CHAMPA VỚI THẾ GIỚI BIỂN ĐÔNG VÀ ẤN ĐỘ CỔ XƯA

CIIAMPA v d l TIIE GICH BIEX DOIVG v A A ] \ » d CO XlfA

LUONG NINH'

l.'Tdng q u a t
Moi quan he ciia Champa vdi the gidi
ben ngoai tii thoi xa xifa, xem xet tren tai
lieu chQ viet cua ban than no, cung da cho
thay STi khac nhau giQa cac vung, bdc va
nam, giiia cac thcJi, nhiing nhan dinh khac
nhau giiia cac hoc gia, trong do, cuoc thao
ludn soi noi nhat la xoay quanh bia Vo Canh
6 vung nam-Nha Trang. Sap xep lai, hieu
diing va ro la mgt mong muon ciia bai nay.
Dieu do ciing dat ra nhiing van de can ly
giai, vi nhiJ anh hiicfng cua van hoa An Dp co
nhat thie't phai co va co gi khac nhau giiia
viing nay va viing khac hay khong, tai sao?
Cac bia chU Phan (Sanskrit) phat hien c!
vung Bac mien Trung Viet Nam vao cuo'i
the ky XIX, da diidc cac hoc gia hang dau
ciia Phap doc va nam 1888, da ra mat cong
trinh "ViiOng quoc cd Champa" ciia A.
Bergaigne. Sau do ft lau, mdi phat hien bia
Vo Canh tai lang V6 Canh, dia diem giiia
rupng, each Thanh pho' Nha Trang 6km ve
phia Nam, Louis Finot nghe dia danh la, da
hoi dan, viet lai cho dung bang tieng Viet
"Vo dau nga, Canh dau nang" roi de'n mot
s6 bia khac nam tren ruong lua va cay co b
Phan Rang. Sau do la viec giai ma chii

Cham CO ciia E.Aymonier, de nam 1891 ra
mSt cong trinh "Nghien cHu udn iih&c
Charn\ V6i cac hpc gia, chii Phan da kha
quen. nhiing v6i bia Vo Canh, viet chii
Phan I Sanskrit van con la de tai thao luan
cho de'n ngay nay.
'OS. Vien Han lam Khoa hpc xa hoi Viet Nam

2. Bia Vo C a n h va v a n k h a c viing
Nam Cham
NhCfng hpc gia chii yeu dau tien gidi
thieu, luan ban ve bia Vo Canh:
A. Bergaigne J.A. 1888, ngiipi dau tien
gidi thieu, phien am va dich mot ph^n
(nhiing chd doc ro), ngiidi dUdc tran trpng
"nhd" dpc, hdn 20 nam lau va triidc mpi
ngUdi: ChQ Vo Canh cd xuat xfl Nam An Dp,
tao them phan hieu ve Vudng quo'c Champa:
- Louis Finot-Gidi thieu tiep xua't xQ.mo
ta va dich, BEFEO 1915,
- Majumdar R.C: Champa-History and
Culture, Lahore 1927: ban rpng ve Lich sU
va van hda Champa, qua gidi thieu nhieu
bia, in ca phan Skr va dich;
Nikalanta Sastri BE 1935: tan ddng
Bergaigne: chii Vd Canh cd gd'c la Nam An;
- B.C. Sircar 1939: lai ban tiep ve Vo
Canh;
- Emile Gaspardone: J.A. 1953' lien he
qua sach sii chii Han - Sri Mara vdi Si( Man.

- Chhabra-Delhi 1965: ban them ve chii
Vo Canh;
- Claude Jacques, BEFEO, 1969: binh
luan chii ye'u nhiing chd khiem khuyet ciia
A. Bergaigne. Theo Bergaigne, chii Vd
Canh gid'ng chii Rudradaman d Girnar va
Vasisthiputra d Kanheri, the ky II CN, vay
khong the' mupn hdn the ky III; nhieu
ngUdi tan thanh, cung cho la chii Vo Canh
gid'ng chii Nam An.


Itghien curu Lieh siSr. s o j j g l J L
- Nhung R.CMajumdar vAn giii y kiS'n
rieng, chiing minh rang nd cd net khac hai
van khac noi tren, ma gid'ng chQ Bac An,
chii khdng phai Nam An nhu cd ngUdi
tudng nghi; hdn niia, theo dng, khong chi
chii Vo Canh ma "ngay ca cac dat thuc dan
dau tien d Dong Dudng deu la goc Bac An.
Mot vai ngudi hdi: bia cd chac la. in situ
hay duoc lam va mang tU ndi khac den?
- Kho bia 16n, nang va vdc dang, kieu
each bia bi vd vat nghieng tren mat rdng,
chu: khac da tinh den ca chd siit vd, nhilu
chfl phai viia dpc vUa lan sd ngon tay mdi
th^y dUdc, nen chac han la bia dUdc lam cl
chinh ndi thay nd (L.Finot). NhQng ngUdi
kl trgn day la cac hpc gia ngiidi An Dp hay
ca ngoai An Dp, dUa ra y kie'n cua minh va

thao luan xem bia Vd Canh gid'ng ky tii bia
nao ciia An Do da biet tii trUdc, de tii do
dinh nien dai va xuat xii ciia bia Vd Canh.
- Dang chii y la bai viet cua Louis FinotGiam doc Vien Vien Dong ciia Phap, ngUdi
"quan ly" bia Vd Canh, da mo ta bia, dia
diem phat hien, phien am va dich ra tieng
Phap, dUa theo Gaspardone, da doan rang
vua Sri Mara ndi cl day ciing la Pham Su
Man-vua Phii Nam, nen lang Vd Canh
(Nha Trang) tii dau han la da't Phu Nam
ma Champa da chiem. Day la mdt Vudng
trieu Phat giao, diia vao ldi van, cd tii
gatagati, ham y luan hoi. Co le do uy tin,
dia vi ciia minh ma da qua niia the ky,
nhiing y kien ciia dng van dUdc nhieu ngUdi
coi trpng. Tuy nhien, sii the da khac, khi
xua't hien bai ciia Jean
FiliozatL'Inscription dite Vo Canh, BEFEO 1969.
Bai nghien ciiu cua J^Filiozat, Giao su Cao
hpc Phap coi nhU da co the ket thiic cuoc
thao luan ciic ky uyen bac, keo dai hdn niia
the ky cua gidi hoc gia toan the gidi, da
thiic sU thuyet phuc moi ngUdi 5 sii sau sSc,
chinh xac ciia nd. Ong thao luan vdi cac hoc

gia An D6 va dac biet, chiing minh, bac bd
cac y kie'n ciia Louis Finot. Dudi day la torn
tat bai viet ciia J.Filiozat:
"Hdn niia, hp phu nhan viSc bat bupc
dung Sanskrit lam ngon ngii chung trong

cac quan he chung giQa cac vung An Dp vdi
nudc ngoai. O An Dp, vao nhiing the ky dau
Cdng nguyen, Skr bat dau thay the cho
Prakrit trong cac van ban chinh thiJc hoac
di kem vdi no hay trgn lan ky tii cua nd vdi
Prakrit. Cac ban van trS nen lai tao. Day
Cling la thdi dien ra hien tUdng trong vSn
hpc Phat giao ve sau (trii trUdng hdp
truyen thd'ng viet hang Pali cua Theravada)
da khien cho tam thdi xua't hien Phan Phat
giao lai tao. Edgerton trong nghien ciiu v^
Skr Phat giao da khong ke d§'n van khac
skr lai va ngoai Phat giao, d l xua't gia thi§'t
ve sii Phan hoa tie'n trien cac van ban Phat
giao th^o each dan thUdng An Dp, lai tii coi
la mdt nghien cQu r^t dang tin (1). Gia
thiet nay khong that. Lam sao mdt bai skr
sai ldi lai cd the cd uy tin nao do d que
hUdng cua skr ma khap ndi dUdc hoc tap
ngQ phap, diidc truyen day va sang lpc bcli
dpi ngii cac hoc gia uyen tham? Neu trong
thdi gian dien ra chuyen nay,- dng ay mong
mud'n tao ra mot ky vong ldn hdn cho cac
ban van Phat giao, khi dang Phan hoa
chung, thi ong da de dang Phan hoa toan
bd. That la rat tU nhien nhan tha'y trong
mot thdi gian ma Prakrit ngay cang tr6 nen
it kha nang dUdc th^ hien trong mpt ngdn
ngQ chung. Chi c6 skr la mpt ngdn ngii dep.
Trudc khi sii dung tieng Ba Tu, roi den

tieng Anh, thi Sanskrit tuy khong phai la
ngdn ngQ cua tat ca mpi ngudi, nhUng la
ngdn ngQ duy nhat d An Dp cua nhQng
ngUdi cd hoc va'n va cd ciing mdt hinh thiic
gid'ng nhau khdp ndi, dUdc dinh hinh,
truyin day theo truyen tho'ng. Ngay ca khi
mud'n diing kieu dan da, thi cung khong cd
Ilia chpn nao khac, mdi khi c^n cd su thong


Champa vert the gioi Bien Bong...
hieu ndi nay vdi ndi khac trgn mien da't
Indo-Aryen. NhUng trong sU sCf dung dan
da.nhiing hinh thUc quen thudc cua ldp
thudng dan an cung phai pha trpn vdi
Sanskrit co dien trong ngon ngQ cua nhQng
ngUdi khdng hi tach rdi khdi viec SL( dung
no. Trong cac ban van lai tao ma tinh cha't
van chUdng thudng dUdc ghi nhan, ho trinh
bay van chUdng bang chQ lai thdng dung
chii khdng phai thii van chUdng tii tao
thie'u uy tin can c6, khong tUdng xUng vdi
ngon tQ dUdc dung thuc trong cac quan he
chung, cung khdng phai ngdn ngQ co dien
dUdc giang day.
(J xQ sd Drauida, ben ngoai truyen tho'ng
van khac Prakrit, bat dau vdi van khac cua
Asoka d Maisur keo dai de'n sU thay the
Prakrit ciia Sanskrit bdi chinh quyen vua
Pallava, cac van khac cd nha't deu dUdc viet

bang chQ TamouL Sanskrit khdng thay xua't
hien, cung khdng c6 ca trong cac ban van
chUdng. Ciing cd mpt loai Sanskrit lai
tamoul hay Sanskrit Malayalam, gpi la
Manippiravallam, nhUng day la thQ tieng
Idng ky thuat, chu ye'u cua ngudi Vaisnaua
muon, dUdc cac si nhan nam vQng ca hai
ngon ngQ va ca nhQng ai khong cd kha nSng
so sanh cac chQ lai tao d nhiing the' ky dau
Cong nguyen. Ta't ca nhQng dieu nay cd the
giai thich dUdc. Neu Sanskrit lai tao la ke't
qua ciia mpt sU bie'n Phan hda ciia Prakrit
thudng diing bdi sU hd trd ciia ciia mot ngdn
ngQ chung toan An Dp, thi trong cac mdi
quan he chung tren toan viing lanh thd, han
la Sanskrit khong the xua't hien d viing
Dravida, ndi khdng cd Prakrit thdng thudng,
hdn nQa cung cdn d ca nudc ngoai, ndi khdng
he c6 mpt ngdn ngQ An Dp nao. 6 Dong
Dudng va Indonesia, ndi ma anh hudng An
Dp dUdc du nhap bdi nhQng ngUdi An thupc
cac viing miln khac nhau, ndi cac ngdn ngQ
Drauidian cung nhU Indo-Aryen. Ngon ngQ
duy nha't chung cho cac ngUdi An h i n la

Sanskrit. Hg da sii dung rpng rai Sanskrit
chQ khdng dung mdt thQ tieng nao khac.
NhQng vung An hda cung khdng, ma da
viet tieng An trUdc khi du nhap mupn viec
sii dung Pali. ChQ Vo Canh cho chiing ta

mgt vi du ve ve sii trinh bay chi bdng
Sanskrit vdi sii chi dinh co nguon gdc
tamoul.
Ve ban chat cua nd, nghien ciiu van
khac nay cdn cho thay nd khdng mang tinh
cha't Phat giao ma L. Finot da xac dinh, ma
nhieu ngUdi da nhan. Chung tdi dUa ra h
day ban dgc lai ma phai vQa dgc vQa lan dd
sd net khac tren mat da xii xi;
B a n p h i e n a m ddng 1-5, 6-15;
Bdn dich:
Ddng 6: long tQ bi vdi cac sinh linh...
Ddng 7: dUdc dUng lap... vi thang lai
ddu tien (a).
Ddng 8: ngay Tuan sang... Trang trdn...
lenh thie't trieu ciia vi vua Uu tii nha't.
Ddng 9: ciing vdi cac giao si, han the,
mgi ngudi da ha'p thu mudn ldi vang nggc
ciia DQc vua. Gia dinh vd dong vua Sri
Mara (b).
10...
... bdi sU td diem... bdi chdng trai la
nilm vui ciia gia dinh ngUdi con gdi cua
chdu ngi DUc vua Sri Mara... dUpc lenh tao
nen than tgc (c).
11... d giQa... chi du dem lai dieu thidn
cho sinh linh, bdi dilu td't nh^t giQa hai
Karin (2)... sU phu du cua thg' gian nay.
12... nhQng ngudi ngii tren ngdi bau...
bdi Udc nguyen san se ciia cai cho con, cho

anh em, cho ddi sau...
13. mpi thQ cd la bac, ca vang, thQ cd la vat
sdng cung vdi thQ cd la vat cha't trong kho.
14. mgi thU dd do tram ban cho, vui
long va hQu ich, cai do la do ta lam. Ca do
cac vi vua sau nay cung the.


Rghien curu Lieh sit. soj^gOlJ
15... chQng thiic... va ciing bdi can than
cua ta, virasya.
(Tie'p): khdng the dpc rd va chac chd giQa
dong 14 va 15 va quang sau.
L.Finot tin rang bia nay chQa diing cam
hUng ve Phat giao d chQ gatagati (di va trd
lai the gian) ham y ludn hoi, prajanam
karuna (diic tii bi vdi sinh linh), ban ciia cai
cho ke khac... la pham hanh dac hiet-tii bi.
- Khai niem ludn hdi khdng phai ciia
rieng Phat giao ma da cd tii thdi Veda la
khai niem can ban Samsara cua Vedic
Dharma.
- Cam thu Phat giao ma
ten la Sri Mara la dieu ai
khdng the dUdc. Thanh
gatagatim vd'n xua't hien
Ramayana.

vua dUdc dat
cung biet la

ngQ lokasya
va thudc ve

Nhu the, khdng cd luan diem nao ciia
L.Finot de'n nay cdn cd the dQng dupc.
- Ngoai ra, ngon ngQ Tamoul cho phep
hieu ten ciia vua la Srimara. TQ Mara(nghia la cdi chet) xua't hien trong nhieu
ten vua bang Sanskrit, nhUng khong dUng
rieng ma ket hdp vdi para trong paramara,
tUdng dUdng parantaka - "ngudi dem lai cdi
chet cho quan thii.
Hdn nQa, Maran trong Tamoul lai la
vUdng hieu cua cac vua Pandya xQ
Maturai, dUdc chuyen am Phan thanh
Srimara. ChQ Phan khdng the phan biet
hai chQ r ciia Tamoul, khdng the phien
MaRan the nao khac la mara. Tudc hieu do
cua cae vua Pandya da dUdc dung trong
van chUdng Tamoul (xem PuRanaRu
55.6,21;57,3) vao dau CN, dUdng thdi ciia
Vd Canh, trong Vudng trieu lich sii ciia
Pandya ve sau, the ky VI-X cd tdi bd'n
MaRavarman va mdt Srimara SriVallabha
theo ten Sanskrit.
Bia Vd Canh cho chiing ta tha'y truyen
thd'ng Hindu, chQ khdng phai Phat giao tU

Nam An Do du nhap vao bd bien phia Ddng
cua Ddng Duong vao nhQng the ky dau
Cdng nguyen ma van bia gdi lai trong mpt

vUdng qud'c cua Ddng Dudng, ky niem ve
truyen thong Pandya (d).
Chu thicJi cila tdc gid
1-F.Edgerton, Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit,
ToungPaoLXm, p.l47.
2-Thiet trieu ngay 15 Am lich khong c6
nghia la ngay ll Phat giao;
Xem Kalyan Kumar Sarkar-Mahayana
Buddhism in Funan (Smo-Indian Studies, V,
1955).
3-Ban tay, cai voi voi (kara) va thue (kara) la
bang nhau doi v6i nha vua, Bergaigne giai thich
nha vua manh hdn, cao ca hdn con voi; thUc ra
khong han the. Day la mpt kieu chdi chQ: voi va
nha vua gidng nhau khong phai chi la Karin ma
cdn la nhQng bac bo' thi hao phong, cung cap
rong. Voi cho nu6c quy tren thai dUdng (thS hien
sQc manh), goi la mada, cung goi la dana, con
nha vua thi ban thudng rpng (dana). O day, gia
tri ciia vat ciing dang chQng td nha vua la Uu tii
hdn giQa hai Karin.
Chu tiiich ciia ngiidi dich
a- Bia dUng lap d den thd xay gach gan lang
Vo Canh, ngoai 6 Thanh pho' Nha Trang, each
6km ve phia Nam (nay chi con d&'u vet phe tich,
cdn bia da dUdc chuyen ve Bao tang L. Finot,
nay la Bao tang Lich sQ Quo'c gia Ha Noi.
b- Bia Vo Canh da cho thS'y nggn nguon ciia
ddng vua phUdng Nam, xuS't phat tii mien Nam
An Dp, m ngUdi Tamoul xii Pandya vUdt bien

khdi, tiing gdn vdi bien khdi, di den Vd Canh,
den Nam Cham, chinh la dong vua huyen tich
dau t\en-Visitra sagara-Bien khc/i-huyen dieu
cua Nam Cham, la ddng doi vua Sri Mara xii
Pandya, toe ndi ngon ngQ Tamoul An, la chau
noi ciia ddng vua, la thdng ldi.
c- Nhung ngUdi thira ke miu hg ciia ddng
vua khong phai ong chau ndi nay ma la con gdi
dng ta. Va niem vui tron ven c6 dudc la bdi


Champa v6i Ihe gicri Bien Bong..
chang trai, \h do co ta da tim kiem dUdc chdng,
chang dUdc "nhan lam than tdc", md ddu dong
doi mdu he mdi {Matrilingesvari Kautharesvan)
the hien bdng Bhagavati Kautharesuari-viXa la
nfl thdn Bien, viia la vd Siva, thdn Toi cao, gdn
vdi truyen thd'ng bien khdi. Chang trai nay cd
the la ngUdi Nam A ban dia hay ciing c6 the la
ngUdi Nam Ddo Malayo Raglaic da gap nhau tQ
ngoai bien. Dieu quan trong la ho gdn bo vdi
nhau viia tiep ddng vua Nam An tQ bien khdi,
viia md dau toe mdi tren viing Nam Cham ciia
toe Cau (Pinang vayun IKramukavamsa), la
niem vui.

Satyauarman. Den day, ngUdi ta cung tha'y
can the hien ban sac ciia minh hang viec
xay ndi thd ciing cho tUdng xQng, nhUng
phai gan vdi bien, nam ngay tren bd bien la

niii Po Nagar.

Viec phat hien bia Vd Canh va mdt so'
bia sdm d vung nam, da khien E.Aymonier
nham, khi xep thQ tii cac vua Champa, da
xep sdm nha't, 1-la Sri Mara rdi mdi de'n 2Bhadravarman d Chd Dinh (khoang the ky
IV)... Bat dau xay den tren Po Nagar, cd le
khoang the ky VIH, chic chan da cd sU tiep
xuc, thao luan giQa ba viing bac, giQa va
d- Con chau dong vua Sri Mara xii Pandya nam, con co sQc ep cua nhu cau mud'n la'y
c6 the da e3p ben Vo Canh khoang the ky II, hda lai viing da't ciia nudc Lam Ap xUa bi nha
nhap vdi dan ban dia, truyen ba ton giao Hindu, Tuy chiem va phdng thii chong hai tac Java
chQ Phan, phat tri^n kinh te xa h6i, trdng lua va luc tac Chenla, liic nay da hinh thanh
vk trdng trdu, cau d^ ddn th^ ky III, lap bia Vo qud'c gia, cd ten ggi chinh thUc
Canh. Ti&'p sau do, ho phat trien rong ve phia Champapura-Paramesvara (bia My ScJn 3nam, da't Phan Rang, Phan Thiet ngay nay, I&p C,79, nam 657 CE.
nhflng bia khac, goi ten bang nhflng dia danh
Vung nam phuc tung, cdng nhan qud'c
dan da ngay nay: nSm 721, goi la chU Yang gia Nagara Campa (xem bia Po Nagar 1),
Tikuh (nghia chuot thieng), cung goi la Dd tiep nhan thd than toi cao duy nhdt Id Siva,
trdng, ke vi^c vua dUng lai ngoi den bi chay, nhung lai thd hidn dudi hinh thQc
nam 723 viet bia "Ddm co trdu (Giai Lamau) ke Bhagavati, Id NU thdn Bien, cung la vd cua
chuyen dUng lai ngoi ddn tren nen nha cii cdn co Siva, dUng dau ddng mau he (Bhagavati
bia Dd chi (Batau Tablah), nhflng d thdi gian Matrilingesvari), md mdu he dong Siva
muon hdn, cac sU kien muon hdn. Nhflng bia linga (Bhagavati-Lingesvari),
an ngii tai
nay dfldc tim tha'y giiia ruong lua, dam cd dai, Kauthara (Bhagavati
Kautharesvari)-Ludi
ve sau dUdc chinh Iy. viet lai, Sanskrit va Cham hdi, cung la ten rieng ggi niii Po NagarCO, he thd'ng hoa cac sfl kien, khde ehinh thQc Nha Trang, trong danh vi Qi/o'e uuang (Po
tren tru cQa den Po Nagar, mot sd cdn dfldc Nagar), cung la Quo'c mdu (Po Ina Nagar)
trinh bay chinh thiic niia tren mpt so' bia My the hien "bdn sdc Bien" (xem bia Po Nagar

Sdn (xem Phu luc van h\a-Vii0ng quoc Champa, 5), sU cd' y thd hien tdng hdp, hda nhap that
2005).
Iy thii, ra't thong tue, ma co the, ngUdi ta
Mgt phan cua nhiing sii kien d6 dUdc ghi chua tQng gap mgt trUdng hdp nao tUdng tii
lai tren tru c i a den Po Nagar cho bilt the' nay. TQ day, md dau mgt ldp cU dan
ddng vua cua dan vung nam xua't phat tQ mdi, mpt ddng tpc mdi, tii ggi la dong toe
vayun
(Phan:
bien ca, nen tdn sQng, coi vua dau tien-thuy Cau /Pinang
td cua minh la Biin cd (Sagara) dieu ky Kramukavamsa),
md dau va phat trien
(Visitra) mk hien than la vua Satyauarman khong ngOng d viing Nam va ciing la tgc
vua nhan hda nhUng la huyen tich, cdn gdc cua ca Champa. Thdi hien dai da tQng
ngUdi that la Indravarman,
em ut cua vinh danh cd anh hiing Pinang Tak.


Rghien cmi Lieh sii-. sd 9.2Q1J:
3. Cu! d a n b a n dia v e n bien Viet
Nam
Qua su kien bia Vo Canh va cac van
khac viing Nam da cho th^y ngiidi Bien
(Orang laut) til ngoai bidn vao da't lien
khdng phai di vao chd khong ngUdi, hoang
vu, ma da co dan ban dia, cd khi cdn dUdc
dan dudng bdi Ngiidi tren Riing (Raglai) vk
Ngiibi miin Nui
(MnongIBnam).

Ndu nghi rang cac bai mg vo chi gan vdi

dan di bien, ngiicfi bien (Orang laut), la dan
khdi diiu ciia lich sii vung ven bien thi hda
ra ngudi Malayo de'n bd Bien Ddng tii
khoang ntia dau thien ky I TCN la di den
chd hoang vu, khong ngudi? Mdt thdi gian
dai, dieu nay da bi coi nhe, nhieu ngUdi
khdng de y de'n sU pha trdn van hda cua
dSn ban dia vdn da dat trinh dp phat tridn
kha vdi dan bien nhap cu. Nhilu ngUdi da
chi tha'y da'u tich Van hda Sa Huynh, ma
khdng thd tim thay van hda Champa tren
mat ldp Van hda Sa Huynh, cd thd suy diin
ra dieu nay dilu khac, nhUng khdng that
chac la van hda Champa.

Tii khi cac hpc gia Phap phat hien Vdn
hoa Sa Huynh (1935) va tQ dd de'n nay, da
CO tdi ca chuc bai md vd, phat Id d§ dd'n gan
nghin vd md, vdi loai gom Iam vo kha dac
trung, dl nhan biet, dUdng nhu gdn vdi tuc
hda tang ngUdi chet, vdi ra't nhieu vat chdn
ThUc la rat khdng day dii neu bd qua
theo, it nhieu cd bieu hien la do diing va dd
trang sQc ciia nhQng dan di bien, dan ngoai hay coi nhe thUc te d viing bdc mien
bidn vao. NgUdi ta nghi den mdt each tU Trung, tii Quang Binh den Hai Van, ndi
nhien va cd 1^ la chu nhan cua Van hda Sa ngUdi Ka Tu sinh sd'ng tQ lau b§n canh
Hu^nh la ngUdi Cham, ndi ngdn ngU ngUdi Pa Co, Vdn Kieu. Td Oi, Pa Di tap
Malayo-Polynesia, cung vdi dan Malayo trung tren da't huyen A Ludi, Hue; vung
sdng tren vung q u i n dao ngoai Bien Ddng, giiia, tii Quang Nam, Quang Ngai ngay nay
tham chi xa hdn nQa, tren Thai Binh la ngUdi Ha Re da sinh sdng tQ thdi do da.

Dudng. Hg da den bd Bidn Ddng, mien Ngiidi K'Tu dung nhd gual bang gd, kha
Trung Viet Nam ngay nay, sinh cd lap hoanh trang va dep, cd nghe san ban, tim
nghiep rdi lap nen nUdc Champa tao nen vang. Tren dinh Trudng Sdn, da'u a'n cU dan
dan Champa, van hoa Champa, tieng cd ban dia da cd tii 18.000 nam, rdi ngUdi
Chamic. Mdt thdi gian dai, mdi quan tam Banahr, Sedang cho den ngay nay, noi liln
va thich thii chii yd'u la tim kiem di chi Van vung nam la dia ban ciia ngUdi Mnong, Ma.
hda Sa Huynh.
Ngudi K'Hor cdn ggi la ngUdi Cho Sre
cac nha khao co hgc khi khai quat cac di (ngudi lam rugng). NgUdi H'Re cdn gpi la
chi md vd, thudng chu y tim va tin rang Chom iie-ngUdi sdng Re, danh ca, trdng liia
phai tha'y da'u tich van hda Champa lien ven song Re huyen Ba Td-Quang Ngai, cd
ngay ldp tren cua Van hda Sa Huynh. Kdt bd trd'ng va bg cdng chiSng, cd n g h i d§t,
qua cho de'n nay cung khdng thiic dUdc nhU Iam gdm, diing nha san, tuc lam nha md va
y mong muon, vi sU xao trdn da't di chi. lam ll Sapu • (ll ddm trau), cdn ra dao Istp
Nam 1928, nha khao cd hgc ngUdi Phap nghiep (Cii Iao Re), di bien, danh ca...
J.Y.Clayes khai quat trong long thanh Tra
Ndi each khac, ngUdi Ma Dao vac la cdng
KiSu va dinh ninh day chinh la di chi cd, cU vdi nhflng dan ban dia d6, tUdng tac van
chiia dung di tich Champa. Ket qua nay hda vdi hg, lam thanh dan ban dia mdi d
de'n nay viin cdn gay nhilu dieu ban cai (1).
ven bien mien Trung ViSt Nam.


Champa vert fhe gioi Bien Song..
Trong mgt so' bai viet gan day, chiing tdi
cd y nhan manh da'u a'n van hda ban dia
Nam A hay Proto Mdn cd trUdc; cac nha
nhan chung hpc Phap goi la ngUdi Nguyen
Bong Duang {Proto Indochinois) d ldp dudi
Idp mp vd, Van hda Sa Huynh hoac dan xen

cung thdi gian cpng cU, the hien trong cac
di chi khao co hpc ven bien, tQ Lang Vac
(Nghe An), Cdn Rang (Hue), Gd Que
(Quang Ngai), Xdm 6 c (Ly Sdn, Quang
Ngai), ca Yaly (Kontum) cho den Hda Diem
(Khanh Hda), Can Gid (huyen ven bien
Thanh phd' Hd Chi Minh). 6 Long Thanhmot di chi Van hda Tien Sa Huynh khoang
the ky VIII-VII TCN, da tim tha'y mgt bd
linga-yoni rat gid'ng thUc, bang da't nung,
chac cua dan Nam A ban dia trdng lua
nudc, la mieng da't md cho ngUdi Nam Dao
keo vao ddng, iam thanh Vdn hoa Sa
Huynh (Quang Ngai) tQ the ky V TCN.
Mdt qud'c gia Champa mdi xua't hien
tren cO sd da'u tranh chd'ng ngoai xam dd
hp, cdn phai dua tren cd sd phat trien kinh
te-xa hdi tren nen ndng nghiep trdng lua
nUdc, lam thii cdng-nghe det, lam gdm, ciia
ca dan ban dia va dan nhap cU, nghe due
ddng cua dan Nam A va ren sat ciia ca dan
ban dia hay nhap cU, vdi tinh than nang
dpng, muon lien ket rgng ven bie'n, ciia song
di phat trien kinh te va cd sQc manh hdp
quan. Mgt dja diem kha ro, kha ly thii la
Hoa Diim (Khanh Hda). Ndi day da cd 4
cudc dao khao cd, khoang nam 2000), da
phat lg mgt dia diem cU trii, cd dd'ng rac
bep vd dc bien rpng tdi ma'y chuc m^,
day/cao hdn Im, cd 5 dpi xe sdi bang xUdng
sd'ng ca bi§n, 6 xuyen-vdng tay bang vo dc

bien cd 2 mp chdn nguyen theo tu the nam
ngay ngin va hai mg cai tang, xep gpn
trong ndi va d ldp tren cdn phat hien
khoang 20 md v6-chum hda tang. Ve tang
" Qc va tap quan sinh hoat cd thd thay ro
I a'n van hda Nam A ban dia vdi Nam

Dao tfl bien vao, hda trdn, canh nhau ma'y
vd ndi eai tang eho tha'y kidu dang loai gd'm
cQng min mdu hdng va hoa van la, chUa
tQng gap trong cac di chi Van hda Sa
Huynh. Cd le, ldn dau tien, ed the tha'y day,
gd'm mdi xua't hien la gom Champa sdm. 0
Hoa Diem, ndi go'm dung cai tang cd hoa
van bang trdn khac vach va ndi gd'm cd van,
hinh ddi vu phai chang chinh la gd'm
Champa sdm? (2).
VUdng qud'c Champa hinh thanh va phat
trien vdi sQ du nhap bd Bien Ddng Viet Nam
ngay nay cua nhflng nhdm ngudi ndi ngdn
ngQ Malayo-Polynesia tQ bien vao cU tru.
Neu khdng cd sU cdng cU hda thuan,
tiiOng tdc vdn hoa Nam A vd Nam Ddo thi
cung khdng the tao nen cgng ddng ddn cii
on dinh viing chdc tren bd Bien Ddng ngay
nay, cd the tiep nhan van hda mdi, de vUdn
len trinh do xa hdi cao hdn.
Vung bac-nUdc Lam Ap cu-da tQng bi
chinh quyen Han cai tri, song ngudi Nam
A-Proto Mdn (K'Tu, H'Re,..) va ca Nam Dao

cgng cU dang sd'ng theo cac bg lac trdng lua,
danh ca, khdng tiep nhan van hda Han vdi
che dp quan lai chuyen quyen va tdn giao
nha't than, da ndi len chd'ng lai, gianh
quyen tU chu.
Trong budc dudng dau tien di ien d
mien Trung va ca miln Nam Viet Nam,
ngiidi An Do da cd tdc dung thuc ddy mdt
each hoa binh, tii nguyen vd manh me. Neu
thieu sii thuc day va dan dudng nay, trong
budc di dau tien, cd le dan cu vln cdn sd'ng
lang le, le te nhU nhQng ngUdi nong dan,
Iam rupng, danh ca, iam nghi thii cdng
tram lang, rieng re. Tiep xuc vdi mdt n i n
van hda eao hdn, mgt to chQc cao hdn la
nhu cau bQc thiet, khdng the thieu ciia cQ
dan ban dia, tren budc dudng pha'n da'u xay
diing mgt xa hdi thd'ng nha't rdng hdn va to
chQc cao hdn...


10

4. Stf t i e p xiic vM ngufc^i An Do va
v a n h o a An Do
An Dp tQ xa xQa la mgt tap hdp qud'c gia
- dan tdc, vdn cd mpt nen van hda lau ddi,
phat trien cao, mdt n i n van minh cd xUa,
dge dao. NgUdi An Do cung cd mot nin kinh
te tien t6-thUdng mai va nghe di bien tQ ra't

xa xUa.

Rghien eiju Lieh siir. s o j ^ g g ^
lien ma ggi la lap da't thiic dan (colony)
Ddng Nam A?
Ngudi Malayo-Polynesia di ddn bd bien
Dong Nam A d at khoang gifla thien ky I
TCN va da dan dan dn dinh trong vdng niia
sau thien ky I TCN.

Den cudi thien ky I TCN, chae ring
ngudi Md Ddo (Malayo-Polynesia) hay Nam
Dan hai bd Tdy vd Dong Ghates, mdi ben Ddo (Austronesian) da nhap cU, dung hdp
bd dai hdn nghin km, sdm gidi nghi di bien, van hda vdi ngUdi Nam A ban dia, dn dinh
da VUdt An Do DUdng budn ban vdi chau ddi sd'ng va edn dinh ca bai chdn ngudi chet
Phi va the gidi Dia Trung Hai, vdi ngUdi trong vd md den nay, tao thanh cdng ddng
ndi ngdn ngfl Chamic, gan 100.000 ngUdi va
Arap va nha't la sdm vUdt vinh Bengal giao
nhdm noi ngdn ngfl Malayo-Polynesia, cdng
tidp, budn ban vdi vung quan dao Ddng
khoang hdn 800.000 ngUdi, rdi hg tiep tuc
Nam A d Bien Ddng (3).
di bien, danh ca, giao tiep vdi ngUdi Nam
Mien Bdc An Dp sdm hinh thanh "uitng
Dao d eac dao ngoai Bien Ddng, trao ddi san
liiu vUc Ganga", vdi nhQng trung tam kinh
vat, dd dung va dd trang sflc ngpc vdi dan
tl-van hda, nhflng qud'c gia cd kha phat cd dao Dai Loan (Austronesian Formosan,
trien, nhU Kosala, Magadha, Anga... vdi khoang 20.000 ngUdi) (6). Ngudi Malayonhieu thanh thi co, phdn thinh tQ dau Cdng Chamic cd the da trao ddi nghe lam gdm
nguyen, da dUdc cac ban van cd nhU Purana, vdi dan Kalanay-Lapita h Ddng Philippines

ke ca eac thu tich Phat giao ndi den, nhU (7). Mpt bo phan ngUdi Chamic chuyen den
Baranasi, sdng d ddo Hdi Nam, bie'n dao nay thanh
Rajagriha, Kausambi, Savathi,
Ayodhya, Mathura, Taxila, Pataliputra kinh "da't thiic dan" ciia ngudi Cham (8). Tai lieu
do cua Magadha, Campa-kinh dd cua Angas, chinh quyin hidn nay tuy cho biet rat it vd
d ha lUu Ganga, chi each ciia bien 30km (R. dan cQ Hai Nam, cung tha'y dUdc cac dan
Tripathi, 1982) (4), va Sharma (5).
tdc it ngUdi d day cd tpc Li, Midu, ChUdng,
Mien Nam An Dd cung hinh thanh chiem 20%, edn 80% la Han trong tdng sd
nhflng hai cang, thUdng mai dUdng bien tfl hdn 7 trieu dan. C6 hai lang d ngoai 6
dau Cdng nguyen, tac pham Bia Ly cua Thanh pho' Sanya, phia nam Dao, la lang
Ptolemei (nam 81 Cn) da ke nUdc Chola d Dudng Lan va Hdi Tan, vdi sd' dan khoang
Nam An, cd thanh thi trong da't liln va hai 10.000 ngudi, it hdn con so' ciia Benedict,
tai Heu ciia chinh
cang. Tac pham Astadhyayi ciia Panini va gpi la ngUdi Utsuls
Ramayana ciia Valmiki deu ke vl su giau quyin dia phUdng cung gpi la ngudi Cham
cd ciia kinh dd nUdc Pandya - Katyana (the gpi ten la "Hdi", ndi vdi nhau ngon ngfl
Tsat, titc Chamic. Tuy nhien, hg cung da
ky IV TCN da dUdc coi la phdn thinh).
lap dUde phd xa ddng due, md nhQng hang
Phat trien sdm nhu the, nhUng vi sao
quan, hieu an, cd ban mdn phd, treo bien la
den dau Cdng Nguyen mdi tha'y ro da'u a'n
Viet-sup, hang nam v l Phan Rang dU II
sU cd mat cua ngUdi An Dp d vung Bien
Kate, nen cac hang Hang Khdng thudng
Ddng? Phai chang khdng de gi ngUdi tQ
quang cao dudng bay quoc te Hdi KhauphUdng xa la cQ tQ nhien md mam vao da't
Thdp Cham. Vdi cac boat ddng nhu the
liln hay nha't la dua ngUdi vao chidm dat

Champa voi the giai Bien Bong..
ngudi Cham-Chamic thuc sU lam chu Bien
Ddng cho den dao Mindoro, phia tay
Philippines. Tai Heu Trung Qud'c gpi la dao
Ddn Do Ld mk thdi trUdc, cac vua chiia
Trung Hoa eoi la phu thudc Champa, nen
khi vao trieu kien dupc coi la thudc phai bd
Champa, ma khong ddng y cho Ddn Do Lo
vao rieng.

quen biet nhieu ngudi, nhilu nhdm ngUdi
An Do, cd cac thUdng lai, thd thu cdng, cac
giao si Ba La Mdn, nhflng ngfldi ed van hda,
biet td chfle, ai thuan thi mdi den giup. Su
phat trien tie'p tuc ciia dan ven bd Bien
Ddng bat ddu cd sQ cdng tac, phd'i hpp cua
ngUdi An Dd, ciia van hda An Dp.

Ngudi Malayo-Chamic da de'n bd bien tQ
trUdc Cdng nguyen, cdn cd the, ngudi
Malayo-Raglai de'n tfl dau Cdng nguyen.
NgUdi Chamic da dat cd sd tQ sdm, cung da
cd diing bia tQ sdm, tfl the ky III. NgUdi
Raglai sau mpt chut, nen phuc tung, theo:
"Bay gid dan xQ Panduranga tdn ngai
(Harivarman) len tri vi npi nay vi ldi ich va
hanh van ciia Nagara Campa, nhu tQ thdi
xa xUa... ngai tri vi nudc nay (bia Po Nagar

1)". Ngay nay, d Ninh Thuan, ngay ll Kate,
ngUdi Cham chua'n bi ndi dung, dpi ddn
nhan le phuc do ngUdi Raglai mang den thi
bat dau lam le. Tap tuc tQ bao gid, cQ the
ma iam, nhung da cho thay md'i quan he
than tdc cua hai nhdm cu dan ndi tieng
Malayo nay (VTV 2, ngdy 19-2-2011).

Da'u an van hda nUdc ngoai xua't hien d
Ddng Nam A sdm nhat la d cdng thi Oc Eo
thugc nitdc Phii Nam, nhung chUa phai d
van bia, ma d hien vat, nhQng con dau,
nhan bac khac chU Brahmi, Pallavah (gdc
Parthia), xem ra sQ md dau khdng phai
xua't phat tfl chinh An Dp. Cac hpc gia An
Dp, hau nhu tat ca, khi ke cac da't thUc dan
eiia An Dp ban dau, khang dinh cd
Champa, Cambd't, nhUng khdng nhac tdi
Phu Nam, Cd le the? NgUdi nudc ngoai dau
tien cd anh hudng den Phu Nam ed the la
ngiidi Scythes, cung ggi la Indo-Scythians
goc Trung Ddng, nd'i tieng tai nang, xong
xao, tao bao. Mpt sd' dd trang sflc nhu nhan,
mat giay chuyen bang bac, vat gd'm cd hinh
ngUdi dpi mu chdp kieu ngUdi Scythes, vai
ngUdi cd mui cao kieu ngUdi Au, mgt den
ddng Ba Tfl, 2 huy chUdng vang the ky II
ciia La Ma, cd le do chinh ngfldi Scythes
mang de'n, vai chuc ddng tien bac cd khac
hinh vua chiia mae ao dai, ddi mu cao, ten

cac dng vua bang chQ Hi Lap, gpi la tiln
Indo-Greck.

Hien khdng cd tai lieu nao cho biet ve
sU di cU cua ngUdi Cham de'n dao Hai Nam,
nhflng chac la cd, tQ khi da hinh thanh
vung quan cU Phan Rang, ndi da ed bia
Giai Lamau, Giai Klong Anoek nien dai the
ky VII-VIII, ea Vd Canh, bia khdi dau, the
ky III, da hinh thanh trung tam tin ngUdng
le nghi-iang Chakling, ndi hanh I§ Kate tfl
sdm, la din rdi thap Po Rome, de da ra di
mpt bg phan, tim them ndi cU tru d dao Hai
Nam, cd the vao the ky XI-XII, thdi da xay
ra xung dot Panduranga-Vijaya-Cambdt,
bao lau rdi van nhd ve que cu, hang nam
ru nhau ve iam I§ d Thap Cham.
On dinh rdi, mud'n thdng nha't dan cU,
lap nUdc, can phai cd van hda, cd to chQc.
Di thuyen dong duoi tren Bien Ddng, hp

5. Tii niidc Phu Nam

Ke v l viec lap qude, sach cd Trung Hoa,
tQ Tdn thii den Luang thii, diu ke lai sU
tich "Vua nUdc dd (Phfl Nam) vd'n la ngudi
con gai ten la Lieu Diep ma mgt ngfldi nudc
ngoai ten la Hon Hgi hay Hdn Dien (dpc
lan), dUdc than bao mdng, di den chmh
phuc, cudi nang lam vd, cung cai tri nUdc

con chau truyen cho nhau". Khdng cd da'u
vet An Do. Dilu nay tudng la huyen tich,
ke truyen ly ky, nhung lai dUdc xac nhan


Rghien eiju Lieh sit, so 9.201*
bdi mdt ta'm bia khac la cua Champa, nien
diem 657 CN-bia My Sdn (C.79) cua vua
Prakasadharma Bia (cau XV-XVII) ke cha
cua dng la Jagadharma
phai di den
Bhavapura"
(Thuy Chan Lap) d dd,
'Kaundinya, bd mdng cua nhung ngudi Ba
La Mdn da cudi con gdi cua vua cdc Naga
de hoan tat li nghi, ten la Sarvani sinh ra
tfl ddng gid'ng Soma, rdi cd con, chinh la
Prakasadharma, se ve lam vua Champa.
Nghe qua hdi rac rd'i bdi gap ma'y cai ten la,
nhung sU that cflng ddn gian, khdng de'n
ndi khd hieu.
Tren luu vUc sdng Ganga Bac An Dp vd'n
cd mdt bd lac sinh sd'ng,lam nghd chan nudi
gia siic, dUdc coi la thien chien-ham chien,
tu ggi tdn la tdc Rdn (Naga), nay cd khi cdn
gpi la Quy bd Mang Xd (Cobra Women)
theo nghia tdn trpng; xUa da tflng dUdc ndi
tdi, cd vai trd tfl trong Mahabharata, tQ
TCN. Khoang dau CN, mdt tdc du muc,
sd'ng tfl chau Au de'n Trung Ddng, dUdc gpi

ten la ngUdi Scythes, md mot nhanh tU coi
la ddng doi Mat Trdng, cdn xdng xao, tao
bao khong kem gi Naga, den sd'ng d vung
nam Himalaya tiep thu, hda trgn van hda
An Dp, tu ggi theo tieng Phan la Chandra
nghia la Trdng, vd Soma-nii gidi Trdng
ngudi Han ggi Id Nguyet thi. Xii RanNagaland hinh thdnh tii ddu CN vdi sii
tham gia eua ngudi Scythes An hda, ddng
Trdng-Soma,
vUdn len dfldi ddi vua
Nagabhata I, U.
Kaundinya chac la ngudi Scythes An hoa
lai cd vd la Soma-con gai cua vua Naga. Dd
la ngi dung ciia ta'm bia ndi tren. Dudi thdi
vua Huviska da cd mdt sd' van khac de lai, d
Mathura, Sanchi, vao cac nam 24, 28, 41,
60, da cd due tiln hac, ddng, diic chan dung
vua Huviska, nfl thdn Nanaya, dfldc khen
la ra't dep. Tfl dd, hp xdng xao ra bien, tham
gia phat trien van hda, nghe thu cdng,
thUdng mai, lap nudc Phu Nam. XQ Rdn-

Nagaland v l n phat trien den nay thanh
mpt bang hign dai cua An Do; Thdng ddc do
Tdng thdng chi dinh, thdi han 5 nam, vSn
cdn hinh Ran trong trang tri, nghe thuat,
cdn de lai da'u a'n ve sau.
Rdn Naga de lai da'u a'n kha dam trong
tap tuc, truyen dan gian, nghe thuat, van
hda Khdme. Cung vdi cac hinh rdn trang tri

thanh eau, mai nha, huyen tich lap nUdc,
bao gid cung cd truydn thii linh Prah Thong
la'y vd rdn va ngay nay, dam eUdi, cd dau
mac ao gi, cung phai cd vat sau dai, gia
dudi rdn ma chQ re nang vat di theo. Tuy
nhien, truydn rdn lai kha md nhat trong
mpi Imh vUc van hda, ddi sd'ng ciia vUdng
qud'c Phu Nam va ngUdi Bnam Nam A ban
dia la cu dan chinh eiia Phfl Nam.
Huyin tich Phu Nam cd lidn quan gi vdi
Champa va bia My Sdn? Cd. Me de ong vua
thfl 10, vua xua't sac ciia vfldng trilu thQ
nha't Gangaraja eiia Champa la Sarvani
"tuyet vdi sinh ra tfl ddng gid'ng Soma".
Nhfl the, dng vua thfl ba cua nUdc
Bhavapura/Chenla la Isanavarman, la'y vd
ddng Soma-Kaundinya-tgc
Naga, la con re
ddng Soma-Naga cua Phu Nam ma viec
truyen ngdi phai theo m&u hS, ddng me, tao
nen md'i quan he 3 chieu phflc tap.
Kaundinya-Soma
da md dudng di ra
bien, vl phUdng Ddng, dSn theo cac thUdng
lai, thd thu cong ca ngfldi Scythes, Naga va
An Do, nhQng giao si truyen ba dao Phat va
dao Hindu ma chinh hp dang theo, dinh cU
tren ben dfldi thuyen d Oc Eo, nhQng nghe
si tac tugng Ph^t va than Hindu de thd, thu
hut san vat Bidn Ddng de ban, la'y tiln bac

Indo-Greck, ca ma'y chu khach thudng ban
gUdng ddng thdi Han.
Khdng dflng lai d Thaton (Myanmar)
hay U Thong (ciia sdng Chao Praya-Thai
Lan), ma dudng nhU nhflng ngudi Scythes
nay mud'n ket ndi ca Trung Ddng-xfl sd ciia


Champa v6i the giai Bioi Bdng...
hg vdi Bien Ddng-phUdng Ddng. Cho nen hg
thang dudng di ra bien, tu lai d ciia bien. Di
chi khao cd hpc d Gang thi 6 c Eo cd Ifldng
dd trang sQc bang nggc, vang, bac, cd so' con
da'u va manh thiec "cap chi" cua cac thUdng
lai giau, cd so' tien bang bac due hinh cac
vua Kadphises, Huviska in ten bang chfl Hi
Lap, cd lUdng tUdng Phat va Visnu theo
trt^fng phdi Phii Nam, dep va nhilu hdn
ba't ky ndi nao tren the gidi thdi ay, trd
thanh c^a ngo noi Dia Trung Hai va Trung
Dong vdi Bien Ddng. 6c Eo trd thdnh bieu
tuang cua de che bien ddu tien d Ddng Nam
A, VUdt ca tam mflc qudc gia, vung, vUdt
hdn nhQng trung tam hanh chinh, chinh
tri, ton giao nhu Nagara-pura
(Angkor
Borei), Phnom Da.
Tfl day, the ky I-II mdi md ra con dUdng
bien Ddng-Tay, tfl Arakan-bd ddng Bengal,
Thaton (Myanmar) ma tQ lau, ngUdi An Dp

ggi la Suvarnabhumi (Da't Vang), qua Vinh
Thai Lan den Oe Eo-Bien Ddng. Cung tfl
day, v l sau mdi dan den viec tim dudng qua
eo Sunda ddn quan dao Indonesia.
Phai chang vi the ma d Oc Eo phat hien
dfldc do trang sflc, lUdng vang bac, vat lien
ket thUdng mai, ddng tiln bac, ngi te, ngoai
te, ca tfldng than, Phat, nhieu ve lUdng, da
dang ve the loai, vUdt cao hdn mdt ndi budn
ban, trao ddi, ma trd thanh mdt cang thi
qudc te, ndi quan cfl ciia thUdng nhan,
ngoai kieu nhung van bia thi lai cham, va
it, chi 3-4 bia, nien dai the ky V, ma chi la
nhflng tam sU ngi bg, khdng phai la bo' cao
toan dan cua t r i l u dinh, nhu nhflng bia
khac tittig tha'y.
6. B e n C h a m p a
Ndi ngfldi An Do eung de'n sdm la
Champa, cd Ie khoang the ky II-III CN.
Ngfldi di xua't phat tQ Campa, kinh dd nUdc
Anga, d phia ddng Magadha, each c^a sdng
Ganga ra vinh Bengal chflng 30km. Hg

13

de'n, vao sdng Thu Bdn, lap vung cfl tru d
Go Cdm, Trd Kieu, budn ban, thu hut ca
thUdng lai ban hang An va Trung Qud'c, rdi
vfldt deo Hai Van lan da't phia nam ciia
chinh quyin dd hd Han, Luc Trilu, la ndi

vd'n hp sinh sd'ng tfl trfldc, xay dflng kinh dd
tren bd sdng 0 Lau, gpi ten theo ten vua la
Kandarpapura, gan vdi sdng, tfl Thu Bdn
den song Bd, O Lau va sdng HUdng gan
Hue, bdi hg tu eoi la ddn song nUdc, gan vdi
song Ganga, dat ten nude mdi md la
Champa-doi ten kinh dd que hUdng cua hg,
nUde Anga (5). TrUdc day, G. Maspero coi la
hg dat ten nUdc theo ten loai hoa Lan
Champaka Linnae, nhUng chi la sfl suy
doan khdng cd can cQ nao. Vua dau tien ciia
hg ggi la vua Hang Ha (Gangaraja). Ong
nay dung dat cd sd xong thi han la giao eho
eon chau cai quan rdi trd ve que quan, chac
do nhd que, chUa dUt bd dUdc?
Bia My Son 3 (C.79): A.1- "Dflc vua ten
la Gangaraja... cd pham hanh va long qua
cam... Vudng quyen (da cd d que) khd ma
rdi bo... nhin thay sdng Hang Ha la mgt
niem vui ldn", the rdi ngudi ra di tfl day (trd
lai) sdng Hang Ha.
Mpt so' van khdc chfl Phan (Sanskrit) da
dUdc phat hien, deu cd ten vua
Bhadravarman, cd the la tdn vua sdm ciia
ddng Gangaraja hay mgt ddng nao khac
(chQ Hdn Cut-Quang Nam (C.105), chd
Dinh-Phu Yen (C.41), Mi Sdn 1 (C.78). Tfl
dang va ndi dung cac van khac nay, nha't la
bia C.78 cho phep doan nien dai the ky IV.
Ra't cd the cac "co van" An Dp da den bd

bien vung Bdc miln Trung Viet Nam ngay
nay tfl the ky III, tham gia lap va xay dung
Champa cung vdi dan ban dia. Mot so diem
quan cfl ddng due cd nien dai the ky III
cung da ndi len dieu do (Gd Cdm, Con
Rdng, Trd Kieu..). TQ day ma cd cac thanh
thi dau tien, kien true ddu tien, nhU Mi
Sdn, cum kien true gan pha Tam Giang


Rghien ciiru Ljeh sir, sd g j g l ^
nhu My Khanh, Van Trach Hda, den thap
trong kinh thanh Kandarpapura (nay da
sup dd).
Ben tren da ke, E.Aymonier da nhdm
khi ke cac vua Champa-1- Sri Mara, de'n 2Bhadravarman d Chd Dinh, ma chUa rd cd
de'n 3 van khdc cd ten ong vua nay, ea d My
Sdn eung vdi pham vi va trinh dp phat trien
sau rpng hdn.
Bia Vo Canh (C.40): Cung dUdc doan dinh
nien dai the ky III, gan cflng thdi bia Mi Sdn
1 (C.78), nhung tinh hudng lai rdt khac,
chua cd cd sd tdn giao va xa hdi bdng My
Sdn 1. Vo Canh do mdt nhdm di bien ngudi
Tamoul d xii Pandya, cUc nam ban dao An
Do, ngflde chieu len bde vinh Bengal ra Bien
Ddng va cd the da tiep xuc vdi manh md'i nao
dd ngudi Malayo-Raglai cap ben bd Nha
Trang. Luc nay d vflng hac, ngfldi An mdi
den Mi Son, cdn dang ngdn ngang. Hg hda

ddng vdi dan ban dia, lam an, sinh sd'ng. Cac
giao si An Dp day dan ban dia ndi tieng, hpc
chfl Phan va truyen ha tdn giao, Siva gido. 0
vflng bac cd 3 van khdc ngan cung vdi bia
"tuyen ngdn" neu cd the gpi nhfl the, hdi
mudn, nam 657, tuyen bd'trieu vua dau tien,
bat ddu tQ Gangaraja, cho den tuyen ngdn
lap nUdc, dat ten la
ChampapuraParamesuara (kinh thanh Champa-ton thd
Siva). O vflng nam cflng cd chQng a'y, 3-4
van khac dai hdn mdt chut va quan trong
nha't chinh la bia "tuyen ngdn" bia Vo
Canh. Vd Canh vfla cho biet gd'e ngudn la
vua phUdng nam, nfldc Pandya, vfla khdng
dinh truyen thd'ng mhi he, md dau tfl chinh
nhdm nay. NgUdi An Dp vung bdc thi nha'n
manh truyin thd'ng song nUdc Ganga, cdn
ngUdi An-Pandya mien nam lai tfl hao ngdi
ca truyen thd'ng Bien cd dieu ky (Visitra
Sagara), quyet dinh lap khu thd cung trdn
bd bien, thd Quo'c vUang (Po Nagar), nhUng
the hien bdng Quo'c mdu - mdu he Kauthara
(Po
Ina
Nagar
Kautharesuari

Matrilingesuari dfldi hinh tfldng Nii thdn
Bien (Bhagavati Matrilingesvari).
Mien Nam cd 4 tam bia dflng dat gan

dan, trfl bia Po Sah (C.22), diu cd hinh
thQc dan da, cdng bd nhflng vide gan gui
thiet thflc. Po Nagar bdt dau dUdc xay dUng
tren dinh nui cd the tfl dau the ky IX, ghi
ehien tich dau tien la hai lan danh ngfldi
Tau (tQc la chinh quyin dd hd ciia nha Han
va Luc Trilu d phia Bdc sdng Gianh), dUng
lap lai den mieu va tUdng than da bi quan
Java vao eUdp ddt pha.
Lue nay, d vung bdc, ten nUdc Champa
da dupc dinh chinh thflc (nam 657), than
chii tdi cao la Siva-Bhadresvara (ghep ten
vua Bhadravarman vdi Isuara Siua da dfldc
tdn thd, cac bia mien Nam cung tuyen bd'
phuc tung Nagara Campa, nhQng nha'n
manh chd khac ciia rieng minh la "bdn sdc
Bien", tdn kinh mau he, nhflng mau he
khdng khac cai chung, la ddng nha't vdi
Siva vi la nQ than Bien cung la vd SivaBhagavati Matrilingesvari (mdu he lingaSiva). Didu nay da dfldc xac nhan tren bia
Mi Sdn (My Sdn XII-CSO) ddi vua
Harivarman nam 1080. Mpt da't nUde, mgt
ehinh quyin ngay cang phat trien cd quy cu
tren ca 3 vung.
Anh hudng van hda An Do cung gia tang
tren hai dao, nhflng mudn sau mpt chut:
Mpt van khac viet Sanskrit d dao Borneo
ke mdt dng vua la Mulavarman da cho lam
thiiy Idi, tudi rugng, nam 450 CN
Mgt tac gia xUng ten la Purnavarman ke
d nude Taruma d Bandung, Tay Java, ca

eha va dng ngi dang chflng kien lam ll Ba
La Mdn nhflng nhan vat, sU kidn chua dinh
hinh, rd rang, chUa eho tha'y khung khd xa
hpi, qude gia va'mfle do van hda de dudc
hieu vl van h d a v a xa hdi vung hai dao, ehi
rd la van hda An Do da the hien d nhflng
ndi nay vao giQa the ky V.


Champa vai the gioi Bien Bdng..7. Thao luan
Su dung hop vd tuang tdc vdn hoa Nam
Dao - Nam A tao nen nen tang cdng ddng
dan cu ven bien ed the coi la ye'u td quye't
dinh cua $U phdt trien? neu the thi vai trd
cila sfl tac dong ben ngoai cua An Dp de'n

dau?
8. Sd ket luan
cac hgc gia thudng dung tQ (lap) ddt
thiic ddn (Colony), dl hi hieu la di khai
hoang, lap chinh quyin cai tri. Nhung
ngudi An Dp du nhap van hda mdt each hda
binh, khdng ap dat, ep bugc. Day chQ va
truyen ba tdn giao da thdn (Hindu) thi
khdng ep bugc. TQ hoc chQ nude ngcai, dan
ban dia cdn sang tao ra chQ viet cua minhchQ Cham ed va kim, viet bia va viet sach,
truyen, ghi chep thien van dia Iy, thdi tiet,
khe udc, thue ma. Nhd du nhap van hda An
Dp ma cd the tap hdp dan cU, td chflc nha
nudc, xay dung va phat tridn van hda.

Truyen ba van hoa, xay diing qud'c gia
tam dn, nha sang lap ngfldi An Dp deu ra
di, de lai cho hoang gia ngfldi ban dia, cd le
chi luu gifl la ndi qua lai, budn ban va anh
hudng van hda, tdn giao lau dai. Hdn la cdn
phai the? Ta't ca nhflng ndi da biet, deu nhu
the - dong Bien cd dieu ky", dong "Hdng
Hd Id niem vui ldn" va ca d Phu Nam,
Kaundinya da de'n rdi cdn di nhflng ndi
dau. NhUng trudc dd, ndu khdng co sfl dung
hdp, tUOng tac van hda cua cae nhdm dan
ban dia ven bien thi cung khong lam dUdc
viec ^ . Chinh hp cung cd nhu cau phat
trien, cuJig dang mud'n vUdn len. CQ xem
Phu Nam. Champa vdi cae vung khac ngoai
hai dao thi dii rd. Dan hai dao chu yeu la
Proto Malayo-Polynesia, phat trien cham
hdn va yeu hdn. Tham chi, nhu cau thdng
nha't 3 vung Champa cung la nhu cau eiia
van hda. Ngay giQa cac vung cd Hen he vdi

nhau, viing Nam-Po Nagar va Bdc- My Sdn,
xem ra cd ve vflng Nam phuc tung vung
Bac, chap nhan nhQng gi da dUdc dat ra tfl
Gangaraja, khdng phai la quan he cao,
tha'p, tren, dudi, ma thflc cha't la sfl phue
tung ndi van hda An Do den trudc, ndi
truyen ba van hda gde, tdn giao gd'c la dao
Hindu, chQ va van hda Sankrit, la van de
cua thdi dai.

Sfl tie'p xuc van hda d day khdng phai la
sQ tiep xuc ehinh thflc "bang cdng ham",
"hiep dinh", giQa chinh phu vdi chinh phii,
cung khdng gid'ng nhau, cung lue giQa cac
vung. Cd le ca hai phia eung cd nhu cau,
do quen biet, qua manh md'i trung gian
eua dan di bien nao dd, rdi tie'p xuc, cung
hdp tac, tha'y ieh ldi, phu hdp thi xuc tien.
Ngay ca trudng hdp nfldc Phu Nam, be
ngoai luc ddu cd ve la sU chinh phuc,
nhUng ca doan thuyin ra nghenh chien,
chi mdi ban mdt mui ten, da hang phuc,
rdi lai lam le cfldi. Nfl hoang lai khda than
chQ khdng mac giap phuc, c6 le chUa he
nghe ndi tdi toe Naga, nhung lai nhan la
Soma ciia tdc Naga, cudi chang trai
Kaundinya de trd thanh thfla ke chinh
thflc ngdi vua, lam vua-chua tQ dd. Phu
Nam vQa cd thanh phan chinh ban dia
Bnam, Vnam, vfla cd thanh phdn ket hdp
tfl ben ngoai, ke thfla ca ddng Soma-Naga.
Su ket hdp lap nen ddng mdi-ddn^ BnamKirivamsa,
dong
NgUdi
mien
Nui
Kirivong. Hp Kaundinya nay cung kha
xdng xao di ra bien, hoat ddng d vung bien,
da cd hai lan den nude Phu Nam va hdn
mdt lan tim de'n dao Borneo. Nudc Phu

Nam eung in dam anh hudng van hda An
Dd, nhUng gian tiep, thdng qua ngUdl
Naga-An-Scythya,
chinh hg cung tha'm
dUdm van hda An Dp.
(Xem tie'p trang 23)


Churc quan Eat L6 l^oa xich trong bang giao...
dfla di eai tri cac dan tpc khac, ThcJi gian nay,
Mong Co dUa nhieu ngUcli Hoi giao tdi lam quan

22
(19), (20). Quoc sfl quan trieu Nguyen: Kham dinh
Viet si thong gidm citdng muc, s&A, tr. 489, 494,

cai tri hoac cSm gifl binh quyin d cac dia phUdng

(22) Ha Van Tan, Pham Thi Tam: Cuoc khdng

vung Van Nam. Thang 2 nam 1258 va thang 1

chien chong xam litac Nguyen Mong the ky XIII,

nam 1261, Nap Lat Dinh da gifl vai tro sfl gia

Nxb, Khoa hoc xa hpi. Ha Noi, 1972, tr, 94.

mang chieu thfl cua Nguyen The To sang Dai Viet.
(15). Vao thcfi diem nSm 1258, Nguyen The To

v l n chua chinh thflc xUng Dai han.
(16). Theo Khdm

dinh

(24). Chflc quan trpng thdn dam nhan trpng
trach tran gifl vflng bien ai.
(25), (29). Nguyin si. Trung Hoa thfl cue xuat

ViSt su: thong

gidm

ctictng muc thi Ian thfl hai la vao thang 6 nam
1261.

ban, Bae Kinh, 1976, quyen 209 "An Nam truyen".
(26), (27). Quoc sii quan trilu Nguyin: Khdm
dinh Viet su: thong gidm ciicfng miic, sdd, tr 502-

(17), (21), (23), (30). Lg Tic: An Nam chi luac,
sdd, tr. 74, 73, 73, 76.

503, 497.
(28). Nguyen

(18). Tran Trong Kim: Viet Nam sA Imc, Nxb
Tdng hop Thanh pho H6 Chi Minh, 2005, tr. 122.

sii ghi sfl kien nay nam 1275

nhUng Bai Viet sU ky todn thU lai de cAp tfii sfl
kien nay vao nam 1276.

CIIAMl'A V 6 l TIIE GI«iI BIEN DOIVG VA AN DO c 6 XlJA
(Tiep theo trang 15)
CHU THICH
(1). J.Y. Clayes - Fouilles a Tra Kiiu BEFEO
XXVIIl

Cung xem Romila Thapar • A History of India

(2). Ludng Ninh - Hda Diem, Xom Con Sa
Huynh. Tap chiKhdo cohoc, so 2-2001.
Ocean,A

of People and the Sea, Delhi-NewYork,

1993.
(4). Rama

- Penguin 1984.
(6). Hsiao Chun Hung et al. Ancient jades

(3). Kenneth Mc Pherson-TAe Indian
History

Formation In Ancient India, MacMillan 1982.

of Prehistoric

Exchange

map

in SEA, PNAS, Dec.ll,

2007.
(7). Benedict P.K.- A ChamColony on the Island

Shankar

Tripathi

History

Ancient India T.l, 2, 3, Delhi 1942.
(5). R S Sharma - Material Culture

of

of Hainan. Havard JAS 1941.
(8). Peter Bellwood, James J.Fox et al - The

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- ANU Press, 2006.