NHÌN LẠI CUỘC ĐẤU TRANH HỆ TƯ TƯỞNG TRONG CUỘC ĐỤNG ĐẦU LỊCH SỬ VIỆT NAM MỸ

NHIN LAI CUOC DAU TRANH HE TU* TU0NG
TRONG c u d c DUNG DAU UCH SU* VIET NAM - MY
(1954-X975)

BUT DiNH THANH"

1. N h i / n g t i e n d e c u a cuoc d a u t r a n h
h e trf trfofng
40 nam da qua tiif ngky cu6c khang
chien cho'ng My ciiu nu6c cua nhan dan
Vi$t Nam kS't thiic thSng ldi. Mot cuoc
chien tranh tuy chi dien ra 5 khu vUc Dong
Nam A, nhUng da di lai dau A'n dam net
trong lich svt hi§n dai thS' gidi vho niia sau
th§' ky XX. M6t cu6c chid'n tranh, theo su
danh gia cua H.Kissinger, kien true sU chu
chot ve dUdng lpi chie'n lUOc cua My trong
giai doan cuoi cua cuoc chid'n tranh: "D6 la
cupc chie'n tranh dai ngay nhat trong lich
sc£ Hoa Ky, cuoc chie'n tranh 3 xa nhft't, it
lien he ro ret nha't dd'n nhiJng quan he c&'p
thie't cua nu6c ta" (1).
TrUa ngay 30-4-1975, ngay sau khi nh^n
dUdc tin T6'ng tho'ng ciia chinh quydn Sai
Gon da tuydn bo d i u hang, Tong thorig Hoa
Ky Gerald Ford ra mot Icfi tuyen bo' ng&n
ngui: "Chinh phu Viet Nam Cong hoa da
dau hang. TrUdc khi ho d^u hang, chiing ta
da riit phai bp My ra khoi mien Nam Viet
Nam. Vi?t Nam la mot kinh nghidm dau
d6n cho nudc ta.

Lich Sli se la ngUcIi phan xdt cuoi ciing
vd* nhiing vide chiing ta da l^m va chUa lam

* PGS. Vi^n S6 hpc

he't tai Viet Nam va tai cac ndi khac.
Chiing ta hay binh tinh chd phan xet cua
lich Sli" (2).
De bie't dUpc sU phan xdt do, G.Ford da
yeu clu H.Kissinger tU van cho minh "mpt
bai hpc ve Viet Nam".
T^i lieu nay mai dd'n dliu nhiing nam
2000 mdi dUpc c6ng bo' trong tac ph^m
"Khong hoa binh, chang danh du. Nixon Kissinger va sU phan boi d Viet Nam" cua
Larry Herman xua't ban nam 2001 vk dUdc
Nguyen Manh Hiing dich ra tid'ng Viet nam
2003 do Viet Tide xua't ban.
H.Kissinger da ndu ldn mpt so bai hpc
trong do CO noi dd'n nhan to' cho'ng cpng san
da CO tac dung the nao trong cupc chie'n
tranh: "Nhan dan Hoa Ky noi chung da
ung hp va hoan ho Tong tho'ng Eisenhower
khi ong quyet dinh chia doi Viet Nam vk
ung ho mot chinh quyen chong cpng san 6
mien Nam" (3). "Toi luon luon tin, cung
nhu nhieu quan sat vien khac rang quy^t
dinh Cliu Viet Nam cua chiing ta nam 1965
da tranh cho Nam DUdng (Indonesia) rdi
vao tay cpng san v^ co le da bao ve dUdc sU
hien dien ciia chiing ta 6 chau A. Dieu nay

CO nghia la khong nhiing chiing ta da giii


Rghien curu hich sir. s6 4.2015
quan dpi d do. No con co nghia la chiing ta
duy tri dUdc sU hidn didn kinh t^ cung nhU
anh hUdng chinh tri, va cac quoc gia ban,
ke ca Nhat Ban cam thay khong phai tu lo
bao vd lay minh. Khi chiing ta xet dd'n anh
hucing cua nhiing gi dang xay ra, chiing ta
c i n nh6 rang mUcli nam trUdc, anh hUdng
ay c6 the 16n khi phong trao cpng san con
dUdc nhieu ngu6i coi nhU mot khoi nha't
nguyen chac chan se nha'n chim ta't ca
chiing ta. Vi the', trong nhClng ldi tuyen bo
cua chiing ta, toi tin riing chiing ta co the
ngita cao m£it ma khong phai tU hitnh ha
chiing ta v^ chiing ta khong ndn coi vai tro
cua chiing ta trong cupc chid'n tranh fi'y nhU
mot tham hpa 6 nhuc" (4).
Ciing v6i chii nghia cho'ng cpng san
trudc phong trao giai phong dan tpc dang
len m^nh sau Chien tranh thd' gidi thii Hai,
My da mUpn chieu bai iing hp phong trao do
nham tang thdm uy luc cho chii nghia cho'ng
cpng san. Da co nhiing cong trinh nghidn
ciiu 'ly ludn" cua My ra dih ve van dd' nay.
"Cin thid't phai thuyd't phuc cac dan tpc
riing thiic chS't cupc dfi'u tranh khong phai la
giiia cac dan tpc chau A cho'ng lai phUdng

Tay ma la cu6c da'u tranh ciia cac dan tpc
chau A chong lai chvi nghia cpng san" (5).
Trong mpt cong trinh nghidn ciiu ciia Vidn
cac quan hd quoc te cua My, cac tac gia da
vid't: "Cupc tid'n cong ve tam 1^ cua chiing ta
phai nha'n manh xung dot giiia chu nghia
cpng san va chu nghia dan tcic" (6).
Tdng thong Kennedy t h i y dUdc kha sau
sic nguy cd de dpa so phfin cua chu nghia
dd' quo'c do phong trao dfi'u tranh giai phong
dan tpc dem lai. Kennedy noi: "Qua nghien
Cliu, chiing ta thfi'y rfing each mang giai
phong dan tdc la mpt sU ki?n cd ban cua
thcJi dai chiing ta. Siic manh to ldn nhfi't
tren thd' gidi la long khao khat vUdn ldn doc
lfip dan tpc. Ngfiy nay, cu6c chie'n dfi'u

khong phai xay ra 6 chau Au mfi lfi 5 chau
A, chau Au va My Latinh".
Trong phong trfio do, nhU Tai lidu mfit
cua L i u nam goe da vach ro: Viet Nam la
noi duy nhfi't trdn the' gidi ma chinh quyen
Kennedy phai dUdng d i u vdi mot co gang
phat trien rfi't t6t cua cpng san nhfim Ifit do
mgt chinh phu than phUdng Tay. Day la
mpt thach thiic khong the bo qua".
Kennedy con noi ro r^ng: "Eisenhower
da phai chiu nhflng hau qua chinh tri ciia
Didn Bidn Phu va sii to'ng co nhflng ngUcfi
phUdng Tay khoi Vidt Nam nfim 1954.

Ngay nay, toi khong cho phep (!) co mot
thfi't b^i nhu nam 1954 nfla" (7).
Chi'nh sach chong cong ldn dd'n dinh cao
vdi nhflng nhan vfit khet tid'ng cho'ng cong
mpt thcii nhu Mc Carthy, Dulles, Nixon
dupc ca tung lfi nhiing "chie'n si thfip tu
quan cho'ng cdng".
He tu tufing chong cpng dUdc nhfip vfio
Han Quoc vdi Ly ThCfa Van, Nam Vidt
Nam vdi Ngo Dinh Diem> Didm dinh ra
dUdng loi "dd" cao ly tUdng quo'c gia, cho'ng
cpng dvft khoat, kidn quye't vfi triet dd".
Khau hieu cua Didm la "bfii phong, da thuc
dan, cho'ng cpng" nhUng bfii phong, da thUc
dan chi lfi my dan, con chong cpng mdi lfi
"quo'c sach so 1" vdi nhflng chien dich "to
cpng, di^t cpng" tfin sat dfim mau nhflng
ngu6i cpng san. De chong lai dUdng loi
chinh tri noi trdn cua My - Diem, vd' phia
cfich mang Viet Nam da co doi sach gi?
De lfim ro vfi'n de nay, can lUdc lai qua
trinh lich sii dfi'u tranh bao vd vfi giai
phong dfin tpc vdi he tU tUcing chii dao cua
dan tpc Viet Nam.
Doi vdi ba't cii dan tpc nfio, quy^n dUdc
song ddc lap, tU do la mpt quyen thidng
Hdng, mpt ciia bau vo gia. Doi vdi Viet
Nam, n6 cfing co mot y nghla sau sac. Cufic
chid'n dfi'u ben bi, lau dfii chong ngoai xam

Rhin lai euQc dau franh he hr hrdmg...
cua nhan dan Vidt Nam da trai qua nhflng
thdi ky lich stf khac nhau, nhflng ke thu
xam lUdc khfic nhau, nhiing chu the lanh
dao cupc khang chid'n khac nhau, nhUng tUu
trung deu hUdng vd" mpt muc tidu khdng bao
gicf thay doi dUdc khai qufit ngfin gpn trong
10 chfl: Doc lfip - Chu quyd'n -Thong nhfi't Toan ven Ifinh thd. Toi xem 10 chfl do lfi
nhflng hfing so'tieu bieu cua lich SL! dfi't nUdc
Viet Nam, cua dan tpc Vidt Nam.
Tii hang ngan nam trUdc, lich sii dfi't
nudc nay da ghi nhflng chUOng choi lpi
chid'n cong chong ngoai xam.
Tfl hang ngan nam trUdc, cac nhan to'
tanh tho, dfin tpc, lich sii, ngon ngfl, van
hoa tdng hpp lai da 3uydn thfinh cot each,
tam hdn chung cua ngUdi Viet Nam mfi
bieu hidn bao qufit nhfi't, ndi bat nhfi't lfi
chii nghia yeu nudc.
Chii nghia yeu nudc lfi tu tu6ng va tinh
cam chii ye'u cOia ngu6i Viet Nam nhfl Ho
Chu tich da khai quat: "Dan ta co mpt long
ydu nUdc ndng nan. Do la mpt truydn tho'ng
quy bau ciia ta. Tfl xua de'n nay, moi khi To
qud'c bi xam lang thi tinh t h i n fi'y lai soi nd,
no kd't thanh mpt lan song vo ciing manh
me, to ldn, no lUdt qua mpi sU nguy hiem,
kho khfin, n6 nhfi'n chim tfi't ca be lii ban
nUdc vfi cudp nU6c" (8).

Nhiing dac trUng cd ban ciia chii nghia
yeu nUdc Vidt Nam la tinh ben vflng toi
luyen, niem tu hfio dan tpc sfiu sfic, mot
chii nghia ydu nudc dfim dfi tinh nhan van.
NhUng, de'n thdi ky lich SLE cfin dai, bi
kich lich sii da dd'n vdi dfin tpc Viet Nam
khi thuc dfin Phfip xfim lUdc nU6c ta. Trong
g i n hai the' ky, cfie tfip doan phong kid'n
trong nUdc gay ndn tinh trang cat cfl, Nam
Bfie phan tranh, chien tranh lidn midn
hong thon tinh lfin nhau lam cho long dfin
ly tan, sflc manh tho'ng nhfi't ciia dfin tpc bi
hiiy hoai. De gianh Ifi'y dia vi chinh tho'ng,

5

cac tap doan phong kien khong con tin vfio
npi liic dan tpc, ddu diia vao sU "vien trd"
cua bdn ngofii. Ld Chidu Thd'ng ciu vidn
nha Thanh, Nguydn Anh ciu vidn quan
Xiem (Thai Lan) va thUc dan Phap. Vdi
thai dp ye'u hen va nhflng chinh sach bao
thu, lac hfiu, nhfi Nguydn da de mfi't nUdc,
nhUng nhfin dan Viet Nam khong cam chiu
lfim no le cho quan xam lUdc. Khap ndi
trong nUdc, tfl thanh thi de'n nong thon, tijf
mien xuQi de'n mien mii, lidn tuc no ra
nhflng cupc ndi day, khdi nghia chong thUc
dan Phap va cho'ng ca trieu dinh bfin nudc.
Cfie td chflc ydu nUdc ra dcfi vdi nhflng

xu hudng chinh tri khac nhau, hoac thien
ve bao dpng, da'u tranh vu trang, hofic
thidn ve nang cao dan tri, gifio due, dao tao
nhfin tai, cha'n hung kinh td', nhUng ddu
hudng vd" mpt muc tieu duy nhfi't lfi gianh
lai dpc lfip dan too.
Tinh hinh do dfi lam boc lp mpt thuc te'.
Thdi the' da ddi thay. Ridng chu nghia yeu
nUdc chUa du de lfim cho dan tpc Viet Nam
thoat khoi ach tho'ng ti ciia thUc dan Phap.
Did"u cin thid't can ban lfi mdt dUcJng 16'i
each mang thich hdp vdi boi canh lich sfl
mdi ciia thd' gidi.
Lich set da gianh cho Nguyin Ai Qud'c
nhidm vu giai quye't cudc khung hoang vd"
dudng loi cua cfich mang Viet Nam. Ho
Chu tich da phfin tich qua trinh diln ra sU
cham dflt cupc khung hoang dfldng 16'i dd.
"Luc diu, chinh la chu nghia yeu nudc, chfl
chua phai chii nghia cpng san da dUa toi di
theo Lenin, tin theo Qud'c te' thfl ba. Tiing
bfldc mpt, trong cupc da'u tranh, vfla nghien
cflu ly lufin Mac - Lenin, vfla lfim cong tac
thuc td', d i n dan tdi hidu dUdc rang chi co
chii nghia xfi hpi, chu nghia cpng san mdi
giai phong dUdc cac dan tpc bi fip bfle vfi
nhflng ngUcii lao ddng tren the' gidi khdi ach
nd le" (9).

Rghjgn curu Ljch sd". s6 4.2015
Dudng ldi kd't hpp chu nghia ydu nUdc
vdi tu tudng cua chu nghia xa hpi da dua
den vide thfinh lap Dang Cdng san Ddng
Dfldng nam 1930, mpt bfldc ngofit can ban
cua each mang Viet Nam. Tfl thdi diem
nfiy. Dang Cpng san Viet Nam nam quye"n
lanh dao each mang Viet Nam vfi trd thfinh
muc tieu dfin ap, khung bd* ciia chinh
quyen thflc dfin. He thdng nha tu, trai
giam, cfie hdi ddng dd" hinh, may chdm hoat
dpng khong ngflng de ngan chan va tieu
diet Dang Cong san nhung khong ke't qua.
Sau cupc khiing bo dfim mfiu phong trao Xo
Vi^t - Ngh? I l n h nfim 1930-1931, trum mat
tham Marty nhfin xet trong bfio cfio t h i n g
10-1933: "Vide td chflc lai Dang Cong san
Dong Dfldng c6 dii nhflng ye'u to can thid't
cho mpt sfl md rpng nhanh chong vdi sU
thuc day ciia nhflng ngfldi lanh dao co nang
Iflc. Dang Cpng san Ddng Dudng lai co
nhflng kha nfing mdi vd" tuyen truyd"n vfi
hfinh dpng ciia no chua he bid't dd'n tfl cupc
dfin ap nam 1931" (10).
MUdi nam sau, khi bUdc vfio cupc Chid'n
tranh the' gidi thfl Hai, lai xay ra mpt ddt
khung bd dfl ddi doi vdi Dang. Toan quyen
Catroux tuyen bo' tai Hpi ddng Chinh phu
Dong DUdng ngfiy 4-1-1940; "Chung ta
danh toan didn va mau chong vfio cac td

chflc cpng san; trong cupc dfi'u tranh nfiy,
phai tieu diet cpng san thi Dong Dudng mdi
dUdc yen dn va trung thfinh vdi nUdc Phap.
Tinh thd' chie'n tranh b i t bupc chung ta
hfinh dpng khong chut thfldng tid'c" (11).
Trong nhflng nam Chie'n tranh thg' gidi
thfl Hai, Chu tich Hd Chi Minh trd vd" nUdc,
tnic tid'p lanh dao, thanh lfip Mat tran Viet
Minh xfiy dflng can cfl dia d Vidt Bfie, lUc
Ifldng vfl trang vfi Iflc lfldng chinh tri, chdp
thdi cd khi Nhat d i u hang, ha ldnh tdng
khdi nghia, gianh thfing ldi cho Cach mang
thfing Tam, lap ra nflde Vidt Nam Dfin chu
Cpng hoa.

Tuyen ngon Dpc lfip ngfiy 2-9-1945 dflpc
dat vfio dong maeh lich set the' gidi, dflpc
xem nhu hfiu due cua Cfich mang My nfim
1776 vdi Tuyen ngdn Dpc lap va Cfich
mang Phap nfim 1789 vdi Tuydn ngdn
Nhan quyen. Do la thfing ldi to ldn diu tien
ciia dfldng loi kd't hdp chu nghia yeu nUdc
vdi tu tudng cua chii nghia xa hdi.
2. Dau t r a n h h e ti^ tiiofng giufa Viet
Nam va My t r o n g c u o c d u n g d a u lich
sii (1955-1975)
Chung ta hay bat d i u tfl vfi'n de" quan
trpng va can ban nhfi't: Nguyen nhan nfio
da dUa My dinh liu vfio Viet Nam trong khi
gifla hai nUdc each nhau ca mdt dai dUdng

khdng he" co mau thufin doi khang vd" cac
mfit qufin sU, chinh tri, kinh te'. Trai lai,
trong Chie'n tranh thd' gidi thfl Hai, khi
Vi^t Nam con lfi mpt thupc dia ciia Phfip,
cupc dfi'u tranh each mang ciia nhfin dan
Vi^t Nam dudi sU lanh dao ciia Dang Cong
san Vidt Nam da chpn con dfldng dung dfin
dflng vao hang ngu cac nUdc ddng minh
chien dfi'u chdng phat xft Dflc - Y - Nhfit.
Da CO nhie"u each giai thich vd" thai dp
ciia My khi xfim nhap vfio Viet Nam ciia
cac nha nghien eflu va chinh khach My.
Arthur Sechelinger Jr dfi tflng la co' vfi'n
chinh tri cua Tdng thdng Kennedy, tuy thfla
nhfin cupc chie'n tranh ciia My d Vidt Nam la
sai lim bi tham nhfi't trong lich sfl nUdc My,
nhung lai cho rfing My chi pham phai mot
thfl "chu nghia d^ quoc tinh cam". Ong ta
giai thich rfing dinh h'u vfio Viet Nam do
nhflng dpng cd ve tinh than, tfl tudng, mpt
thfl "chu nghia hfio hidp" dat khdng dui^
chd, khac vdi chu nghia dd' qudc kinh te' cua
cac de'qud'c thuc dan trflde day (12).
Seymour Mclman, Gifio sU tai TrUcing
Dai hoc Columbia cung len an manh me
cupc chien tranh xam lupe Viet Nam,
nhflng cho rfing vdn d i u tU cua My d mi^n


Rhin lai c u ^ dau tranh h^ hr hrihig..

Nam Viet Nam khdng cd bao nhieu, ndn
khong thd noi lfi My thu nhfin dUdc lpi
nhufin gi ve kinh td'.
Ngay ca cfie tfie gia cua Tai lidu mfit Lau
nfim gdc dfldc cdng bd nfim 1971 cung ndi
rfing: "Chinh sach cOia My doi vdi Viet Nam
trong nhflng nfim 40 de'n d i u 1950 khong
cd muc dich ro ret, khong nhfi't qufin, thid'u
kien dinh" (13). C6 diing nhfl thd khdng?
Cfin cfl vao nhflng sfl kidn lich sfl da diln
ra, chung tdi se chflng minh tinh nha't quan
cua chinh sfich My trong nhflng nam do.
Luc nay (vfio d i u nhflng nam 40), nhfin
dan ta dfi budc vfio thdi ky chuan bi mpi
mat trong cupc chidn tranh cho'ng thflc dan
Phfip vfi phat xit Nhat, cupc chie'n da'u se
dfin dd'n Cach mang t h i n g Tam nam 1945.
Ban Chi thi ngfiy 21-12-1941 ciia Trung
Udng Dang Cdng san Ddng DUdng vd" "Cudc
chie'n tranh Thfii Binh Duong vfi trfich
nhidm cin kip cua Dang" da nhfi'n manh:
Nd'u nhu qufin ddng minh Anh - My dd bp
vfio Viet Nam thi d dia phUdng nao ndi day
khdi nghia d dia phUdng fi'y, thanh lap
chinh quydn cfich mang rdi nhan danh
chinh quyen each mang cCia nhfin dfin mfi
giao thiep vdi hp. Chu y rang ta c6 manh
thi hp mdi chiu dem xia dd'n. Nhfi't lfi dflng
CO ao tudng rfing quan Anh - My se mang
tai tfl do cho ta.

Chid'n tranh the' gidi lan thfl Hai dfi tao
nen mdt sfl thay doi dien mao dia ly, chinh
tri, kinh td' to ldn chfla tflng co trong lich set
the'gidi.

phfle tap khdng chi gifla cac nflde ddng minh
mfi con chi phm de'n toan cue didn ehinh tri
the gidi. Do d6, de hieu bie't dfldc mdt cfich
can ban tinh hinh da't nflde Viet Nam trong
bra canh lich set dd, cin c6 sfl phfin tich thai
dp cua cac nflde ddng minh, chu yd'u lfi Phap
vfi My ddi vdi Vidt Nam.
Ve" nUdc Phap, sau khi nhanh chdng bi
bai trfin trflde cupc tid'n cdng ciia qufin dpi
phfit xit Dflc, Tudng Dd Gdn chay sang
Anh, thfinh lfip chinh phu lUu vong, tid'p
tuc chid'n dfi'u, nhUng d vao dia vi "ldp ve"
trong cac nUdc ddng minh. Cac cudc hpi
nghi quan trpng cua cfie nudc ddng minh d
Le Caire, Casablanca, Yalta, Postdam dd"u
vang bong nUdc Phfip. Quan he gifla Phap
va My da diln ra khdng sudn se.

Ngay tfl trong thdi ky nflde Phap cdn
dang bi day xeo dUdi gdt sat ciia phat xit
Dflc, thflc dan Phap van dm fi'p cfii mdng
trd lai dia vi thdng tri nhfl cu d Viet Nam.
Khi phe ddng minh dfi chie'm dUdc Bfie Phi,
Tudng Dd Gon lfip "Uy ban giai phong
Alger" vfi tuydn bo khdi phuc dia vi eua de'

qudc Phap trdn thd'gidi. Diu nfim 1944, Dd
Gon tridu tap hdi nghi Bradavin
(Brazzaville) (14). Trong sd'hdn 40 dai bieu
du hpi nghi, qua nfla lfi nhflng toan quyen,
thd'ng sfl, vidn chflc cao cfi'p cua bd may
thUc dan cfl. So' cdn lai la nhflng ngfldi "ban
xfl" dfi dupc chpn Ipc ky cfing vfi sfl tham
gia cua ho cung chi mang tinh chat hoan
toan tu va'n. Muc tieu cua hpi nghi ddng
thdi cung lfi chinh sfich eua Dd Gon doi vdi
Cac nUdc trong phe ddng minh (My, Anh, cae thupc dia cua Phap da dfldc xfic dinh
Phfip, Lidn Xd, Trung Qudc) tham gia chid'n trong ban tuyen bo' md diu hpi nghi la:
da'u vdi muc dich chung la danh bai khdi Muc dieh ciia cdng trinh khai hoa (!) do
phfit xit Dflc, Y, Nhfit nhUng ddng thdi ciing nflde Phap thflc hidn d thudc dia gat bd mpi
fi'p ii nhflng tinh toan ve" Idi ich rieng ngay y dinh tu tri, du trUdc mfit hay trong tUdng
trong khi cupc chid'n tranh dang diln ra va lai xa xdi.
nhfi't lfi sau khi chid'n tranh kd't thuc. Tinh
TrUdc tinh hinh bid'n chuyen nhanh
hinh do dfi dan de'n nhiing mdl quan he rfi't chong vdi sfl thfi't bai lien tie'p cua Nhfit


a

RgManHBBW^ch sfl. so 4.2015

trdn cac chie'n trfldng chfiu A - Thai Binh cac thudc dia ciia Anh, Phap, Ha Lan thi
Dfldng cua phat xit Nhfit, Phap tie'n them My dfldc xem lfi co chinh sfich cdi md, rdng
mpt bfldc vdi ban tuyen bo' ngfiy 24-3-1945 rai hdn vdi Phihppines.
ve ehe' dp tflcJng lai cua cac nflde Dong
Thang 8-1941, My va Anh da cung nhau

Dfldng. Ndi dung eua ban tuyen bo dupe Dd thao ra Hid'n chucmg Dai Tfiy DUcJng vdi
Gdn xem nhfl mot "bUdc ngofit trong chinh nhflng Idi le rfi't tid'n bd nhfl "tdn trpng
sfich thupc dia cua Phfip" co thd tdm tfit quydn eua moi dfin tpc dUdc Ifla ehpn hinh
trdn nhflng diem cd ban sau dfiy:
thfle chinh phu theo y hp", "quyen lfim chii
"Lien bang Dong Dfldng sd cung vdi vfi quyen tu do dieu khien chinh phu phai
nflde Phfip vfi cfie bp phfin khfic ciia khdi tra lai eho nhflng dan toe da bi sflc manh
cpng ddng hpp thfinh Lidn hiep Phfip, trong tudc mfi't".
dd nhflng quye"n ldi ddi vdi ben ngoai se do
Sfl that dd la mdt thii doan tinh vi cua
nUdc Phap dam nhfin thay mat... Ddng My mud'n mdt mui tdn dat hai muc dich:
DUdng se cd mpt chinh phu Lidn bang Ddng Mgt Id, xoa diu phong trao dfi'u tranh ciia
DflOng do Toan quyen lam Chu tich vfi dupc nhan dan cac nudc thudc dia trong khi My
Ifla chpn trong nhiing ngfldi Dong Dudng con phai dem hd't sflc lue ra ddl pho vdi
cflng nhu ngfldi Phfip cfl tni d Ddng Dfldng" phat xit Dflc, Y, Nhat; Hai Id gfiy mdt anh
(15). Ban tuyen bo' dd da bi nhfi sfl hpc Phfip hfldng thuan ldi cho My de chuan bi lam an
Philippe Devillers phe phan lfi lac hfiu vdi sau nfiy khi chid'n tranh ke't thue.
tinh hinh the gidi hang chuc nam.
Cung ngay tfl nam 1941, My dfi hudng
Ddng thdi vdi ban Tuydn bd' ndi trdn, Uy manh sfl ehfl y ve chau A. Hangri Luytxd
ban hfinh ddng giai phong Dong Dudng tieh (Henri Luce), mpt nha tU ban My, chii td
cUc hoat dpng trong vide thflc hidn ke Tap chi Thdi dgi (Time) dfi vid't: 'The ky
hoach chie'm lai Vidt Nam vfi Ddng Dudng XX phai lfi the' ky My. Trien vpng mpt s\i
lanh dao tich cflc ciia My ddl vdi ndn
tfl bdn ngofii vfi bdn trong.
Viec Nhfit d i u hang nhanh chong dat thfldng mai thd' gidi, co nh'flng kha nang
Phap trudc mot tinh trang lung tflng: Iflc giup cho sfl tid'n bp ciia lofii ngudi to ldn
lupng ben trong thi tan ra, Iflc Ifldng bdn den ndi tri tudng tUdng ciing phai kinh
ngofii thi chuan bi chfla xong. Luc nfiy, cupc ngae. Vi nhu, ddl vdi chau A, chung ta nghi
ehay dua quye't lidt de gifinh Ifi'y thdi ed dfi rfing nd chi cd gia tri lfi dem lai cho chung

dien ra gifla nhfin dfin Viet Nam va dd' quoc ta mdi nfim vfii trfim trieu do la. Trdn thflc
Phap. Trong khi nhflng ddn vi d i u tien eua te', trong nhflng nam sap dd'n, chau A ddl
vdi chung ta se dfldc the hidn bfing 4, 5, 10
dpi quan viln chinh Phfip con lenh ddnh
ty dd la moi nfim" (16).
tren bidn vfi kd' hoach cua Xanhtdny du
Ngay tfl khi cupc chie'n tranh cua cac
dinh tung nhflng dpi biet kich nhay dfl
xud'ng Bac Bp vdi danh nghia Ddng minh nudc ddng minh ehd'ng Nhfit d Thfii Binh
thi ngpn cd thang ldi cua Cach mang thang Duong vfi Ddng Nam A cdn dang tid'p diln,
Tfim. da dUdc giUdng cao suot tfl Bac de'n .My da chuan bi thay Phap lam chu tren
Nam cua Nha nudc dfin chii nhfin dfin dau ban dao Dong Dfldng. Doi vdi Viet Nam va
tien d Ddng Nam A, nUdc Viet Nam Dfin Ddng Dfldng, "sau khi Phfip thua trfin vfi
phai ehfi'p nhfin d i u hang Dflc phat xit,
chii Cpng hda.
Vd" phia My, thai dp doi vdi Phfip cung Tdng tho'ng My F.D.Roosevelt dfi phd duyet
he't sfle ro rfing. So vdi chinh sach ddi vdi mdt kd' hoach dat Dong Dfldng dfldi quyen


Rhln lai cudc dau frnnh he hr tadng...
uy tri ciia Trung Qudc Tudng Gidi Thach
dfldc My hfiu thufin. Chinh phu Phap kich
liet phan ddl ke' hoach nfiy vdi sfl ung hp
cua Anh. "De'n gifla nfim 1944, Roosevelt
da phai rut lai kd' hoaeh nfiy va de'n thfing
8-1944, tai Hdi nghi Ottawa (Canada),
Roosevelt ehfi'p nhfin sfl quay trd Iai cua
Phap vdl did"u kien lfi Phap hfla thflc hien
quyen tfl do cho Ddng Dfldng" (17).

cung khdng dfldc de cho Phap vfio Dong
Duong" (20).
Tuy nhien, chinh sach ciia My ddl vdi
Phap ve vfi'n de" Viet Nam vfi Ddng Dudng
da thay ddi rfi't nhanh vfio nhflng thfing
cuoi nfim 1945 sau khi Tong thdng
Roosevelt qua ddi thfing 4-1945.
De lfim ro nguydn nhan cua tinh hinh
dd, cin tim hidu thai dp ciia My trong each
Thai dp tren cua My da dfldc xac nhfin nhin bdi canh lich sii chinh tri mdi cua the'
trong Hdi ky ciia Elliott Roosevelt vid't vd" gidi vfi dfl kien thay ddi efi'u true cua tUdng
bd minh cho bid't Tong thd'ng My tfl diu quan luc lUdng mdi c6 ldi cho sfl tho'ng tri
nhflng nfim 40 da nhid"u l i n cdng khai ehi ciia My. Trong bdi canh lich sfl chinh tri
trich chinh saeh thudc dia eiia Phap va mdi cua the gidi co hai dac diem ndi bfit:
Bde diem thQ nhdt la sU phat trien ciia
nhfi'n manh Phap phai co sU thay ddi ehinh
sfich doi vdi Viet Nam vfi Ddng Dupng sau chu nghia xa hdi d Trung, "Dong Au. Chung
ta dfi bid't, t h i n g 2-1848, Tuydn ngdn eua
khi chid'n tranh kd't thiic.
Khi Nhfit lfim dao chinh Ifit dd chinh Dang Cpng san do Mfic vfi Angghen viet
quyen Phfip d Ddng Duong ngay 9-3-1945, l i n d i u tidn dUdc cdng bd' d Luan Don.
Phfip CO lien lae vdi My de eiu cflu nhUng Nhflng cfiu diu tien cua Tuyen ngdn vie't:
My lfim ngd. Binh lufin vd" vide do, Tudng "Mdt bong ma dang am anh chau Au, bdng
Sennd (Chennault), chi huy khdng qufin ma chii nghia cdng san. Tfi't ea nhflng the'
My d midn Nam Trung Qud'c luc do vie't lUc cua chau Au cu: Giao hofing vfi Nga
trong Hdi ky: "Die'u do lfim cho ngUdi ta tin hofing, Mittrinich vfi Ghidd, bpn cfi'p tid'n
rang Chinh phii My mud'n cho ngudi Phap Phfip vfi bpn canh sat Dfle deu da lien hipp
bi dudi khdi Dong Dfldng dd' cho viec taeh Iai thfinh mot lien minh t h i n thanh de trfl
bong ma d6" (21).
hp khdi thupc dia cang dUdc de dfing" (18).

69 nfim sau, chii nghia cdng san khdng
Phfip dfi cam thfi'y tinh hinh do mpt each eon lfi mot bdng ma mfi da trd thanh mdt
sau sac trong ldi than vfin: "Dd lfi thbi ky thfle the lich sfl vdi su xufi't hidn Dang
ma nflde Phap bi loai ra ngofii eae cudc hdi Cdng san Lien Xd vfi Nhfi nude Lien bang
nghi Ddng minh. Nhflng phai vien diu tidn Cpng hoa xfi hpi chu nghia Xd vie't.
ciia cUdng qud'c so' 1 trong tfl cUdng (y fim
28 nfim tid'p theo, nfim 1945, sau chie'n
chl My) khi mdi dd'n Bac Bd da khdng cin thfing eua cac nUdc ddng minh ehd'ng phfit
gia'u gidm cho rang chung ta da vinh vien xit, mpt loat cac nflde d Trung, Ddng Au va
di khdi ncJi dd. Nudc Phfip da bi gaeh khdi chfiu A da rdi bo chii nghia tu ban, di theo
ban do chau A, it nhfi't la ve phfldng dien con dUdng ciia Lien Xd vdi ehe' dp xfi hdi
mdt CUdng qud'c co thupc dia" (19).
chii nghia.
Khi Nhfit d i u hang, mdt bfle dien mat
Bgc diem thQ hai Id sU phat trien rpng
ciia Chinh phii My gfli cho cac si quan My khfip ciia phong trfio giai phdng dan toe
hoat dpng trong efic cd quan chi huy trdn tren khfip cfie luc dia A, Phi, My Latinh.
mat trfin chfiu A - Thfii Binh Dfldng da
Tinh hinh noi tren lam eho cac nUdc dd'
nha'n manh: "Bfi't cfl trong trUdng hdp nao qud'c, trUde he't la My rfi't Io ngai. Cac nflde


RgMto ciiru IJch si^. sg 4.2015
ddng minh dfi tiing sat canh ben nhau
chien dfi'u chong phat xit, da nhanh chdng
ehia tay nhau va trd thfinh nhflng ddl
tupng ehdng ddl nhau gay gfit. My ra khoi
cudc chid'n tranh vdi mot flu thd' ndi troi vd
quan sfl, chinh tri, kinh td'. Da't nflde My
khdng bi tfin phfi nhfl cac nflde ddng minh

khac. Hai qua bom nguyen tfl nem xuong
Hiroshima vfi Nagasaki lfi mpt bieu tUpng
vd" sfle manh quan sfl ciia My vdi ddc quyen
bom nguyen tii, ddng thdi lfi mdt thdng diep
rfin de vdi Lien Xd (mai den nfim 1949 Lidn
Xd mdi cd bom nguyen tfl).

he't lfi Phap. Mud'n the, phai cd chinh sach
phu hpp vdi Phap. Luc do, Phap d vao mdt
tinh trang ^dp ve*' vdi cac nflde ddng minh
muo'n khoi phue cic thupc dia nhflng khong
dii Iflc vfi hi My ngfin can. O trong nflde.
Dang Cdng san thfing the' sau ehien tranh,
dxicJc nhan dan tin nhiem do dfi tich cflc
tham gia chid'n dfi'u cho'ng phfit xit Dflc,
dflde tdn vinh lfi "Dang ciia nhflng ngfldi hi
ban" va da tham gia chinh phii.

Trong chu trUdng efi'u tnic Iai Tay Au,
My ra't quan tam de'n nflde Dflc va lo ngai
khi nflde Dflc trd lai hung manh se de dpa
phfit dpng mpt cudc chid'n tranh rfla hfin.
Do dd phai lfim eho Tfiy Au manh ldn, trUde

tudng Anh Sdcsin (Churchill) d TrUdng Dai
hpc Phun tdn (Fulton) bang Mitxuri
(Missouri) My, da md d i u eho cupc "chien
tranh lanh" gifla cac nudc dd' qude vfi eac
Iflc Ifldng dan chu, hda binh tren thd gidi.

O Trung Ddng, phong trao du kich cdng
san ndi len chong cac chinh phii vfi My dfi
phai dd vao 2 nflde do 400 tridu dd la de
Kinh te' My chfing nhflng khdng bi suy giup cfie nflde nfiy cho'ng lai cdng san.
sup mfi cdn gifiu manh hdn nhd ldi nhufin "Ngfiy 9-2-1946, Stalin co bai phat bieu
cua to hdp quan sU - cdng nghidp My dem trong dd dng giai thich vd" "sU khfic nhau
lai do chien tranh va trd thfinh nUdc cung cfin ban gifla chii nghia cpng san vfi ehu
ca'p vien trd eho cac nude chau Au vdi Ke' nghia tU ban. Ong nha'n manh hd tho'ng tfl
hoach Marshall. My nghiim nhien tU xem ban ein de'n eac ngudn nguyen Udu vfi thi
minh Ifi ngfldi lanh dao ciia thd' gidi tfl do trfldng. Cudc Chid'n tranh thd' gidi thfl Hai
ed tie'ng ndi quyet dinh doi vdi eac vfi'n dd" gin dfiy chi lfi mpt trong mpt chudi cupc
qud'e te' va trong Lien hiep qude de thay the' ehien e6 the xay ra va chi c6 thd chfi'm dflt
Hdi qud'c lidn dupc thfinh lfip ngfiy 26-6- khi kinh te' the' gidi chuyen doi sang chu
1945 d San Francisco (My), chinh thfle hoat nghia cpng san" (22). Hai tuan ll sau bfii
dpng tfl ngay 24-10-1945. Sau khi Tdng phfit bidu ciia Stalin, George Kennan, Bp
thd'ng My Frankhin D.Roosevelt mfi't, trudng Bd Ngoai giao My trong mdt bfii bfio
quye"n luc chuye'n sang tay ciia Tong thdng va tie'p theo dd, thang 7-1946, tren td Boi
Henry Truman vdi chie'n Ifldc doi ngoai ngogi (Foreign Affairs) dUdi bi danh X,
hoan toan khac vdi dudng Idl ciia G.Kennan cdng bd mdt bfii bfio dudi d i u dd:
"NhQng ngudn goe cua ehinh sfich Xd vid't",
F.D.Roosevelt.
trong dd dng nhfi'n manh: 'Trai qua 300
Luc nfiy, Truman ra't quan tfim dd'n Tay
nfim lich sfl nUdc Nga va 30 nam lich sfl Xd
Au vfi CO y dinh ca'u tnic Iai Tay Au theo
vie't, ehinh sach ddl ngoai eua MfitxccJ va
hfldng cha'p nhfin sfl chi dao cua My nham
dua tren ba tru cdt: chii nghia dd' qud'c Sa
tao ra it nhfi't lfi mpt the can bang chid'n
hofing, he tu tudng cfich mang cdng san,

Ifldc vdi khoi cfie nude Trung va Ddng Au
che dp Stalin" (23).
dfldi anh hudng eiia dudng loi chinh tri eua
Lidn Xd.
Thfing 3-1946, bfii diln van ciia Thu


Rhhi lai cu6c day Iranfa he hr hr6ng...
Tfl sfl ke't hdp hai ndi dung "chraig chii
nghia cpng san" vfi "chidn tranh lanh" dd
da hinh thfinh "Hpc thuyet Truman".
Hpc thuyd't dd dfi che ngU dUclng loi ddl
ngo^i eiia My trong nhieu thfip ky. Dd lfi
tinh hinh ma nflde Viet Nam, mdt mat
b i n g dudng loi chinh tri cua minh, tid'p
nhfin dUdc anh hudng tich cue cua cac trfio
lflu tie'n bp cCia the gidi dd phat tridn va
mat khac, phai dUdng d i u vdi cac chinh
sfich cua cac chinh quyen My noi tie'p nhau
trong hdn 30 nfim vdi muc dich thii tieu
nen ddc Ifip ciia Vidt Nam vdi lufin diem
chong cpng san.
Trong thdi gian tfl cuoi nfim 1945 dd'n
d i u nam 1946, Chii tieh Hd Chi Minh dfi
gfli 8 bfle thu vfi didn van cho Td'ng thd'ng
vfi Bd Ngoai giao My. Trong dien van ngay
18-10-1945 gfli Truman, Hd Chu tich hoan
nghenh viec thanh lfip Uy ban tfl vfi'n vd
Viln Ddng ciia Lien hiep qud'e vfi chflng
minh vd mat phap ly va thflc te' Viet Nam

phai ed quydn dai didn tai Uy ban nay chfl
khdng phai lfi Phfip.

Ifldc My d Con Minh midn Nam Trung
Qudc ndi ro trong t i e pham Why Vietnam?
(Tai sao Viet Nam?) xufi't ban nam 1980,
trong dd tfie gia dfi ndi ro mpt each trung
thlie nhflng sU kidn lich sfl dfi diln ra trong
nhflng nam td chflc do dng phu trfich da
cpng t i c vdi Viet Minh do Chu tich Hd Chi
Minh lanh dao, mpt nha each mang mfi dng
rfi't kinh men vfi kham phue ve nhan quan
chinh tri sfiu sfic vfi p h i m chfi't dao dflc cao
dep. Tic pham ciing da phd phfin chinh
saeh ehdng cpng sai l i m cua My cl Vidt
Nam trong nhieu thfip ky.
A.Patti da 3 l i n den Ha Npi. Lin thfl
nha't lfi ngay sau khi Cfich mang t h i n g
Tfim thfinh cdng. L i n thfl hai la vfio t h i n g
5-1991. Lan thfl ba lfi vfio dip to chflc
UNESCO tdn vinh Chu tich Hd Chi Minh
la Anh hung giai phong dan tpc vfi Nhfi van
hoa ldn. Tdi da ed may mfin dfldc tid'p xue
vdi dng trong l i n gap thfl hai. Trong l i n
gfip dd, ong noi: Ngay 30-9-1945, tdi de'n
chao Hd Chu tich de vd nUdc. Hd Chii tich
hdi tdi: Thfii dp cua My doi vdi Viet Nam
nhfl the'nao? Cd gi thay ddi. Tdi tra ldi: Tfl
sau khi Roossevelt chd't den nay, tinh hinh
cung chUa co gi rd rang. ChUa co tuyen bo'

nfio chinh thflc ung ho Viet Nam dupe ddc
lfip. Cung nhfl khdng ed tuyen bd' nfio iing
hp Phip trd lai Viet Nam, Chu tich Hd Chi
Minh lac dau va ndi: Cd ai mu ma khdng
thfi'y My dfi bfit dau thay ddi chinh sach, da
cung efi'p eho Phap vu khi vfi phUdng tidn
chie'n tranh. Phap se sdm mudn xam chid'm
Lfio, Campuchia, Trung Ky vfi ca Bfie Ky
nfla. Dieu dd, hp se phai tra bfing mdt gia
dfit, Patti cho r i n g do lfi mot loi tien tri da
dupe thue hien sau 30 nfim khi My thfi't bai
6 Viet Nam.

Trong thfl gfli Truman ngfiy 16-2-1946,
Hd Chii tich lai keu gpi Tong thd'ng My tdn
trpng tinh t h i n va ldi vfin cua Tuyen bd' 12
diem cua ehinh Qng ta va nhflng bai phat
bieu ciia cfie dai dien My tai Lien hidp qud'c
de CO "budc quyd't dinh iing hd nen dpc lfip
ciia Vidt Nam". Ngfldi nha'n manh: "Muc
tieu cua chflng toi la ddc lap hoan toan va
hdp t i e toan dien vdi Hoa Ky. Chung tdi se
lfim he't sflc minh de lam cho nen dpc lap va
sfl hdp tae nay trd ndn cd ldi cho toan thd
gidi" (24).
Tid'c rfing nhflng bfle thu vfi didn vfin
trdn dfiy dfi khdng nhfin dupe mot hdi am
nfio eiia cfie nhfi c i m quyen My luc do.
Thflc te tren da dfldc Thid'u tfi Archimeds
My dfi thu dudc kd't qua gi trong viec

Patti, Iiic dd phu trich td chflc OSS (Office thflc hidn ehinh sach ehd'ng cdng kd't hdp
of Strategic Service), cum tinh bao chie'n vdi sfl dung ehieu bfii ung hd chii nghia dfin


12

Rghien ctru i*jch siS-. s6 4.2015

tdc. Hay de cho cac nhfi chinh khach Phfip,
My tra Idi.

vach t r i n chinh saeh va nhflng thfi't hai
dau ddn trong viec thflc hien" (26).

Tren thuc te', chinh sach ndi tren khdng
CO gi mdi. Nd da dupe Phap thflc hien khi
xfim lupc Viet Nam. Tudng Leclerc, khi
dupc de nghi thay vi do ddc - thiy tu ndi
tie'ng cd chinh sach eiing rfin vdi edng san
sang Ddng Dfldng lfim Td'ng tfl ldnh quan
vien ehinh da tfl choi vi t h i y rd khdng thd
thfing dupc trong cupc ehien tranh d Vidt
Nam. Leclerc cd cau noi ndi tieng: "Chii
nghia cho'ng cpng la mdt ddn bay khong cd
diem tfla ehflng nfio ngUdi ta chfla giai
quyd't dfldc vfi'n de dfin tpc".

Trong mpt cupc didu tran trflde Quoc hpi
My, trflde sU thfit khdng thd chdl eai noi
trdn, cac Thflpng nghi si Fulbright vfi

Church da phai thfla nhfin: "Nhflng nhfi
lanh dao edng san lfi kie'n true su thfit su
cua nen dpc lap dan tdc Vidt Nam" (27).

Rut kinh nghidm thfi't bai cua Phip,
Tdng thdng De Gaulle da noi thfing vdi
Tdng thdng My Kennedy tfl nfim 1961: "He
tu tudng ma cac dng neu ra eung chfing
thay ddi dupc gi. Cac dng cang lao vao
cho'ng chu nghia cdng san d do (Viet Nam)
thi nhflng ngfldi cdng san cang ndi bat len
la nhflng ehien si eiia dpc lfip dfin tdc vfi
cfing dfldc iing hp" (25).
Thfla nhfin sU thfi't bai eua My trong
chinh sach ehd'ng edng d mien Nam Viet
Nam, ThUdng nghi si My Fulbright trong
quyen sach "Su ngang ngUde cua quyen uy"
dfi vid't: "Quan diem eiia My ve cich mang
bi chi phdl bdi mot vfi'n de ddn gian nhUng
cho tdi nay vfin khong the khac phuc dfldc:
Chiing ta co thai do thu dich vdi chii nghla
cdng san, ddng thdi Iai ddng tinh vdi chii
nghla dfin tdc vfi khi chii nghia cdng san vfi
chii nghla dfin tdc gan lien vdi nhau thi
chiing ta dam ra bdi rdi, thfi't vpng, cam
tfle, ha'p tfi'p, vdi va va ba't nhfi't. Trong
trfldng hpp cfich mang Cuba vfi chien tranh
d Vidt Nam trong do ehu nghia edng san vfi
chii nghia dfin tdc lien ket chat che vdi
nhau. My da vfi'p phai nhflng vfi'n de tid'n

thoai Ifldng nan he't sflc gay go trong vide

3. Viet N a m s a u k h a n g c h i e n cho'ng
My thfing Icfi
Ngay 30-4-1975, khdng chi nhan dan
Viet Nam phfi'n khdi, vui mflng tot dp don
nhfin tin cudc khfing chie'n chong My da
toan thfing mfi ban be khap nam chau da
tiing ung hd Viet Nam chid'n da'u cung chia
se niem vui dd. Sau 20 nfim bi chia cat, dfi't
nude thu ve" mpt mdl, hai mien Nam Bfie lai
sum hpp mpt nhfi.
NhQng ngfiy vui da sdm qua di. Nhfin
dan Viet Nam dflng trUdc nhQng kho khan
cflc ldn dang bay ra trUdc mat. 20 nfim
chien tranh dfi tfin phfi dfi't nUdc. Tren
mien Bfie, cic cd sd san xua't edng nghiep,
ndng nghidp, cac tuyen giao thdng huyd't
maeh bi hai cudc chie'n tranh khdng quan
pha hoai nang ne. Ludng thuc thie'u thdn
nghidm trpng. Vien trd quoe te' ke ca cae
nude xa hpi chu nghia h i u nhU khdng cdn.
Lam phat phi ma de'n 3 con so. Chinh sfich
bao vay, ca'm van ciia My cfing lam cho tinh
hinh da't nUdc them khd khfin.
0 mien Nam, hfing trieu ngfldi thfi't
nghiep. ChOi nghla thuc dfin mdi My dd Iai
nhQng td nan xa hpi nghiem trpng (cfie
bang eUdp, ma tuy, mai dfim). Cac Iiic
lupng vfi td chflc phan ddng am muu pha

hoai chinh quyen cfich mang. Mpt so lUdng
nhan dan khdng nhd, du khdng mudn,
nhUng do khdng vfldt qua dfldc kho khfin
trong ddi sd'ng da chpn con dfldng di tan
sang My.


Rhin lai cuQc dau tranh he hr hr^ng...
Vd" mat chu quan, mdt sd chinh sach d
mien Bfie khong thich hdp vdi tinh hinh
mien Nam mdi giai phong (hpp tac hda
ndng nghiep, cai tao cong, thUdng nghiep
tu ban tu doanh) da lfim cho tam ly xfi hdi
them cfing thang vfi lo ngai. Quan trpng
hdn nfla lfi cung trong thdi gian do, trong
khi hfiu qua cua cudc chie'n tranh chdng My
cdn chfla dfldc khfie phuc thi nhfin dan Viet
Nam lai phai chiu dUng hai cupc chidn
tranh tid'p noi, mpt d bidn gidi phia Bfie,
mpt d bien gidi Tay Nam. Dieu cin nhfi'n
manh lfi hai cupc chie'n tranh nay khdng
phai do cac nflde de qudc gfiy ndn ma la do
cfie nha lanh dao Trung Qudc vfi
Campuchia, nhflng nflde mang danh nghia
chii nghia xa hoi p h i t dpng.
NhQng ldi Ie nguy bidn ve nguyen nhan
dUa qufin vfio Vi^t Nam di day cho Vidt
Nam mpt bfii hpc lfi do Viet Nam lien tue
gay ha'n vdi Trung Qud'e khong thuyet phuc
dflpc nhan dan the' gidi vfi ngay ca du lufin

lanh manh, khach quan ciia nhan dan
Trung Quo'c cd cam tinh vdi Viet Nam eung
khdng ddng tinh.
Chudi sfl kidn lich sii ngfiy 19-1-1974
danh chidm q u i n dao Hofing Sa ngay 17-21979 dfla qufin xfim lupc Viet Nam, ngfiy
18-3-1988 dfinh chie'm dao Gae Ma va vao
nhflng nam cua thfip ky d i u the' ky XXI
lien tuc vi pham chii quyen Ifinh hai cua
Vipt Nam trdn Bidn Ddng, bfi't ehfi'p Lufit
bien qudc te nam 1982 eua Lien hiep quo'c,
mUu toan bid'n Bien Ddng thanh ao nha.
Tfi't ca nhQng hanh dpng dd da bpc Id y
dd ciia Trung Qud'c mud'n trd thfinh mdt
sieu cUdng vdi chinh sach bfinh trUdng ba
quydn nudc ldn bupc cic nflde trong khu
vflc trong dd cd Vipt Nam phai ehfi'p nhan
vai trd ba chii cua Trung Qude. Dan tdc
Vipt Nam la mpt dan tdc cd truyen thong
coi trpng tinh nghia. Nhfin dan Viet Nam

rfi't bid't dn vfi quy trpng sfl giflp dd cua
Trung Qud'c trong sU nghiep da'u tranh giai
phdng dan tdc, nhflng nhfin dan Viet Nam
cdn quy trpng hdn dudng loi ddc lap tu chu
ciia minh, khong vi nhflng ldi ich ed dfldc
nd'u theo Trung Quo'c ma bd rdi dai nghia,
thflc hidn nhflng quan he qud'c td' xa rdi
nhflng nguyen tfie ciia chii nghia xa hpi.
Ddi vdi Campuchia, Viet Nam da khdng
nhfin thflc kip thdi ban cha't phan ddng ciia

tfip dofin Pdn Pdt
Idng Xary. Chung
khdng nhflng da thuc hien chinh sach diet
chiing ddl vdi nhfin dfin Campuchia mfi cdn
tie'n cdng qufin sU, giet hai nhan dan Vidt
Nam d eae tinh bien gidi Vidt NamCampuchia vdi sU Oing hp va vidn trp ciia
Trung Qudc.
Khi nhflng nhfi lanh dao each mang
Campuchia de nghi Viet Nam giup dd, sfl
thfi'm n h u i n tinh nhan van cua chii nghia
xa hdi va tfl tfldng Hd Chi Minh "giup ban
la tu giup minh", khdng cho phep Vidt Nam
khoanh tay dflng nhin dan tpc Campuchia
bi tidu didt. Hanh dpng do co mpt thdi gian
bi ngd nhfin, nhflng sau nfiy da dfldc nhan
thfle lai khi Tda an qudc td xfl tdi didt
chung cua tap dofin Pdn Pd't - Idng Xary.
Nhfliig nhfi lanh dao Campuchia da bpc
Id tinh cam chfin thanh cua minh khi ndi
rang khdng cd sii giup dd eua Viet Nam thi
khdng cd Campuchia ngay nay. Cupc chid'n
dfi'u chdng hai cupc chie'n tranh d bidn gidi
phia Bac vfi bidn gidi phia Tay Nam cung
vdi thUc trang cua dfi't nflde nhU dfi ndi d
trdn dfi ve nen mdt bfle tranh xim, hay ndi
mdt cfich khac dd lfi cudc khiing hoang kinh
td - xa hdi gay gfit. Cudc khung hoang kinh
td - xa hdi dd da bfit dau tfl nhflng nfim trflde
khi chu nghia xa hpi hien thUc trdn the gidi
thfi't bai, trUde khi Lidn Xd vfi cac nudc xfi

hdi chu nghia d Ddng Au sup do. Vdi tinh
t h i n trich nhidm trudc van mdnh cua dan


Rghien cflu Lich sir. s6 4.2015
tdc dang bi de dpa nghiem trpng. Dang chii
trUdng phai dua dfi't nflde ra khdi cupc
khung hoang dd. Trong tinh hinh luc do.
Dang khdng the trdng chd vfio bfi't cfl sfl giup
dd cua luc lUdng nfio khfic ngofii lue lUdng
ciia ehinh ban thfin dan tpc Viet Nam.
Dang nhan dinh mpt md hinh ciia chu
nghia xa hoi tha't bai khong cd nghia Ifi
nhflng nguyen Iy cua chu nghia xa hdi
khdng cdn gifi tri. Qua nhidu nam theo ddi
va tdng ke't cfie hoat ddng thuc tien cua
nhan dan va eae dia phUdng, Dai hpi lan
thfl VI ciia Dang (nfim 1986) vdi tinh than
diing cam "nhin thang vfio sii that, ndi ro
Sli that" da dd ra dfldng Idl ddi mdi tu duy,
trflde hd't la tfl duy kinh td'. Dudng 161 dd'i
mdi phe phan sfiu sfic tfie hai eua chu nghia
giio dieu, va nhiing khuynh hfldng tu
tudng chu quan, duy y chi, ndng vpi, dd't
chay giai doan da nhan thfle khdng diing
vfi xfl ly khdng diing vfi'n de thdi ky qufi dp
ldn ehu nghia xa hpi d mpt nudc cd nen
kinh te lac hau nhfl Viet Nam.
Thuc chfi't cua cdng cupc doi mdi la trd
lai tu duy dpc lap, tu chii sing tao cua Chu

tich Hd Chi Minh, khai pha mdt con dudng
mdi dua dfi't nude qua nhieu giai doan qua
dp tie'n len chii nghia xa hpi, la trd lai
nhflng quan diem cd ban dung dan cua hoc
thuyet Mae - Lenin. Mac da tiing ndi: "Chu
nghia cdng san khdng phai lfi mdt trang
thai cin phai sang tao ra, khdng phai lfi
mdt Iy tfldng mfi hidn thue phai khudn
theo. Chung ta gpi chii nghia cdng san lfi
mpt phong trao hidn thflc, nd xda bo trang
thii hien nay" (28).
Cin hieu diing cau noi cua Mac nhfl
sau: Chu nghla edng san khdng phai la cau
tra Idi cho mpt sfl mong mud'n eua con
ngfldi (tfle la mpt khfii nidm duy tam,
khdng tudng) ma lfi cau tra Idi cho mpt sfl
vfin dpng lich sfl hien thflc (khii nidm duy
vfit bidn chfliig).

Sau thfing Idi cua Cach mang thing
Mudi 1917, cfin cfl vfio thflc tiln each mang
nflde Nga, Lenin vie't: "Khdng edn nghi ngd
gi nfla rfing each mang xa hpi chii nglm
nhfi't dinh phai mang nhQng hinh thflc dae
thu trong mdt nudc ma dfin so" ndng thdn
rfi't ldn" (29). Lenin cdn ndi: "Ne'u phfin tich
tinh hinh chinh tri hien nay, cd thd ndi
rang chung ta dang d vao mpt thdi ky qua
dp trong thdi ky qufi dp" (30).
Vdi dudng Idl ddi mdi, Viet Nam bat diu

phfit trien nen kinh te' nhieu thanh phan,
hdi nhfip quoc te', hoat ddng theo cd che thi
trUdng dudi sfl quan ly cua Nhfi nflde theo
dinh hudng xfi hpi chii nghia. Trong qufi
trinh hpi nhap kinh te' thi trUdng, da nay
sinh trong Dang vfi trong xfi hdi tu tudng lo
ngai lieu tham gia qua sfiu vfio kinh td' thi
trUdng cd dan dd'n chii nghia xfi hpi di
chech hudng?
Can c6 mpt cich nhin bidn chflng ve vfi'n
de nfiy. Ba mfldi nfim ddi mdi da chflng td
sU lo ngai do lfi khdng co cfin efl. Sfl that la
cho ddn nay, dfi't nUdc ta edn nhieu viec
phai lfim di tham gia diy du kinh te thi
trfldng. Cd tham gia day dii, tich cUc, manh
me, kinh te' thi trUdng mdi nang cao dUdc
nfing luc hdp tac vfi canh tranh dUa nen
kinh te' len mpt quy md ldn, mdt chat lUdng
cao vfi san xufi^t ra nhieu cua cai, Ifim cho
da't nUdc ngay eang giau co vfi tren cd sd dd,
Nhfi nudc xfi hpi chii nghia va Dang Cpng
san cd dieu kidn de the hien tinh Uu viet
cua chu nghia xa hdi trong sfl phan phdl va
phfin phdl lai thfinh qua cua ndn kinh te va
thflc hien eae ehinh sich xa hpi lfim cho ddi
sdng cua nhan dfin ca ve vat chfi't vfi tinh
t h i n ngfiy cfing tot dep.
Nfim nay, ngofii ky niem 40 nam khang
ehien ehdng My thang ldi, giai phdng mien
Nam, thdng nha't dfi't nudc, nhfin dan Viet

Nam edn ky nidm 70 nfim Cfich mang


Rhin lai cu6c <3au tranh he hr hrAng...
t h i n g Tfim, 85 nfim thfinh lfip Dang Cdng

Vdi tinh than dd, Dang vfi Nhfi nUde

san Vidt Nam, 125 nam ngfiy sinh Chu tich

Vidt Nam dang phat huy trfich nhiem lanh

Hd ChiMinh.

dao toan dan tie'p tuc cdng cudc ddi mdi dd

Trong ngay ky niem 4 nfim Cich mang
t h i n g Mudi Nga t h i n g

thUc hidn cfie muc tieu: dan giau, nflde

lpi, Ldnin ndi:

manh, xa hdi dan ehu, cdng bfing, vfin minh

Cach ky nidm cd y nghia nha't lfi hofin

vfi sfl nghiep doan kdt vdi nhan dfin thd

thfinh nhflng nhiem vu each mang con

gidi xay dflng mpt nen hda binh vfi cdng ly

dang dd.

bdn vflng cho tofin nhfin Ioai.

CHU THICH
(1), <2), (3), (4). Bdi hoc Viet Nam. Tap chi XUa
vd Nay, BO 228, thang 4-2006.
(5). F.Low: Struggle for Asia (Cuoc da'u tranh
gihnh chSu A), London, 1955, tr.132-159

forward strategy for America (Mgt chi€'n lUdc tien
phong cho nU6c My). N.Y, 1965, tr.275.

Claude

Outa

I'lmperiaUm

(Chu nghia de qu6c My di den dflu?).

Editions sociales, Paris, 1956, tr. 196.
diplosmas

in the

d la Maison Blanche (Mot ngfin ngky cua Kennedy cr

Nhfi Trflng). Nxb. De Noel, Paris, 1966, tr.3U.

Oxford University Press, 1990, tr.l95.

Dumont, Paris, 1954, tr.25.
- Soeidogie

dVume

guerre (Viet Nam - Xa hgi hge mSt cu6c chid'n
tranh). Nxb. Du Seuil, P a n s 1952, tr.34.

cUu lich sfl Dang xuilit ban, Ha Ngi, 1965, tr.42.
(9), (10). Trich tii tfii lifu Le Ddng Dumg

manquee

(Lich sfl mgt nen hoa binh bj bo 13). Nxb. Ajmist

(19). Paul Mus: Vietnam

(8). Vdn kien Dgi hdi Ddng ldn thil: hai. Ban Nghien

twuentieth

century (Ngoai giao My trong the ky XX). Nxb.

(18). J.Sainteny: Histoire d'ume paix

(7). A. Schlesinger Jr: Les mUle jours de Kennedy

Cdng

sdn Ddng. LUu trfl tai Vifn Bao tfing C6ch m^ng
Vi|t Nam, k J hieu C.Vl2a4.

(20). Saiseteny. Sdd, tr.95.
(21). C. Mac va Ph. Angghen: Tuyin ngdn ciia
Ddng Cgng sdn. Nxb. Chinh tri Quoc gia, Hfl Nfli,

(11). Vdn kiin Ddng 1930-1945. Nxb. Su that,
Hfi Noi, 1965, tr.258.

1998, tr.63.
(22), (23). American di plomacy.

(12), (13), (25), (26). Bdn linh Viit Nam qua
cudc khdng chiin chdng My. Nxb. Tri thUc, Ha Noi,
2007, tr. 323, 323, 456, 456.

Sdd, tr. 205;

205, 208-209.
(24). H5 Chi Mmh todn tdp, tap 4, tr.l77.
(27). W.Fulbright: The Vietnam hearings (Dieu

(14). Bradavin la thii phii ciia viing chau Phi
xich d^o thuge Phap, nay la Thii do ciia nUdc Cgng
hoa Cong Go (Congo).

trdn ve Viet Nam). Nxb The Vintage Books, N.Y
1966, tr.55.
(28). C.Mac va Ph.Ang ghen - Tuyin tap, tflp I.

d'outremer

(Nu6c Phflp hai ngoai). Nxb. Hachette, Paris,
1978, tr. 209-210.

Henri

(17). American

(6). R.Strausz Hupe, W.Kintnow, S.Poasony, A

(15). Michel Devdze: La France

(16).
Americain?

Nxb. Su that. Ha Ngi, 1980, tr.29
(29), (30). V.I. Lenin • Todn tap, t§p 49. Nxb.
Tien b6 MatxctJva, 1977, tr. 250.