CHÍNH SÁCH KINH TẾ CỦA NHÀ MINH ĐỐI VỚI ĐẠI VIỆT (1407 1427)

CHINH SACH KINH TE c t A ]WBLA MI]\H
VCtt DAI VIET ( 1 4 0 7 - 1 4 2 7 )
NGUVfiN VAN KIM'

V

ao the ky XV-XVI, lieh sii the gidi
va khu viic chau A da dien ra nhieu
chuyen bien quan trpng. Nam 1368, d
Trung Qude trieu Minh (1368-1644) thanh
lap. La mdt trieu dai Han tpc n i m giiia hai
tridu ngoai tdc la Mdng - Nguyen (12061368) va trieu Thanh (1644-1911), eac vua
Minh titng nudi nhieu tham vpng ve ehinh
tri, kinh td vdi cac qud'c gia khu viie. Den
dau thd' ky XV, nha Minh da khdng ngifng
gay ap liie chinh tri vdi nhieu qud'c gia
Ddng A ddng thdi tien hanh chien tranh
xam lupc Dai Viet. Ve cudc xam Iiide eua
nha Minh (1407-1427), da cd nhieu bai vidt,
ehuyen khao cua cac nha nghien citu trong
nUde, qud'c te' (1). Nham tiep tuc gdp phin
lam rd am muu va nhiing hau qua nhieu
mat ciia eupc chien, bai vie't nay se tap
trung phan tieh chii trUdng, chinh sach
kinh te ciia nha Minh va chinh quyen
chidm ddng trong viee khai thac, bdc lot cae
ngudn tai nguyen, trong do ed tai nguyen
bidn eua nude ta.
Dd thiic hien bai viet, eiing vdi vide khai
thac tu lieu trong eac bp ehinh sit Viet Nam
nhU: Dgi Viet sd ky todn thit, Dgi Nam thUc

luc, Kham dinh Viet sd thong gidm ciidng
muc..., chiing tdi edn tham khao cae thdng
tin trong Minh thUc luc nhu mpt ngudn tu
lieu tham chieu. Viec khai thac cae ngudn

tu lieu nay, ket hdp vdi nhiing thanh tiju
khao citu da dupe edng bd', cd y nghia quan
trpng trong viec lam sang to y tudng va ndi
dung cd ban ma chii de nghien citu dat ra.
1. T h i e t l a p m o t h e t h o n g q u a n ly,
t h o n g tri tr^ic t i e p
Ldi dung tinh the ehinh tri d Dai Viet co
nhilu bidn ddng, trieu Trin (1226-1400)
suy yeu, trieu Hd (1400-1407), thang 11
nam 1406 nha Minh edn eho quan tap
trung d vung bien gidi, chuan bi tran sang
xam lupc nUde ta. De'n thang 6-1407, sau
khi chidm cae thanh Da Bang, Ddng Dd,
pha vd phdng tuye'n Hoang Giang - Binh
Than rdi ha thanh Tay Dd... quan Minh da
chiem ddng, dat ach cai tri triic tidp len
h i u het cac dia phUdng. Trong sud't 2 thap
nien (1407-1427), nha Minh thiie thi mdt
ehinh sach kinh te' tan bao vdi Dai Vi?t.
Chii triidng dd eiia gidi cam quyen phUOng
Bie nhim: Thd nhdt: Khai thac tridt de cac
nguon ldi phuc vu eho nhu ciu tieu diing
tai ehd ciia bd may xam lupc, chiem ddng;
Thd hai: Tan thu cac ngudn tai nguydn,
san vat, bCfc thu cac loai thue' de nudi

dudng chid'n tranh; Thd ba: Lam suy yeu,
huy hoai toan dien nen kinh te' ciia Dai
Viet; Vd thd tii: Vd vet cae ngudn liic (d^c
biet la nhan liic, eac loai tai nguyen, san
vat quy hiem...) de diia ve Trung Qud'c (2).

' PGS.TS. Trudng Dai hpe KHXH&NV - DHQG HN


Chfnh s^ch hinh te cAa nha minh..
Dupe sii hau t h u i n cua trieu dinh
phUdng Bic, lien tiep trong eac nam 1371',
1377.va 1378, Champa da md,nhieu ddt
tidn pdng ra phia bic, tham chi edn eho
quah tran vao xam chie'm, tan pha Kinh dd
Thang Long (3). Hieu ro myc tieu, ban cha't
cua cac eupe ta'n cdng tit phUdng Nam, nha
Minh da ra site ldi keo, sii dung the' Iiie bien
Champa de viia phan tan lUc lupng vita
kiem tda khang liic cua quan dan Dai Viet.
Ben canh dd, tii nam Vinh Lae thit 2 (1404),
de chuan bi eho am mUu xam lUpe va dat
ach thd'ng tri lau dai d nUdc ta, ciing vdi
viee khoet sau mau thuan Vidt - Cham,
mau thuan Tran - Hd, rdi phu nhan sii tdn
tai ciia tdn tha't nha Tran... nha Minh cdn
lien tuc dUa ra cac yeu sach ve bien gidi
nhii ddi da't Ldc Chau, Tay Binh, Vinh Binh
va 7 trai Manh Man thudc chau Ninh Viln.
Nhim ha tha'p vi thd chinh tri ddng thdi

thiic hien am miiu bie'n nude ta thanh
quan, huydn t h i n thudc, de che' phiidng
Bic edn tii gpi nUdc ta la "Giao Chi".
Diu nam 1407, ngay sau khi chiem ditpc
Ddng Dd, nha Minh da thiet lap bd may
thd'ng tri difng d i u la Tam ty, gdm: Dd chi
huy sxi ty (Dd ty, phu traeh quan chinh),
Thifa tuydn Bd' chinh sit ty (Bd' chinh ty,
trdng coi dan chinh, tai chinh), De hinh an
sat sii ty (hay An sat ty, n i m quyln tU phap
va giam sat) cung cae nha mdn ve, sd, chau,
huyen. Vua Minh liy Dd ehi huy Lii Nghi
giii chitc Dd ty, Bic Kinh hanh bp ThUdng
thu Hoang Phiic giG hai ty Bd chinh va an
sat. Tie'p dd, ngay 5-7-1407, ehinh quyen
phUdng Bic ciing ddi ten 4 phu, 7 ehdu, 27
huypn ddng' thdi chia cac ddn vi hanh chinh
thanh 15 phu va 47 chau trong dd ed 5 chau
Idn. 15 phu gdm: Giao Chau, Bic Giang,
Lang Giang, Tam Giang, Kie'n Binh, Tan
An, Kie'n XUdng, Phung Hda, Thanh Hda,
Tra'n Man, Lang Sdn, Tan Binh, Diln Chau,
Ngh0 An, Thuan Hda. Cac phu nay deu chiu

sii quan ly ciia ty Bd' chinh. 5 chau Idn gdm:
Oai Man, Phiic An, Tam Dai, Tii Liem, Ldi
Nhan. Ngoai ra edn ed eac chau triie thudc
phii. Nhiing ndi xung ye'u dat 12 ve (mdi ve
5.000 quan) de khd'ng ehe (4). Nha Minh ra't
ehii y de'n viec kiem soat ehinh quydn ca'p ed

sd la eac ly (tifc lang) va cae phUdng, sUdng d
thanh Ddng Quan (5). Tuy nhien, trUde sii
phan khang cua nhan dan ta va eac phong
trao dau tranh ehd'ng Minh, phai de'n nam
1414 chinh quyen dd hd mdi thiet lap dupe
he thd'ng quan ly d cac phu, chau, huydn (6).
Nhu vay, sau khi chiem diidc Dong Dd
va nhieu viing lanh thd nUde ta, nha Minh
da thiet lap mdt bd may ehinh quyen quan
sii quan ly, thd'ng tri triie tie'p gdm 39 ddn
luy va 374 tram dieh. Diidi sii chi dao cua
trieu Minh, ehinh quyln quan sii chie'm
ddng da ra site khai thac eac ngudn liic tii
nhien, tan thu thue ddng thdi trien khai ke
hoach bdc lot eac nganh kinh te'. Che dp
thong tri, khai thac, bdc lot kinh te cua nha
Minh diidc thiic hien tren mdt quy md rpng
Idn va dat de'n mite dp tan khd'e ehua titng
tha'y ke tii khi nen dde lap eua dan tde ta
dupe phuc hiing nam 938 (7). Ben eanh dd,
de duy tri ehe' dp thd'ng tri ddng thdi theo
dudi cac tham vpng kinh td, nha Minh lap
mpt bd may quan ehe chat che, ddng dao.
Mdt mat, gidi cam quyen phiidng Bac huy
ddng so' quan lai ngUdi Trung Qud'c tit Nam
Kinh, Bic Kinh dieu xud'ng; tir Van Nam,
Liidng Quang cii sang, mat khac edn ra site
chieu du, triet de sit dung sd binh linh, vien
chitc, quan lai ngUdi ban dia, tao thanh dpi
ngii nguy quan (thd quan), nguy quan (thd

binh) ddng dao, hd trd tiidng ddi dac liie cho
quan xam lupc.
2. C h i n h s a c h k h a i t h a c , hoc
kinh te
Thiic hien chu trUdng cua tridu (finh
Minh, ngay 12-10-1406, ngay sau khi
vao Thang Long, quan xam liipe da

lot
nha
tran
"bit


Rghien ciiu Lich siir. 5Q 10.201*
eUdp eon gai, ngpc lua, thdng ke liidng chita,
chia quan lam vide, chieu tap dan xieu tan,
lam kd d lau dai. Chiing thidn hoan nhieu
con trai nhd tudi va thu la'y tien ddng d eac
xd, eho ehay tram diia ve Kim Lang" (8). Tif
nam 1407, nha Minh da thiic hien chinh
sach khai thac, bdc lot kinh te' tnic tidp d
nUdc ta, bien nhan dan ta thanh nd le. Trong
vdng 20 nam, ngudn cua eai eua Dai Viet
khdng ngifng ehay sang Trung Qudc!
Theo Minh thiic luc, de'n thang 7-1408
nha Minh da dat 12 thanh tri lam chd ddng
quan, cai tri cac dia phUdng. Dpi quan xam
lupc di de'n dau la Tnidng Phu va cac quan
lai van, vo cua nha Minh lap tifc cho bat,

gidt ngUdi, citdp ciia de'n da'y. De eung cd'
tiem lye kinh te cua chinh quyen va dpi
quan chid'm ddng, eiing vdi eac dia didm
ddng quan, TrUdng Phu, Ly Ban, Hoang
Phiie, Ma Ky... eung ddng thdi lap eac kho
tang, ty, cue thud khda. De tan thu thue',
chiing dat sii kiem soat cac ben thuyen be d
21 dia diem, dat 67 ty Tuan kiem d cac
v^ng xung yeu, eCfa sdng, eifa bien. Vi the',
chi trong mdt thdi gian tUdng ddi ngin,
quan Minh da "chieu an" dUpc hdn
3.120.000 ngudi, b i t dupe hdn 2.087.500
ngudi, trii litdng 1.360 van thach; voi, ngiia,
trau bd cdng hdn 235.900 con, 8.677 chide
thuydn, hdn 2.539.850 vii khi (9). Theo xae
nhan cua Todn thii thi nha Minh da thu
dupe: 48 phu, chau, 168 huyen, 3.129.500
hd, bat giii 112 con voi, 420 eon ngiia,
35.750 con trau bd, 8.865 chide thuyen (10).
Nhu vay, sd lidu thong ke giiia Todn thii va
Minh thdc luc cd nhieu diem khae biet.
Minh thiic luc vidt liic liidng chiem ddng
"chieu an" dUdc 3.120.000 ngUdi trong khi
dd chinh SL£ nha Le xac nhan la 3.129.500
hd. Sd lupng ngiidi hi b i t giii, vii khi, voi
ngiia... giiia hai bd suf eiing cd nhieu diem
khac. Tuy vay, sd thuyen ma nha Minh thu
giii ghi trong hai ngudn sii lieu la tUdng ddi
phii hdp.

Nam 1410, vdi tu each la Tong binh,
ditng d i u ehinh quyen chie'm ddng, TrUdng
Phu da eho quan md them ddn dien d cic
ndi gin thanh va thu thdc liia d Thai
Nguydn, Tuyen Quang, Tam Giang dd tang
ngudn dii trii quan liidng. NhU vay, cixng
vdi sd'thdc san x u i t trong cae ddn didn, ban
la SO lUdng thiie ma quan Minh thu dUde d
nUde ta la r i t Idn. Sd' liidng thiie dd cd the
du chu ca'p eho ehinh quyen chiem ddng
cung ddi quan xam lUde ddng dao. Vl the,
chinh Vinh Lac da truyen lenh cho TrUdng
Phu, mpt mat tiet kiem quan lUdng mat
khac dinh chi viec tie'p van liidng thao tii
Quang Tay sang nUde ta. Hdn the', sd' quan
lUdng dii dinh tie'p van eho dpi quan chidm
ddng Cling dupe ehuyen ngiipe lai thanh,
ddn gin nha't, trii tai do (11).
Trong thdi gian xam lUde niide ta, nha
Minh da can thiep true tiep vao cac nganh
kinh te trpng yeu nhii: Ndng nghiep, lam
nghiep, khai thac khoang san, lam muoi...
Vdi kinh te ndng nghiep, thang 10-1414,
ehinh quyen chie'm ddng da dinh ra phdp
thue': "eii mdi mau rudng thu 5 thang thdc,
mdi mau da't bai thu mdt lang td, mdi mdt
can td thu mdt tam lua" (12). Ciing trong
nam dd, "Nha Minh b i t khai sd' rudng va
da't trdng dau, trung thu lUdng thi^c, td
t i m . Mdi hp 1 m i u thi b i t khai thanh 3

miu. Den sau xet hp khau tang hang nam,
dinh sd rudng mdi hd la 10 m i u (nghia la
moi m i u chi ed 3 sao, 10 m i u thiie ra ehi cd
3 miu). Mdi m i u thu 5 thang thdc, da't bai
mdi hd 1 miu, thu 1 lang td, mdi can td d§t
dUdc 1 ta'm lua" (13). Chinh sach lam thu,
tang thu phi ly do (mpt thu thanh ba) cua
quan dd hp khidn ngay ca vua Minh Vinh
Lac Cling cam tha'y "khic bac" (14)! Bdn
canh do, vi nhflng muc tieu ehinh tri va
quan sii, bpn TrUdng Phu edn ca'm dan
chiing tit Dien Chau trd vao (viing xa, khd
kidm soat) khdng dUde canh tac. Chinh


Chfnh sAch hmh t& da nha ^ n h . . .
sach dd khdng chi da buy hoai kinh te ndng
nghidp va nhidu nganh kinh te khac ma
cdn triet ha ngudn sd'ng can ban cCia cU dan
cac tinh mien Trung!
Vd chinh sach khai thac cua nha Minh,
cae sii than trieu Le cho ring: "Ba'y gid
kinh Id deu phu thudc nha Minh, tram hp
phai lam sai dich ndp liidng, theo sii sai b i t
cua bpn quan thii nhiem. Thd quan thi phai
ddng thuyen va lap ddn didn de giiip viec
cho Tong binh" (15). D l khai thac kinh te,
tan thu thud' khda, tit nam 1407, nha Minh
da rao riet chi dao viec lap cae kho, tang,
ty, cue thud khda. Cu the, chinh quydn

chidm ddng da thiet lap cac kho, ty Thue'
khda tai 4 phu, cue Thud khda tai 8 chau,
ddng thdi cung l^p cue Thud tai 20 huyen
va 5 dia phUdng (16). Ngay 5-7-1408,
Tnidng Phu tidp tuc ra lenh lap 472 ve
mdn, 100 ty T u i n kiem, 92 ve mdn eho ty
Thud khda. Nha Minh cdn dat 67 ty Tuan
kiem (17); lap 5 tram dich diing ngiia, 5 sd
chuyen van (18); dat ty De cii ve thue' mudi
d eac viing chuydn san x u i t mudi (19).
Ve chinh sach kinh te', dac biet la che dd
triing thu thud cua ehinh quyen chidm
ddng ta thay, ehd dp td thud khdng ehi khic
nghidt ma edn rat tiiy tidn. Tinh trang lam
thu khidn Vinh Lac nhieu lan can thiep, chi
dao. NgUdi difng d i u trieu Minh cho ring:
"Liic mdi dat quan tai huyen Giao Chi,
tram ma'y l i n du r i n g nen cd ehinh sach
khoan hdng, n h i m khoan va gian de phii
tri dan mdi quy phu. Dufng tning thu nang,
trung thu nang la phUdng sach dudi dan di"
(20). Theo Minh thiic luc, Vinh Lae cdn
lenh cho Bp Hd ban dinh, hudng chinh
quydn chidm ddng den viec thiic thi mdt
chinh sach kinh td "khoan hau"!
Nhu vay, dudng nhu d day xua't hien "dp
ehenh" nha't dinh giQa mdt chii trUdng
chung vd kinh t^' cua trieu dinh nha Minh

vdi cac chinh sach, bien phap thiie thi cu

the cua gidi cim quyen thanh Ddng Quan.
Theo logic thdng thudng, hien tupng dd cd
the gdi ra nhiing nghi suy ve mpt kha nang
cd sii thieu tap trung, thd'ng nha't giiia cac
ca'p quan ly. Tuy nhien, neu nhin nhan va'n
de mdt each tong the, hieu t h i u ban cha't
cua cupc chie'n thi nhiing chi d^o thUdng
xuyen, eu the eua vua Minh vdi TrUdng
Phu va gidi quan lai nha Minh thiic td' ehi
la man bao ehe, dung tiing day "an nghia"
cua trieu dinh phUdng Bic trUde hang boat
nhQng chinh sach khai thac, bde Idt tan bao
cua quan xam lUdc. Chu triidng khai thdc
triit di, triet hg tdt cdc ngdnh kinh te,
nguon song cua cii ddn Dgi Viet la muc tieu
trgng tdm, chi dgo nhdt qudn, chi phdi moi
hdnh dgng cua nhd Minh (21).
Song song vdi cac chinh sach triing thu,
pha hoai ndng nghiep, tan thu ngudn
thue... trong nam 1408, chinh quyen dd hd
cdn dat Cue khai md vang tai 7 tran: Thai
Nguyen, Gia HUng, Quang Oai, Thien
Quan, Vpng Giang, Lam An, Tan Ninh;
thiet lap ty De eif thi bac tai Van Ddn.
Ngay 24-10-1409, "Dat cue khai thac vang
tra'n Thai Nguyen thudc phu Thai Nguyen,
Cue khai thac vang t r i n Gia Hung thudc
chau Gia Hiing; Cue khai thac vang tra'n
Quang Oai, thudc chau Quang Oai" (22).
Ngay 2-8-1416, eho dat hai Cue khai thac

vang tai tra'n Vong Giang, Dien Chau, t r i n
Lam An, phu Nghe An. Theo cac sit gia nha
Nguyin thi: "Pham cho da't nao san ra vang
bac, deu lap trUdng cue, dat quan cai quan,
mdi nam sai npi quan va quan giii trUdng
cue ddc thiic dan dinh khai dao de lay vang
bac. Khi dan lam xong cdng viec, cae vien
quan hdi ddng kiem didm niem phong dl
nop. Lai bat dan ct tren rifng dUdi bien di
bat te, voi, md ngpc trai. Liic a'y thud khda
eao, ddng gdp nang, siic liie va ciia cai eua
dan deu hi kiet qud" (23).


Rghien cihi Ijch siir. stf 10.201*
Trong thdi gian chiem ddng, nha Minh
da khai thac tridt de cac ngudn tai nguyen
quy^ eiia Dai Vidt. Trong 20 nam (14071427), nam nao nha Minh ciing b i t nhan
dan ta cdng nap. Theo Minh thuc luc, ngay
12-1-1417, "Giao Chi cung ca'p 1.668 tam
quyen, 2.000 can sdn, 1.500 can td mde,
2.000 Idng thiiy vii, mdt van quat, 23 loai
t r i m hUdng trong do ed t r i m td'c va an tifc
hiidng". Ngay 1-2-1418, "Giao Chi dang
1.252 ta'm quyen, 3.000 Idng thuy vii, mdt
van quat, 2.400 can sdn" (24). Tidp dd, ngay
12-1-1419, chinh quyen chie'm ddng lai dUa
vd nUde 1.288 ta'm quyen, 5.000 can td mdc,
2.000 Idng chim thiiy, mdt van quat, 2.400
can sdn (25). Nam 1424, quan Minh lai diia

sang Trung Qudc "1.717 ta'm lua quyen,
3.000 can Sdn, 5.000 can td mde, 3.000 Idng
chim thiiy, 1 van quat" (26). NhU vay, chi
rieng trong 4 nam (1417, 1418, 1419 va
1424) quan Minh da dUa ve nUde: 5.925
ta'm Ii^a, 9.800 can sdn, 11.500 can td mdc,
10.000 Idng chim thiiy vu, 40.000 chide
quat ciing 23 loai t r i m hUdng!
Ciing theo Todn thu, quan Minh cdn ra
siic chieu nap cae hUdng hd, tifc cac hd
ehuydn tim kidm hUdng hdu quy (nhU tram
hUdng) lam viec cho chiing. Minh thdc luc
cung nhieu l i n xac nhan vide chinh quyen
chidm ddng lap Cue khai thac ngpc trai, lap
cac Ci^c khai thac vang (27), ddng thdi mua
chupc nhOng ngUdi chuyen tim kiem, khai
thac tai nguyen, kim loai quy eung phdi
thudc. Trong bdi eanh ba'y gid, b i n la khdng
it ngUdi da thu dUpc nhiing ngudn ldi nhat
dinh tif chinh quyen chiem ddng. Nhiing
nam 1407-1427, d l chifa ngudn cua cai chiem
doat dupe Stt dung cho chidn tranh va dUa vd
Trung Qudc, chinh quyen Minh da lap nhieu
kho chiia hang tai thanh Ddng Quan va cae
phu: Nghe An, Tan Binh, Kien Xitdng...
Nhin chung, cac cd sd khai thac tai
nguyen ma nha Minh thiet lap d Dai Viet

da boat ddng lidn t\ic trong sudt thdi kj^ cai
tri. De tang ngudn thu, chinh quyen chidm

ddng ehi md mang, lap them chit h i u nhU
ra't it bai bd cac md, cdng trUdng khai thac.
Tren thiic td, nha Minh da bii'n Dgi Viet
thdnh cdng triidng khai thdc Idn phuc vu
cho nhu ciu chien tranh va de nudi dUdng
cae nganh san xua't d Trung Qud'c. Tai
nguyen ma nha Minh dUa ve Trung Qudc
chu ye'u la cae nguydn lieu tU nhien hoac
dang da chd bie'n thanh nguydn Hdu tinh.
Ben eanh dd, dd phuc vu cho viee khai thac
md va phat trien cac nganh thii cdng, chinh
quyen phUdng Bie cdn b i t dem ve nUde mdt
dpi ngu thd thii cdng gidi, nhiing ngUdi cd
ky nang cao vd khai thac md va luyen kim.
Khie ghi tdi ac cua quan Minh, Todn
thu vie't ro: "Nha Minh khai eac xudng, md
vang bac, dem phu dai la'y va b i t voi tring,
md tran chau" (28), "Nha Minh md trUdng
md ngpc trai, kidm hUdng thdm, san bit
chdn trang, hUou trang, voi t r i n g , ddi rua 9
dudi, chim dau ngUdc, viidn bac ma, tran,
cac thit dd dang nop" (29). Cac sii t h i n nha
Ld cho ring, nha Minh "danh thue nang,
bde lot nhieu, nhan dan khdng la'y gi ma
sdng dUde"! Cung ehung quan didm dd, cac
tac gia Ciidng muc nhan xet: "Bay gid,
ngudi Minh yeu sach ddi hdi khdng bidt the
nao la ehan. Pham nhiing dia phUdng cd hd
tieu, hUdng lieu, hUdu t r i n g , voi tring, riia
chin dudi, chim vet, vUpn bac m i , con

tran... chiing deu bude dan phai di kiem, di
bat dem nop de dUa vd Yen Kinh" (30)!
Tha'u hieu ban cha't ciia ke xam lUdc,
trong itng xii vdi phUdng Bic, ddn nam
1427, du nghia quan Lam Sdn da gianh
ditdc nhiing t h i n g ldi quyet dinh nhUng dl
tranh sii hy sinh, ton tha't eiia nhan dan
ddng thdi ciing d l "tit mudn ddi chidn
tranh" nen Le Lpi va Bd chi huy nghia
quan v i n chu trUdng thiie thi chinh sach
ddi ngoai mem deo n h i m mau chdng dudi
quan xam lang ve nUdc (31).


Chfnh s&cb hinh te ciJa nha ^ n h . . .
3. Vi the bidn va chinh sach khai
thac tai n g u y e n bien
Trudc nguy cd eua mdt cudc chidn tranh
xam lUdc tif phiidng Bic ngay cang ddn
gin, tit cum the ky XIV, Hd Quy Ly (13361407) va nhiing ngUdi diing dau trieu Ho
(1400-1407) da sdm nhan thay vai trd quan
trpng ciia bien, cua giao thdng sdng bien va
cac viing cuta sdng, ctta bien trong viec bao
ve an ninh, chu quydn d^t nude. Nam 1404,
Hd Qu^ Ly sai dao Lien Cang tii Tan Binh
ddn giap Thuan Hda dd van chuyen quan
lUdng. Tide ring, do khdng hieu rd nhiing
dac diim cua dieu kien tu nhien nen viec

bat thanh!

Tidp ndi sii nghiep eua cha, dd ehd'ng lai
quan Minh, thang 7-1405, Hd Han ThUdng
(cq: 1401-1407) da di t u i n du nhieu dia
phUdng, xem xet hinh the niii sdng. Ong sai
ddng coc gd d nhfing ndi xung ydu ma trong
tam la cac ctta biln va vitng sdng cai d l
ehan quan xam lupc (32). Theo Minh thiic
luc, nam 1408, nha Ho cdn cho trinh sat
den tham dd tinh hinh an ninh d viing bien
Quang Ddng khien quan Minh phai de
phdng cin mat (33). D l tang citdng site
manh cua thuy quan. Ho Han ThUdng cdn
Idnh cho ddng thuyen s i t , dat hieu la "Tai
lUdng cd lau". Day la loai thuyen tren bic
tre lam dUdng di lai, ben dUdi thi cit hai
ngUdi cheo mdt mai eheo. De che m i t quan
Minh, nha Ho l i y ten la thuyen van chuyin
lUdng nhiing thiic cha't la thuydn chien,
dUdc thiet ke eho viec chien dau (34). Han
la nhiing tran chien Bach Ding, Van Ddn...
chon viii cac doan thuyen chien, thuyen
lUdng v i n la ndi am anh vdi quan Minh nen
khi sang xam lUde nUdc ta, Tdng binh
Tnidng Phu va cac quan van, vd nha Minh
luon phai lo itng phd vdi thiiy quan ciia nha
Hd va sau do la liic lUdng thuy binh eua
nghia qudn Lam Sdn (35).

37
Nhan thtfc rd vai trd v& vi the bien nUdc

ta, nam 1407, eiing vdi cac hudng tien cdng
tif phia Bic, nha Minh da eho mot eanh
quan theo diidng bien tien vao, chiem ddng
viing c^a bien Ky La thudc huyen K^ Anh,
Ha Tinh hdng ehan dudng nit lui cua quan
quan nha Ho. Ngay sau dd, TrUdng Phu hen
cho quan danh vao Vinh Ninh (Vinh Ldc,
Thanh Hda). Quan Minh da b i t Hd Quy Ly
d bai Chi Chi, b i t Ta tUdng quoc Hd Nguyen
Triing d ciia biln Ky La, b i t Hd Han ThUdng
va Thai tit Nhud d mii Cao Vpng (Ha Tinh).
Ngay 5-7-1407, tite ngay sau khi chiem dupe
Kinh do Thang Long, nha Minh da lap tttc
thidt lap 67 ty Tuin kilm t^i 23 cuta sdng va
14 cuJa biln 6 cac viing duyen hai (36). Trong
thdi gian 1407-1427, quan Minh cdn thiet
lap thdm 17 ty Tuin kiem t ^ cac chau,
huyen viing ha chau thd sdng Hdng de
khd'ng chd cac con diidng ndi kdt giiia cac
tuydn sdng n i m sau trong dSt hdn vdi viing
euta sdng, cifa biln (37).
La ngUdi ditng d i u luc lUdng chiem
ddng, TrUdng Phu va cac tUdng linh cim
quyen ra't chii y den viec kiem soat cac
tuydn giao thUdng biln cung nhU boat dpng
kinh td bien. Ngay sau khi binh dinh xong
nUdc ta, nha Minh da cho lap eac ben kiem
soat thuyen be d 21 dia phUdng ddng thdi
tning thu 8.865 thuyen cac loai (38). Cung
can phai ndi them la, trong nhiing ddi

tupng ma ehinh quyen chiem ddng chu
tnidng dUa sang Trung Qud'c, chiing da tim
bat nhieu nghd nhan, thp ddng thuyen gidi.
Hdn thd, quan Minh cdn b i t ca vd con hp
dUa sang Yen Kinh, Trung Qudc de lam lao
dich trong cac xudng ddng thuyen (39)!
D l khai thdng ddng thdi md rdng tuydn
giao thUdng bien tif viing Quang Tay, Quang
Ddng (Trung Qudc) den Dai Viet, ngay 5-31408, Hoang Phiic, ngUdi ditng d i u ty Bo
ehinh cho ring, "Quan dan tinh Quang Tay
van lUdng bing dUdng bd r^t gian nan, nen


3S

ra Idnh Quang Ddng cho van ehuyen bing
dudng biln 20 van thach litdng diia sang
Giao CW" (40). Ngay 4-7-1408, TrUdng Phu
da thiet lap dupe 31 tram dich bing ngiia
nhung "tif phu Nam Ninh de'n Long Chau
dudng thuy dai, nen tang tram dich cho
thuyen, ciing dat sd van chuyen" (41). Theo
didu tra eua y, tit chau Kham (Quang Ddng)
theo dudng chau Van Ninh de'n thanh Ddng
Quan phin nhidu di theo dUdng sdng biln.
Dudng bd dai tdi 291 dam, so vdi dudng eii tif
Khau On thi gin hdn 7 tram nen dat titng
tram de di lai cho tien.
Nhan tha'y vai trd cua tuye'n giao thdng
thuy, vua Minh chii trUdng: "tif Van Ninh,

Ddng Trieu, Chi Linh deu dat tram dUdng
thuy; cdn tif Tif Sdn, Gia Lam deu dat tram
di bing ngiia" (42). Thiic hien chu trUdng
dd, nam 1415, nha Minh da quydt dinh md
dudng thuy di qua viing Vinh An, Van
Ninh, dat tram ddn chuyen dUdng thuy de'n
Kham Chau ddng thdi dat tram ehay ngiia
ddn thang Hoanh Chau (43). Trong nhan
thilc cita chinh quyen phitdng Bac, Dai Viet
la mdt viing da't "d xa ngoai bai bidn" (44).
(J dd, nhidu eiia bidn gan vdi he thd'ng giao
thdng thuy vung chau thd sdng Hdng. Day
la tuyen giao thUdng huyet mach ehay
xuyen qua mdt vung giau tiem nang kinh
td, cU dan trii mat.
La cita ngo giao thiidng qude td quan
trpng bac nha't ciia Dai Viet, nha Minh da
sdm dat cae ed quan kiem soat, khd'ng chd d
viing vinh Bic Bd trong dd ed Van Don.
Van Ddn trd thanh mdt trong nhiing tieu
diem ma chinh quydn dd hp chii trpng quan
ly, bdc lot. De tang cUdng kiem soat, nha't la
n h i m day manh viee thu thue va khai thac
san vat dia phUdng, nha Minh thidt lap
nhieu cd quan chiic nang d viing biln dao
Ddng Bie. Tir mot trang thdi Ly, trpng trdn
thdi Trin, ddn thdi thudc Minh, Van Ddn bi
ddi thanh mdt ddn vi hanh chinh ca'p

Rghien c i ^ Ijeh siSr. sg 10.2014

huyen. Nam 1406, Vinh Lae cdn thidt lap d
Van Ddn ty Thi bac. Theo quy dinh, ty Thi
bac ed chitc nang "nim giii mpi vide trao
ddi, trieu ed'ng ciia eac nude hai ngoai" ddng
thdi dam traeh "viee ngan ca'm thdng
thiidng vdi cae nude, tning thu thud hang
hoa, can dw budn ban" (45).
Nam Vinh Lae thit 6 (1408), nha Minh
dat them ty Tritu phan trang, tifc cd sd
danh thud budn ban d Van Don. Tiiy theo
ehiing loai, gia tri hang hda ma ngUdi budn
ban phai chiu mite thud tif 1/5 de'n 2/3 gia
tri hang hda. Thang 11 nam dd, chinh
quyen chidm ddng cdn "Dat them ty Dd cii
thi bac tai Van Ddn; lai, mue, De cit mdi
chitc mdt vien. Dat hai ty De cit thi bac tai
phu Tan Binh va Thuan Hoa. Dat ba Cdng
triidng thud triTu phan tai Van Ddn, Tan
Binh, Thuan Hda" (46). Nam 1409, liic
liidng chiem ddng dat them 12 ty Tuan
kilm d cac ndi, trong dd cd Tuan ty Van
Ddn d viing huydn dao.
Vdi muc tieu khai thac eac ngudn tai
nguydn qu;^ cua viing biln dao Ddng Bie,
nam 1418, nha Minh eho lap trUdng sd thu
ngpc trai, huy ddng de'n hang nghin eU dan
dia phUdng, ngay dem md trai la'y ngpc!
Nhu vay, trong sud't thdi gian tit nam 14071427, la mdt viing giau tai nguyen nen Van
Ddn la dia ban khai thac, bdc lot ehu ydu
eua chinh quyen phong kien phUdng Bic.

Trong thdi gian dd, mdt so' hoat ddng giao
thiidng qud'c te v i n didn ra va d mite dp nao
do Van Ddn v i n la mpt trong nhiing cita
ngo giao thUdng ehinh yeu. Theo Minh thiic
luc, nha Minh eung ra't ehii y ddn sii hien
dien eua liic lUdng thUdng nhan ngoai qudc
vd'n sinh sd'ng hay thiidng den budn ban vdi
nudc ta. Vi nhiing moi Idi kinh te, ehinh
quydn dd hd v i n chu tnidng duy tri mdt sd
boat ddng giao lUu qude te (47).
Trong thdi gian tit nam 1407-1427,
chinh quyen dd hd ludn thiic thi nhieu bidn


Chfnh s^ch hinh te c^a nha Sinh...
phap de nam dde quyen nhGng nganh san
xua't chinh cd the dem lai nhieu ngudn Idi
'Idn. Tieu bieu trong sd dd la ehinh sach
thau tdm, nam ddc quyen vd san xuit muoi.
cac bd sxi tridu Le va trieu Nguyen eiing
nhu Minh thiXc luc ed nhidu ghi chdp eu thd
vd viec san xua't, sit dung, budn ban muoi.
Todn thii titng ghi ro each khai thac mud!
cua quan Minh: "trUde he't sai vien Cue sit
va vien Phd dd'c thiic dan na'u muoi, mdi
thdng dupe bao nhieu diia de'n ty De cif thu
giii. cac vidn ndi quan md ngiidi budn bd
tidn ra Iinh gia'y kham hdp eiia ty Bd' chinh.
Gia'y kham hdp Idn thi lay 10 can mudi,
giay kham hdp nhd thi la'y 1 can rdi mdi

dUde dem ban. Ne'u khdng cd (gia'y kham
hdp) ma ban mudi thi i^ii tdi) nhU luat na'u
lau. Lai ca'm ngUdi di dudng, le ehi dupe
dem 3 bat mudi va 1 Ip niide mam ma thdi"
(48). Nhidu kha nang, do n i m dUde quydn
kidm soat ngudn mud! ddi dao tit phUdng
Nam nen nha Minh da de ra chinh sach tra
lUdng eho quan lai d cac dia phUdng Trung
Qudc bing mudi. Theo gia quy ddi thdi ba'y
gid, cit mdi dan mudi (1 dan bang 200 can)
bang 5 da'u gao (49).
Vidt vd ngudn cung ca'p mudi doi dao eua
Dai Viet, Minh thiic luc cho rang, "xd nay
san xuit mudi hang nam. Cac xit khac nhu
Lao Qua mang vang de'n ddi mud'i. Mdnh
theo ndp eU, sai 3 ngUdi di trdng coi vide
mau dieh" (50). Dieu chic chin la, do ed
cha't lupng cao nen ngudn mudi san xua't d
viing bidn Dai Vidt ludn diide gidi quan lai
Trung Qud'c eoi trpng va nhap vdi khoi
lUdng Idn vd thi trUdng Trung Qud'c. Thdi
bay gid, thi trUdng khu vilc ciing ra't ua
diing loai mudi san xua't d nUdc ta. Vi the',
nha Minh thiidng dem mudi ra trao ddi nhU
mdt vat ngang gia vdi cac loai hang hda
khac. Chinh quyen chidm ddng cdn thiidng
xuyen cho thUdng nhan khu viic cd t h i
diing kim loai quy nhu vang, bac... de doi

3S

la'y mudi. Nhan tha'y nhiing mdi Idi Idn cd
the thu dupe tii mudi, nam 1407 nha Minh
chi dao vien Ngoai lang bp Hd la Hoang
Thdng Ly - chuyen trdng coi nganh mudi,
cho ngiidi ngoai qude tii vimg bien gidi phia
tay sang Dai Viet dung vang ddi la'y mudi
(51). Minh thiic luc xac nhan: "Ty Bd' Chinh
Giao Chi tau ring, da trieu tap thiidng gia
den, hiia cho dung vang, bac, tidn ddng de
ddi mudi. Rdi bd Hd quy dinh 1 lang vang
ca'p 30 dan mudi, 1 lang bac, hoac 2.500
ddng tien ca'p 3 dan" (52). Theo dd, ehinh
quydn chie'm ddng quy dinh cii 1 lang vang
ddi diide 30 dan mudi, 1 lang bac (hoac
2.500 ddng) ddi dUpe 3 dan mudi. La'y muoi
lam "ban vi" cd the suy ra, gia vang ga'p 30
Ian gia bac. Do thu dUpe nhidu ngudn ldi tir
mudi nen nha Minh dae biet quan tam de'n
viec kiem soat vung san xuat, quy trinh
san xua't, viec trao ddi, mua ban, sii tham
gia eua gidi thitdng nhan, eae tuye'n budn
ban ciing nhU ngudn Idi thu diidc tif loai
san v&t nay.
De tang eUdng kiem soat nganh san
xua't mudi, ngay 5-7-1407, nha Minh dat ty
Dd cii Diem khda va 2 trifdng Diem khda d
Quang Tit va Dai Hoang. Tie'p dd, ngay 410-1407, lai tie'p tue dat ty De cii vd thue'
mud'i, gdm cac chitc De cif, ddng De cit, phd
De cif, lai mue mdi vi tri mpt ngiidi. Den
ngay 5-2-1409, dat them 4 cdng trUdng

mudi tai An Lao, An Hda (An Hiing), Chi
Phong, Ddng An thupe ty Dd cif Diem khda
"Giao Chi" (53). Tara thang sau, ngay 2410-1409, nha Minh lai thidt lap them 3
edng triidng san xuat mud'i tai Chi Nga,
Trudng La, Dan Hiep. Cac edng trUdng nay
ddu chiu sii kidm soat cua ty D^ cit Diem
khda. Tiep dd, nha Minh ciing dat Cue thue
khda tai chau Quy Hda, ty Tuan kiem tai
eiia quan Thach Lim dl hd trd cho viee
kiem tra, gidm sat. Nam 1417, lap them 1
kho, ty De cit mudi, 5 kho muoi va 3 edng


Rgliien ciiru Lieh sir. s610.2014 \
trudng mudi (54). Nam sau, chinh quydn
chidm ddng lai cho lap them 7 ed sd kham
nghiem, phan phat mudi, 1 kho va sd kiem
soat mudi tai sdng Ld, tnic thudc ty Dd cut
mudi "Giao Chi" (55). NhU vay, theo Minh
thiic luc, trong khoang 2 thap nien, nha
Minh da thidt lap it nha't la 10 cdng trUdng
khai thac mudi dpe theo viing duyen hai
nUde ta, tit vung biln phia bic den cac tinh
mien Trung ddng thdi lap 7 cd sd kiem tra
(xet nghidm), phan phat mudi va nhidu kho
chita mudi.
Cd t h i k h i n g dinh ring, trong thdi gian
xam lUde nUde ta, it cd nganh kinh te nao
lai hi tridu dinh nha Minh ciing nhif ehinh
quyen chidm ddng kilm tra, giam sat g i t

gao nhu nganh mudi. Cae bd sit trieu Le
Trung HUng, trieu Nguyen eiing nhii Minh
thiic luc ddu cd nhidu ghi chdp eu t h i ve
vide san xua't, sit dung, budn ban muoi.
Theo dd, ehinh quydn dd hd khdng chi kilm
tra git gao quy trinh san xua't, budn ban
mudi ma cdn dat ra cd chd phan loai, ca'p
gia'y phep (giiy kham hpp) budn ban mud!
cho tifng loai thUdng nhan. Ai khdng ed
giiy phdp ma budn ban thi bi trpng tdi.
Didu chic chin la, dii nha Minh nghiem
ca'm viec san xua't, budn ban mud'i nhUng
vi^e lam mudi quy md nhd, budn ban "phi
quan phUdng" v i n diln ra. De tan thu, n i m
ddc quydn ve mudi ddng thdi ngan ehan
kha nang tie'p van eho eac liic litdng khdi
nghia, nha Minh cdn dd ra quy dinh ngUdi
di dudng khdng dUpc dem qua 3 bat muoi
va 1 Ip nUdc m i m (56)!
Ciing vdi mudi, chinh quyen chidm ddng
cdn tan thu thue ea. Theo ldi ta'u trinh eua
Bd Hd, vua Minh da eho ehinh quyen chidm
ddng dUde thu loai thud nay vdi mife cit mdi
quan tien (quy ddi tit sd lUdng ca) thi b i t
nap 2 da'u gao (57). Theo giai thich ciia
ngudi diing d i u trieu Minh thi chinh sach
thu thud nang ne, phien nhieu' dd chi la

giai phap tam thdi. Sau khi quan lUdng diy
du thi se trd l^i thu thud ca b i n g tien de

"khdi tha't tin vdi dan"!
Ben canh vi?c kiem soat nganh san xudt
mudi, thu thud mudi, thue ca, niidc mam...
chinh quyen chidm ddng eung ra't chii y de'n
cac ngudn ldi thu diidc tif biln dac biet la
ngpc trai (tran chau). Trong Todn thii, cac
sii gia nha Le da nhieu l i n viet ve viec khai
thac ngpc trai cua nha Minh va chinh
quydn chie'm ddng d v i n g bien nUde ta.
Ciing vdi viec lap Cue khai thac md vang
(Kim trudng cue) d 7 tra'n, thang 7 nam
1418 nha Minh lap Trudng sd thu ngpc trai
(Chau triidng cue). Tidp dd, ngay 23-8-1419,
nha Minh lap Cue khai thac ngpc trai tai
chau Tinh An, dat mdt vien Dai sit de trdng
coi viee khai thac, mua ban ngpc trai d
trung tam kinh te ddi ngoai quan trpng
nay. c a c sxi gia tridu Nguyen xac nhan:
"Hai phan Tinh An va Van Ddn san nhieu
ngpc trai. Ngudi Minh lap nen tritdng sd dl
coi giii vide lat lUdm ngpc trai. Hang ngay,
chiing b i t de'n hang nghin ngUdi dan lam
vide liic dieh a'y" (58).
Sau khi bao tap chien tranh qua di, vin
de ngpc trai v i n la chu de gay nhitc nhdi
trong quan hd Dai Viet - Minh. NSm 1453,
trong bang giao hai nUdc, nha Minh vin tiep
tuc dUa ra va'n de ngoc trai trude viec cU dan
nude ta theo nghe truyen thd'ng tidp tue khai
thac ngpc trai d viing bidn Ddng Bie (59). De

giii mdi hda hieu vdi phUdng Bic (hoac cd
thd chi la mdt giai phap tinh the trong quan
he ngoai giao) ndn nam 1459 chinh quyen Ld
sd da ed dpng thai trong vide "bd viec md
ngpc trai". Tuy nhien, den nam 1471, Minh
thiic luc lai nhic de'n vide md ngpc trai va
khuyen cao eU dan v i n g Ddng Bic khdng
diipc khai thac d viing "hd tran chau"! Chinh
quydn nha Ld da phu nhan vide dd. Tuy
nhidn trong Todn thit, ve eac sii kien chinh
nam 1486, v i n thay ehep ve viec "ca'm md


ChJnh sdch hinh te cAa nha Sinh...
trdm ngpc trai". NhU vay, vide khai thac
ngudn tai nguydn quy nay cua cU dan viing
biln dao Ddng Bac vSn ludn la mot trong
nhiing va'n di tdn tai lau dai trong quan he
hai niide.
4. K^t l u a n
- Cudc xam lUdc nha Minh vdi Dai Viet
la mdt cudc chidn tranh Idn, mdt cudc xam
liidc toan dien, the hien ro miiu dd hiiy diet,
ddng hda cua dd chd phiidng Bic. Vi the,
va'n dd ein phai diide nhin nhan, phan tieh
d nhidu ehilu eanh. Trong vdng 2 thap
nien, eupe chidn tranh xam liidc eua nha
Minh da "gay nen nhGng eha'n dpng nang
ne ve chinh tri" (60) vdi xa hdi Dai Viet.
Tren phUdng didn kinh td, nhd Minh dd

bii'n nin kinh ti'nddc ta tit nin kinh te'cua
mdt qud'c gia tii chu thdnh mdt nin kinh ti'
le thugc; tit mgt nen kinh te phdt triin
thdnh mgt nen kinh ti' bi suy thodi trdm
trgng. Tuan thu cac mue tieu ehinh tri eiia
ehinh quydn trung Udng, ehinh quydn dd hd
vifa thiic hi$n phUdng cham khai thac, bde
lot vifa triet ha ta't ca cae nganh kinh te
cua Dai Vidt. Chinh quydn chie'm ddng da
tap trung khai thac triet d l cac nganh san
xua't ed ban, cae loai tai nguyen, khoang
san cd the dem lai ngudn ldi Idn. Trong sud't
2 thap nidn, chinh quyen phUdng Bic da
tap trung eao dd vao viec vd v6t tai nguyen
chit khdng he cd y dinh phat trien mdt
nganh kinh te hay ky thuat nao. Viee khai
thac d at cae ngudn tai nguyen, dae biet la
cac tai nguyen tU nhien quy hiem, san vat
cua hau hdt cae dia phUdng da lam bien doi
c^u tnic, hoat ddng kinh td, mdi trUdng
sinh thai eua Dai Viet.
- Vd quy md, chinh sach kinh td' ciia nha
Minh luon gin hen vdi cac chinh sach xam
lUde, nd dieh ve chinh tri. Cudc ehie'n tranh
xam lupc triln khai trdn pham vi rdng Idn
nen chinh sach khai thac, ap che kinh td cua

nha Minh eiing thiie.thi d ta't ea cac dia
phUdng. Ngay sau khi tran sang xam lUdc,
ehinh quyen chie'm ddng da lap tiic thidt lap

mdt he thdng eac cd sd kilm soat, tram thu
thud, cd sd khai thac... d nhiing vung giau
tiem nang, cd kinh te' cdng thiidng phat
trien. Tnidng Phu va gidi quan lai nha Minh
Cling mau chdng thidt lap he thdng kidm tra
chat che d hau khap eac tuye'n giao thUdng
trong nudc, qud'c td trpng ye'u. Muc tieu cua
chinh sach nay nham n i m ddc quyen ve
kinh te ddng thdi ngan ehan mpi kha nang
giao liiu, ehuyen van quan liidng giCa cac
viing, trung tam kinh te'. Ngoai miiu dd ve
kinh te, cae ehu tnidng, chinh sach dd cdn
nhim bao vay, cd lap, ngan ehan eac phong
trao phan khang, eac cudc khdi nghia yeu
nudc cua quan dan Dai Viet.
- Trong sud't 20 nam nha Minh da thiie
thi d nudc ta la mdt chinh sach kinh td nha't
quan. Ve ca'p dp, chinh sach dd dUde thiie
hien thd'ng nha't tii trieu dinh Nam Kinh Bic Kinh den gidi cim quyen thanh Ddng
Quan cung nhu chinh quyen chiem ddng d
cac dia phiidng. Vd thdi gian, ehinh sach dd
dupe thiic hien mdt each lien tuc, he thd'ng
bao gdm giai doan trUde ehie'n tranh, trong
chidn tranh va sau ehie'n tranh. Vi nhiing
muc tieu chie'n tranh cung nhu de bay td sii
"trung thanh" tuyet ddi, mud'n "lap quan
cdng" vdi vua Minh nen nhGng ke dGng dau
ehinh quyen dd hd da day nhidu chinh sach
de'n mite eiing ciic! Trong qua trinh dd, nha
Minh khdng ehi bdc lot kinh td ndng

nghiep, thu cdng nghiep, thUdng nghidp ma
edn triet de khai thac eac ngudn tai nguyen
thien nhien trong do ed tai nguyen bien.
Ciing vdi viee phong tda cac cita sdng, cifa
bien nham kiem soat he thd'ng giao thiidng,
thu thud thiidng nghiep, nha Minh edn tap
trung kiem soat chat che nganh san xua't
mudi va bat hang nghin eU dan vung bien
dao Ddng Bac lan md ngpc trai, khai thac


42

R g h i ^ eijru Ljeh sit. s610.2014

- Hau qua eiia chinh sach nd dieh, bdc
lot cua nha Minh gay ra vdi Dai Viet la ra't
lau dai. Trong tac pham ba't hii "Dai cao
binh Ngd", Nguyen Trai tGng khang dinh:
"Situ cao thud nang, nui chim he't thay
sach khdng/ Ke tim vang pha niii, dai bun,
lan ldi ndi lam chUdng/ NgUdi md ngpc
gidng day quang bien, lam mdi lu giao long/
Nhieu dan, dat cam bay hUdu den/ Hai vat
chang ludi b i t chim tra/ De'n cd cay sau bp
cung ching dUpe trpn ddi/ Ngiidi gda bua
khd'n eung khdng mpt ai yen on/ Hiit mau
mu sinh dan, quan gian ae mieng rang
nhdn beo/ Diing cdng trinh tho mdc, nha

cdng tu dinh thii nguy nga/ Chdn chau
huyen bao tang siiu dich/ Ndi xdm lang
lang le cifu canh/ Tat c^n niidc Ddng Hai
khdng rifa sach tanh nhd/ Chat bet triic
Nam Sdn khdng ghi tay tdi ac" (61).
Vd tdi ac cua quan xam lUpc nha Minh,
Ngd Sy Lien va cac sit t h i n nha Ld nhan
dinh: "Xet sud't cae cudc loan lac trong cdi
nUde Viet ta, chiia bao gid de'n tdt cung
nhii vay. Cae lan da'y nghiep dd vUdng
chUa bao gid khd khan den nhU vay" (62)!
Trong bdi canh: "san vat cua da't nudc
trd'ng rdng, tieu dung cua dan thidu thdn"
(63), tha'u h i l u nhGng tdn tha't ciia chien
tranh, ndi khd dau tan eiing cua dan
ehung nen sau khi danh dudi quan Minh
vd nUdc, len ngdi d Ddng Kinh, Le Thai To
va ehinh quyen Ld sd da phai nhieu lin
ban chidu, thiic thi chinh sach nhim
khoan thU site dan, mau ehdng eha'n hiing
nen kinh te dat nude (64). Dd la nhGng
chinh sach Idn, nd liie vUdt bac eua mpt
tridu dai mdi. Tuy v^y, phai ra't nhieu
nam sau do thi tdi ae va nhGng vd't thUdng
ehien tranh ma quan xam lUdc nha Minh
gay ra vdi da't nUdc ta mdi ed the p h i n nao
dupe ban g i n trong ddi sd'ng kinh td, xa
hdi Dai Viet.

CHU THICH

(1). Co the xem nhQng c5ng trinh nhU: Nguyin
Trai: Du dia chi, trong: Nguyin Trdi todn tap tdn
bien, tap 2, Nxb. Van hoc - Trung tam Nghien ciiu
Quoc hoc, Ha Noi, 2001; Cao Hung Triing: An Nam
ehi nguyen; Nguyin VSn Nguyen: Ta'u, bieu ddu
tranh ngoai giao cua Nguyin Trdi, Nxb, The gi6i.
Ha Noi, 2003; Dao Duy Anh: Ddt nUdc Viet Nam
qua cde ddi, Nxb. Thuan Hoa, Hufi', 1997; Phan
Huy Le - Bui DSng Dung - Phan Dai Doan - Pham
Thi Tam - Trin Ba Chi: Mgt sd trdn quye't chidn
ehien lUdc trong tick si? ddn tgc, Nxb. Quan dpi
Nhan dan, 2004; Phan Huy Le - Phan Dai Doan:
Khdi nghia Lam Son 1418-1427, Nxb, Quan dpi
Nhan dan, Ha Noi, 2005; Hpi Sii hpc Ha Noi: Khdi
nghia Lam Sdn vd thdnh lap vUdng trieu Le, Nxb.

Ha Npi, 2008; A.B.Woodside: Vietnam and the
Chinese Model, Harvard University Press, 1971;
Kremers JohnWhimore: The Development of Le
Government in Fifteenth Century Vietnam, Cornell
University Press, 1968...
(2). Ngay 12-5-1406, de chuin bi cho cufic xam
lUdc Dai Viet, Vinh Lac da ra 16nh tuyen 5.000
quan ky binh va bp binh cl 3 Sd Ho ve, 70.000 quSn
6 Van Nam, Quy ChSu, Tii Xuyfin, thao luy^n tai
Van Nara. Ngay 18-5-1406, Vinh Lac lai huy dpng
them 80.000 quan cua Chiet Giang, Phiic Ki6i,
Giang Tay, Quang Dong, Quang Tay, Ho Quang
tap trung c( Quang Tay. Ngay 1-6-1406 vua Minh
tiep tyc huy dpng 1 van ky binh tinh nhu^ ciia 20

v^ nhu Tra'n Giang, To Chau, Tran Hai, Kim

san hd, hai san quy. Dieu chic chin la,
quan xam lupc da thu dupe nhilu mdi lpi
Idn tG eac linh viic kinh te' nay. Nhii vay,
nha Minh va chinh quyen chiem ddng da ed
nhan dinh ehinh xac ve vai trd, vi thd' eua
eac boat dpng kinh te bien, cae tuydn giao
thUdng tren bidn trong ddi sd'ng kinh te - xa
hdi nudc ta. Ciing vdi viec mua ehudc, bat
giG nhflng ngiidi di bien gidi, dua nhidu
nghe nhan ddng thuyen sang Trung Qudc
thi viec thu giG, triet pha cae phifdng tidn
di biln, tan thu eac ngudn liic tG bien da
lam suy thoai nhieu nganh kinh te truyen
thd'ng eua Dai Viet.


Chuih s d c h h i n h te cAa n h a Slinh...
Sdn... de "doi i | n h chinh phat". Ngoai ra, nha
Minh con dieu dpng 45.000 thd quan ciing vdi liic
lU^ng quan That tinh nhu€, t r a n g kien do cac quan
That chi huy. Ta't ca dupe dieu den Quang Tay
chuin bi cho cupc xam ludc. Theo do, viec cung cdp
hSu cdn phin Idn dudc lay tU Quang Tay. Ngoai
ra, theo yeu cau ciia Moc Thanh, nha Minh con cho
chuyen 22 vgn thgch lUdng dd'n chau Mong Tu va
Lam An d^ng thcfi cho chuyen muoi khai thac tai
gieng muoi Van Nam de'n Mong TU va huy dpng 1
van quan de van chuyen quSn luong. Ciing vdi

muoi d V5n Nam, nha Minh con c h u i n bi muoi til
Quang Dong (Bing Tucing, Long Chau thupc phu
Thai Binh). Xem Minh thuc luc: Quan he Trung
Qudc - Viet Nam the'ky XIV-XVII, tap 1, Nxb. Ha
N6i, Ha N6i, 2010, tr. 220-221 & 230-231.
(3). Ngo Sy Li§n va cac sit than nha L§: Dg.i
Viet su! ky todn thu, tap 1, Nxb. Khoa hoc Xa hoi,
Ha N5i, 1993, tr.l54. Xem Nguyin Van Kim: Dai
Viet trong boi cdnh lieh si, chinh tri Dong A the'ky
XV; trong: Viit Nam trong the gidi Bdng A • Mgt
cdch tie'p can Lien ngdnh vd Khu vUc hgc, Nxb.
Chinh tri Qu6'c gia, Ha Npi, 2011, tr.179-214.
(4). Minh thUc luc, t i p 1, sdd, tr.260-266. Tuy
nhien, theo Khdm dinh Viet si? thdng gidm cUdng
muc thi nha Minh d^t 17 phu va 5 chau: Giao
Chau, Bic Giang, Lang Giang, Lang Sdn, Tan An,
Kien XUdng, Phung Hoa, Kien Binh, Tra'n Man,
Tam Giang, Tuyen Hoa, Thai Nguyen, Thanh Hoa,
Nghe An, Tan Binh, Thuan Hoa va ThSng Hoa. 17
phii nay diu chiu sii quan ly cua ty Bo chinh. 5
chau gom: Quang Oai, Tuyen Hoa, Quy Hda, Gia
Binh va Diln Chau. Quo'c sii quan trieu Nguyin:
Khdm dinh Viit sii thdng gidm cUdng muc, tap 1,
Nxb. Giao Di^c, Ha Npi, 1998, tr.734.
(5). Nguyin Quang Ngoc (Chu bien): Tien trinh
lich sii Viit Nam, Nxb. Giao due. Ha Npi, 2001,
tr.l09.
(6). Phan Huy Le: Chinh sdch do hg cHa nhd
Minh; trong: Lich sit va Van hoa Viet Nam..., sdd,
tr.263.

(7). So vdi 3 cupc chie'n tranh xam liidc cua de
chg'Mdng - Nguyen thd'ky XHI thi thbi gian chie'm
d6ng, xam lUdc cua n h a Minh vdi Dai Vi§t nhi^u
hdn ga'p 7 l i n . Ne'u so vdi cupc khang chie'n chong
Thanh the ky XVIII thi thdi gian keo dai ga'p 20
l i n . Nhu vay, so vdi cac cupc chien tranh xam lUdc
trtidc va sau do thi cupc xam ludc ciia nha Minh
vao dau the ky XV la Mu dai va cd mflc dp tan bao
nha't. C6 the coi day "la cupc B i c thupc Idn thd
hai" lam bie'n doi sau s i c xa hpi Dai Viet. Xem

Nguyen Quang Ngpc (Chii bien): Tien trinh lich sd
Viet Nam, sdd, tr.108.
(8), (28), (29). Bai Viet sii ly todn thU, tap 2,
sdd, tr.215.
(9). Minh thUc luc, tap 1, sdd, tr 298. Con so
472 ve mdn cho quan dan tiic 472 cd quan quan sU
va dan sii, gom: 1 Do ty, 1 ty Bo chinh. 1 an sat ty,
10 ve, 2 Thien hp set, 15 phu, 41 chau, 208 huyen, 1
ty Thi bac, 100 ty Tuan kiem, 92 cue thue khda.
(10), (13), (15), (39), (43), (61). (62) Bai Viet sU
ly todn thu, tap 2, sdd, tr.219, 236, 231, 233, 237,
283-284, 288.
(11), (16), (17), (18), (20), (22), (33). Minh thUc
luc, tap 1, sdd, tr.248, 266-267, 269-270, 270-271,
293, 329, 235.
(12), (23), (30), (42), (44), (58). Khdm dinh Viet
Si? thong gidm cUOng muc, tap 1, sdd, tr. 755, 755,
764, 756, 749, 764.
(14). Vinh Lac cho r i n g : "Giao Chi mdi quy

phu, dan phan Idn bd n g h i cu, cac nguoi nen danh
thue va sUu dich nhe, khuyen khich lara nong,
tr6ng dau nuoi t i m ; thi hanh chinh sach khoan
hau, khong nen k h i c bac, c i n nen cham chudc de
cd cupc song toai nguyen, dan dan ehan hUng ll
nghia de giao hoa; bdi vay cac ngUdi phai tan
chUc". Minh thuc luc, tap 2, sdd, tr.6.
(19). Ty De cii la ten goi mot cd quan chuyen
traeh ve mot cong viec chuyen mdn d cae dia
phUdng. Vi nhu Ty De cii thi bac chuyen quan ly
viec buon ban d cua song, bien, Ty De cit diem
khda chuyen lo viec san xua't, van chuyen, budn
ban muoi; Ty D l cii Nho hoc lo viec thiet lap, md
rong trudng sd, td chtfc khda hpc... NgUdi dUng
dau cd quan nay gpi la "De cii".
(21). Tnidc nhiing "chien cdng" ciia chinh
quyen chiem dong, Vinh Lac bieu dUdng: "Bpn Phu
tuan theo menh cua trSm, phan dung ra mUu, giet
bat bpn hung dd, binh dinh mot phUdng, cong dd cd
the gpi la hiing vi, phi thUdng vay!... Cdng cua
ngiidi se dupc vinh viln ghi trong sii sach khong
bao gid iu md, tuy Hdn Phuc Ba (Ma Vien) cung
khdng hdn vay". Minh thiic luc, tap 1, sdd, tr.298.
(24), (25), (37), (52). Minh thUc luc, tap 2, sdd,
tr.48, 40, 44, 21.
(26), (27), (50), (54), (55). Minh thUc luc, tap 3,
sdd, tr.96; 63, 66&67, 286, 46, 51.
(31). Nam 1427, ciing vdi nhiing cupc ta'n cong
tieu diet quan Minh, Le Ldi va Bo chi huy nghia
quan Lam Sdn ciing da thUc hien chinh sach ngoai

giao mem deo de tranh tdn thiidng cho qudc dan.


R g h i ^ curu Ljeh s&. s g T O g g i ^
Khi canh quan cua VUdng Thdng rdt ve niidc, Le
Ldi da sai; "dem td bieu va phiidng vat (hai pho
tupng ngUdi b i n g vang thay cho minh, mpt chiec
Iu hiidng bac, mpt ddi binh hoa bac, 300 tam lua
thd, 14 ddi nga voi, 20 Ip hUdng xong ao, 2 van nen
hUdng, 24 khdi tram hUdng va tdc hUdng) eiing vdi
bpn chi huy do VUdng Thong sai ve, deu len dudng
dUa ve Yen Kinh", Bgi Viet siC ky todn thU, tSp 2,
sdd, tr. 281. Trong so nhflng vat pham chuyen
sang nha Minh sau khi chiln tranh ke't thuc, ngUdi
ddng d i u trieu dgi L l sd da cho chuyin sang Bac
Kinh: 2 pho ngUdi vang, 1 chiec lit hiidng bang bac,
1 doi binh hoa bang bac, 30 ta'm lua ta (thd quyen),
14 doi nga voi, 12 binh hitdng xong (huan hiidng),
20.000 hiidng vong (tuyIn hUdng), 24 can tram
hUdng va tdc hiidng. Xem Khdm dinh Viet sii thdng
gidm cUdng muc, tap 1, sdd, tr.825.
(32). Minh thUc luc xac nhan: "Phia Nam song
Phii Ludng deu dong cpc go; tap trung cac thuyen
be trong vung nUdc dSng sau cpc, cac ciia song
cung ddng cpc go d l d l phong cong kich". Minh
thUc luc. Tap 1, Sdd, tr.241.
(34). Khdm dinh Viet si? thdng gidm cUdng
muc. Tap 1, Sdd, tr.719-720. Minh thUc luc viet:
"Trudc day tai cac ciia song, ciia bien giac (tdc
quan nha Hd - TG) deu dong cpc ngan, lai dung da't

da lam chudng ngai. Do do Phu dilu quan tii song
Hoang Giang, A Giang, ciia he Dgi An den Phuc
Thanh rdi tif song ddn cua bien T h i n Dau, di
chuyin den dau deu pha chiidng ngai vat t i c
nghen, phai ma't tren 10 ngay mdi de'n Thanh
Hda.". Minh thuc luc, tap 1, sdd, tr.330-331.
(35). Thang 7-1425, de hd trd cho cSnh quan cua
Tu do Trin Nguyen Han va ThUdng tudng Le Nd d
Bd Chinh, Le Ldi da sai Le Ngan "dem 70 chiec
thuyin chidn tii Nghe An vUpt bien vao hpi quan v6i
cac tudng T r i n Han de tilu giac. Den day, cac dao
quSn a'y te tUu dong dii, quan thiiy va quan bp cCing
nhau tilp dng, ta'n cdng hai thanh TSn Binh va
ThuSn Hda d i u ha dUdc ca"Khdm dinh Viet sd
thdnggidm eUdngmuc, t§p 1, sdd, tr.785.
(36), (38), (40), (41), (46), (47). Minh thUc luc,
tap 1, sdd, tr.268-270, 267-268, 292, 297, 315, 239.
(45). Minh si - Chiic quan. D i n theo Nguyin
HOu Tam: ThUdng cdng Vdn Ddn qua ede nguon
SI? lieu Trung Quo'c, trong: Ky yeu Hpi thao khoa
hpc, Trudng DH KHXH & NV: ThUdng cdng Vdn
Bon - Lich si?, tiim ndng vd cdc mdi giao lUu vdn
hda. Ha Npi, 2008. tr.263.
(48). Dgi Viet sd ky todn thU, tap 2, sdd, tr.236237. "Gia'y Kham hdp" la loai gia'y chdng nhan cd

dong da'u, dupc chia lam hai niia, ngUdi dUdc ph6p
cdm mpt niia, de khi kham xet, cd thd rap lgi xem
diing con da'u hay khong.
(49), (51). (53). Minh thUc luc, tap 1, sdd,
tr,233, 289, 319.

(56). Bgi Vi^t sU ky todn thU, tap 2, sdd, tr.236237. "Gia'y Kham hdp" la logi gia'y chiing nhgn co
dong da'u, dUdc cat lam hai niia, ngucli d u ^ phep
cam mpt nda, de khi kham xdt, cd thg rap lgi xem
dung con da'u hay khong.
(57). Chinh quyen chilm ddng d l nghi: "Giao
Chi mdi npi phii, kho cd the t^n t h u to t h u l ma sii
cung ling cho quan va ngUa thi can ra't nhilu, nSn
tam thdi thu thue ca, cd mot quan tien thi b i t nap
hai da'u gao de chi dung", Dap !ai, vua Minh "phu
du": "Trim ngh! dan Giao Chi kho vi loan giac, nen
phat binh dilu phat, dang nen giam nh^ thue, bdt
sUu dich de dan dUdc yen nghi; lam met dan, them
phi tdn la dieu ba't die di. T h u l ca bat ngp tien vdn
gian tidn, nay bat tinh ra de ddng gao la vi$c lam
do bdi nhu c l u tam thdi; bp Ho cac ngUdi hay vilt
van t h u bd cao ro rang, trong vong mdt vai nam,
quan dung day du, se siia ddi lai nhU cu". Vua
Minh con ndi them: "Trim thay ddi trUdc, c6
nhflng vi§c bao la tam thdi, nhUng rdi vSn thi
hanh trd thanh vinh vien, dd la mdi te ciia quan ty.
Cac ngudi n i n la'y do lam ran, diing quen siia ddi
de khoi t h a t tin vdi dan"! Minh thUc tuc, tap 1,
sdd, tr.319-320.
(59), Trong ldi ta'u gdi l§n vua Minh, quan trS'n
thu Quang Ddng cho r i n g , cU dan vCing Ddng Bie
nudc ta thudng sit dung logi t h u y I n ba cpt budm
qua lai md ngpc trai. TrUdc ta'u trinh do, vua Minh
de dpa: Tuy do chi la "viec nhd" nhUng "lam to'n
thUdng ddn dgi the", cd the "biln t h a n h dai hpa"!
Xem Minh thUc luc. Tap 3, Sdd, tr.64.

(60). OW.Wolters: Su thinh tri ve vdn hda c&a
Viet Nam the'ky XIV; trong: Nhiing vdn de lich si
Viit Nam, NguySt san Xua & Nay - Nxb. Tre, Ha
Noi, 2001, tr. 147.
(63). Phan Huy Chii: Lich triiu hie'n chUdng
logi chi - Qudc dung chi, tap 2, Nxb. Giao Due, Ha
Noi, 2007, t r . l l 3 .
(64). Theo Todn thU thi Le Thai Td da ban
chilu: "Cac thii t h u l nhU to rudng, vang bac, dim
pha, bai dau trong ca nudc, d i u t h a cho 2 nam
khong thu. Nhflng ngudi gia 6 cac Ip tfl 70 tudi trS
len dUdc m i l n sai dich". Bgi Viet sU ky todn thii,
tgp 2, sdd, tr.293.