nhu
nhdng thfl ky hoflc thfing ngfln, trong khi
dfi ndu tdt nghifip Trfldng Ky ngh0 hp chi
cd t h l trd thfinh thp. Dilu dfi duyc phan
finh trong mfit bfii bfio dUdng thdi nhU
sau: "Tiixita den nay, phdn nhiiu hgc trb
vdo hgc tgi trdng ky nghi dHd Ndi diu Id
hgc trd cd cua cdc trdng Phdp-Viit, vd lgi
khi d trong nhd trdng chl hgc cho hieu
bii't md thdi, md trong chi da dinh ra ldm
thdng-ngdn, thU-ky cdc sd Nhd-nUdc htm
Id di ldm ky nghe.

Thfing tu vidt: "Vdn di cbn lgi hodn todn
nhdt tri Id phdi ldm sao dicho m^t sd'tidn
chung thudng xuyin din tnidng Phdp-Viit
khdng thi tgo ra cho bdn thdn hg mdt stt
ngdn cdn tuy^t ddi khd ndng duac nhdn
vdo hgc tgi TrUdng".

Cdi diiu dy thi se trdi vdi chinh y Nhdnitdc Bdo-hg lap cdc trdng dgy ky-nghi,
muon s^a lgi diiu ay thi tdi xin cdc quan
phdi de tdm giup dd di tii ddy vi sau co
lay hgc trd vdo trdng ky-nghi, thi nin
phdi tuyin lay nhiing con nhd ldm kynghi thi hfM, nhdt Id nhiing nhd ldm dS
go, do sdt.

Nhting md nhU th^ cdng khdng co cdfm
han nhiing ke dd hgc d cdc trdng Phdp-Vi$t
khdng cho vdo hgc trdng ky-ngh$.

D l gili quytft tinh trgng tr&i ngupc v6i
myc dfch cua cfic td ehfle day nghd ky thuflt
nfly, trong thflng tfl sd 176 ngfiy 24-7-1911,
Thdng afl Bie Ky "d^c bi^t kiu ggi s^t c^ng
tdc" ciia Ddc ly Hfl N^i vfl Cflng sfl efic tinh,
"di ta nay vi sau cdc thl ainh cua Trudng
K'y ngh^ BS thich sit l{ta chgn trong cdc
xUdng thd cdng th{tc hi^n trade hit cdc nghi
vigSvdsdt^'.

D l tgo didu kifin cho thf sinh, thong tfl
nfiu ro: "Mdt vdi mdn hgc bdt bugc cua
gido due tiiu hgc se dUcfc dp dung ngay
cho cdc xUdng. Trong nhiing diiu kiin
ndy, se khdng xdy ra viic ddi hoi cdc thi
sinh md cdc dng phdi ldm cu^c lUa chgn
kiin thUc cua tiing Phdp vd cdn phdi chi
cho hg thdy rdng hg khdng phdi trdi gua
bdt ky m0t cu^c kiim tra ndo di dUdc
nhdp Ape" (10).
Sau thfing t u sd 176 cua Thdng sd Bic
Ky, ehUdng trinh t u y i n sinh vfi giang day
cua Trfldng Ky ngh§ Hfl Nfii mfit Un nfla
bude phai sfla ddi d l thu h d t hpe sinh. De
dflpc nhfip hpe, thf sinh khfing phai trai
qua bfi't ky m^t cudc k i l m tra nfio, d do

tudi ft nhfl't Ifl 18, c6 chdng nhfin vd gia
dinh vfl hgnh kilm vfl c6 eam kdt phai hoc
hdt ehfldng t r i n h ho$c phai hofin lgi stf
tidn hpc bdng da dUdc hfldng trong trfldng
hpp bo hpc. Ngofii nghd s i t (ngufii, rfin) vfl
nghd m^c, chfldng trinh cdn d$e bifit dfio


Tnremg hf nghj thi;e himh..
tao l&i xe vil svla chfla 6 t6 cho m§t so hoc
sinh.

quan trgng. Ndm 1907, Bdc Ky dd xudt
khdu da thd nhUaau (xem bang 1).

Theo chuong trinh mfli n i y , sSliI<)ng hpc
sinh dugc Trucrng Ift'y theo sU phftn bS sau:

Cdn phdi xii ly da tgi chS nhdm ldm cho
gid tri a:""^' ^^^^ idng ISn, vi thi cdn phdi
ddo tgo ngadi bdn xa biit cdeh thac thu0c
da. Sdla^ig hgc sinh hgc nghi ldy khodng
IS vdi dd tudi dudi
Iff'ill).

Tinh
HitN6i
H i DSng
•Hai Dudng
HungY6n

Sdn Tfiy
•Wnh YSn
Thfii Nguyfin
Hfi Nam
Lang Sdn
Lfio Cai
Nam Dinh
Bic Ninh
Phu Tho
Thai Binh
Ninh Binh
Quang Yfin

S ^ l u ^ g hpc s i n b
7
6
4
2
2
1
1
3
2
2
5
1
1
1
1
I

Ciing trong nam 1911, bfing thfing tU sd
1939 gdi Ddc Iy Hfi Nfii vfl Cdng sfl efic
tinh, Thdng sfl Bflc Ky da yeu clu md them
mfit xUdng thufic da 5 Trfldng Ky nghe Hfl
Npi. Thfing t u vidt: 'Tdi xin litu y cdc dng vi
lai ich cua xudng ndy dot vdi nin cdng
nghiep cua thudc dia.
Cho de'n tgn bdy gid, ngUdi An-nam vdn
cdn chUa biet de'n nhiing nguyen tdc sd
dang cda cdng viec thugc da, noi chung dUa
vdo viec chuan bi vd cdng viec liin tii'p cho
da, ngdm da vdo niidc vdi...
... Viic kiem tra lai cdc thdng ke cho
phep khdng dinh rang viec xudt khau da
nguyin thuy cua Bdc Ky hien nay tUdng ddi

Vfi cufii eflng, m^t xfldng thu^c da dfl
dU^c dfit tgi TrUdng b i t d i u tfl thflng 91911 (12).
Theo tfli li$u thupc phfing Sd Giflo dye
Bic Ky (Service de I'Enseignement au
Tonkin), Trfldng Ky nghfi chuyin sang trfle
thufic Phu Thdng afl Bic Ky b i t diu tfl
ngfiy 1-1-1918 (13). Ddn nfim 1924, Trfldng
ddi tfin thflnh TrUdng Ky nghfi ThUc hflnh
Hfl Nfii (Ecole Pratique d'Industrie de
Hanoi) vfl dUdc chuyfin giao eho Sd Hpc
chfnh Bic Ky (14). Cfin theo tfli lifiu
thufic phdng Tda Ddc ly Hfl Npi (Mairie
de HanoV), TrUdng Ky nghfi Thye hfinh

Hfl Npi dupe ehuyin tfl TrUdng Nghg
thufit flng dung cua Hfl Nfii (Ecole des
Arts appliqufis de Hanoi) theo Nghi dinh
ngfly 10-7-1931 (15). Phai chfing trong
thdi gian sau 1924, Trfldng Ky nghfi Thflc
hfinh Hfl Nfii da cfi I l n dfi'i tfin thflnh
Trudng Nghfi thuflt flng dyng Hfl Nfii d l
ddn 1931, TrUdng Iai Ifl'y lai tfin cu - mfit
c&i tfin da g i n lien vdi lich sfl ra ddi vfi
phfit t r i l n cua Trfldng? Cung theo tfii
lifiu cua phdng Toa Doe ly Hfi Npi, ehd dfi
tuydn sinh vfl chfldng trinh giang dgy eua
TrUdng da dUdc hofln thifin hdn trUde di
phd hpp vdi hfi thd'ng giflo dye chung d

Bangl
Ntfi nh^p k h a u
Phap
Trung Qude
HSng KSng

Sd' l u ^ g d a b 6 vfi d a
trfiu
1.068 kg
3.694 kg
121.889 kg

Tri g i i
900.149 tr«
3.140 frs

103.606 frs

sa \\ikhfic
86.011 ke
30.070 ke
149.305 kg

T r j gifi
86.011 frs
30.070 frs
149.305 trs


Hghtan eihi L|ch aJr, stf 11.2012
Ddng Dudng. Cy t h l :
- Didu kifin theo hpc: Ifl ngfldi thfinh
thi, dfin nudc Phfip hoflc d&n dUdc b l o hd,
cd dp tudi Ifl 16 (tfnh ddn ngfly 1-9 eua
nfim dflng ky vflo hpc), cd sflc khde d l
theo dflpc c&c gid thye hfinh n g h l nghidp,
efi hgnh k i l m tdt vfl p h i i ed b i n g Tilu
hpc (Certificat d'fitudes primaires) hofle
gifi'y chflng nhfin dfi thi d5 ky thi tdt
nghifip bfic t i l u hpc.
- Nfii dung cfic mdn thi vfio Trfldng dfldc
dya theo chfldng trinh cao d i n g tilu hpc
Phflp
ban xfl (programme du Cours
supfirieur des Ecoles primaires Franco

indiggnes).
B i t d i u tfl ngfly 13-1-1938, Trfldng md
them cfie ldp hpc chuygn nghifip dfinh eho
nghd mfic, hpc vflo chu nhflt, tit 7 gid 15 ddn
11 gid 30, thdi gian hpe Ifl 2 nflm. Sd lfldng
hpc sinh cua Trudng thdi ky nfly nhidu
nh&'t Ifl 30.

CHU

Nflm 1939, khu vyc Trfldng dflijc ddng
lfim ndi a i n xutft vQ khf vfl sda chfla vu
khf. Sau khi s&p nhfip vdi Trfldng Ky ngh§
H i i Phdng, Trfldng ddi tfin thflnh Trfldng
Ky thutft Cfing nghidp Hfl Ndi (^cole
Technique d'Industrie de Hanoi).
Mfic dd myc dfeh ban d i u dd ra Ifl di
"ddo tgo cdc ddc cdng hodc xUdng tnidng
ngttdi bdn xa cd khd ndng trd giup ngUdi
Au trong cdc cdng trinh cdng nghidp vd
thdc ddy k^ ngh^ bdn xii phdt triin, dem ky
ngh^ cua cdc nUdc khdc vdo dgy cho ddn
thu^c dia" nhflng vd thye chfl't, chfnh phu
Bao hO Phfip thfinh Iflp TrUdng Ky nghfi
Thye hflnh Ifl d l dflo tao nhiJng thi? rfin, thd
khda, thp m&y, thd niOc. thd didn d l phyc
vy cho cfing cufic khai th&c thu^c dja eua hp
d Dfing DUdng. Tuy nhifin, xfit v l gfic dfi
khfich quan, TrUdng Ky nghfi Thflc hflnh
eung ed nhflng ddng gdp tfeh cyc vfio nln ky

nghfi cua Vi$t Nam mfi vitfe thflnh Iflp
xfldng thupc da Ifl mflt thf dy.

THICH

(1). d V i | t Nam dudi fhcii thu6c Ph&p ban dSu
c6 3 Trudng Ky ngh? Thye hflnh (c6 a&ch vitft Ifl
Tru6ng ThUc nfhi?m), mdt 5 Ha N6i. m6t cl Hu^vfl

(8). MHN, ha: 5206.
(9). J o u r n a l odiciel en caract^res et en quoc
ngu, sd 171, ngfly 10-9-1911.

mot h Sfli Gon, sau dd cd th§m iii&t trUdng nQa h
Hai Phong.
(2). Phong S6 Gi&o dye Bic Ky (fonda du Service
de I'Enseignement au Tonkin - SET), hs: 653.
(3). Phdng Toa Doc ly Hfl Nfii (fonda de la
Mairie de Hanoi - MHN), ha: 5206.
(4). SET-hs: 653.
(5). Phdng Kitfn tnic, h: 49, hs: 34.

(10). MHN. ha: 5206.
(11). MHN, ha: 5206.
(12). Sau nfly, vi cd sd cua TrUcIng ch$t h^p n3n
xUdng thu$c dn d U ^ ddi v^ Thyy Khu6.
(13). Theo quy djnh chung vS gi&o dye ciia Sd
H9C chfnh B i c Ky dUpc To&n q u y l n D6ng DUtJng
c h u i n y b i n g Nghj djnh ngfly 21-12-1917.

(6). SET, hs: 653.

(14). SET, hs: 650.

(7). SET, ha: 660.

(15). MHN, ha: 5120.


HOP TAG VllT-TRUNG TRONG V A N D £ B | £ N GIQTI
T R £ N DjA BAN HAr T I N H QUANG NINH VA QUANG TAY
TUTNAM 1991 D E N N A M 2010

N G 6 T H I LAN PHUONG'

1. Vfli nfit vg t i n h h i n h bifin gifiri VitftT r u n g trfin dja phtfn h a i t i n h Qu&ng
N i n h - Q u i n g Tay trUdc nflm 1991 (tiif k h i
Vifit N a m dtfi mdi 1986 dtfn triidc 1991)
Quang Ninh (Vi§t Nam) vfl Quang Tfly
(Trung Qufic) cd chung 132,8km ductng bifin
gidi trfin dtft litfn vfl 250km bifin gidi trfin
bien (1), trong dd khu vitc titfp giflp trUe
titfp Ifl Thflnh pho Mfing Cfii (Quang Ninh)
vfl Thfinh phtf Dfing HUng (Quang Tfiy).
Quan h$ gifla hai dia phUOng Quang NinhQuang Tfiy da ed td lfiu trong Ijeh sul vfi
duoc khdi dtfu t d quan hfi giao lUu bufin
ban. Budc sang th6i kl hifin dai, do nhflng
tfic dong cua lich sd, quan htf gifla hai tinh
dfi cd nhdng luc bi ngdng t r f Td nfim 1986
- mtfc thdi ditfm Vi$t Nam titfn hflnh dfi'i

mdi vfl Trung Qutfe eung da titfn hflnh cai
each dUdc gtfn mot thfip ki, trong khi quan
hfi hai nUde vSn gfin nhU dfing bflng, quan
hfi dia phUdng bifin gidi, bfit d^u cd dtfu
hifiu khfii phi^e eho dtfn khi hai bfin chfnh
thde tai thitft lAp mfii quan hfi (1991). Tlnh
hinh nfiy cd t h l bflt ngudn td nhu ctfu thitft
ytfu cua cU dfin hai bfin bifin gidi trong vi$c
thfim thfln vfi trao dfi'i hflng hda ph\ic v\i

euOc etfng hflng ngfly, sfiu xa hOn nfi cung
phan finh nhiJng tfic dtfng bUdc dtfu td
nhflng chfnh sfich dtfi mdi cua Dang vfl Nhfl
nUdc ta dtfi vdi khu vxfc bifin gidi.
Tgi khu vi^c bifin gidi gifip ranh hai tinh
Quang Ninh • Quang Tfly, sau chitfn tranh
bifin gidi (1979), cfic hogt dfing quan ly
dudng bifin, ctft mfic phfa Vi$t Nam dU0c
tfing cudng. Bifin phfing tinh Quang Ninh
dfi titfn hflnh dflng kf kitfm soflt dUdc hon
17 ngfln lUdt ngUdi ra vflo, di lai lflm fln d
khu vdc bifin gidi, trong nflm 1986-1987,
phflt hifin dUkhi dd cfic hogt dtfng qufln sU cua Trung
Qufic 0 vdng sflt bifin cd chitfu hUfing giam
dtfn, luc lUdng qufln sd chu Idc dfing trfin
dja bfln bifin gidi Quang Tfiy cd ban dfl rdt
vtf phfa sau. Nhflng hfinh vi vi pham bifin
gidi td nflm 1987 chu ytfu lfi ti3t sU td phflt
cua cU dfln bfin kia bifin gidi sang khai thfic

lfim san, dfinh bflt hai san trfin dfl't nUfic ta.
Budc sang nfim 1988, tinh hinh bifin gifii
gifla hai tinh cfi nhitfu di§n bifi'n mdi, nhu
ctfu thfim thfin trao dtfi hflng hfia cua nhfin
dfin hai bfin bifin gidi rtft bdc thitft, tlnh
trang vugt bifin trfii phfip, bufin Itfu, mua

•NCS. Khoa Lich sd - Tru6ng DH KHXH&NV • DHQGHN


Tinh hinh hgp tdc V i a - Trung...
ban ph\i nd tre em da diSn ra kha phdc tgp
tren tofin tuytfn bifin gidi gifla hai tinh.
Trudc tinh hinh dd, thfing 11-1988, Ban bf
thu Trung Udng Dang ra thfing b&o stf
118/BBT cho phfip nhfln dfin hai bfin bifin
gidi duoc qua lai thfim thfin, trao dtfi hflng
hda thitft ytfu phuc vy ddi stfng vfl san xufl't.
ty ban Nhfin dfin (UBND) tlnh Quang
Ninh trfin tinh thfin dfi dfi cho ttf chdc 4
dilm qua lgi tren bifin gidi vdi Quang Tfiy
lfi: eda khtfu Ka Long, eda khtfu P6 Hfin,
cda khtfu Bfic Phong Sinh vfi cda khtfu
Hoflnh MQ, bfit dtfu cho hoat dong vflo 5-21989, dong th&i m6 thfim hai dilm giao djch
trao dfi'i hflng hda d Vgn Gia vfl Mui Ngoc.
Td sau thfing bfio 118, tinh hinh bifin gidi
hai tinh cd nhieu ehuyin bifi'n mdi, trong
nflm 1989, ed 130.000 ngUdi Trung Qutfc tit
Quang Tay sang Vifit Nam vfl 100.000
ngUdi Viet Nam i^' Quang Ninh sang

Trung Quoc (3). Trong stf nfly, ngofli nhfin
dfin d cac xa ven bifin, cdn cd mot Iilc lUdng
dfing dao nhfin dfln cflc huyfin thi sau trong
nfii dia hai tinh Quang Ninh-Quang Tfiy
sang hai ben bien gidi lfim fin bufin ban vfl
di du lieh. Tuy nhifin, trfin bien, I^i d\ing ta
mci cda bifin gidi, tfiu thuyfin Trung Quoc til
Quang Tay thudng xuyen xam phgm vdng
biln cua ta vdi so lUdng ldn, cfi ngfly Ifin
dtfn hflng trfim chitfc. Mfic dd tinh trgng d ^
dtfu vfl hogt dong vii trang trfin bifin gidi
giam di r5 rfit, Vifit Nam cung mdi vifie tfeh
cue md cilia v i n tfing eUdng kiem soat chflt
che tinh hinh an ninh bifin gidi. Dtfn thfing
11-1990, Tinh uy Quang Ninh cd chu
trUOng md thfing con dudng bign gidi tfl Hai
Yfin Ifin P6 Hfin-vtfn Ifl con dudng thdi ki
chitfn tranh bien gidi gai nhitfu chfing min
nfin hi ctfm di lgi. Vitfe thfing tuytfn ducfng
cd y nghia kinh ttf xa hfii vfi an ninh qutfc
phong to ldn doi vdi triln vong phflt triln
ca mfit khu vdc bifin gidi Vifit-Trung rfing

ldn. Cling trong nflm nfly, UBND tinh
Quang Ninh da phtfi h0p vdi bifin phfing
tinh, khao sfit tofin b0 tuytfn bifin gidi dfl't
liln gifip vdi Quang Tfiy, ding thdi dUa dfln
ra efie vdng gifip bifin, djnh canh djnh cU
trfin tofln tuytfn hifin gidi. NhU vfiy, ehfnh
sfich md cda dfl t h l hi^n rfi rflng nhflng mflt

tfeh cdc, b$ m^t kinh ttf-xfi h^i ci khu vuc
giflp ranh hai tinh dfi cd nhifiu dfi'i mdi,
hogt dfing mpi mflt phong phu hdn, d6i
sfi'ng nhfln dfln dUOc cai thifin hdn. Nhflng
hudc titfn triln d i n dtfn d khu vUc bifin gidi
hai tinh nfii rifing, bifin gidi hai nude ndi
chung Ifl budc ehuln bi quan trong vfl thUe
sU cfln thitft cho nhflng thay dli ljch sd vflo
nfim 1991 khi hai nUdc chfnh thdc binh
thudng hda quan hfi.
Nhu vfly, giai doan 1986-1991 quan hfi
gifla hai tinh Quang Ninh vfl Quang Tfiy
chUa cd mfii lifin hfi ngoai giao-kinh ttf-vfln
hda cua chfnh quyen hai tinh. Hoat dong
chu ytfu vfln Ifl cua cU dfin bifin gidi hai bfin
thflm thfin vfi mua bfin hflng hfia mang
tfnh tu phat. Dieu dd eho thfl'y sU ehi phoi
tfl't yeu tinh hinh quan hfi hai nUdc d^i vdi
cfic mfii quan hfi dia phUdng vfi sU phu
thuoc chfit che cua quan hfi hai tinh vao
moi quan hfi qutfe gia dd. Trfin eO sd do, tfl
nflm 1991, trong boi canh mdi cua quan hfi
Vifit-Trung, tinh hinh bifin gidi d i n di vao
on dinh, Quang Ninh vfl Quang Tfiy mdi
thiet Iflp quan hfi chinh thdc ctfp tinh dong
thcti cung bat dflu khcii dfing cho nhflng
hoat dfing kinh ttf - chfnh trj - vfln hda cfl'p
dia phUdng cua hai nhfl nUdc mfit each
chinh thtfng. Trong tong t h l cfic linh vUc
quan htf gifla hai nUde trfin dja bfin hai tinh

tfl sau 1991, vdi phgm vi bfli bflo nfiy,
chdng tfii xin chi de cfip dtfn Hnh vUc hdp
tac bifin gidi-mfit Imh vdc cd y nghia an
ninh ehfnh trj vfl cd tflc dfing ldn Ifin cfie
mflt quan hfi khac.


48
2. T i n h h i n h h(?p tfic Vitft-Trung t r o n g
vtfn d l bifin gidi trfin dja bfln h a i t i n h
Q u a n g N i n h vfl Qu&ng Tfiy tit n&m
1991 dtfn n&m 2010.
Hijp tfic gifla hai nUdc Vi^t-Trung trong
vfi'n dfi bifin gidi ndi chung vfi trfin dja phfin
hai tinh Quang Ninh - Quflng Tfiy ndi rifing
tfip trung vfio hai vfl'n dfi chu ytfu lfi gifl gin
bao v§ trj an khu v^c bifin gidi vfi phfln gidi
cflm mtfe. Dfly Ifl hai hogt d^ng htft ade
quan trpng khfing chi trong vi^c dfim bio
sU tofln vgn bifin gidi Iflnh thtf mfl cfin Ifl
hogt dtfng titfn dfi tao dilu ki$n cho cflc llnh
vUc trao dfi'i hpp tfic khfic gifla hai nude qua
dia bfln hai tinh di6n ra sufin a^, thufin l(?i.
Bfi't cd sU bfi't tfn bifin gidi nflo tai dfiy dfiu
cd anh hudng trUc tifi'p dtfn tlnh hinh hi?p
tflc gida hai bfin tren cac linh vUe cdn lgi,
mfl bilu hifin dfi thfl'y vfl tde thi nhfl't Ifl
trao dfi'i thUOng mai Vifit-Trung qua dja
bfln hai tinh ed t h l bj ngUng tr$.
- Hap tdc trong viec bdo ve tri an khu

uUc biin gidi
Y thde sfiu sflc y nghia cua vific bao vfi
bien gidi Vifit-Trung doi vdi sU phfit triln
cua tinh, lUe lUpng efing an vfl bien phong
eua ca hai tinh Quang Tfiy vfl Quang Ninh
da phoi hpp nhifiu hinh thdc true titfp vfl
gian titfp nh^m bao v$ tri an khu vUc bifin
gidi nhU: trao tra ngilfii vi pham phap lufit,
dtfu tranh ehtfng tfii phgm, ehtfng xufi't
nhfip canh trai phfip vfl xd ly nhflng vi
phgm trong quan ly xufi't nhfip canh, xutft
nhfip bien.
Tren tinh thtfn cua Hi$p dinh tgm thSi
kl ngfiy 7-11-1991 vfi m\ie 5 trong Thfing
cfio 11 dilm chung gifla hai nUde ban hfinh
10-11-1991 ndi ro:
"Hai ben thoa thudn tiep tuc cdc bi^n
ph'.ip cdn thiet de duy tri hba binh vd sit
yin tinh dgc theo biin gidi vd khuyen khich
cU ddn bi&n gidi khdi phuc vd phdt triin su

Rghtftn eihi Idch adr. atf 11.3
thdm hdi qua lg,i hOu nghj, truyin thdhg di
biin biSn gidi Trung-Vi$t thdnh biin gidi
hba binh hOu ngh(... cd hai bin diu ttSng^
gidi quyit dUdng biin gidi vd nhOng vdn di
ldnh thS khdc m^t cdeh hba binh thdng qua
ddm phdn" (4).
Cfing an cdng bifin phfing tinh Qufing
Ninh vfi cfing an Qufing Tfiy, Ttfng dfii bifin

phfing Qufing Tfiy dfl gfip gd, trao dli vl
tinh hinh an ninh trfit tu hai bfin bifin gifii
vfl thu tt^c qua lgi bifin gidi, cufii cdng hai
tinh dfi ky bifin ban ghi nhd vfi phfii hpp gid
gin trflt td trj an khu vi^c bifin gidi theo chi
dgo cua TU (kf ktft thflng 6-1992). Hflng
nflm hai bfin dtfu duy tri hoat dfing gflp gfi
trao dfi^i kinh nghifim vfl bfln bifin phfip
phtfi hpp thac hifin, chi dao cfing an, bifin
phdng cfic dja phUdng bifin gidi, Thj xfi
Dfing HUng vfl Thj xa Mdng Cfii hop lufin
phifin hfing thflng, hpp tfic trong cfing tfic
phong ehtfng toi phgm. Nflm 1993, eong an
bifin phfing Dfing HUng da 5 I l n sang lflm
vific vdi don bien phong cijta khtfu Mfing Cfli
vfi ngUpc lai. 6 cfic huyfin bifin gidi khflc
eua hai tinh cung difin ra nhflng cufic gflp
gfi, bfln bgc giai quytft cfic vfl'n de trflt tU an
ninh bifin gidi.
Tuy nhifin vflo thdi dilm dd, tinh hinh
an ninh bifin gidi vSn di§n ra phdc tgp,
hoat di^ng vi phgm chu quytfn bifin gidi dfl't
lifin vfl bifin gidi trfin biln vfln tfii diln.
Nfim 1995, Quang Ninh da phfit hifin, ngfin
chfin 290.676 lUpt ngUdi, 5675 lUpt tflu bfi
phfa Trung Quoc vi phgm, dtfn thang 121996 cd 730 lUpt ngUdi vfi 85 Iln dfin Trung
Qutfc ddng thutfc n l sang dfinh bfit hai san
trfin khu vdc sfing giflp ranh (5).
Trude tinh hinh trfin, nflm 1997, CWnh
phu Vi$t Nam ban hfinh efing vfin stf

130/KT-NM v l rfi phfi bom min, chfing 5
khu vdc bifin gidi d l bao dam kilm tra,
k i l m sofit dudng bifin mfic gidi dupc thutfn


Tinh hinh hgp ttz Vigt - Tnmg..
ldi. Kg't qua thu gom dupe 15.830 chitfc
chfing, huy 189 qua min (6), gdp phfin quan
trpng gifl gin trfit tU an ninh bifin gidi.

thgo lulng lach, ddng hfia ddn chdng tfl
nhu vfln ehuyin hfing hda n^i dja vflo cflc
tinh phfa nam, saa dfi lpi d^ing sd hd, dfim
tfii (qua dfio Cfi Tfi, Bgeh Long Vi) di qua
lulng ngofli, xufi't lfiu sang Trung Quoc.
TrUdc tinh hinh dfi, cue hfii quan Quang
Ninh da phfii hpp vdi hai quan Quang Tfiy
tfing cUdng cfing tac quan ly hogt d§ng khai
thac, vfin chuyin, chtf bitfn vfi tifiu thu than
tren dia bfin hai tinh ding thdi ra quan
tflng cUdng tfing cUdng tufin tra kilm soat
chfit che, gfit gao trfin biln, do vfiy da hgn
chfi d i n tinh trang tren. Tfnh rifing trong
nfim 2007, trong tfi'ng stf 566 vv bufin lflu bj
hai quan Quang Ninh hit gifl, chi cfi 2 vu
bi thu gifl vfl xd ly trgn bien gidi biln. Tuy
nhien den nfim 2010, hai quan Quang Ninh
lai bflt gifl 3 vu bufin Iflu ldn trgn biln dang
vfin chuyin than vfi khoang san sang
Trung Qutfc tifiu thu, m5i vu cd trj gia hang

vai trflm trigu dong (9). Nhu vfly, mflc dd
khong that phdc tap nhU tinh hinh bifin
gidi trfin bo, hdp tfic an ninh trfin biln giila
hai tinh ciing gflp nhflng khfi khfln nhfi't
dinh tfl nhflng hoat dong xufl't nhflp lflu tfli
nguyen khofing san trai phfip, mfi chu ytfu
la td Viet Nam sang Trung Qutfc. Thue
trang dfi dfit ra ygu cfiu cho cac lUc lupng
chdc nflng lufin phai de eao eanh giac, cfi su
phoi hdp thtfng nhfi't trgn tofln tuyen bign
gidi, tfl bien gidi dfi't Iiln dtfn bifin gidi bien.
Mac dd vfly, vdi dia hinh hilm trd dflc thfl
cua miln bifin vien, cfing thfim vcli nhieu
thu doan ngfly cfing tinh vi eua efic loai toi
pham pha hogi an ninh bifin gidi, cdng tac
phoi hdp bao vfi an ninh hign gidi gifla hai
dia phUdng hai nUdc Vifit-Trung da dat
nhflng thflnh qua nhfl't dinh, song cung dat
ra nhilu thd thach mdi trong chflng dudng
sap tdi.

Mflc du con nhflng nhfin thde khac nhau
trong vfi'n de~ bao vfi an ninh bifin gidi, nhin
chung tfl nhflng nfim 2000 trd Iai dfiy, khi
hai nude da kf dupe hi$p djnh bifin gidi trfin
dfl't lien vfi trfin biln, lUc lUdng chdc nflng
ca hai ben da phfii hpp tUOng dfii chflt chg
vfi hifiu qua trong quan ly, bao vfi dudng
bifin cot mde ciing nhU xd ly cac v\i vifie
nhU: trfim eflp, bufin lflu, bufin bfin ph\i nfl

vfi tre em, bufin ban vfln chuyen vfi tifiu thu
tifiVgia... Hai tinh-khu dfi thflnh Iflp dupe
vfin phong lien lac phdng c^fi'ng ma tdy qua
bien gidi. Chi tfnh rifing trong nfim 2009,
lUc Iupng chflc nflng da phfit hifin vfi xd ly
15 trudng hpp ngudi Trung Quoc nhflp
I canh trai phfip vao Quang Ninh, xd If 607
ngudi Trung Qufi'c vi phgm quy chtf xutft
nhfip canh, tifi'p nhfin 168 cfing dan Vifit
Nam do phia Trung Qufi'c trao tra; bflt gid
29 vu vfln chuyen trai phfip chfi't ma tdy
qua bifin gidi (con so' nfiy nflm 2010 giam
xuong con 10 vu), tiep nhan 48 phu nfl bi
Ida ban vfi giai cdu 5 tre ?m, phoi hpp eung
cfic tinh bien gidi phfa bfic trifit phfi 7
dudng dfiy bufin bfin phu nfl vfi tre em qua
bign gidi (7)... vfin dpng cfing dfin Trung
Quoc pha nho 143 coc dfing tai efin Tfii Sec,
dong thdi don bien phong Hofinh Mfi da
dilu tra, xfic minh lfim ro nguyfin nhfln
muc dich vific pha hoai mfit dtf cfit moc
1307; don bifin phong Bfie Phong Sinh da
phoi hdp vdi phia bgn dilu tra truy tim mtfc
18 cu dua tra ve vi tri (8).
Tlnh hinh bifin gidi trfin biln edng kha
phdc tap, trong dd dfing ehu y hdn ca lfi
bufin lflu, vfin chuyin trfii phfip khofing san
qua bifin gidi ngfly mfit gia tfing. Dflc bifit,
Cung vfii cac hoat dong nghifip vu phtfi
nhflng nam gtfn ddy, dtfi tUpng bufin lfiu

than, khoang san chuyen nghifip ddng hpp, luc Iupng chdc nfing hai bfin ciing
nhflng tau ldn, trang bi hien dgi, thfing thudng xuygn tuyfin truyfi'n vfln dong nhfin

(


Rghifln cihl Ideh adr. atf 11.2012
dfin chtfp hflnh phflp lu^t vfi cfic quy djnh
v l xutft nhfip cfinh qua Igi bifin gidi d i n g
thdi duy tri vfl tfing cudrig qufin ly tufin tra,
kilm sofit gifl gin an ninh trfit td d khu v^c
bifin gidi, tgo dilu ki$n thutfn lpi cho cfie
hogt d$ng hpp tfie khfic gifla hai tinh dU(?c
dly mgnh.

PGCM song phUdng, cdng cam ktft hofln
thflnh cfing tfic PGCM trfin thUe dia vflo
thflng 12-2008, xfly ddng efic Hi§p Djnh vl
bifin gidi d l duy trt dudng bifin gidi In djnh,
hda binh vfl hflu nghj, gdp phfin thdc dly
quan h$ hai nUdc Vi§t-Trung theo phUdng
chfim 16 chfl vflng vfl tinh thfin 4 ttft.

- H^ tdc trong hogt ddng phdn gidi cdm
mde (PGCM)

Cfic ban ngflnh chdc nfing cua tinh
Qufing Ninh theo su chi dgo tfl TU" da cfi sy
quan tfim kjp thdi dtfn cfic ngflnh vfi dja
phUdng bifin gidi, tfing cudng cfic hoat d^ng

dfii ngogi vdi chfnh quyln vfi efie lUe lUpng
qufin ly bfio v$ bifin gidi eua tinh Quang Tfly
(Trung Qufic) nhflm kifin tri thfing qua dflm
phfln d l giai quytft nhiJng vtfn dl, vy vi§c
phdc tap trfin bifin gidi, han chtf dtfn miicc
thtfp nhtft cfic hogt dfing vi phgm ehu quyln
Iflnh thl. TCt dd tflng bude dly mgnh cung ctf,
xfiy ddng cfic dia phUdng bifin gidi viii^
mgnh vl mpi mtft. V l phfa tinh Quai^ Tfiy,
ndi chung ciing phoi hdp tUdng doi ttft, cdng
hpp tfic vfl tao dilu ki$n thufln ldi cho nhau
trong triln khai cfing vi$c song phUdng.

Phfln gidi efim mtfc lfi m^t hogt d^ng rtft
khd khfln, phflc tgp, bfin cgnh nhflng khd
khfin vtf mflt k! thu^t, dfiy cfin Ifl hogt d^ng
nhgy cam bdi nfi Ifl sd phfin djnh bifin gidi
lanh thtf qutfc gia trfin cd sd dfim phfin vfl
dgt dUdc sd d i n g thufln cua ca hai phfa,
hdn nfla lgi ifl hai qutfc gia cd nhilu nhflng
bitfn ctf ljch sd. Bdi le dd, phfin gidi cfim
mtfc gifla hai nUdc Vifit-Trung tfl't ytfu lfi
m$t qufi trinh trai qua nhitfu bUde vfl nhilu
giai doan.
Dd cho hai nUde Vifit-Trung da kf xong
cfic higp udc bien gidi dtft liln, hifip dinh
phan dinh vjnh Bfic Bo vfl Hi§p dinh hdp
tac nghe ca, song eong tfie phfin gidi cflm moc
tfl nhiing nflm 2000 trd lgi day lfi hogt dfing
triln khai cu t h l cua rifing Hi$p Udc bifin gidi

trfin dfi't Uln theo tinh thfin chi dao td Chfnh
phu hai nUdc, hai dja phUdng bifin gidi cung
theo dd ma thuc hi$n. Phfin dinh bifin gidi
trfin biln giila Quang Ninh vfl Quang Tfiy
vfin xflc djnh ehung theo nhiing thda thufin
eiia Hifip djnh phfln dinh vinh Bfie B$ (ky
nflm 2000) gifla hai nUde.
Cfing tac phan gidi efim mfic lufin nhfln
dupe su quan tfim dflc bi$t cua Dfing vfi
Nhfl Nude, xfic dinh dfiy Ifi cfing trinh tr^ng
dilm dfic bi$t cua qutfc gia nfin da tfip
trung lanh dao, chi dao vfi dfiu tU thda
dflng v l nhfin lUe, trang thitft hi, tfii ehfnh
vfi chtf dp chfnh sach; kip thdi ra cflc quytft
sfich chi dao dfim phan cfic efi'p d l gifii
quytft diit dilm cae t i n dong trong efing tfic

Tuy nhifin, Trung Qufic vdi tilm lUc
mgnh, ed sd hg tfing bign gidi hofln bj, chu
dong vfl giflu kinh nghifim trong cfing tflc
PGCM, vi Ifl cfing vific lien quan trUc titfp
dtfn chu quytfn qufic gia do dfi phfa Trung
Qufic cung gfiy nhfllng khfi khfln ap lyc dtfi
vdi Vifit Nam nhU: xfim eanh, lflm dUdng,
cfim chi gidi cfing trinh qutfc phong... Ben
cgnh dd cfing tfic nfly eon bi ehi phfii bdi ljch
sd lanh t h l , trinh d$ dfin eU thfi'p vfl sd
phfin btf dfin eU khfing diu, thdi titft khf
htfu vdng bifin khfic nghifit...
Nfim 1996, bfi dfii bifin phfing Quang

Ninh da ttf chiic khao sfit dUdng bifin, mfic
gidi cua tinh, ktft qua: bifin gidi trfin dtft
liln titfp giap vdi Quang Tfiy dfii 132,8 km^
trong dd dudng bien gidi di theo sfing sutfi
dfli 90 km, bifin gidi di theo dja hinh rvtng
nui dfii 42,8 km, cd 40/41 mtfe gidi da dUdc


Thih hinh hgp tde Viflt - Trung...
khao sat; bifin gidi trgn biln chifi'u dfli
khoang 250 km, cd 3.000 hon dao, 50 cda
sfing cda lach (10). Thdi dilm nfly tinh hinh
phfin gidi cflm moc v i n diln ra kha gay go,
phdc tgp. Thfing 5-1996, Trung Qufic eho
ngudi sang xfiy cfit dfin d hon Tfli Sec, cda
song Bfic Lufin nhfim chuyin nd thflnh cua
hp. Chua hfi't, trong thdi gian trfin, phfa
Quang Tfiy eon cho ngUdi sang Ifl'n chitfm d
khu vUc M6-Hoflnh Mfi, trong cfiy vfi nufii so
d bai Tuc Lam, titfp tyc xfiy cfit dfl d hon Tfii
Sec, dfip phfi mfi'e gidi, ehi gidi an tofin khu
vUc bien gidi, thfim chf edn vitft thU de dpa cfle
don bign phfing bien gidi, nghifim trong hon
phi'a Quang Tay eon dilng mfit lUc Iupng ldn
xfiy ke Ifih chitfm khu vUc bai Nfl To - Hofinh
Mfi - Binh Lifiu. Phia Vifit Nam tfeh cue tuyen
truyfi'n ngu ro quan dilm cua Dang vfl Nhfi
nude ta ve vtfn d l bien gidi, ttf chdc dfi'u tranh
ngoai giao phan khfing, con mdi ca dai sd
Trung Qufi'c luc dd Ifi Ly Gia Trung ra bign

gidi di xem thue ttf.
Ngay 30-12-1999, Chi'nh phu hai nUdc
Vifit-Trung da ky hifip Ude bien gidi trfin
dfi't lie'n, md ra thdi ki mdi tot dep trong
quan he bifin gidi hai nUdc dong thdi tgo
Ifip mgt hanh lang phap Iy mdi cho dUdng
bign gidi Vifit-Trung.
Nhfln thde ro dfiy Ifl vfl'n de het sdc nhay
cam, tfl sau hifip djnh, vdi tinh thtfn hdp
tac tfeh cUc phfa Quang Ninh da tfeh cUc
phoi hdp vdi phfa Quang Tay vfl da nhflng
ktft qua dang ghi nhfin trong cfing tac dfie
bigt nay. Den nam 2009, th«e hifin Bifin
ban cufic gfip trUdng dofin dai bilu cfi'p
Chinh phu dfim phfin ve bifin gidi lanh tho
Vifit Nam-Trung Quoe ngfly 31-12-2008,
titfn hanh PGCM dogn bien gidi con lgi tfl
moc 1373 den gidi diem 62 (khu vUc cda
sfing Bac Luan) (11). NhU vfly, sau g i n mot
I Jhfip ki thye hifin cfing tac PGCM, dtfn nay
I R a i tinh Quang Tfiy vfl Quang Ninh da

chuyin dupe dudng bifin gidi vfl efie e0t mtfc
tfl ngfin tfl eua Hi§p udc vfl ban dfi dfnh
kfim ra thuc dja mfit cfich ro rfing vfl dUpc
dfinh dfi'u bfing h$ thtfng c$t mtfc. Phfa
Quang Ninh da trifit d l thfio dfi dupc 19
dfip thdi vu, 10 doan dfl't dfi dfin Trung
Qutfc tu y Itfp cac con bfii. Ktft qua cy t h l
nhu sau:

Dudng bifin gidi titfp gifip vdi Quang Tfiy
trfin dfi't liln doan do Qufing Ninh qufin ly
ed chilu dfii lfi 118,842km gfim: di trfin bfi
lfi 25,997km, di trgn sfing su6i tfiu thuyin
khfing di lgi dUpc Ifi 42,106km vfi di trgn
sfing sufii tflu thuyin di lgi dUpc Ifl
50,739km.
Ve mtfc gidi, hai ben da xae djnh stf moc
gidi do tinh Quang Ninh quan If gim 97
mtfc gidi vdi 175 cfit moc (tfl mtfc gidi 1301
dtfn 1378). Trong dd Quang Ninh cflm 87
cot mtfc, Quang Tay cfim 88 cot moc.
Cot mtfc ddn efim trung vdi dudng bien
gidi Ifl 35 cot mtfc (Vifit Nam efim 18 cfit
mtfc, Trung Qufi'c cflm 17).
Cot mfic cflm bfin bd song suoi bign gidi Vifit
Nam lfi 69 cpt moc (46 mfic dfii, 23 mfic ba).
Cfit mtfc cfim bfin bd sfing suoi bien gidi
Trung Qutfc la 71 cpt moc (46 moc dfii, 25
moc ba) (12).
Ngay sau khi cpt mfic dupe xfiy dUng,
nhdm PGCM Quang Ninh da t l chdc bfln
giao cho cac don bien phong quan ly. Cac ban
ngfinh chflc nfing trong tinh da to ehde tuyen
truyin sfiu rong tdi tiing tfing ldp nhfin dfin
vl ket qua phan gidi cflm mfic bifin gidi tren
dfi't Iiln Vifit Nam-Trung Qufic thufic dja
phfin tinh Qufing Ninh dong thdi phfii hpp vdi
phfa ban gifii quytft cfie vtfn d l lien quan sau
khi phan gidi cfim mtfe hofin thflnh nhU dd

bo hfi thtfng dudng bifin gidi cu, giai quytft
vfi'n dfi cfiy hoa mflu, cay lau nflm de cfi t h l
bfin giao vfi quan ly dUdng bifin gidi mdi
ddng thdi gian quy dinh.


Rghifln cOru L|ch sCt. atf 11.2012
Nhu vtfy, vfii phUdng chfim kifin tri mlm
ddo trong hogt d$ng song phUdng nhUng
kifin quytft bfio v§ ehu quyln Ifinh thtf,
Qufing Ninh da hdp tfie vdi Quang Tfiy xfiy
dyng duyc dogn dudng bifin gidi Vi$t-Trung
hoa binh, hflu nghj vfl phfit triln. V l phfa
Quang Ninh, bifin gidi, biln dfio cua tlnh
da phfit triln dong b§ vfi tofln di^n, nhfln
dfin vfl cfic lUc lupng vfl trang da chu d^ng
phflt hifin vfl ngfin chtfn dfi'u tranh Iflm thfl't
bgi nhilu hflnh dfing Ifin chitfm vi phgm tfl
bfin kia bifin gidi, xd ly ed hi$u qufi cfic hogt
d^ng xfim canh xfim cU, bao vfi vflng chfic
tofin vgn chu quyln an nmh bifin gidi. Sy
phtfi hpp gifla hai tinh trong cfing tfie bao
vfi bifin gidi ciing cd nhflng thdi dilm htft
sdc khfi khfln phflc tgp nhUng nfim trong
tinh thfin ehung cua hai nUdc theo hUdng
giai quytft tranh chfi'p bflng phUdng phap
hda binh, tfin trong Ifin nhau, cflng cfi lpi vfl
da dgt dUpc nhilu ktft qua dfing ghi nhfin
Vific hofin thfinh cfing tfic PGCM trfin
bifin gidi dfi't liln Vifit Nam-Trung Qutfe ndi

chung, dogn do Quang Ninh - Quang Tfiy
qufin ly nfii rifing Ifl sd ki$n cd y nghia lich
sd trpng dai trong cfing cufic bao vfi vfl xfiy
dUng dfi't nudc. Lfin dfiu tifin trong ljch sd,
Vifit Nam vdi tu cfieh lfi mfit qutfe gia dfie
Ifip chu quyln da cung vdi Trung Qutfc xfic
dinh dupe dudng bifin gidi trfin dfi't liln
chi'nh xflc, ro rflng vdi h$ thong moc gidi
hifin dgi, dflt nfi'n tang vflng chflc v l cd sd
CHU

phflp ly cho cfic ngflnh chflc nflng titfn hfinh
qufin ly bifin gidi thutfn lyi vfl hi^u qufi. Di
dtfn xfiy dyng mtft dudng bifin gidi tfn djnh
lfiu dfli, md ra cd htfi ldn hdn nfla cho vific
tflng cUdng giao lUu, hyp tfic phfit triln moi
mflt gifla hai nUde nfii chung vfl hai tinh
Qufing Ninh-Qufing Tfiy nfii rifing. Theo
dfinh gifi cua Thfl trUdng B0 Ngogi giaoVu
Dflng, Chu nhi$m Oy ban bifin gidi Qufic
gia "cd t h l coi dfiy Ifl bfing hoa dgp cua
quan h$ hyp tfic Vi$t Nam - Trung Qufic,
gdp phfin xfiy dyng bien gidi Vi$t-Trung
thfit sy trd thflnh bifin gidi hfia binh, hflu
nghj vfl phfit triln" (13).
Tyu chung lgi, cd t h l nfii d l duy tri vfl
phfit t r i l n sU hpp tflc tofin difin gifla hai dia
phUdng vfl hai nhfi nude Vifit-Trung, hpp
tfic trong vfi'n d l bifin gidi trd thflnh dieu
ki$n tifin quytft, trd thflnh Uu tifin hflng dfiu

cua ehfnh phu hai nUde. Thtfy dUpc tfim
quan trpng dd, nhflng nflm qua hdp tfic
Vi§t-Trung trong vfi'n dfi bifin gidi trfin dia
bfin hai tinh Qufing Ninh-Quang Tfiy da
dat nhilu thflnh qua dfing ghi nh^n, tvf viec
bao vfi an ninh bifin gidi dtfn phfin gidi cfim
mtfc, tgo mfii trUdng hda binh hflu nghj,
lfim n l n tang cd sd d l duy tri vfl phfit trien
hogt d0ng hpp tfic mpi mfit gifla hai tinh vfl
hai nude, tfl dfi gdp phfin dUa mfii quan he
Quang Ninh-Quang Tfiy trd moi quan hfi
cfl'p dja phUdng k i l u mfiu cua hai nUdc Vifit
Nam vfi Trung Qufic.

THtCH

(1). Lich stthdi quan Qudng Ninh, Nxb. Quang
Ninh, 2005, tr. 6-7.

Quang Ninh, 1999, tr. 3.

(4), (5). (6). Trfin Vfln Biing, sdd. tr. 11.
(2). Ttfng Kh^c Hfli. Biin gidi guSc gia doqn do
(7). Bfli phflt bilu ciia bfl Nhii Thj Hfing Lifintinh Qudng Ninh qudn ly giai doqn 1975-1989, Ph6 Chil tjch tSy ban Nhfin dfin tinh Quang Ninh
Nxb. Quang Ninh, 2009, tr. 45.
tgi H§i nghj UBCrTLH Ifin thii ba, Lgng SOn, thing
(3). Trfin Vfln Bttng; Lich sit biSn gidi Qudng 9-2010.
(Xem tiip trang 62)
Ninhgiai doqn 1990-1999, Tfli li§u bifin phong

Rghl&n cflu lilch aJr. atf 11.2012

62

Dgi hgc Su phgm Hfl Nfii, Hfl Nfii, 2011, ir. 246- cflng tflc nghifin cflu. Trong hi ad gid hpc cd ghi diy
dil vft khfich quan vl gifio fln, tfti lifiu, dfi diing
260.
(16). Kato Kimiaki, Nihonshi toron jugyo no giflng dgy dfi ad dyng, diin bitfn gid hpc, hogt d$ng
susume kata {Phitdng phdp tO^n hdnh gid hqc thdothiy-trd, y kii'n cua hpc sinh vfl dftc bi§t 1ft cam
lu^n lich sdNh^t Bdn), Nihon Shoseki, 1996, tr. 1. tudng, cfic y kitfn tranh lufln ctia hpc sinh.
(20). Hda blnh, dfln chii, tfin trflng con ngUdi 1ft
(17). Kato ICimiaki, Nihonshi toron jugyo no
susume kata {fhitang phdp tii'n hdnh gid hqc ba try cfit cQng gpi Ifl ba nguyfin ly cila Hitfn phftp
thdo ludn lich aCl Nhdt Bdn), Nihon Shoaeki, Nhflt Bfin 1947. Hitfn phflp nfly cdn dupc gpi 1ft
1996, tr. 1.
Hii'n phflp hda blnh.
(18). Jomon 1ft tSn gpi m$t giai dogn ljch sil
(21). Luflt giflo dgc trUdng hpc, Luflt giflo dgc cd
Nhflt Bin (13.000-300 tr.CN).
bfin vfl c&c bfi luflt gi&o dgc cfi lifin quan dam bao
(19). Hfi BO gid hgc Ifl nhflng ghi ch£p to&n di$n cd ed phflp ly cho c&c sflng tgo cua gi&o vifin trong
vl gid hgc dfl thye hi^n eiia gifto vifin phyc vy cho c&c hogt dfing thye tiln gifto dye.

H0P TAC VIIT-TRUNG TRONG VAN DE BIEN Gldl
(Tidp theo trang 52)
(8). 6y ban Nhftn dfin tinh Quang Ninh, Bflo
c&o ktft qua thye hi^n ban ghi nhd hfli nghj Iln thfl
hai UBCTLH giQa cac tinh phfa bic Vi§t Nam vft
khu ty trj dftn tfic Choang Quang Tfly, ngfly 6

thftng 9 nfim 2010, Ha Ixing, tr. 4.
(9). Cyc Hai quan Quang Ninh. Bdo c&o iSng
ktft cdng tftc kilm soflt Hai quan 5 nftm (20062010) atf 2005/HQQN-CBL, Quang Ninh, ngfty 2612-2010.
(10). Dia chi Qudng Ninh (2001), tftp 1.
(11). tly ban Nhfin dfin tlnh Quang Ninh

(2009), B&o c&o ttfng ktft hofln thftnh cdng tftc
PGCM trfin dogn biln gidi dtft Uln do tJnh Quang
Ninh quan ly, th&ng 12/2009.
(12). Cy ban Nhfln dfln tinh Quang Ninh
(2009), B&o c&o ting ktft hoftn thftnh cdng tftc
PGCM trfin dogn bifin gifii dfl't hin do tinh Quing
Ninh quan ly, tilt nflm 2000-11/2009, thfing
12/2009.
(13). Bfti phdng vfo Thfl tnidng Bfi Ngo^i giao VG
Diing, Chii nhi$ra Oy ban bifin gidi Quflc gia, Tgp chf
Nghiin ciht Trung Qu&. atf 1 (80), 2008, tr. 4.


TU UEU •, plNH CHINH sCf UEU

HOAT BdlVG CrA PHOIVG T R A O M I M H TAJV d

TiNH MY THO IVHCOVG IVAM

DAIJ T H ^ '

KY XX

NGUYEN PHtJC NGHlfiP'

^ My Tho, tfl nflm 1908, xufl't hi$n m^t Minh Tfin thye sy lfi cd scl kinh tfli, nOi lifin
vJphong trao dfl'u tranh mfii dUpe gpi Ifi lgc, h^i hpp, diln thuytft vfl phfin phfit tfli
Phong trflo Minh Tfin (Minh dflc Tfin dfin). li^u, nhfl't Ifl sfich bflo do Phan B$i Chfiu
Phong trfio nfiy do Trfin Chfinh Chitfu gdi tfl nfldc ngofii v l d l tuyfin truyin cho
(Gilbert Chitfu) phfit dfing. Dfiy lfi sfl ktft phong trfio.
noi gifla Phong trflo Dfing Du vfl Phong
Hoat dfing kinh doanh cua Khach san
trao Duy Tfin, chu trUdng cfii each xa hfii, Minh Tan khfi da dang, bao gom:
ehfl'n hUng dan tr\ boi dUdng dan khf vfl
- Kinh doanh phong ngii va fin utfng:
phfit triln cfing thUdng, cgnh tranh vdi tU
Theo bfio Lue tlnh tdn vdn, ra ngfly 30ban Phfip vfl tu ban Hoa kilu nhfim dfinh
duoi thflc dan Phfip, gifinh dfic Iflp cho dfi't 1-1908 thi "gid phdng hgng nhOt trgn dim
hay 24 gid Id 1,10 dong, hgng nhat mgt
nflfic.
budi trUa Id 0,5 dong; hgng nhi trgn dim
Ve cfing thuong, T r i n Chfinh Chitfu vfi
hay 24 gid Id 0,8 dong, hgng nhi mgt budi
cac nhan vfit chii ehtft cua phong trfio xuc
trUa Id 0,4 ddng. Trd Id du, nUdc nUa mat.
tien thfinh Ifip cae cd scl kinh doanh, nhU
nUde tdm sgeh se, cam dn tu y, muon dn
khach san, hang xUdng, hfii bufin,...
mdy cdc thi tgi minh".
Luc btfy gid, tai My Tho, doi difin vfii ga
- Bufin bfin tap hda:
xe lfla vfi btfn tfiu lue tinh, efi Khach san
Bao Luc tlnh tdn vdn, ra ngfly 4-10Nam Ky do Huynh Dinh Diln, mot nhfin si
1908, dflng quang cfio khfich sgn "eo bdn

yeu nude d Go Cfing, lflm chu. D l tao dilu
kien thuftn ldi eho hogt dflng cua phong trd ngon, nUdc mdm Phu Qud'e dUng ve,
trfio, Huynh Dinh Diln da cho Trfin Chfinh chiiu, sdp, savon (xd bdng) vd tgp hoa".
• To chflc bilu diln ca nhac tfli tii:
Chitfu mUdn khfich sgn nfly. Trfin Chfinh
Bao Luc tinh tdn van, ra ngfly 4-10Chieu cho doi ten thfinh "Minh Tdn khdeh
sgn", efi lflc fing trfle tiep quan ly, cfi luc'fing 1908, dfing quang cfio tai khfich san vflo
giao cho Nguyen Minh Tritft (Ca Tr^n) hofic "mdi budi chiiu ta 5 gid din 10 gid, cd nhgc
Nguyin Chanh Sfit quan ly. Khfich san tdi ta ca xang, hui ddng thdi ru chgp trdi".
TS. Dgi hpc Tien Giang


64

Rghien cflu Ljch sir, atf 11.2012

Duyc bitft, hufi dfing lfi cfi dflo, thfli, ru,
chfip, trfi'i lfi nhflng di§u hfit cfi tfnh cfleh
chuc mflng.

lyc c6 trinh d$, gifio dye hfldng v l thye
nghidp, khfing djnh vj trf kinh ttf cua giai
ctfp tu sfin Vi$t Nam.

• Tfl vfi'n vfi thye hi§n miln phf cfic djeh
vy vl phfip luflt:

Hogt d$ng kinh doanh ciia cfing ty diln
ra nhfl sau:

Bfio Lt^c tinh tdn vdn, ra ngfiy 19-31908, dfing "ldi Kinh cdo cda dng J. B Xudn
yiu cdu ddng bdo cd sa chi oan ac thi gdi
tha (thu) thudt ddu dudi cho tdi nghe rdi tdi
eoi ludt cd hay khdng thi tdi se trd ldi lgi
cho md bii't, nhU sa oan ac thi^t, vi theo
ludt khdng cd, thi tdi si liiu edng md td eho
nhd nadc ro sU oan ac dd md xin. Gdi tha
tgi Minh Tdn khdeh sgn".

- Bfio Lyic tinh tdn van ra ngfly 13-31908 cho bitft, vi$c dfing tiln cfic p h i n h^n
dflyc titfn hfinh trong n$i thfing 3 nfly;
"Thdu Ay nhiit n^i thdng ndy phdi dong cho
tdt. Cudi thdng thi se rao sdchU vi cd ddng
bgc. Cdi xin bgn dong bang phdi gia ldi
haa, ehd khd giing tri md hU viic ed".

Dong thdi, T r i n Chfinh Chitfu eung cho
thflnh Iflp "Nam Ky Minh Tdn cdng nghf
cfi tru scr dfit tgi khfich san Minh Tfin. Dfiy
Ifi cfing ty ctf phfin, cfi dilu lfi, cfi vtfn ctf
djnh (1.000 dong, tfldng dfldng 25.000
francs) vfii 17 sang Iflp vifin, trong dfi cfi
den 9 sang Ifip vifin lfi ngfldi tinh My Tho,
bao gom Trfin Vfin Binh cl lflng LUdng Phu
(nay la LUdng Hoa Lac, Chp Ggo), T r i n
Quan Xufin d lflng Binh Cfich (nay Ifl Tfin
Binh Thanh, Chp Gao), Nguyin Tfl Thflc 6
lflng Dong Sdn (nay Ifl Dong Thanh, Gfi
Cfing Tfiy), Dinh Vfln An cl lflng Binh Hfli
(nay lfi Song Binh, Chp Gao), Lfi Vfin Thiln

cl lfing Kim SOn (Chfiu Thfinh), Lfi Vfin
Chflc cl lflng Binh Thanh Dfing (nay Ifl Long
Binh, Go Cfing Tfiy), Lfi Vfln Cflu cl lflng
Long Hoa (Lfldng Hoa Lgc, Chp Gao),
Huynh Dinh Diln ti lfing Thflnh Phtf (thj xa
Go Cfing).
Vific thfinh Iflp "Nam Ky Minh Tdn cdng
nghi" nhfim muc dfch nhfl da ghi trong
Dilu lfi Ifl: "L Ldp lb nghi tgi NamK, Id chi.
Id d^t, lb savon (xd bdng), thugc da vd pha
ly (pha li),.,. 2. Dgy eon nit An Nam hgc
nghi oy", thflc chfi't Ifl nhfim canh tranh vdi
tu ban Phfip vfi tu ban Hoa kilu, phfit triln
tilu thu cfing nghifip, dflo tgo nguon nhfin

• Bfio L^c tlnh tdn vdn, ra ngfly 9-41908, nhfic lai vi^c kfiu gpi cfie eo dfing ddng
tiln ctf phfin vfl ghi thfim "Cd ddng bgc tki
ddng tgi Minh Tdn khdeh sgn My Tho hodc
Id Nam Trung khdeh sgn Sdi Gbn".
- Bfio Luc tinh tdn vdn, ra thfing 6-1908,
eho bitft: "Minh Tdn cdng nghi dd nhom
Dgi hdi hdm ngdy 31 Mai (thdng 5). Nay dd
ngp diiu li cho notaire cdu chUng, vdi ngdy
naa se rao vd in ra 3.000 cudn (diiu li)
phdt cho cha vi cd hdn, trong chitng mgt
thdng nQa se khi (khdi) cdn^.
- Bao Luc tinh tdn vdn, ra ngfly 17-61908, dfla tin, nhfling ngfldi sfing Ifip md
Dgi hfii vfl Iflp vi bfing tai Minh Tfin khaeh
sgn, efl fing Nguyin Chfinh Chitfu Iflm Ting
ly, fing Nguyin Vifin Kilu lfim Chfinh hpi,

fing Trfin Quan Xufin lflm Tfl thd. Ngofli ra,
efin cLt 4 fing phfii vifin nghj sy vfi 5 fing
phfii vifin thj sfl. Dai hfii d i n g y mua mfit sd
dfi't tai lflng Dilu Hda (My Tho). Sd dtft nfiy
rpng hdn mfit rafiu vdi gia mSi thflde vufing
lfi 1 cfie, tra t i l n m^t di xfiy dflng ed sd san
xufi't ngay Ifip tflc.
Bao Luc tinh tdn vdn, ra ngfiy 4-71908, eho bitft: "ddt dd mua gdn xong, Id
gdn cdt. Dd phdi ngudi ra Tonkin (Bae l^)
md hgc edeh thac ldm hop quet cdng mUdn
thdy thg. Bgc thdu vd ngdy hdm nay gdn
9.000 ding, cbn nhiiu vi chUa ddng bgc


Ijoat dpng ciia phong teho Minh Tte...
kdn thi xin rdng md dong cho mau, vi it
ldu ddy cdng ty cdn ditng ldm".
- Bao Lue tinh tdn vdn, ra ngfly 23-71908, dflng ldi rao cua cfing ty Ifl dfl mua
dfl't cua fing de Balmann g i n cfiu sfit My
Tho, ngang rap hfit Tfl Lfii vfi titfn hflnh
giai toa mfit bfing: "cut xin vi ndo cd md md
tgi dd phdi ddi di chd khdc ddng cdng ty lo
cdt Id ddu vd savon. Hgn ba thdng, nhU
khdng chiu ddi thi se xin phep quan md ddi
chung vdo nghia dia eua ldng". Ding thdi,
cfing ty cung cho bitft, se nfi'u dfiu dfla,
trfldc dl bfin, sau d l lfim savon; vfi bfit d i u
tuyin efing nhfin vfii lUdng thfing 50 dong,
tUdng dfldng 125 francs, eho nhflng ai bitft
nfi'u dfiu dfla hoflc bitft cfich Iflm savon.

NhQng ngudi cfi p h i n hfln, mutfn cho con
hpc hai nghe fl'y thi gdi ddn vfl ly ljch eiia
dfla tre cho cfing ty.
- Bao Luc tinh tdn vdn, ra ngfly 6-81908, dfing ldi gpi "ddu gid mUdn trdng tre
rdo ttdt cua cdng ty mdi mua vd ddp nin
nhd lb ddu, lb savon vd nhd hgc viic".
- Bfio Luc tinh tdn vdn, ra ngfiy 13-81908, loan tin cong ty da tim dUdc t h i y ,
thp lam savon vfl se nhfim hpp hoi nghi co
dfing d l dinh vific xay cfi't Io san xufi't
savon. Tfi'ng ly Trfin Chfinh Chitfu ra
thfing hao cho eae c l dfing, ntfu ai cfi con
mutfn hpc nghe thi gdi con den, thdi han
hpc la 7 nflm. Cfing ty dai thp fin d, cha
me lo phfin qufin ao, mflng men. Ntfu hpc
gioi, hoe vien se dUpe hfldng lUdng thfing,
con ngUdc lgi, ntfu khong sieng nfing, vfi
ky luat thi se bj tra v l gia dinh. Sau khi
thfinh nghl, hpc vifin phai phuc vy cho
cfing ty trong thdi h a n 7 nfim. Trong thdi
gian hgc n g h l , hpc vifin dUpc hpc ky
thuflt, sang tfl 6 gid dtfn 10 gid, chilu tfl 2
gid dtfn 5 gid, thdi gian eon lgi trong ngfly
thi hpc chfl Quoe ngfl, chfl Phap vfl toan.
Ngfiy thfl Nflm vfl Chu nhflt thi hpe the

thao vfi lfim v0 sinh xfldng san xufl't,
phdng hpc vfl nhfi d. Hpc vifin theo dgo
Thifin Chfla hoflc dgo Phfit, dtfn ngfiy ll
dgo, dflyc nghl d l di nhfl thd hay di chfla.
Mli nflm, hpc vifin dflpc nghi 30 ngfly bai

trfldng, 15 ngfiy ttft Nguyfin dfin, 15 ngfly
l l Qutfc khfinh nfldc Phfip (14-7). Cfing ty
nghifim cfi'm vific trflng phgt hpc vign
bfing efich dfinh dfip. Ntfu hpc vifin nflo vi
phgm n$i quy thi cho dflng ngofli cda Idp,
roi bflo cho giflm thj dfin dtfn Ting ly dl
quytft djnh hlnh thflc ky lu^t.
- Bfio Lgc tinh tdn vdn, ra ngfly 20-81908, cho bitft "nhiiu ngudi hun dd gdi dan
eho con di hgc ldm nghi savon. Hgn mgt
thdng naa Id khep sd'. Cfing ty ra btf cfio
thu mua nguyfin lifiu: "Bon hiiu chiu mua
hot du du ddu vd hot bdng vdi. Lue ehdu ai
cd thi nin gdi thd din md thUdng nghi, cdn
ai khdng cd thi nin trong, bo ddt ldm chi
cho udng. Kiim hot vdi bay, nd cdng mgc

nhu chai".
' Bfio Lue tinh tdn vdn, ra ngfiy 3-91908, dflng tin cong ty se "thu mua 100.000
trdi daa khd di ldm savon, ai cd thi dem
din bdn".
Bfio Luc tinh tdn vdn, ra ngay 5-91908, tudng thuflt vific cfing ty md hpi nghj
CO dfing. Tai hfii nghi. Ting ly Trfin Chfinh
Chieu d l nghi chi 1.000 dong "dgng mua do
bin Tdy vi md bdn, nhOng Id gidy bdng,
tagng son thuy...". Sau dfi, Chfinh chu hpi
Nguyin Vifin Kilu mdi nhiing ngUdi dU hoi
nghi dtfn xem vific xay dflng xfldng san
xufi't. TrUdc khi hfii nghj btf mge, fing Tfi'ng
ly tfing moi ngUdi 4 cue savon do cfing ty
san xufl't thfl nghifim "ddng dem ve md xdi

thU, tdi xdu se dem ldi ludn ciia cdc dng
ddng trin Lue tlnh tdn vdn".
- Bfio Luc tinh tdn vdn, ra ngay 10-91908, dfing quang cfio trgn hai trang Idn vl
Savon hifiu Con Vjt do cfing ty sfin xufi't:


66
"Tdt hdn cua eh^c (Hoa kHu) ldm, bdn
nhiiu: hgng nhOt, 100 kilos gid Id 20 ddng.
hgng nhi, 100 kilos gid Id IS ddng, hgng
ba, 100 kilos gid Id 10 ddng. Bdn gid ri
ldm: hgng nhOt, m^t cyLC 200 grammes 4
chiim (4 xu), hgng nhi, m^t ci^c 3 chiim,
hgng ba, mdt c^c 2 chiim". Dfing thdi, kfiu
gpi bfl con nfin mua hflng ciia cfing ty do
ngUdi Vi$t thflnh Itfp: "bgn ddng bang phdi
rdn gidp nhau cho nin vi^e".
- Bfio Li^c tlnh tdn v&n, ra ngfly 22-101908, cho bitft mfit hflng xfl bfing ciia COng
ty Minh Tfin sfin xutft dgt chtft luyng ttft,
du sflc cgnh tranh mflt hflng cflng logi do tfl
san ngudi Hoa sfin xufl't. Dilu nfiy giflp cho
ngudi tifiu dflng duyc hudng lyi; "TH ngdy
cd savon Minh Tdn Id ra bdn gid ri, thi
savon cdc Khdeh (Hoa kiiu) edng h^ gid
theo, nin nay cdng ty h^ gid bdn cho cdc
dgi ly hdn, hogc ai mua ta 100 kilos sdp Hn
cdng nhd dupe".
Hudng ctng phong trflo Minh Tfin, d My
Tho cfi mfit stf ngUdi hyp tfic vdi nhau thflnh
lap "Minh Tdn tuc mi tdng cu^c". Dfiy Ifl

efing ty c l phfin bufin bfin thfic gao nhfim
cgnh tranh thfldng mfli vdi tU san mgi ban
Hoa kilu vfi tu sfin Phfip trong vi^e kinh
doanh vfl xutft khtfu thfic ggo.
+ Muc dfch nfly duyc t h l hifin qua efic
"ldi rao" sau dfly;
Ldi rao ciia 12 ngfldi khdi xfldng
thflnh Iflp "Minh Tfln tdc mfi t i n g cu$c"
dflng trfin Ltte tinh tdn van, ra ngfly 30-11908; "Nghi budn lua d Nam Ky minh ai
ai cdng biit nghi tha nhOt chdng cdn
phdi ndi gidng ddi, md ldu nay ngUdi
minh khdng ldm ddn-g. Id tgi tdnh chiu
sut c&a dudi. Cbn d phUdng Tdy, nhiiu
cdi cdng ty hiin cho tdi ngdn ngadi, vdn
cdng d&ng tram mudn ddng, hg ldm coi
nhu chdi, bdi ed chgn m^t ngudi thdng

Rghian cflu Hch ait, atf 11.8018
thgo tdn l&m thdy, kiu Id General
manager d^ng bdy bii'u cde vi^c, cbn
mudn vdn cho nhiiu naa phdi thi chitn
c&i sd biin chung sd bgc minh hdn ddng
bao nhiiu cho hang, kiu Id Trust
company, thi vay cdng ddng bdng sd dd.
Bdy gift tht ngadi Trung Qude edng bit
chudc rdi dd. Cbn ngUdi xa minh chdng
ph&i Id cdy dd tUifng hinh nin khdng ldm
ehi hit, nay chung tdi quyit lac ngUdi
ddng chi trong bgn ddng bdo minh md
kiu ggi, dng ndo, b& n&o biit viic duy tdn

thi hdy tham gia".
• Ldi rao ciia Phgm Ngpc Tiiy, ty Hufi
Dudng, d lflng Kim Sdn, t i n g Lyi Trudng
dfing trfin L\ic tlnh tdn v&n, ra ngfly 13-21908, nhu sau; "Trong xui Nam ky ta thi tdi
tudng chdc viic Ida ggo Id phdn ldi thd
nhat, vi dd nhiiu m& lgi tdu cdc nUdc tM
lui hodi, khdng khi ndo ngdt bin. Cbn ngudi
Thanh thUdng (thUdng gia Hoa kiiu) thi
thdi ldp ti4m n&y hdng kia trong xd ta cd
trin hai tr&m cdi md mua Ida vd trS lua.
Tdi thi4t ldy l&m tdi thdm m& rdi luy khdng
biit Id dudng n&o vi xa ta chdng phdi Id
khdng cd ngudi khdn ngoan m& sao lgi chiu
thua Slit nha o- Ldi rao cua "AfinA T&n tuc mi tdng
cudc" dflng trfin L^tc tlnh t&n van, ra ngfiy
2-4-1908: "Bgn ttdng b&o di! Tdi ndi dd Id
ching chi Thanh khdeh (ThUdng gia Hoa
kiiu) no dd hudng sUphu quy cua chung ta
rdi m& nd lgi thim dem Ibng gian ldn khi
(khinh) bgc chung ta nhiiu chS thdm thiit
ldm, coi nhu Mi^t Vudn minh cd chd Ida Un
B, 7 tr&m bao md bdn cho nd thi Ttd ehi bai
bdt bi, ddng cd b^ gid cda minh, minh
tung khdng le chd vi, phdi b&n ttd cho no
m& ldy tiin, din khi nd cdn nd lgi &n gian
trong mdt bao Ida eua minh it nOa l& mdt
kild hay l& niCa kild, md trong mdt nam

Tjoei d^ng cfla phong h^o atinh Tfln..
tinh sd' Ida cua mtnh nd dn gian dd biit Id
mdy trieu kild".

mdt hiin Id 10 gig lua dildp mdt tiim budn
bdn hdng hda vd ede vdt".

+ Hoat dfing cua "Minh Tdn tuc mi tdng
cudc" Ifi nhd vflo von c l p h i n ciia cflc c l
dfing.

"Nam ky thuang cu^c" do Trfin Vfln
Thanh d Chy Ggo thfinh Ifip nhfim "lap sd
nhd mdy xay lua, ldp hdng dn Ida ggo (de
trUe tiip xud't khdu) hogc Id lUa con ddn
dda ndo thdng thai thi cho nd qua bin Tdy
hgc bdc vdt" (bfio Luc tlnh tdn vdn).

- Bao Lue tlnh tdn vdn, ra ngfly 13-21908, dfing di nghj cua Phgm Ngpc Tuy vl
trj gia cua mli co' phfin: "dinh ngdn bdn
mdt trdm mudn dong bgc, mdi phdn hiln Id
Trgn Iinh vflc gifio dye, d l tuyen truyin
hai ddng bgc, ai ed y kii'n gi vi vi^c ndy cho phong trfio Minh Tfin, nfim 1907, cfie
hoge gdi gidy hdn thi ca gdi vi eho dng t h i y gifio d My Dfing Trung (Long Trung,
Gilbert Ckii'u d Minh Tdn khdeh sgn, ^ ^y Cai L^y) thflnh lap ra§t trfldng hpc mang
Tho. NgUdi hdn bgc se dU<^ mdt quyen dii'-u tfin Ifi "Ddng Van hgc qudn", cd chii trUdng
le vd cdp biin lai cho ldm bang, kiu Id vfi hogt d§ng tUOng tU nhU "Ddng Kinh
Minh Tdn thUdng hOu".
ngkia thuc" d Hfi Npi. Trudng nfly thu hut
- Bfio Lue tlnh t&n vdn, ra ngfly 12-3- dupe nhilu thanh thitfu nifin dtfn hpc. Npi

1908, cho bitft, moi phfin hfln dUrte djnh Igi dung giang dgy cua trUdng mang tfnh chfi't
Ifl mot ding, nhflng ngfldi nflo gdp tfl 10 eai each, hudng vfi vifie giao dye long yeu
phfin hfln (tflc 10 dong) trd lfin thi mdi dflpe nfldc vfi hfi hflo thflc nghifip, chong loi hpc
cong nhfin la c l dfing. Cd 25 vj gfip hfln d i u tfl chUdng, nhu day chfl Quoc ngfl, chfl
tien, trong do, cd den 21 vj Ifl ngfldi My Phap, the due vfl cac mfin thufic linh vUc
Tho, chl cd 1 ngUdi d Ben Tre, 1 ngudi d khoa hpc ty nhifin, khoa hpc nhan vfin cho
Btfn Cat (Thu Dfiu Mot), 1 ngUdi d Tra Gn, hpc sinh.
1 ngfldi d Rgch Gia, vdi tong so tiln Ifi
Bgn cgnh dfi, mfit sfi' giao vifin d Go Cfing
16.980 dong, trong do Trfin Vfln Hai d lfing
thflnh Iflp "Hgi tuang ti gido vien" nhflm
Ludng Phu, tong Thgnh Qudn gop 3.000
giup dd lfin nhau khi hflu sfl. Bfio Luc tlnh
dong, fing Tru d tong Thufln Binh gfip 2.000
t&n vdn, so 2, ngay 21-11-1907, dang muc
dong, Pham Ngpc Tuy gfip 1.000 ding, fing
dich thfinh Ifip hdi nhfl sau: "Ngaa trdng
Gilbert Chieu gop 1.000 dong. Bfio Z,uc tlnh
anh em trong ty, rdn md long rgng rai, md
tan vdn, ra ngay 9-4-1908, loan tin cong ty
gdy cho nin viic, dUOc lay nghia khi mdt
djnh lai moi phfin hiin lfi 10 d i n g vfi cd mfit
phen md ddng eUu giup nhau trong cdn
so ngudi d Vinh Long, Thu D i u Mfit gdp
hogn ngn".
them phfin hfln vdi so tiln la 500 dong.
VI mflt xa hfii, mot cufic vfin dpng thflc
Ben canh dfi, mot stf hoi bufin nho cung
duOc thfinh Ifip, nhu "Tdn Hda thddng hgi" hifin nop song mdi dUpe trifi'n khai d khfip
h Tan Thufin Binh (Chd Gao) vfl "Nam.Ky noi vfi dupe nhfin dan tfeh cUc hudng flng,

nhu cae phong trao d l tdc ngfin, mac au
thuang cugc" d My Tho.
"Tdn Hda thuang hgi" do Phan Vfin phuc, bfii trfl hu tuc vfl nan ed bac, rUdu
chfi,
chfi'ng mfi tfn di doan, cai each phong
Dat thflnh lap. Bfio Luc tlnh tdn vdn, so 1
(1907) dflng dilu Ifi ciia thfldng hpi, gom cfi tuc,...
13 dilu, trong dd ghi ro tri gia eua mli co
Vdi nhflng hoat dfing soi nfi'i da nfiu trfin,
phfin vfi mue dfeh hogt dpng: "Vdo hdi mdi My Tho - Tiln Giang xflng dang dUdc xem


68

Rflhian cihj L|eh aJr. atf 11.2012

Ifl m^t trong nhflng "cdi ndi" cua phong
trfio Minh Tfln d Nam Ky.
Dilu dflng chfl y, lyc luyng t h a m gia
Phong trflo Minh Tfin da p h i n Ifl dja chu,
trf thflc, cfing chflc vfl hfldng chflc d nfing
thfin tham gia. Nd chfla lfii cutfn dflyc
nfing dfln, giai cfl'p -chitfm da stf trong xfl
hfii vfi bj fip bflc, bdc l^t tfln bgo nhtft. Bdi
vi, nhfl ly gifii eua Sdn Nam trong Miin
Nam ddu thi ky XX: Thiin d^a h^i vA
cudc Minh Tdn Ifl: "Gidi diin chu Nam k^
ehUa ldt xde di trd thdnh tU ban duge, di
ed thi nghl din chuydn gidm dpa td hay
cdi edch diin dia".

Nflm 1910, do T r i n Bfi Thy (con ciia tfin
tay sai thye dfin Phfip Trfin Bfi L^c) ttf cfio,
thflc dfin Phfip titfn hflnh khfim xfit Khfich
sgn Minh Tfin, bfit Trfin Chfinh Chitfu vfl
hflng chye ngfldi khfic. Tfl dfiy, Phong trflo
Minh Tfin k l nhfl chtfm dflt sau hai nfim
hoat dfing vfi eflng sfii n i i vfi cfi titfng vang
trfin efi nflde.
Hoat dfing cua Phong trflo Minh Tfin d
My Tho nhflng nflm dfiu thtf ky XX ndi
lfin ldng yfiu nfldc cua nhfin dfin ta nfii
chung vfl b$ phfin tfl sfin dfin t§e ndi

rifing. D i n g thdi, nd dfi tgo cd sd xa h^i
thufin lpi cho cfic phong trflo yfiu nflde d
Vitft Nam titfp t h u Chu nghia Mflc-Lfinin
vfi quan d i l m cfich mgng ciia H i Chf
Minh vfio nhflng nfim titfp theo. Son
Nam, trong sfich dfi dfin, dfl cd ly khi vitft:
"Vdo nhQng n&m m& cudc Minh T&n ph&t
khdi, mac sdng cua diin ehii d miin Nam
dang lin cao, diin chu bUc trung ho^c
bae dgi ed mac sdng khde hdn m^t thUdng
gia. Ndu du tiin, ngUdi diin chu cd ddu
tu vdo cdng vi^c mua bdn ddt. Ddt Id bdt
ddng adn, ndm dd, khdng bf hao mdn,
diin chu khdng bdn t&m m^t tri hdng
ngdy nhu ngUdi chuyin mua bdn. TUdng
lai ngudi diin chu vdo nhOng ndm dy qud
sdng sua. O H^u Giang cdn hdng chuc

vgn mdu ddt dang chd ddn; hg cd chgy
chgt kheo leo l& di d&ng trd th&nh dgi
diin chd. Do dd, mdy dng diin chu, Pho
tdng, Cai tdng chiu tham gia viic Minh
T&n, ehd y di'n thUdng m&i v& cdng nghi
l& do ddng cd yiu nUde htm Id ham ldm
gidu. Hg ldm vi ta di ddn t^c, vi muon
ddnh dd thac ddn Phdp, mudn cho ding
bang tu cadng" (1).

CHUTHtCH
(1). Nhiing dogn trtch tXt b&o LIJU: dnh tdn vdn trong thi'ky XX: TJiiin dia h^i vd cudc Minh 7)Sn cila ScAi
bfti vitft nfly d i u dupc rut ra til quyln Miin Nam ddu

Nam do Nxb. Phi^ Sa (Sfti Gdn) flh hflnh nfim 1974.


sfi LIEU CAI CACH RUONG DAT OTTHAI B ) N H (1945-1954)
NGUYEN VAN KHOAN'

C

fich mgng Thfing Tfim nfim 1945
thflnh cfing, Thfii Blnh dfi chia lgi
cfing diln cho nara nfl tfl 18 t u i i trd lfin vfl
chia mfit phfin rufing bfin cfing, bfln tfl cho
nfing dfin, quy djnh giam tfi 25% so vdi
trfldc. "Bfldc dfiu, binh qufin chitfm hflu
rufing dtft eiia etf nfing Ifi 94m', bfin nfing
450m*, trung nfing 1488m', phfl nfing

3600m', dia ehu nhd 11.100m2, dja ehu bfic
trung 18.340m', dja chu ldn 72.000m'... (1).
Trong khfing chitfn ehtfng Phflp, khi
vflng du kich md rfing, Tinh iiy Thfii Binh
dfi tfip trung rufing dtft cua Vi$t gian, phfin
dfing, rufing vfing chu, tgm ctfp, tgm giao
cho nfing dfin. Rufing cfing trong vflng du
kfch, dfl to cung dfldc ehia lai, efing bfing
hdn. "Cho dtfn trflde nfim 1955, ctf nong dfi
cd 192m', b i n ndng 450m', trung ndng
920m', phfl nfing chi cdn 2.520m', dia chu
cdn 5.400m', dia chu ehitfm 2,8% dfin so vfi
chitfm lufin 13% ttfng stf rufing dtft trong
tinh (2).
Nfim 1953, cai each rufing dtft thflc hi$n
dot mfit thi diem tgi Thfii Nguyfin, dfin thi
hfinh tdi cac vinh vflng tfl to... tdi cflc dpt 5,
dot 6... Thai Binh cfii cfich rufing dfi't vflo
dpt 7, dpt 8. Dpt 7, titfn hflnh thf dilm d 51
xa thufic hai huyfin Duyfin Ha, Hflng Nhfin

TS. Hdi Khoa hoc Lich sil Vi$t Nam

vfl 9 xa cua huy§n Tifin Hflng, bfit dfiu tfl
ngfly 1-2-1955, ktft thfle vflo thflng 4-1955.
Sau mtft thdi gian 'lfin xfin" vy "Dflc chua
vflo Nam"... dpt 8 triln khai trfin cflc huyfin
edn lgi, efic xfl cdn lgi cua Tifin Hflng, bflt
dfiu tfl thfing 4-1955, ktft thfle vflo thfing 6
eflng nflm. Ca hai dyt diu do Dofln I eai

cfich rufing dtft chi dao, ed nhilu dfii, moi
dpi tfl 8-15 cfin bfi.
Ciing nhfl d cfic dja phfldng khfic, theo
"le" lflm gitfng nhau, eai efich rufing dfl't d
Thai Binh cung titfn hflnh theo cac bfldc;
bfit r l , xfiu chuli, "tim" b i n co nfing nghfio
kho, cd ofin thfl dja ehu lfim "cho dya".
Trong bfldc nfiy, efin bp phai ba cflng (cflng
ftn, cflng d, ciing Iflm) vdi cfi nghfio, cd khi,
cd thfl...". Budc nfly dflpc "titfn hflnh" trong
thdi gian tfl 7 dtfn 10 ngfly, cd nOi gin den
15 ngfiy.
Bfldc thfl hai Ifl "phat dfing" nfing dfin ttf
khi, vach tfii ac vfi thu dogn bfic Ifit cua dja
chu, thfinh Iflp tfia fin (do dofin, dfii chi
djnh) d cfic xa d l xfit xfl dja chii, Dofin, doi
cd tofin quyln phfin xfl tfl giam tii den tfl
hinh. (Trong cai cflch rupng dfl't, Thai Binh
da xfit xfl 1419 dia chu, trong dd cd 362 xit
tfl hinh) (3). Bfldc nfly cd t h l kfio dfli dtfn 30
ngfiy...


70

Rghien cflu L|eh afl. atf 11.2009

Bude thfl ba Ifl "bflt dja chu gifim tfl,
thofli tfi, xfia ny, hofin np cho nfing dfin".
Trong bude nfly, dja ehii Thfii Blnh dfi thofli

tfi 2683 tfl'n, 253kg thdc cho nflng dfin. Stf
thfic nfly dfi dupe chia eho nflng dfln d l Ifi'y
fln mfl sfin xufl't, ehtfng ddi. Titfp dd lfi ehia
"qua thUe" ruong dfi't, nhfl cfla, trflu bd...
Trong cfii cfich rutfng dfi't, bd mfiy ehfnh
quyln ciia nhfl nUdc bj giai thl, xda bd.
TrUdc tinh cd bay xfi, trong cfii cfich dofln
chia lai thfinh 294 xfi, thay dfi'i tfi't efi tfin cu
ciia xfi thfinh ten m6i (4). Cfin bd xfl gfin
nhu bj logi gin htft, trong stf I8I7 cfin bd xfi
chi cd 159 ngudi dupe gifl lgi lflm cflng tfic
vdi dofln, dfii, dang vifin chitfm 17% t i n g stf
cfin bd xa vdi 311 ngudi, phfin ldn dflpc ktft
nap trong "cfii cfieh". "3196 dang vifin cfl hi
khai trfl, 22 chi bd hi giai tfin, 120 chi bd bj
quy ket cfi Qutfc dan dfing chui vflo lung
doan, 35 dang vifin bi XLI bfin" (5).
'Tofin tinh Thai Binh da quy 10.225 hp
Ifi dia chu; da tjch thu, trUng thu 78.666
mflu rupng (29.135 ha); 7.456 trfiu bd;
150.000 ta'n lUdng thUc chia cho 170 ngfin
nfing dfin trong tofin tinh (6).
Binh quan rufing dtft cho mfit nhfin
khfiu sau eai efich nhU sau:
- Dan nghfio: 2 sfio
- Co nflng: 2 sflo 8 thUdc
- B i n nong: 2 sfio 12 thUde
- Trung nflng: 3 sflol thudc
- Phfl nong: 4 sfio
- Dja chu: 1 sflo 8 thude (7) (Trd Igi "\km"

thfinh phfin "vfl san nfing thfln" "nghfio"
nhfi't).
Cai efich rufing dfi't thfing ldi ''vfla xong".
Thai Binh Igi bflt tay vflo "sfla sai". TrUde
htft lfi sfla sai thflnh p h i n trong nfing dfin.
- Trong eai each quy 10.255 hfi lfi dja
ehu, khi sfla sai da ha thflnh phfin eho

4.993 hd. Nhu vtfy Ifl quy sai (10.255- 4.993
= 5.265 htf), ty 1§ quy sai lfi 48,7%.
- Hg xutfng phfl nfing 1.449 h^.
- Hg xutfng trung nfing 3.233 h^.
• Hg xutfng bfin nfing 32 hfi.
- Hg xutfng thflnh p h i n Iao d^ng khflc 65
hd.
- Hg xutfng thflnh phfin ft rufing dtft cho
phfit canh vfl thufi ngfldi lflm 169 hfl.
• I Ig xutfng thflnh phfin vifin chflc 11 h^.
- 492 hd "dja chu, cfldng hflo, gian fie"
duyc hg xutfng dja chu thudng, 91 hd dupc
lfi dja ehii khfing chitfn, 5 hd dupc kifim
cfing thUdng. Stf dia chu thudng duyc quy
trong cfii cfich, dtfn lflc sfla sai cd 28 hfl
'lfin" dja chu, cfldng hfio, gian fie... (8).
Sau khi sfla sai, "so dja chu" trong tinh
cdn 5.328 hp, chitfm 2,14% tong so hd tofln
tinh.
Doi vdi phu nfing, trong cai each quy ra
5.805 hfl, trong cai cfich da quy 21 phfl
nfing lfin dja chii. ha thfinh phfin cho 4. 424

phu nfing xuong trung ndng, 6 hfi bfin nfing,
49 hd cho phfit canh thue ngfldi lflm; vifln
chflc cd 7 htf. Ktft thfle sfla sai tofln tinh cdn
2.783 phfl nfing... (9).
Sfla sai di dfii vdi d i n bfl tfli san. VI
rudng dfl't da d i n bfl 6.217 mflu 8 sflo 6
thflde, trong dd 2.985 mfiu 5 sflo 10 thflde
den bfl cho cfic htf bj quy sai... VI trfiu bd,
trong cai cfich da tich thu, tnttig thu, trflng
mua 3.924 con. Khi sfla sai da d i n bfl 1.348
con... VI nhfi cfla da trfi lai cho 2.008 hfi
trong tfi'ng stf 7.301 hd hi tjch thu sai... (10).
D l ehfl'n ehinh t l chflc trong sfla sai, dfiu
tifin lfi ehfl'n ehinh tfi' ehfle Dang.
Trfldc cai efich tofln tinh ed 13.098 dfing
vien (8 cfing nhfin, 6500 bfin etf nfing, 77
con dia chu, 5 dang vifin ft r u d n ^ . Trong
cai cflch dfi xfl ly 8.700 dang vifin, khai trfl


stf lieu ve cAi each rupng dtft..
5.211 ngudi, giai tfin vfi cho tfl rut lui 3.498
ngUdi... Khi sfla sai da phuc h i i 7.288 dfing
vifin, 7.191 ndng dan; 43 phfl ndng, 2 dja
chu, 13 eon phfl nflng, 20 con dja chii, 1.421
ngfldi khflng dflpc trfi Igi dang tieh (1.001
nfing dan, 135 phfl nfing, 202 dja chii, 26
con phfl nfing, 57 con dja chfl). Trong stf
nfiy ed 7 bf thfl, phd bf thU chi bd; 44 chi fly
vien.

Hofin thfinh cfing tfic sfla sai, tofin tinh
cd 15.371 dfing vifin (12.508 dang vifin cu;
2.963 dang vifin radi...). Trong sfla sai dfi
phyc hoi 262 bf thfl, phfi bf thfl, 755 chi iiy
vien (trong td'ng so 269 bf thfl, phd bf thU
vfl 799 bj xfl ly sai).
TrUdc cai cfich tofln tinh cd 169 chi bp,
trong cai cfich 31 chi bfl bj giai tfin, sfla sai
da khfii phuc lai du 31 ehi bfi.
Doi vdi cfin bp ehfnh quyen, trong cai
each da cho nghi vfl ehuyin cdng tfic 899
can bfi UBHC xa. Sfla sai da phuc hdi cho
so nfly vfl bo sung thfira, d l tofin tinh cfi
2.786 uy vien UBHC xa (247 Ifi phy nfl, 91
ngudi cflng gifio, 1.669 bfin co nfing, 1.058
trung nong, 59 thupe thfinh phfin lao dpng
khfic... (11).
Cflc ddi tUOng khfic bj xfl ly khdng dung
trong cai each nhfl cdng an, dofln vien,
thanh nifin, dfin qufin du kich... eung da
dupc sfla sai.
Doi vdi dong bao theo dao Thifin chua vfl
mfit stf linh raue, tu si, mot stf ding bfio
theo dao Phfit sfl sai bi da kieh, quan chg',
tfl dfly (da so bi oan) cung dfi dfldc sfla sai,
din bfl. Da tra lai tfl do cho hai linh muc,
tra lai d6 thd eung vfi so tien lfi 1.585 dong,
124 mflu 7 sfio 3 thflde, giai quytft xong 184
dinh chfla trong stf 224 ndi sai pham (12).
Trong sfla sai bflde mdt da tra ty do cho

1.258 ngudi, bfldc thfl hai 736 ngfldi (13).

Nhfin djnh v l nhflng thitfu sfit bfin canh
thfing lpi, Tinh iiy Thfii Binh ktft lufin: "do
khfing nfim vflng vfi khong vfin dyng dung
dfldng ldi ciia Dang, cai cfich rudng dtft (d
Thfli Binh) da mfic nhilu sai lfim cd tinh
nguyfin tfic v l chinh dtfn t l chflc, vl danh
djch vfl ve dfldng Ifii giai ctfp d nfing thfin.
Cfing vide sfla sai d Thfii Binh bfit diu tfl
25/7/1956 vfi hofln thfinh trong thang
10/1957 (14).
Trong 'Thfl gfli dong bfio ndng thdn vfi
efin bd nhfin djp cai cfich rufing dfi't cd ban
hofin thfinh", Chu tjch H i Chf Minh da chi
ra nguyfin nhfin eua nhflng sai llm trong
cai cfich rudng dtft lfi: "vi ke dich pha hoai
difin cuing, vi mpt stf can bfl ta chfla nflm
vflng chfnh sfich, chfla thUc sU di dung
dudng ldi q u i n chflng, vi sU lanh dao ciia
TU" Dang vfl Chfnh phu ed chS thitfu cu thl,
thitfu kiem tra, dfin dtfc cho nfin da xay ra
nhflng khuyet dilm, sai llm trong vific
dofin ktft nfing thfin, dfinh ke djch, vific
ehfl'n ehinh tfi' chflc trong chfnh sach thutf
ndng nghifip" (15).
Trong Hdi nghj TU" Un thfl 10, Chu tjch
Ho Chi Minh da ty phg binh: "vi thieu dan
ehu ngn nghe ft, thfl'y ft... tfii nhfin trach
nhifim trong lue sfing gifi nfiy" (16).

Nflm 1996, Bfi chfnh trj Dang dfi tfl
nhfin xfit: "trong mdt so linh vflc vfl mot stf
eflng tfie, khi hpc tfip vfin dyng kinh
nghiem cua each mang Trung Quoe (ta da)
ed nhflng bilu hifin rfip khudn, mfiy mde,
bflt dfiu phgm khuyet dilm mang tinh chfl't
gifio dilu vao nhflng nfim cudi cua cufic
khang ehitfn (ehtfng Phfip). Mflc dfl, cai
each chi mdi Ifim thf dilm nhUng le ra nd cd
t h l giai quytft vfi'n d l rupng dfl't vfi quyln
lpi eua ndng dfin bfing nhflng cfich nhfl ta
da lflm: ehia rupng dfi't cua chu tfl ban
Phfip vfi vifit gian phan dfing, chia cfing


Rghian cihi Ljch sit, atf 11.2009

72

diln, cfing thl cho nflng dfln, thye hidn
gifim tfi, gifim tflc" (17).
Nhin thfing vfio sy thtft, nhin rfi nhflng
di efin cho tdi ngfly nay trfin phgm vi cfi
nfldc vfl rifing d Thfii Binh cho dtfn nhflng
nflm m&'t In djnh 15 n&m trfldc d Thfii
Blnh- cd thl ktft lufln rfing "dd lfi nhflng sai
Ifim nghifira trpng mang ntfng b^nh giflo
dilu, ta khuynh chfl khdng nhg nhfing chi
lfi raang "tfnh chfi't giflo dilu" (18).
Thfii Binh rdi vflo sau dpt 5, dyt 6 cd

mfle dfi sai llm nghifim trpng nhtft "Igl"

nfira trong Lifin khu 3, khu tfi nggn ndi cd
nhflng sai lfim nghifim trpng, phi bitfn kfio
dfli vl nhilu raflt. Xfit dtfn cflng, dd Ifl sal
lfim "tfi khuynh giflo dilu" (19).
Trudc nhflng nfim 1963, 1955 trong bfli
"Hoa sen", Bfic Hi dfi gyi y cd thl vfln ddng
cfic diln chu hitfn diln nhfl cflc dng Dd {^nh
Thidn... Nhflng "cfich lflm" nfly ciia Bfic
khdng dupc chtfp nhtfn, vtfn d^mgrafl"thfch"
Ifim mdt "Didn Bifin" trong eai eflch "long trdi
Id dtftf',raflnhiing "cfinh tupng thfi thfim cung
khfing thl kl htfr (Ttf Hihi) (20).

CHU THtCH
(1), (2). Tinh iiy Th&i Blnh. TH dii'n Thdi

Btnh.

2010, tr. 124.
(3), (4), (5). Tinh iiy Th&i Binh, TU Diin

Thdi

Binh. sdd, tr. 333- 334.

chiin chdng Phdp thdng l^ vd bdi hge. Nxb. Chfnh
trj Qude gia. Hfl N^i. 1996. tr. 232- 233.

(6). (7), (8), (9), (10). Tinh ily Thfti Binh, Tit
Biin Thdi Binh, add, tr. 135.125, 807, 806, 806.
(11). (12). Tinh iiy Th&i Binh, Tit Diin

Thdi

Binh. add, tr. 806-807.
(13), (14). T^nh ily Th6i Binh, Tit Diin

Thdi

Binh, edd, tr. 308, 125.
(15). HS Chi Minh

(17). Ban chl d^o ttfng ktft ehtfng Thgc d&n
Ph&p tryc thufic Bfi Chfnh trj. Ting kA cudc khdng

Todn tdp. Tftp VIII, Nxb.

Chfnh tri Quoc gia, Hft N$i, 1995, tr. 236.
(16). Sau khi thi hftnh m$t stf c&n b9 (Hoftng
QuSc Vi?t, H I Viet ThSng). H§i nghj dfl bflu H i

(18). Nguyin Vfln Khoan, Nhin

lgi cu^c cdi

cdeh rudng ddt d Hdi Phdng, KUn An, Tgp chf
Nghiin cOu Lfch aCt, stf 6-2(X)7, tr. 28.
(19). Ly Vifit Quang, Bdng ldnh difo cdi each

ru^ng ddt d Bdc Bd tit 1945 dih ndm 1957, Tdm
tfit Lufln &n titfn ai, 2011. Ban luu tgi vi$n H i Chf
Minh.
(20). DUdng Trung Qude, Ddn cdy cd rufng, Lao
ddng cutfl t u l a , 26/2/2012.

Chf Minh Iftm T i n g bf thU BCH TU" Dang (Wtf Chl

- Xin dpc t h i m : L l Xufin Khoa, Vi4t Nam 1945-

Minh biin niin tiiu sd. Nxb. Ly lufln chfnh trj, Hft

1995, (Chitang UI, Chtnh sdch cdi each ru^ng d&),

N§i, 2006, tr. 483.

Nxb. Tiln R i n g , Hoa Ky, 2004.