TÍN NGƯỠNG TÔN GIÁO CỦA NGƯỜI MƯỜNG Ở THANH HÓA

VE TIN NCl/dNC TON GIAO
CUA Ncirdi Mi/dNC 6 THANH HOA
MAI VAN TtlNG*

T

dn giao khdng chi lfi dra tUdng
nghien cflu eua ngfinh khoa hpe tdn
gifio mfi cdn lfi dm tupng nghidn cflu cua
nhieu ngfinh khoa hpc khfic nhfl lich sfl, triet
hpc, nhfin hpc... Tfl khi khoa hpc tdn gifio
hinh thfinh, cfie nha khoa hpc nghien cflu ve
tdn gifio hpe da phan loai cfie hinh thflc tdn
giao theo nghia hep va nghia rdng. Nghia
hep, lfi ehi mdt tdn giao cu thi cd he thd'ng to'
ehfle vdi gifio nghia vfi nghi le ciing cac dng
ehu td' thi hfinh eae Id nghi tdn giao ay, vi du
nhu Phat gifio hay Kitd gifio... Nghia rdng, lfi
ehi tfi't ca nhflng gi hen quan deh danh tfl tdn
gifio, mang tinh tdn gifio... Hay noi khae di lfi
mpi ton giao cd td' ehfle vfi khdng cd td' ehfle
(nhfl viec thd cung td tien ciing dflpc xem lfi
mot loai hinh ciia tdn gifio).
Tuy vfiy, cho den hien nay eung cdn cac
quan didm khfic nhau ve tin ngfldng, tdn
gifio. Lfi mdt trong nhflng nha nghien eflu
hfing dau ve" tdn gifio d 'Viet Nam, GS Dang
Nghidm Van khdng mudn phan chia rach
rdi gifla tin ngudng va tdn giao, cung nhfl
khdng nha't tri ve thuat ngfl tin ngfldng
dfin gian. Ong eho rfing ein xem lai sfl

phfin bipt cae efi'p dp, cfie hinh thfii tdn giao,
khdng nen eoi tin ngudng, tdn gifio nhu hai
cfi'p dp cao thfi'p (1). Trong khi dd GS Phan
* TS. Trudng Dai hpe Hdng Dflc

Ngpe lai cho rang, nd'u tin ngudng pho bien
trong nhan loai thi tdn giao lfi mdt hipn
tupng ridng cua mpt sd tde ngfldi vfi ton
gifio chi ra ddi khi xufi't hidn tU tudng phg
phfin tin ngfldng, ehfi'p nhan cfii nfiy gat ho
eai kia, td ehfle lai tfi't ca theo mdt nguyen
ly chfit ehe. Nd'u nhfl tin ngUdng ehi ddn
t h u i n la mdt thdi quen dflpc ehfi'p nh^n
khdng cin dd'n sfl 1;^ giai thi tdn giao doi hoi
mdt sfl ly giai, it nhfi't cin dd'n logic (2).
Quan diem nghidn cflu tdn giao trong
nhfin hpc theo nghia rpng. Khi quan niem
vd^ tdn gifio theo nghTa rdng, ngudi ta cdn c6
thi phan loai tdn giao mdt each co diln lfi
tdn gifio nguyen thiiy, tdn giao dan toe (hay
qud'c gia) va tdn giao th^ gidi.
Tdn giao nguydn thuy lfi tdn giao cua
nhiing ngfldi sd'ng trong xa hpi chua cd chii
vidt. Dd lfi tdn giao chi lflu hfinh trong
pham vi mpt dan tdc hay chiing tdc.
Tdn giao t h ^ gidi la tdn giao khfi pho
bie'n trdn thS^ gidi, lflu hanh rdng rai trong
nhieu dan tdc nhfl Phfit giao, Thidn chua
giao, Hdi giao...
Nhin chung, vfi'n de phan loai tdn giao

chi lfi tflpng doi. Vi suy eho dd'n tfin g6c re
thi tdn gifio t h ^ gidi cung bfit ngudn tfl tfln
giao dan tdc va ngpn nguon eua tdn giao


ve Hn ngirong Wn gl6o e^a ngudl mtrtog..
dan tde lai bat ngudn tfl tdn giao nguydn
thuy.
Nghien cflu ve tin ngfldng tdn gifio cua
ngudi Mfldng d Thanh Hda, chflng tdi theo
quan diem cua khoa hpc nhan hpc
(Anthropology). Dd lfi hieu tdn giao theo
nghia rdng chfl khdng theo nghla hep.
Nghia la ta't ca nhflng gi lien quan dd'n
danh tfl tin ngfldng hay tdn gifio, cd hfinh vi
tdn gifio, mang tinh tdn gifio...; hay ndi
khac di lfi mpi tdn gifio cd to' chflc vfi khdng
ed td chflc nhfl vide thd cflng td' tien, hay
thd eflng eac vi t h i n tii nhien, nhflng kieng
ky... deu dUde xem lfi tdn gifio.
1. Doi net ve ngifcfi Mviitng d T h a n h Hda
Ngudi Mudng d Thanh Hda sd'ng tap
trung chu yd'u d cac huyen Thach Thfinh,
Cim Thuy, Ba Thfldc, Ngpe Lac, Nhfl
Thanh, hien cd tren 35 van ngfldi. Dia ban
efl trfl eua ngfldi Mfldng d Thanh Hda ehu
yd'u lfi vflng thung lung - bdn dia, mien
trung du, nfli thfi'p ven eae lflu vflc sdng Ma,
sdng Chu, sdng Am, sdng Ciu Chfiy, sdng
Budi, sdng Muc... O viing nfiy cd nhflng

thung liing Idn vfi nhflng bai boi ven sdng
dfi't dai mau md. Bdi vfiy, ngudi Mfldng 5 day
da phat tridn nghe ndng trdng Ifla nUdc tfl
rfi't lau ddi. Ben canh canh tfie rupng nudc
ddng bfio cdn ke't hdp canh tfie nfldng rfiy.
Rflng phan ldn lfi rflng nguydn sinh ed nhieu
mudng thu. Hp th^ng sdng sudi mang lai
ngudn ldi ldn ca, tdm, cua, d'e...
Von la cfl dan ban dia, xUa kia hp sdng
chia yd'u d cac mfldng cd, mfldng ldn nhfl
mfldng Phfi'm, mfldng Gianh, mfldng Vam,
mfldng Vong, mfldng K m , mfldng Cdi,
mfldng Trfic (huyen Cam Thiiy); mfldng Ne
(Yen Dinh), mfldng Chenh (Mudng Chanh),
mfldng Khat, mfldng Giao Lao (huydn Lang
Chanh); mfldng Rfic, mudng Ngdn, mudng
Mdn, mfldng Lfip (Ngpe Lac); mudng Dii,
mfldng La Khdn, mfldng Dp, mfldng Vdn
(huydn Thach Thfinh); mfldng Lfin Ru

65
(huydn Nhfl Xufin); mudng Ong, mUdng Ai,
mudng Khd, mudng Tien, mUdng Trud'i
(huydn Ba Thudc)...
Ngfldi Mudng d Thanh Hda dUdc efi'u
thanh tfl nhieu bp phfin khac nhau. Bg
phgn tha nhat, dang ehu y nhfi't vfi eung lfi
edt ldi ciia ngudi Mfldng xfl Thanh dd la
khdi cfl dan Mudng ban dia, hp tfl nhan
minh la Mdn Ha (tfle ngudi Mfldng Trong,

edn gpi lfi Mudng sdng Ma). Dfiy la bd phfin
CO ngudn goe Iieh sfl lau ddi efl tru chii yd'u d
cac vung Bfi Thflde, Ngpe Lfie, Lang Chfinh,
Cim Thuy. Tinh ban dia cua bd phfin dang
kd nfiy khdng pha tap, khdng ddng hda,
khdng lfin vdi eac bd phfin khfic tfl tid'ng ndi
dd'n trang phuc. Bg phgn thit hai, lfi ngudi
Mudng tfl phia Bfie, ehu yeu lfi ngfldi Mudng
Bi tinh Hda Binh di cu vao sau nfiy dupc gpi
lfi Mdn Hee, hay Molbi (3). Bd phfin nay
sd'ng chu yd'u d cfie huydn Thach Thanh,
Nhfl Thanh va mot so it d huyen Cim Thuy,
Ngpe Lac vfi mpt so huydn khfie. Qufi trinh
di efl nfiy didn ra ehii yd'u trflde Cfich mang
thfing Tam nam 1945. Bd phdn thU ba, ed
ngudn gdc tfl ngfldi Thai, ngudi Kinh do
sdng xen ke lfiu ngfiy vdi ngfldi Mudng ndn
dfi dflde Mfldng hda.
Ngfldi Mudng Thanh Hda ndi chung cd
kho tfing vfin hda dan gian gifiu chfi't ban
dia, phong phu va da dang ve" the loai.
Trong dd ndi bfit lfi cac truydn ke v i truyin
thuyd't, cd tich, sfl tich, tuc ngfl, cfiu dd', dan
ca va hang van eau sfl thi dfi dupe bidn tfip
thfinh Mo sfl thi dan tde Mfldng (4). Dfiy la
mdt trudng thidn hflng trfing ed mdt khdng
hai ciia ngfldi Mfldng e^ d Ddng Nam A.
Dfing quan tam nhfi't d day lfi trong kho
tang van hoa dan gian, ngudi Mfldng cd ddi
sdng tdn gifio diy tinh nhan vfin vfi huyen

didu, dd lfi mdt p h i n quan trpng khdng the
thieu dupe trong ddi song tinh thin, phan
anh nhfin thflc vd" nhan sinh quan va the'
gidi quan sau sfic.


do gifla thang 9 Am lich). Trong cac ll vfit
dang ldn td' tien gin nhU bfit budc phai cd
nude lfi, t r i u cau, rflpu va ngfiy khai ha,
Nhiiu dan tdc d Viet Nam ndi ridng va mdng 5 thang 5 vfi tet cdm mdi bfit budc
the gidl noi chung tin rang chet lfi ve vdi td phai cd cfi. Phai cd cdm d i u vu vfi efi diu
tidn ndi chin sudi; tin rfing tuy d ndi am phu, mfla. Dfiy cung lfi mong mudn no du hfing
chin sudi, nhUng dng bfi td' tidn vfin thudng bao ddi nay ciia ngfldi Mfldng.
Thd thdnh hoang ldng
xuydn ve thfim nom, phfl hd cho eon chfiu...
Trflde day, tue thd thanh hofing cflng
Niem tin nfiy lfi ed sd hinh thfinh tin ngudng
phd' bien d cae vung Mfldng Thanh Hda,
thd eflng td tidn.
Thd cung to tien eung lfi mdt net vfin hda nhflng kha thinh hanh d cac huyen Thach
tam linh ciia ngfldi Mudng. NgUdi MUdng Thfinh, Ba Thude, Ngoc Lfic... Cae vi thfinh
gpi td' tidn lfi ma nhfi. Qua ldi eflng eho bid't t h i n d day diu lfi phuc t h i n .
6 Ngoc L4c, tidu bieu nhfl thd anh hflng
ngudi Mudng thd eflng den 5 ddi {ong tot ta
da tdi het; co td dd quang; ong cdmd co; ong dfin tde Ld Lpi (lang Nhfl Ang, xa Kien
mdn mu; ong chua hoc mu ngobc nhd) (5). Thp), cac khai quoe cdng than nhu Ld Lai
Thi hi$n d^o ly ud'ng nflde nhd ngudn va y Gang Dung Tu - lfing Tdp) d xa Kien Thp,
thflc sfiu sfic v i t i m quan trpng eua nhflng Dinh Ld, Dinh Bd, Dinh Lipt (xfi Minh
ngfldi da khufi't trong pham vi gia dinh, Tieh), Pham Cud'ng (xa Vfin Am)...
ddng hp. Ndi thd to tien dflde dinh vi t^i mdt

6 Ba Thfldc cd d i n thd qufin cdng Hfi
gian quan trpng, dd lfi gian chinh cua nha Cdng Thai (7), dan gian quen gpi lfi ehfla
sfin, gian nfiy cd cfla sd' gpi lfi vodng tdng. Meo. Ha Cdng Thai thudc ddng hp Hfi
Tren giUdng thd cd the cd mfi'y mfim, nhflng Cdng, ddng ddi lang dao nhieu ddi d vflng
mfim dng chua ndc, bfi gde nhfi dflde dat Mudng Bfi Thudc (Thanh Hda). La ngUdi
canh edt cai nha gae (6).
ra't cd cdng vdi trieu Nguyin ndn dupc trieu
Khae vdi nhiiu dan tdc, ngUdi Mudng thd dinh phong tdi ehfle quan cdng, kham sai
gia tien cd diem rieng. Dd lfi tfi't ca nhiilng chanh thd'ng Ifinh thfldng dao trfi'n Thanh
ddi dUdc thd ciing deu dfldc kinh ngfldng Hoa. Sau khi dng mfi't (nfim 1822, tfle nfim
nhu nhau. NhUng khi cha me da qufi cd'thi Nham Ngp), vfio thdi vua Minh Mdnh dflde
ngudi eon tdn cha me ldn lfim dng ehfla ndc, nhfin dan dia phfldng dung den thd. Hidn
ba gdc nha. Cfl nhu thd' lin lupt doi qua efic nay den thd Ha Cdng Thfii thude xa Diin
ddi. Dd lfi ghi nhd edng dn ngUdi true tid'p Trung. Day la ehon tam linh eiia ngUdi
sinh ra minh. Dfiu eon chau vfin thUdng nhd Mfldng Khd ndi ridng vfi cua ngUdi dfin Cim
dng bfi nhimg quan diem eua ngfldi Mfldng Thuy (trudc day), Bfi Thfldc (sau nfiy) noi
v i dm dfldng cd khae. Am dUdng cfich trd chung. Hfing nam efl vfio dip 20 thang 8 Am
"dudng ai nfi'y budc, dupc ai nay di". Khi con lich li hdi Mudng Khd lai dUpc diin ra nhdn
chau cd thfip hfldng mdi dd'n mdi trd v i nhip t h i hipn ldng thanh kinh cua ngUdi
hudng ed vfi phfl hd cho con ehfiu binh an.
dan dia phfldng vdi qufin cdng Hfi Cdng
Ngfldi Mfldng thudng ehi thfip hfldng mdi Thai. Ngoai ra, d vung Mfldng Bfi Thfldc cdn
td' tidn ve hfldng le vfio nhiing dip quan cd 3 diem tam hnh khac dd lfi Mid'u (lfing
trpng nhfl Td't Nguyen dan, td't mdng 5 Dfim, xa Lam Xa), den Doi vfi den thd Hfi
thfing 5, td't rfla lfi Ifla (thupng diin thang Vfin Nho.
7), td't cdm mdi (sau khi thu hoach xong, vfio
d vflng Mudng Thach Thanh, nhiJng di

2. Nhiing net ctf b a n ve t i n ngflfing t d n
giao cua ngvtdi Mvidng d T h a n h Hda

Thd cung to tien


a^—^a ***" a'"w' •titt uyuui

uiinmg...

tich xfla cdn lai khdng nhieu, mdt vfii di tich
edn l?ii dSh nay, trong do tidu bieu phai ke
den din Tam Thanh. Din nay tfldng truyen
thd bp ba tfldng cua Tan Vidn, eon r l vua
Hiing vfldng thfl 18. Quy md cua den khdng
ldn lfim nhflng thudc loai b i thd' trong vung.
Diiu vd't kid'n true edn lai ngfiy nay lfi dfi'u
vit kid'n true thdi Nguyin. Day lfi ndi tdn
nghiem vfi td^ li quan trpng cua Mfldng Du
xua vfi lfing An Do sau nfiy. Thin pha ciia
din cd ndi de'n viec Ly Nam D^ t u i n du qua
dfiy vfi nghi tai den nfiy. Sau nay mpt sd
trieu vua Nguyin eung ed sfic phong cho
din. ChUa ndi dd'n cfie nghi l i vfi ngh$ thufit
kid^n trflc, rieng vide thanh Tan Vidn tfl he
thong t h i n didn eua ngUdi Vidt dflde ngfldi
Mfldng d day phong lfim Thanh hofing eung
dfit ra vfi'n de v i mdi quan hd Vidt - Mfldng
trong sinh hoat vSn hoa truyin thdng eua
ngfldi Mudng Du (8). Qua day cho thfi'y,
ngUdi Mfldng cd truyen thong uong nflde nhd
ngudn, tri an nhiSng ngfldi cd cdng vdi dfin
vdi nflde. Dd lfi ed sd hinh thfinh ndn tin

ngudng sung bai con ngUdi tfl bao ddi nay
cua ngUdi Mfldng d Thanh Hoa ndi rieng vfi
d nflde ta ndi chung.
Tin ngudng thd Mau
Khdi cU dan Viet - Mfldng ndi rieng ed
truyin thdng thd Mfiu. 6 Vi^t Nam, tin
ngudng thd M i u tfl lfiu da trd thfinh mdt
dao tidu bieu - dao Mfiu (9). Day vfla la dfic
trflng tdn giao, vfla lfi mfiu sd ehung v i tin
ngfldng eua cac cfl dan ndng nghidp Ifla
nflde ndi chung trong viec d i eao vfi coi
trpng Mp - dfi'ng tdi linh dai didn cho sfl
sinh sdi nay nd, sfl bao dung vfi ehe chd...
Tuy khdng diln hinh nhfl ngfldi Kinh,
song d vflng Mfldng Thanh Hda eung ed
mdt so ndi tdn thd bfi chua Lieu Hanh. Hai
dia diem thieng thd Bfi lfi ndi dfic d?o ciia
Ba la D i n Sdng vfi Phd Cat. Trong bai hat
chiu vfin n^i tid'ng v l Bfi cd cau: "BSn Sbng,
Pho Cdt Id nai c6 di vi'. D i n Sdng nay

thudc Thi xa Bim Sdn, Phd Cfit nay thude
xa Thfinh Van, huydn Thach Thfinh trflde
day deu nguy nga vfi linh thieng. Trong
khang chid'n chong thflc dan Phap da bi
may bay thflc dan Phap ban phfi. Nay ca
hai ndi diu da dfldc stta sang khang trang
vfi trd thfinh cfie trung tfim thd Mfiu tidu
bilu d Vidt Nam. Thfle t^ hien nay ngfldi
Mfldng di theo dao nfiy eiing khdng nhiiu.

O Thach Thfinh cung ehi tha'y cd mfi'y xa
trong dd ed Thfinh Vfin, Ngoc Trao. O mdt
sd ndinhfl Thach Thanh, Cim Thuy, Nhu
Thanh, trong cae phii thd bfi Lilu Hanh
g i n day trd thfinh cac cd sd h i u bdng, hfit
vfin... khdng chi eua ngfldi dan dia phfldng
mfi ciia ca du khfich thfip phUdng (10).
Tin ngudng sung bdi tU nhien
Ngfldi Mudng cd tin ngfldng ban dia ra't
dae sic. D6 lfi tin ngfldng van vfit hflu linh.
Trong nhfi ngofii vUdn ngUdi Mfldng diu cd
thd thin: Vua bep trdng coi cui liia (tUdng tfl
nhfl thd Tfio Qufin eua ngfldi Kinh); thd lang
chfing Khoong lfi vi t h i n ngfin can khdng
cho ma may • ma vd chu vfio nhfi qufi'y pha
gia chii; thd lang eun lang chang Ddn: t h i n
bao hp chfim sdc eho sU phat trien an lanh
ciia gia sflc. Cfie vi t h i n nfiy dflde thd trdn
gifldng treo phia ddng nhfi sfin, khdng thd
ehung vdi gia tien. Ngoai ra, ngudi Mudng
edn thd t h i n dfi't, goi lfi dng ti (dng dia). Day
lfi vi t h i n ed nhidm vu eai quan dfi't dai cho
gia chu, dflde thd ridng mot chd d gdc vfldn,
khdng ducfc thd d trong nhfi...
Ngoai ra, trong tin ngfldng dan gian cua
ngfldi Mudng, hfing nfim dan lfing cdn to
ehfle cac le eung vfi nhflng kieng ky hen
quan de'n cfie vi t h i n nflde, than d i t va than
riing trong khdng gian sinh tdn eua tflhg
cdng ddng di ciu mong eho dan lfing binh

an, mfla thufin gid hda, mfla mfing bdi thu.
- Tin ngudng vi dat
Tin ngfldng dfin gian v i dfi't eua ngfldi
Mudng bilu hien sd'ng ddng, tfip trung chu


yd'u trong cfie nghi Id thd cung dUde dong
bfio td' ehfle hfing nfim. Ngfldi Mfldng d Ba
Thude quan nidm "£>d'if cd tho cong, song c6
hd bd". Vdi ngudi Mudng, tho cdng thd dia
lfi vi t h i n dfi't cd traeh nhidm eai quan dfi't
dai va bao vd mang sd'ng, sflc khoe cho dan
lfing. Vi vfiy, ngudi dan d cac lfing, eac
Mfldng diu dflng nha {nhd sdn) dd thd vi
t h i n nfiy. O iang Cha (Mudng Ong), hang
nfim vfio thang 2, thang 3 Am lich, xa
chdm, lang dao tfip trung dan lfing lfim Id
cung than. Khoang 4 deh 5 nam lfing td'
chflc dai ll Cling trau cho than mdt lan.
Cung xong ca lfing tfip trung fin ud'ng tai
ndi thd thin.
Ngfldi Mudng edn quan niem mdi mdt xfl
ddng, thfla rudng deu cd nhflng vi t h i n eai
quan. Vi vdy, thd t h i n rudng trd thanh mdt
phong tue phd' bie'n cua ngfldi Mfldng d
Thanh Hda. Chi tinh rieng lang Sdo
(mfldng Khd) trflde day eo tdi 3 ndi thd t h i n
rupng d 3 xfl ddng ldn (ddng Sdo, dong Cpn,
dong Ddn). Hang nfim, cfie gia dinh eay cfi^y
d nhflng xfl dong nfiy to chflc Id cung t h i n

rudng hai l i n trUdc khi eay vfi sau khi thu
ho^eh vdi muc dich ciu xin eiing nhfl ta dn
t h i n rudng da phu hd cae gia dinh no fi'm.
Dac bipt, ngfldi Mudng cdn rfi't "hiem. ddt',
tfle lfi quy trpng vfi gifl gin dfi't. Bdi vfiy, d
mdt so lfing trong nhflng ngfiy tg't Nguydn
dan ngfldi ta kieng ky dflng vfit nhpn dfim
xudng da't de khdng lfim ddng deh dfi't...
Nhin ehung, dfi't dai cd vi tri vd cflng
quan trpng khdng chi cd gia tri trong san
xufi't, dinh cfl eude sdng..., dupe ngudi
Mudng linh thidng hofi, bieu thi sfl "kinh
trpng" dfi't. Day lfi tin ngfldng ban dia rfi't
dac trflng cua ngfldi Mfldng.
- Tin ngudng vinudc
De ed nflde an udng, sinh hoat vfi san
xufi't, trflde day ngoai cac quy flde trong vide
sii dung vfi quan ly de bao ve ngudn nflde
thi ngfldi Mfldng cdn cd nhflng tin ngfldng

v i nUdc, dfldc the hidn trong cac nghi Id ciu
mfla, ciu nflde... Nhfi dan tdc hpe Tfl Chi da
dien giai thd' gidi quan cua ngfldi Mfldng
bang md hinh "Vu tru 3 tang - 4 thd' gidi".
Tang thfi'p nha't ciia vfl tru lfi Mfldng Bua
Khu (Mudng Vua Khfl) (11). Hidn nay
ngUdi Mfldng vfin cdn lflu truyin nhilu
truyen thuyd't ve the' gidi nflde. Lofii Khu
mfi dan gian gpi lfi Vua Khfl {Bua Khu), nd
gin gid'ng vdi quan nidm v i vua Thuy Ti

ciia ngUdi Viet (Kinh). Vdi ngfldi Mfldng 5
Thanh Hoa ndi chung cdn quan nipm vua
nudc - ma nudc - than nflde lfi vi t h i n cai
quan the' gidi nflde. T h i n nflde trong tfldng
tfldng dan gian eua ngUdi Mfldng thude lofii
r i n , ed hinh thfl gid'ng nhfl con thudng
ludng, hay tru ngu d nhflng vung nflde sau,
bd'n nflde hoac sdng sudi trong lfing. Thin
nudc ed the lfim hai dd'n eupe sd'ng cua dfin
lfing, gay ra lu lut, han hfin khi t h i n nUdc
khdng hfii ldng vdi con ngUdi.
Mdt ngudn nflde quan trong doi vdi
ngfldi dan Mfldng xfla d cfie lfing dd lfi
ngudn nflde md (yd rgac). Trong tfim thflc
cua Mudng dfiy la ngudn nflde ngim tinh
khid't nha't cua trdi da't, vi thd' h i u hd't eae
nghi Id ein de'n nflde deu phai sii dung
ngudn nflde n g i m nfiy di eflng, dfic bi^t
trong ll cflng td' tien vfi li cflng trong
nhflng ngay tet. Cd nhflng ndi ngfldi ta cdn
quan niem nflde md nhU lfi nflde thidng, ai
ora nang sfip chet cung mudn udng nguon
nflde nay.
Ngfldi Mudng d mfldng Khd, mfldng 6ng,
mfldng Ai... trflde kia eung nhfl hipn nay c6
tue di la'y nflde e i u may d i u nfim. Khdng ai
bao ai nhflng cfl sau thdi diem giao thfla
ngudi dan trong lang t^p trung d md nflde.
Ngfldi ta cho rfing cang di sdm thi trong
nam do gia dinh cang gfip dflpc nhiiu may

mfin, dflpc trdi da't phfl hd, ban phat phudc
Ifinh vfi lfim fin phat d?t vi liy dfl^e nUdc
d i u rdng. Ngoai ra, cac dng mo, bfi mfiy


u u uyuwi Luuung...

trflde day ed sit dung nflde md d l ehfla bdnh
va trfl tfi ma.
Trong xa hdi truyen thdng nhiiu lfing
Mudng td' ehfle l i ciu mfla, ciu nflde "cd'u
rgac" vao dip dau nam. XUa kia d mdt sd*
iang Mudng nd'u md nflde ngCfng ehay thi
xa chdm ehuan hi mdt mam edm, trong do
phai ed mot con gfi trong trfing, dem cung
tai md nflde c i u xin t h i n nUdc cho nflde
chay trd lai. T^i sao lai phai cflng gfi trfing
(kl ca ngfldi Mudng d Hda Binh) cho dd'n
nay ngfldi Mfldng v i n chfla cd giai thich
thoa dang. Vfio cudi thfing Ba, d i u thfing
Tu Am lich, day la thdi gian chuyin tfl mua
khd sang mfla mfla, le cung nUdc mdi dfldc
tid'n hfinh kha ddng bd d tfi't ca cac lfing
Mfldng d Ba Thflde, C i m Thuy, Lang
Chanh, Ngoc Lac... 0 xa Cim Tu, huy0n
Cfim Thuy vao cudi thang Ba, d i u thang
Tu Am lich nhiiu lfing td ehfle l i mflng
nflde. Dd lfi mua nflde dang, ca len, ngfldi ta
bat nfldng, sau dd trdn ea vdi gao n i p rdi dd
len di lfim le eung 5 dinh lfing. Ngofii ra,

tin ngfldng v i nflde cdn dflpc bieu hien qua
li hdi, g i n liin vdi cac trd chdi "rong rfin
ldn may" hay "rdng r i n dfinh nhau"...
Nhin chung, nflde khdng chi cd gia tri
trong ddi sd'ng hfing ngfiy nhfl an udng,
sinh hoat, san xufi't... mfi nflde edn cd y
nghia trong ddi sdng tinh t h i n , dfldc ngfldi
Mfldng linh thieng hoa bieu thi sfl "kinh
trpng" nflde, vfi nflde khdng t h i thid'u dflpe
trong nhiiu trfldng hpp khfie lidn quan den
tin ngfldng.
- Tin ngudng vi rOng
Vdi tin ngfldng van v^t hflu linh, ngfldi
Mfldng xfla tin vfio viec cae efiy cd thu, dfic
bi$t lfi cfiy si, efiy gao, cfiy da, eay sdi... diu
c6 t h i n . Vi th^, ddng bfio kidng ehat cfie
loai cay nfiy mdt cfich bfla bai, nhfi't lfi d
nhiing khu riftig d i u ngudn, rflhg thidng,
riing ma. Theo tfip qufin cu, ngfldi Mfldng
kieng s i dyng cay si d l lfim nhfi vi ddy lfi

eay thidng lidn quan de'n tud'i thp eua con
ngfldi (12). Trflde dfiy, ngfldi Mfldng d
mudng Ong kieng chat nhflng loai cay
hidm, cay cd' thu nhfl cay eho, cay khdng
mang... Hp quan nidm, eay chd lfi cay ehu
rflng nd'u chat se lam anh hfldng din rflng,
ngudi ta edn cho rang cay chd lfi cay ciia ma
sfl (ma nflde) neu ai Ifi'y efiy fi'y lfim edt nhfi
se bi ma su rut xud'ng dfi't, nhfi se bi do.

Cfie phfldng san cua ngudi Mudng d
mfldng Khd, mfldng Ong... trudc day rfi't ky
ban phai nhflng eon cd chfla nhfi't lfi nai
chfla. Hp cho rang sat hai nhflng eon vfit ed
c h i a la khdng gfip may, ca mua san nfim
a'y cd di sfin eung khdng hidu qua. Theo
lufit tuc, khdng ai trong lfing ban dUde phdp
sfin bfin, be mang, phat nUdng lfim rfiy... d
trong riing cfi'm, rflng thieng cua lfing. Ne'u
ai vi pham lfim cho ngfldi thfin trong nhfi,
trong ban bi oin dau hoac gap nhflng diiu
xui qufiy thi ngfldi dd phai cd trfich nhidm
mo Ipn, m^ trau de cflng t h i n rflng d dflng
ndi da vi pham.
O mdt sd lfing trflde dfiy edn ed nhflng
kidng ky nghidm ngat trong san bfin. Trong
mdt bud'i di san ngfldi thp sfin ne'u gap mdt
b i y thfl eflng ehi dflpe phdp ban ehe't mdt
eon, nd'u bfin tid'p eon thfl hai thi pham vfio
diiu eSTm cua t h i n rflng. Ai dd ching may
vd tinh b i n chd't con thfl hai thi phai sang
tdn nhfldng con vat cho mpt ngfldi khac di
chflng td vdi t h i n linh lfi chi bfin mdt eon,
n i u khdng c6 ngfldi de nhfldng eon thu da
trdt b i n chd't, ngfldi thp san phai mang ea
hai con thfl ve nhfi lfim thit eflng than
rOtog, vfi xin t h i n rflng bd qua cho ldi l i m
da pham phai. Y nghia thflc chfi't cua tuc Id
nfiy la bao vd ngudn ddng vfit trong khi san
bin. Xfla kia, nd'u sfin dfldc con thfl nfio ldn

(tfl eon Ipn rflng, con nai, eon hofing trd len)
thi phai lfim Id vai ehua sdn lam.
NhiJng tfin dfl cua tin ngfldng vfit to' (td
tem gifio) trflde day trong xa hdi Mudng rfi't


dfim ndt, do do ngudi Mudng ed nhflng
kieng ky nhfi^t dinh trong san bin. Hp
kidng sfin b i n eung nhfl an thit nhflng con
vfit hp cho cd quan he g i n giii vdi hp, da.
eflu giup to tidn hp. Chang han nhfl hp
Trfldng kieng an thit h^, khi, hp Hfi kieng
fin thit cud'c, hp Biii kieng an thit ky d a Dang chu y la tuc thd hd' (cpp), ed khi ngfldi
ta thd tinh con ho da an thit nhiiu ngfldi vfi
thd ngudi bi hd fin thit. Tfi't ca nham muc
dieh eho lfing xdm dfldc an Ifinh. Tpc nfiy
trude Caeh mang thang Tfim nfim 1945 cdn
thfi'y 5 Thach Lam, Thach Tfldng (Thach
Thfinh), Cam Lfldng (Cim Thuy) vfi nhieu
ndi khfic. O lfing Sdo (thuoc mfldng Kho
trUdc dfiy), ddng ho Trfldng Cdng thd t h i n
hd' vfi kidng an thit ho. Trfldng ddng hp
TrUdng Cdng hi$n nay vfin cdn gifl bfin thd
ho cua td' tidn dl lai (13). Ly do thd hd' dflpc
cac eu trong ddng hp k l lai rang, eon hd' da
cflu dng td nhiiu ddi cua ddng hp nfiy thoat
qua mot kid'p nan vfi tfl do t h i khdng an
thit hS va thd hd' nhu mdt vi t h i n eflu tinh.
Dd nhd cdng dn dd ddng hp nfiy da lap ban
thd thd hd' nhu thd td' tidn eua minh (14).

Nhin chung, tin ngudng ve rijfng cua
ngfldi Mudng gfin hen vdi nhiing tin ngudng
td tem vfi nhiing kieng ky trong khai thae
ddng thUc vfit. Day la loai hinh tin ngUSng
ban dia sd khai cdn tan dvt dfim ndt trong
ddi sdng tdn giao eOia ngfldi Mudng.
Su tiep bien cdc ton gido chinh thong
TrUdc hd't phai khing dinh, mpt so' tdn
giao ehinh thd'ng da dd'n vdi ngUdi Mudng,
dupc ngUdi MUdng tie'p bie'n nhUng tfldng
ddl md nhat chfl khdng dam net nhfl d vflng
ngudi Vidt (Kinh). Trong cae tdn giao ldn
nhfl Phat giao, Ki td giao thi Phfit giao de'n
vdi ngudi Mudng sdm hdn. Chung ta co t h i
tim tha'y da'u a'n trong eac rang mo, trong
tinh ca Nang Nga - Dao Hai Mdi (15) vfi cae
ang xudng cung cd nhfic de'n But, dd'n Phat,
hay ndi dd'n ciu Phat... Nhieu dia phfldng

vung Mfldng Thanh Hda cd chfla thd Phfit.
Song cac chfla nay phan ldn dfla vfio eac
hang dfi, mai da. Cd it ehua xfiy ldp ngdi.
Da cd nhflng chfla nd'i tiing trflde day nhu
chua M i u (ndi ehua Trinh Sfim da d i thd
trdn vach nui heuig chua), chua Trfing,
ehfla Rdng, ehua Mdng (Cfim Thuy), ehua
Rfim (Ngpe Lae), ehua Mdo (Lang Chanh)...
Cac chfla nfiy cd tfldng, cd chudng ddng
nhflng khdng cd tru tri. Cac dng tfl do dan
cfl. Hfing nfim trong dip l i td't, ram thang

bay cd ngfldi de'n le, de'n chdi. Day cdn la
ndi sinh hoat van hoa edng ddng hdn la
thoa man dfle tin. O eac huydn vflng tha'p
nhfl Thach Thanh, Cim Thuy, Ngpe Lac
vfio nhflng nam 30-40 the' ky trflde da xufi't
hien Dao Ddng. O cac vung nfiy, thiy phu
thuy hoat ddng kha manh trong eae dam
chay, giai oan, c i t doan khu true tfi ma.
nhung sau Cfich mang thang Tfim nam
1945 Dao Ddng d day da mfi't han (16).
Cflng vdi dao Phat, dao Thien chua eung
da ngfi'm vao vflng Mfldng tfl sau khi phong
trao Cin Vfldng cOia cac van than bi thUc
dan Phfip dfin ap. Nhiing ed sd tdn giao nfiy
ciing chi lap dUdc d mdt sd viing nhfl d Ddng
Chu (Thaeh Binh), Thgch Long (Th?eh
Thanh), Cim Tan, Cam Long, Ca'm Phong
(Cim Thuy). Ca khu vflc Mudng nfiy dfi'xac
lap dfldc xfl dao Phong Y (1889). Xfl dao
dfldc lap trdn da't Mfldng song eae eon chidn
chu yd'u lai la ngudi Kinh d thi tra'n, so
lupng eon ehien la ngfldi Mfldng khdng
nhieu (17).
3. N h a n x e t
Nhin ehung, ngudi Mfldng d Thanh Hoa
lfi tpc ngfldi ban dia, cd ddi sd'ng tdn giao
he't sflc sinh dpng, vdi dac trflng tin ngUdng
da t h i n , dUdc bieu hidn rfi't ro ndt trong
niem tin mdi ca nhan vfi cdng dong. Nhflng
niem tin tdn giao vfi nhiing hfinh vi tdn

giao trong ddi sd'ng hang ngfiy tao ndn ban
sac van hda toe ngfldi. Dfiu rang trong dd eo


ve Hn ngucnrig Mn giao ciia ngucri Igif&ng..
nhiing p h i n lfi me tin, nhung eung cd rfi't
nhidu ndi dung rfi't hflu ich trong ddi s3ng
tinh t h i n eua ngfldi Mudng. Dd lfi giao due
truyin th^ng ud'ng nflde nhd ngudn, tri an
nhflng ngfldi cd cdng vdi cdng dong dfin tdc.
Nhflng tin ngfldng ve tfl nhien nhfl dfi't,
nflde, rflng... khdng ddn t h u i n lfi niem tin
tdn giao ma cdn ed y nghia nhan vfin sfiu
sic nham bao v$ tfii nguyen thidn nhien vfi
duy tri sU da dang sinh hpc cung nhfl bao
ve mdi trfldng.
Hidn nay, trong ddi song tin ngfldng tdn
giao cua ngudi Mfldng cd sfl bid'n dd'i nhfi't
dinh, rd net nhfi't lfi sfl nhat phai tin
ngfldng sung bai tU nhien. Sfl phai nhat a'y
bi tae ddng bdi nhieu ly do. Theo ehflng tdi,
trUdc hit mdt p h i n lfi do xu hfldng Vidt
hofi. Day lfi xu hfldng tfi't ye'u khi cac
phUdng thflc san xufi't eua ngfldi Mfldng vfi
ngfldi Kinh giong nhau, khi ma tre em
Mfldng hien nay theo hpe cac trfldng hpe
pho thdng nhu ngudi Kinh, khi mfle sdng
ciia ngfldi Kinh trd thfinh chuin mUc cho
ngfldi Mfldng noi theo (tfl nhfi d eho de'n cfie
tidn nghi sinh hoat khac), khi hdn nhan

gifla hai toe ngfldi Kinh - Mfldng ngfiy cfing
trd nen phd' bid'n. Thti hai, qua nhiiu nfim
tiep thu nen gifio due hien dai, giao due the

CHU

gidi quan vd t h i n d cac nhfi trfldng phd'
thdng it nhieu cung da tac ddng den y thfle
ddng bfio Mudng lfim han ehd' niim tin vfio
thd' gidi eua t h i n linh. Ddng thdi, cudc each
mang vfin hofi gfin liin vdi phong trao bai
trfl me tin di doan cung da iam giam nhe
niem tin vao the' gidi tfim linh cua ngUdi
Mudng. Ngofii ra, nhflng ehuyin dd'i trong
phfit triln ndng nghidp gfin liin vdi phong
trfio hdp tae hoa ndng nghidp, eu t h i lfi
efieh thfle lfim fin tap the, qud'c hflu hoa san
xua't eung lfi mdt trong nhflng nguydn nhan
cfin ban lfim mfi't d i n di nhflng tin ngudng
lidn quan de'n dfi't, nUdc vfi rflng. Bdi vfiy,
tinh t h i n "kinh trpng tfl nhien" da phai
nhat din. Thfle td' eho thi^y, d h i u hd't cfie
thdn lang ciia ngfldi Mfldng tfl nhflng nam
1960 -1970 trd l?i dfiy khdng td' ehfle nhflng
li eung lien quan dd'n nude, dfi't, rflng, nd'u
cd thi cung khdng edn man mfi nhU xUa.
Ndi dflng hdn, hi$n nay h i u hd't nhflng tin
ngfldng lien quan den cfie ngudn tfii nguydn
d pham vi edng ddng khdng cdn tdn tgi.
Trong khi dd cfie loai hinh tin ngfldng tdn

giao khfic nhfl thd eung td' tidn, thd thfinh
hofing lfing, thd Mfiu, thd Phfit vfin cdn
nguydn gia tri, tham ehi ngfiy efing dfldc
ddng bfio quan tfim sau sfic hdn.

THtCH

(1). D i n g Nghiem Van, Ly lu$n vi tdn gido vd
tinh hinh

tdn gido d Viit Nam

(tdi bdn), Nxb.

(3). VUcJng Anh, Tii'p can vdi vdn hda bdn
mUctng, Nxb. V i n hfia d i n tfie. H i Nfii, 2001, tr.5-

Chinh tri Qudc gia. H i Nfii, 2003, tr. 77-78.
(2). P h a n Ngpe, Vdn hod Vift Nam, cdch tiip
can mdi, Nxb. V i n hoa Thfing tin, H i NSi, 1994,
tr. 15-17.

(4). VUdng Anh (chu bifin). Mo si thi ddn tdc
Mudng, Nxb. V i n hfia d i n tfie. H i Nfii, 1997.

(Xem tiep trang 80)


(27). Dupc t h i n h lap theo Nghi dinh ngiy 6-81891 cua Toan quyen Dfing DUdng, JOIF, 2*
partie, 1891, tr. 378. Nghi dinh n i y sau con dupc

sCfa doi lai nhieu l i n cho phu hpp vfii tinh hinh
chinh tri 3 Bac Ky, chu yeu l i de doi pho v6i phong
t r i o khang chifin cua nhan dan ta.
(28). Rapports pohtiques, quyfin sfi^ 7, nam

(29). JOIF, 2^ partie, 1891, tr. 378
(30). JOIF, 1940, tr. 2133.
(31). Bulletin administratif du Tonkin, 1941,
.5.
(32). Tfle tinh Ha Dfing tU n i m 1904.
(33). Nam 1891 t h a n h tinh Hfia Binh (xem chu

1890-1891.

VE TiN NGUSNG TON GIAO CUA NGUh MUftNG 0THANH HOA...
(Tiep theo trang 71)
(5). Cao Sdn Hai, Li tuc vbng ddi ngudi Mudng,

(12). Ngufii Mufing h Thanh Hoa efi tyc lam

Nxb. Dai hpc Qufi'c gia H i Nfii. H i Npi, 2005, tr.

via keo c i y si, hay con goi l i keo tufi'i, keo sfi'cho

19.

ngUfii gii. Vl ngUfii Mufing quan nipm ne'u mufi'n
(6). Ngufii Mufing, ke ca ngufii Vipt (Kmh)

nhieu ndi 6 Thanh Hoa trufic dfiy khfing gpi Ii b i n

flng b i , bo' me sfl'ng lau hdn thi eon chau phai lim
le keo Sl.

thfi m i quen gpi l i giufing thfi. Hipn nay, each gpi

(13). Hien nay gia dinh ong TrUtJng Cfing Dung

nay v i n con tUOng doi ph^ bifi'n 3 nhieu vung nguSi

(6 l i n g Sio, xa Dien Ha, huypn Ba Thufie) cfi mpt

Mufing Thanh Hoa,

b i n thfi hfl' b trong n h i . Hang n i m gia dinh eung

(7). Xem them: Le Huy Hoing, Tim hieu vi di
tich vd nhdn vdt Hd Cdng Thdi, trong Thanh Hod
xUa vd nay, Nxb. Thanh Hoa, 2014, tr.51-55.
(8). T r i n Thi Lifin (chu bien). Khdo sdt vdn hoa
truyin thd'ng Mudng Du, Nxb. Thfii dai. H i Npi,
2013, tr.22-23.

Tfin giio, H i Nfii. 2010.
Cao Sdn Hai, Li

t h i n g Gieng, i n cdm mfii...
(14). Mai V i n Tung, Tri thtic dia phuong vi svl
dung vd qudn ly t&i nguyen thiin nhiin cua ngUdi
Mucfng d huyen Bd Thitdc, tinh Thanh Hda, Luin

an Tien si Khoa hpc Lich sii, Trufing Dai hoc
KHXH&NV. Dai hoc Qufi'c gia, H i Nfli, 2011.

(9). Ngfi Dflc Thinh, Bgo Mdu Viet Nam, Nxb.
(10).

t h i n ho v i o nhiSng dip Tfi't NguySn dan, r^m

(15). Cao Sdn Hai, Truyen Ndng Nga - Dgo Hai
Mdl, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hfii. H i Nfli, 2005.

tuc vong dM ngUiti

Mudng, Nxb. Dai hpc Quoc gia H i Npi, H i N6i,
2005, tr. 22-23.
(11). Nguyen Tit Chi, Gdp phdn nghiin ciiu vdn

(16).

Cao Sdn Hai, Le tuc vbng ddi ngUdi

Mudng, Nxb. Dai hpc Qufic gia H i Noi, H i Npi,
2005, tr. 21-22.
(17).

Cao Sdn Hai, Li tuc vbng ddi ngUdi

hda vd tdc ngUdi, Nxb. V i n hfia Thfing tin, Tap chi

Mudng, Nxb. Dai hpc Qufi'c gia H i Npi, Ha Nfii,

Vfin hoa nghfi t h u i t xui't ban, H i Npi, 1996.

2005, tr. 22.


XIN LOI VA BOI THirOfNG CHIEN TRANH TRONG QUAN HE
QUOC TE - KINH NGHIEM UCH SUf TRONG QUAN HE VIET - MY

NGUYfiN THAI Y £ N HUONG'

T

rong quan he qudc td' ndi chung, vd'n
de xin ldi va boi thudng chig'n tranh
la mdt vd'n dd' ludn song hdnh vdi quan he
gifla cae nUdc trong qua trinh han gin vdt
thUdng de dd'n binh thfldng hda quan he
ngoai giao. Day la va'n de da dfldc nhieu nha
nghien cflu quan he qud'c td' de edp theo gde
dp xa hgi, lich sfl. Hidn nay, quan he gifla
Vidt Nam vd My da dUde binh thudng hda tfl
nam 1995 va nam 2013 hai nflde da nang
cap quan he Idn "ddi tac toan dien" trong
chuye'n tham My ciia Chii tich nudc TrUdng
Td'n Sang. Tuy nhidn, khi ndi dg'n nhflng
khd khdn trong qua trinh binh thudng hoa
quan he ngogi giao giiia hai quoc gia, vd'n dd'
boi thudng chid'n tranh cho Viet Nam sau
nam 1975 ma to'ng thd'ng My da tuyen bo'

dfldng nhu vdn la mdt de tai tig'p tuc dUdc dg'
cdp mac du day la mdt trong cac ngi dung da
dfldc neu trong cac cugc trao doi lidn quan
de'n lich sfl quan he Viet - My. Cd y kid'n cua
cdc nha nghign eflu My la do phfa Viet Nam
qua tli tin vao chig'n thing? Lai cd y kien cho
ring chfnh Viet Nam do khdng n i m b i t
dUdc thdng tin diy du ve ndi bp My ngn da
khdng linh hoat trong chinh saeh dl roi "bd
Id cd hgi" binh thUdng hoa vdi My. Ligu day

' PGS.TS. Hpc vien Ngoai giao

cd that sfl Id cac ly do cd sfle thuyg't phuc
hay khdng? Vide nghien cflu lai mgt kinh
nghidm Iieh sfl dfla theo each tig'p cdn mdi doi
khi se khdng khach quan vd phii hdp nhflng
vln se la mpt dieu ly thu. Cd nhid'u gdc do
ludn giai da dfldc dfla ra de ly giai cho sU viec
ndy. Tuy nhien, la mgt nha nghien eflu My
dfldi gdc do hch su va van hod, tdc gia mao
muoi tig'p can dfldi gde dp vdn hda chinh tri
dd phdn tieh "kinh nghidm Iieh sfl" nay.
1. Va'n d l xin Ioi va boi thfldng chi^n
t r a n h - t i e p c a n t r o n g q u a n he quoc te
Trong qua trinh phat triln cua lich sit
nhan Ioai, vide xin Ioi va boi thudng ehien
tranh gifla cac chu t h i da ludn Id vide dien
ra sau mdi l i n ke't thuc xung dot hay chien
tranh. Ddy la mdt hanh vi thudng diidc

nhin nhdn la hdp ly, ldm diu cang thang.
Kl tfl sau Chie'n tranh thd' gidi II kg't thuc,
trUdc nhu ciu xda bd tgi Idi cu, va'n de xin
ldi va boi thfldng chie'n tranh eua cac ehinh
phli, cac to chflc da cd hanh ddng phi nhdn
dao da trd nen cd chieu hudng gia tang.
Chfnh vi vdy, vide yeu ciu chu t h i vi phgm
phai cd hanh vi xin Idi hay boi thudng cho
nhflng nflde bi eoi la nan nhan da dfldc
khuyen khich. Cae nhd nghien eflu vd cdc


Ain iQi va bOi >hucmg chien tranh..
nhd hogch dinh chinh sach cung ed thien
hudng nhd'n mgnh vao vide gdn cac hogt
ddng nay vdi qua trinh hda giai gifla cac
nude. Trudng hdp cua Dfle va Nhdt Ban Id
hai trfldng hdp dflpe eac nha nghien cflu
phdn tich khd ky. Sau Chid'n tranh thd' gidi
II, Dflc da phai tra mdt khoan b6i thfldng
kha ldn vd' nhiing tdi ae trong chien tranh
trong khi vigc nay doi vdi Nhdt Ban la
khdng he d l thflc Men. Cdng hda Lign bang
Dfle da cd nhflng budc hoa giai Idn vdi eae
nudc cflu thu khdc. Quan he gifla Phap vd
Tay Dfle la mgt diln hinh. Chi vdi mdt
khoan boi thudng nhd va khoang nfla the ky
sau khi chid'n tranh kdt thue, Phap va Dflc
da quan he rd't gin gui gin nhfl cd ddng y
kid'n trong nhieu vd'n dg' d chdu Au, dgc biet

la trong pham vi Cdng dong Than thep (1).
Xdt vg' mat phap Iy (2), Hien chfldng
Lien hpp qud'c (LHQ) da ghi nhan tig'n Id
truy cflu traeh nhidm phap ly qud'c te' doi
vdi qud'c gia da phgm phai tdi dc quo'c te',
dong thdi dinh ehe' nguyen t i c hpp tac quoc
td' vd nguygn tae giai quye't cae tranh cha'p
qudc te' b i n g bidn phdp hda binh, tfl bd
quan didm vg' sfl dung vu Iflc da keo dai
nhig'u thg' ky. Theo Khoan 2, Did'u 3 cua
Cong^fldc "Ve trdch nhiem cua quoh gia vi
cdc hdnh vi trdi Ludt quo'c t&' dfldc ban
hdnh nam 2001 quy dinh traeh nhidm bm
thudng d i y du phat sinh trong trUdng hdp
thigt hgi xay ra bdi eae hanh vi trdi Lugt
qudc te, nghia Id quo'c gia phai boi thudng
cho thidt hai la ket qua cua hanh vi trai
ludt gay ra. Dieu 31 eua Cdng Udc ndy cung
quy dinh chinh phu cd traeh nhidm phai
boi thfldng diy dii thiet hgi do hanh vi trai
Ludt qudc tg' ciia minh gay ra, thidt hai la
td'n tha't ba't k^ ca vd' vat cha't va tinh t h i n .
Did'u 34, Cdng fldc da quy dinh ve hinh
thflc boi thfldng, theo do boi thfldng diy du
thiet hgi gdy ra do hanh vi vi pham Lugt
qudc te' dfl^c thflc hidn dudi eae hinh thflc;

phuc hoi, hodn Igi, hoac kd't hdp ea hai hinh
thflc dd theo ngi dung ChUdng II P h i n 2
Cdng udc.

Theo quy dinh eua Cdng Ude thi dd'n bu
la vide boi thudng thigt hgi vdt chd't dUdc
the hien bing tien, hang hda hogc cac dich
vu. Td'ng sd' thidt hai can dd'n bu, theo
nguydn tie, thudng it hdn nhieu so vdi thiet
hai thUc td' gay ra bdi ehien tranh. Vi du,
theo quyd't dinh cua Hdi nghi Crime (nam
1945), Dflc phai dd'n bu ldn tdi 20 ty USD,
mac du tren thfle te' thidt hgi da gay ra cho
Lidn Xd khi dd rd't khd ed t h i bu dip; hoac
theo phan quyg't cua Tda an quo'c td' (ICJ)
LHQ (nam 1996) chinh phu Hoa Ky da bdi
thfldng cho Iran 131 trigu USD vi vu qudn
dpi My b i n rdi mdy bay dan sfl Iran (3).
Trong khi dd phuc hoi la vide xay diing lai
tinh trgng dd t6n tai trflde khi bi hanh vi vi
phgm phap luat xam hgi. Mgt trong cac
hinh thflc phuc hoi la tra lgi hign vdt tai
san da bi qud'c gia tham chie'n tich thu trai
phep tfl lanh thd cua qud'c gia ddi dich. Ddi
tfldng phuc hoi cd the Id tdi san bi tich thu
bd't hdp phap trong thdi binh hodc vide huy
bd mdt vdn ban phdp ludt ba't ky nao dd.
Trong thflc ti^n tfl phap da phd' bie'n thudt
ngfl "phuc hdi phap ludt", tfle Id lam thay
do'i tinh huo'ng phap Iy, vi du: ra soat, bai
bd hoae sfla ddi dieu khoan cua lugt da
dUdc thdng qua vi phgm cac quy pham. Vi
vdy, khi chig'n tranh gifla eac qud'c gia - chu
the quan trpng trong he thd'ng quan he

qud'c td' kg't thue, vd'n dg' boi thfldng va giup
phuc hoi nUde bi xam hai ddi khi dUde coi Id
mdt did'u kidn khong t h i thie'u. Nhfl vay,
khi kd't thue chig'n tranh, vide Td'ng thdng
My Nixon hfla boi thfldng eho Viet Nam 3,2
ty USD theo Did'u 21 cua Higp dinh Paris
Id hoan todn hdp ly.
Tuy nhign, xet vg' mat van hda xa hpi,
xin loi hay boi thfldng chig'n tranh thfldng
xua't hien khi can cd ke't thuc sfl tranh cai


hay tranh thii du lugn trong nudc trong
quan he vdi mdt nUde eiiu thfl. Neu so sanh
trudng hdp gifla Nhdt Ban vd Dfle sau
Chid'n tranh the' gidi thfl II se thd'y ro dieu
nay. Doi vdi du lugn trong nudc cua Nh|kt
Ban thi vd'n de xin ldi hay bdi thfldng eho
cac nude Id nan nhan da tao ngn sii phan
ddi eua phe bao thu trong nUdc vdi Idp ludn
r i n g vd'n de boi thfldng se tgo ed cho cdc
nUde lang gid'ng t h i hidn thai dp ehd'ng lgi
Nhdt Ban. Trong khi do, nUde Dflc khdng
gap phai vd'n de nhfl vdy. Nhflng ngfldi
theo phai bao thu tgi nflde Dflc dfldng nhfl
lgi mud'n ddy Id dip d l neu lai mdt giai
dogn Iieh sfl cua qud'c gia vd khdng ngin
ngai khi phai thfla nhan cac tdi ac do Hitle
gay ra. Ngudi Phap da nhin nhan thue tg'
nay nhfl la mdt qua trinh phdt tridn dan

chu va ehuyen hfldng tieh efle ciia nude Dfle
(4). Cho dg'n nay, hai nflde ludn ed sfl hda
hdp trong cae chinh sdch dfldc hoaeh dinh
va trien khai trong Lien minh ehdu Au.
Nhfl vay, cd thg tha'y ring, vd'n de xin l5i
hay boi thudng chie'n tranh tuy thude kha
nhieu vdo tinh hinh chinh tri ngi bp ciia
moi nUde khi vd'n de' nay dfldc dfla ra bdn
cai tgi edc cd quan cd thdm quyg'n cua qud'c
gia dd. Hoan canh van hda - xa hdi eiia mdi
nflde cung anh hfldng dd'n phfldng each xin
ldi hay boi thudng. Nd'n vdn hda ehinh tri
eua mdi nUdc eiing la mdt nhdn td' khdng
the khdng de cdp khi xem xet vd'n dg' nay
trong quan he gifla cae qud'c gia sau mdi
cupc xung dot bdi vi nhu nhieu cdng trinh
nghien cflu da phan tfeh chfnh sach doi
ngogi la sU tid'p noi cua chinh sach doi ndi.
2. Vai t r o q u y e t d i n h chi tieu cua
Quoc hoi My (5)
Tfl khi ban Hie'n phap cua Hdp ehung
qud'c Hoa Ky ra ddi ndm 1789, ehinh phii
qud'c gia da thUc sfl danh eho Qud'c hpi
thdm quyen to ldn doi vdi cae vd'n de kinh
te' thie't yg'u. Dig'u 1, Khoan 8, Hie'n phap

My trao cho Quoc hdi quyg'n hanh rd't Idn
trong Imh vflc tdi chinh, dd Id quyd'n quydt
dinh thu vd ehi ngan sach - quyen danh
thud', in tien va vay tien, dieu tig't thfldng

mai gifla cac bang va vdi nflde ngodi, chi
tieu eho "phong thii chung" va "phfle Ipi
chung". Bd't kg mdt dd la nao ddnh cho
chinh phu lidn bang chi dung cung phai
dfldc Qud'c hdi duyet theo ludt dinh. Hidn
phap My da quy dinh ro "khdng cd khoan
tig'n ndo cd thd dfldc rut ra tfl ngdn kho',
nhflng sfl phan bd tid'p theo ciia nd dfldc
quyet dinh theo Ludt phap" (6). Bdn canh
nhflng khoan chi eho Iinh vflc ddi ndi, Quoc
hdi Id ngfldi quyd't dinh khoan tdi ehfnh mk
Td'ng thd'ng ehi cho lfle Ifldng vu trang dfldi
quyg'n Td'ng thong, eiing nhU cho sU hoat
ddng cua bg may nhd nflde My.
Theo quy dinh, Quoc hdi dam nhdn
traeh nhi$m ve phap Iy, chinh tri va dgo lla phai eung ca'p du tdi ehinh dl duy tri
cdng vide ddi ngoai eOia Td'ng thdiig vd vigc
thfle hidn cac hidp flde hay thda thudn md
Tong thd'ng da ky. Tuy nhien, theo Iu§t
dinh Qud'c hdi cd the tfl chdi vide cung cd'p
cac khoan t i i chinh dd nd'u nhu cd quan
nay phat hidn ra r i n g Td'ng thd'ng da vUdt
qua quyen ban cua minh. Ngay ca khi Td'ng
thd'ng dfla nhflng ly le hdp Iy bao vd eac
hoat ddng trong pham vi quyen lue eua
minh, Qud'c hdi vdn cd quyd'n quy dinh mule
do cua hoat ddng dd. Mgi chUdng trinh
phue vu eho hoat ddng doi ngogi ciia My
nhu vien trd cho nude ngoai, so' tai chfnh

ma nUdc My cd the ddng gdp cho cac to' chflc
qud'c tg' trong dd cd Lien hdp qud'c, ngan
sdeh hang ndm gianh cho hoat dgng cua Bg
ngogi giao va cac ed quan ngogi giao cua
My d nUde ngoai deu ehiu sU "quyd't dinh"
eua Quoc hpi. Qud'c hpi edn Id ngUdi quyet
dinh cudi cung sd tai chinh md Tdng thShg
chi cho lfle Ifldng vu trang cua nude My (7).


xin lOi va hQl thudfng ehien tranh...
Hie'n phap eho phep Quo'c hdi My ed
quyd'n thao ludn vd' quy dinh thUdng mai
quoc td', vg' viee trflng phat cfldp biln, cac
tdi pham tren vung biln quoc te' vd nhflng
hdnh vi vi phgm ludt phap eua cac qudc
gia, va ve vide tuyen bo chid'n tranh. Quyg'n
eua Qudc hdi dUdc sti dung ngan saeh eua
Bg tdi ehinh, dfldc danh thug' va ehi tien vi
mue dieh phdng vg va phfle ldi chung
thudng xuygn cd anh hudng Idn doi vdi qua
trinh dieu hanh cde edng vide ddi ngoai.
Qud'c hdi cung cd quyen sfl dung cdc bign
phap trflng phat de thd hien quan dilm cua
minh eung nhfl de tao anh hudng cua minh
ddi vdi mdt vd'n de ehinh saeh doi ngoai cu
the. Qud'c hdi cd thd ban hanh dgo lu^t hgn
chg' budn ban ddi vdi mpt nUde nao dd mge
du Tdng thd'ng van ed quyd'n xda bd trflng
phat ng'u nhu Tong thd'ng eho r i n g Idi fch

qud'c gia cua nude My ddi hdi. Va quyg'n lap
phap ndi ehung eiia Qud'c hpi khidn cho cd
quan ndy ed quyen lUc to Idn tac ddng tdi
hinh thai vd dien bidn cua cdc mdi quan he
qud'c tg'. Trong giai doan sau ndy, quyen chi
ngdn saeh ciia Qud'c hdi tig'p tuc se Id mdt
thfl vu khi manh dg Qud'c hgi tham gia vao
cdc cdng vi$c cua cdc nhanh khae trong he
thdng chinh tri My, nha't la trong hogt ddng
ddi ngogi. Vi du, nam 1986, Qudc hdi da
giam ngan sdch qudc phdng md chfnh
quyd'n Reagan dd' nghi vdi mgt khoan Id
17,6 ty USD. Day la mdt khoan cit giam
kha Idn eho Nha T r i n g trong khd nhid'u
ndm. Nam 1987, Qud'c hdi eung da bae bd
viec thdng qua khoan tien tfl 3 dg'n 5 trieu
USD vidn trp quan sii cho p h i i ddi lap d
Nicaragua chdng lgi ehinh phu cua nudc
ndy (8). Nam 1996, nhid'u cd quan ehinh
phii, trong dd cd Bd ngogi giao da phai ddng
c i a mdt thdi gian do khdng cd tdi chinh dd
hogt dgng. Vd mdt trUdng hdp dang chu y
nfla la trong nam 2013, mdt nfla trong hd
tho'ng eua chinh phu My da phai ddng cfla

khoang mdt thang do mau t h u i n gifla hai
Dang vd' tran nd cdng ma kd't qua la vide
ngdn sach eho hogt ddng cua chinh phu da
khdng dfldc thdng qua.
Theo quy dinh eua Hien phap, Hg vidn

dua ra mgi du lugt hen quan de'n thu nhdp,
did'u dd cd nghia la mgi dU luat vg' dg'n thue,
quan thue' va ca cac dfl luat ddi vdi he thdng
an ninh xa hdi. Do dac quyg'n dfldc quy dinh
trong Hig'n phap, cdc dgo lugt quy dinh vg'
cae khoan tid'n ehi tidu cho chinh phu hen
bang eung do Hg vidn khdi xudng. Dae
quyg'n dfla ra eae du ludt lidn quan dd'n tai
chinh khdng cd nghia Id Thfldng vidn khdng
cd quyg'n sfla ddi cac dfl ludt dd, nhflng
quyen dfldc Iam ndi dau tien dfla ra cac dfl
lugt se tgo dUde nhiing dieu khoan phap ly,
thudng cd t h i bao gdm ca nhflng gidi ban ma
ThUdng vien khd t h i vfldt qua ng'u nhfl Ha
vien mudn dfl luat dd dfldc thdng qua.
Ngoai ra, mdi quan hg gan bd gifla cfl tri
va cac nghi si trong hai vien eua Qud'c hdi
My eung Id nhdn td tang them vai trd ciia
the chg' ndy ddi vdi cdc quyg't dinh lien
quan den chi tieu ngan sdch. Sfl nghigp cua
cac nghi si Qud'c hdi h i u nhu phu thudc vao
vide cfl tri cd biu hg trong eae eupe b i u eii
dinh ky hay khdng bdi vi "gidnh thang ldi
trong cudc tai tranh cfl Id did'u cac nghi si
mong mud'n hdn ba't ky thfl gi khi edn
dUdng nhiem" (9). Tnide ap Iflc tai cfl, va'n
dg' tranh thu sfl ung hd ciia cfl tri tgi khu
vflc bau efl la vd'n dd' khdng the thie'u cua
mdi nghi si. Chfnh vi vgy, Idi hfla vg' vd'n de'
phdn bd' ngan saeh eho cac hogt ddng eua

ehinh phu ddi khi la ndi dung dfldc cac nghi
si Qudc hgi dung dd tranh thu sfl ung hg
eiia cac cfl tri tgi khu viic b i u cfl cua minh.
Mdt trong nhflng vi du dien hinh ve vai
trd hgn ehd' eiia Tong thd'ng trong Iinh vflc
ddi ngogi thdi kj^ sau chid'n tranh Viet Nam
la "quyd'n quyet dinh ngan saeh" cua Qude
hdi da ngdn can nd Iflc binh thfldng hda


quan he vdi Viet Nam. Nd lue hda giai
nghiem tuc vdi Viet Nam trong thdi ky ciia
chinh quyg'n Jimmy Carter cung vd'p phai
bfle tfldng "bdi thudng" thudc quyd'n "quan
ly h i u bao" eua Quoc hdi My.
3. Cau c h u y e n lich sii t r o n g q u a n h e
Viet - My
Nam 2015 la ndm ky nidm 20 nam Viet
Nam vd My dUdc binh thudng hda. Tuy
vdy, con dudng di dd'n binh thfldng hda
quan he khdng ddn gian vd trai qua diy
trie trd ma ngUdi dan va ehinh phu hai
nflde dd phai eflng nhau giai quyd't.
Ngay sau dai thang mua Xuan ndm
1975, vdo thang 6 nam 1975, Thii tfldng
Viet Nam luc dd Id Pham Van Dong dd
thdng qua Lign Xd de nghi My xue tig'n
binh thudng hda vdi dieu kien My bdi
thfldng chid'n tranh Viet Nam, ed traeh
nhidm hdn gin va xay dung lgi Vidt Nam.

Tid'p theo dd, Thu tfldng phat bilu trflde
Qud'c hgi: "Viet Nam mdi ggi Hoa Ky binh
thfldng hda va yeu ciu chinh quyen My chi
tiln tai thie't nhfl da hfla" (10). Trong cae
Iin dam phan de binh thfldng hda quan he,
quan dilm eua Viet Nam ed phan cUdng
quye't, dfldc the hien trong phat bieu cua
Thfl trudng Ngogi giao Phan Hid'n ngdy 26
thang 3 ndm 1976: "Vide Hoa Ky ddng gdp
vdo viec ban gin vg't thUdng chig'n tranh d
Vidt Nam la mdt nghia vu khdng the chdi
eai, xdt ve mat phdp Iy cua Hiep dinh Paris
v l Vigt Nam, ve mat phap ly qud'c tg' cung
nhu dgo ly va Ifldng tri eiia con ngfldi" (11).
Tuy vdy, vd'n de' boi thudng chid'n tranh cho
Vigt Nam dfldc Td'ng thd'ng My lue dd Id
Richard Nixon hfla trong bfle thfl gfli eho
Thu tfldng Pham Van Ddng da trd thdnh
mdt can trd Idn (12). Tuy nhidn, ndi dung
nay da khdng dfldc Qud'c hdi My thdng qua.
Trong ca mdt thdi gian, Viet Nam lai eoi
day id mdt eai ed de phia My lang tranh
traeh nhiem sau chig'n tranh eua minh. Ly

do la trong Hiep dinh Paris nam 1973 da
ghi: "Thi theo truyin tho'ng hao hidp eua
minh, Hoa Ky se tham gia giup dd tai thie't
(Viet Nam) sau chig'n tranh". Va sau khi
hai ben hoan thdnh vide ky tit, ngay 23
thang 1 nam 1973, Trfldng dodn dam phan

Viet Nam Le Dflc Thg da thda thudn duoc
vdi Trudng doan dam phan My Kissinger
sd' vign trd 3,25 ty USD, them vdo dd Mj
hfla vien trd khdng hodn Igi m6i nSm 650
trieu USD. Viet Nam da tin vao ldi hiia ndy
trong mdt thdi gian khd dai (13). Vay thUc
cha't cua va'n dg' la d ddu?
Sau tha't bai d Viet Nam, My budc phai
rut quan vdi tu thd' ke thua cudc. Md't mat
vdi mdt qud'c gia be nhd, "My khdng con
tdm trang Iam hda" (14). Vidt Nam da tr3
thdnh "hdi ehflng" d nflde My. Mdt dat
nudc, ludn theo "chii nghia ngogi I§" (15) •
quan nigm cho r i n g nUdc My la quoc gia
dge bidt, d vi tri cao hdn cdc qud'c gia khac
dd ldm cho ngudi My bi cha'n ddng va ton
thUdng khi phai chflng kig'n mdt trong
nhflng cudc chid'n tranh bi tham trong lich
Sli nflde My, cudc chig'n d i u tign ngfldi Uf
da khdng t h i gianh t h i n g ldi. Ben eanh d6,
vu Watergate, va vide Td'ng thd'ng Nixon
phai tfl chflc cung vdi sU xao ddng ehinh tri
trong Idng nflde My thdi ky gifla nhQng
ndm 1970 da lam eho vi thd'cua To'ng thdng
suy ye'u tfldng dd'i vd Qud'c hdi d thd' td'n
edng, mac du nhflng nhan to khae, nhii
quan hg vdi Trung Qudc vd vd'n M
Campuchia sau ndy, mdi Id nhflng ly do
chu yd'u ngdn can Carter binh thfldng hda
quan he vdi Viet Nam.

Nhfl dd phan tfch d trdn, Qud'c hdi Id cd
quan quyg't dinh eae khoan ehi eiia Td'ng
thd'ng My cho cac hogt ddng doi ngogi vi
dieu ndy da xay ra khi ngi dung ldi hfla cua
Tong thdng Nixon dfldc thdng bao vd di^u
t r i n tgi Quo'c hdi My. Trong cudc hpp ciia
Ha vien ngay 4 thdng 5 ndm 1977, Ha nghj


Xin ldi va bfli thtfong chiCT tranh...
si Cdng hda John Ashbrook ddi ed bign
phap cd'm Bd Ngoai giao My ed thdm
nhfldng bp vdi Viet Nam. Hg vien My do
cac nghi si Cdng hda chie'm da sd da bd
phid'u thdng qua Dfl lugt do Ashbrook (HR
6689) dd' xud't vdi sd phieu dp dao 166/131
cd'm ca vide thfldng Ifldng vd' "boi thfldng,
vidn trd hay mpi hinh thflc ehi tra khae"
cho Viet Nam. Nhflng l i n bd phig'u ke tid'p
eua Qudc hdi cung da phan ddi mgnh me
bd't ky hinh thflc vien trd ndo cho Viet Nam
vd tham chi ehdng ddi ca vi$c dd bd lenh
ea'm van thfldng mgi. Dflng trflde lan sdng
chdng ddi Vidt Nam mgnh me trong Quoc
hgi, Bg trfldng Ngogi giao My Cyprus
Vance dd phai tuydn bd' My se khdng tra
Vigt Nam bd't ky khoan dg'n bu ehien tranh
ndo. Trong cac cudc thfldng Ifldng tiep theo
vd' vide thie't l^p quan he ngogi giao hai bgn
vin edn nhid'u khac bidt (16). Trong khi

Vidt Nam cho ring, Hoa Ky phai bdi
thfldng chid'n tranh Id mdt nghia vu khdng
the phii nhdn, phia Chfnh phii Carter cho
bidt su hd trp theo yeu ciu eiia Vigt Nam Id
khdng the thflc hidn dflpc. Cd the thd'y
ring, trd nggi Idn nhd't eho vide binh
thfldng hod quan hd Id vdn d l bdi thfldng
chig'n tranh 3,2 ty USD eho Viet Nam vi
Qud'c hdi My khi dd dflt khoat khdng chd'p
nhdn vidn trt? Idm dieu kign cho viec binh
thfldng hda quan hd vdi Vigt Nam.
Thfle td' trong giai doan Iieh SL( dd thi
dieu khdng khd hidu khi Vidt Nam khdng
nhfldng bg trflde qud'c gia vfla hi danh bai
bdi chfnh ngfldi dan Viet. Boi thfldng chid'n
tranh dfldc Vigt Nam eoi nhfl Id mdt dieu
kign tign quyg't cho mpi dam phan lign
quan dd'n binh thfldng hda. Trfldng hdp xay
ra cung khdng ndm ngodi quy ludt cua hg
thd'ng quan h$ qudc tg' bdi vi long vi tha
khdng t h i la mdt hanh ddng ddn phUdng vd
ddy la mdt qua trinh khd khfin eho mpi ben
lien quan. Nhfl Mark Amstutz - nha nghidn

19
cflu vd' vd'n de hda giai gifla edc qud'c gia,
trong tac phdm "The Healing of Nations"
da phan tich, "long vi tha cin d nhflng ke
chid'n bai tfl ha minh de nhgn ldi, td ra an
nan va bidt xin ldi, chd'p nh^n bdi thudng

chid'n tranh vd tham ehi chd'p nhan mdt sd'
hinh thflc trflng phat. Ddi vdi cac nflde la
ngn nhan, tha thfl cd nghia Id tfl bd Idng
mong mudn tra thu, thdng cam bing ldng
nhan di vdi ke gay ndn tgi Idi vdi minh de
di den phuc hdi quan hg. Trong mdi quan
he gifla eae qud'c gia thi sfl edng bing tuygt
ddi la khdng thd cd vd trong eae ben tham
gia xung ddt can cd mdt bdn chu ddng
khdng tfnh dd'n qua khfl vd hfldng dd'n
tUdng Iai" (17). Tuy nhien, cd nhflng nhan
td lien quan dd'n sfl van hdnh cua he thd'ng
chfnh tri ciia mdt qud'c gia nhfl My Iue dd
Viet Nam chfla phai da hilu hdt (18).
Tfl gdc dp van hda chinh tri phdn tich
trfldng hdp "binh thudng hda" quan he Vigt
- My thdi ky sau nam 1975 se thd'y dupe
nhieu nhdn td van cd gid tri eho quan hg
ddi ngogi cua Viet Nam trong thdi ky hdi
nhdp qud'c te' hign nay. Nhfl da phdn tieh,
ddl vdi ca Vidt Nam va My thdi kJ^ ndy, va'n
de lUdng thfl, bd qua cho nhau cd the ndi Id
dieu khdng tudng. Cac vd'n d l bdi thudng
chid'n tranh vd vd'n de Iupng thfl dfldng nhfl
gap phai sfle dp Idn tfl dfl ludn ndi bd eua
moi nude trflde xud't phat tfl nhid'u tac ddng
khae nhau. Thii nhd't Id vi tri eua mdi nflde
trong hd thd'ng chinh tri quoe td', nudc thua
trdn la mdt cfldng qude trong khi nflde
t h i n g tran lai la mdt nudc nhd. Cho du

thua va phai rut quan khdi Vi^t Nam, My
v i n la mdt nflde Idn trong thdi ky Chid'n
tranh Lanh. Did'u nay da ldm cho hai nflde
khd cd the ed sU nhUdng bd trdng thdi gian
d i u ngay sau khi ehieii tranh vfla kd't thuc.
Ddi vdi cdc nghi si My thi khd cd the chd'p
nhdn ba't ky mdt ldi xin ldi nhfl eac nflde
bgi tran khac hay phai chi mdt khoan kinh


phi nao de bdi thfldng chidn tranh mac du
hg la nhflng ngfldi da bd phid'u khdng thdng
qua ngan sdch cho vide giii qudn ddi My
sang Viet Nam nam 1975 - mdt nhan td da
gdp phin cho quyd't dinh eua cac nhd lanh
dgo Dang vd Nhd nflde Vidt Nam tid'n hanh
Td'ng td'n edng giai phdng mien Nam thd'ng
nhd't da't nflde (19). Vao thdi dilm nay,
chfla the sdn sdng khdp Iai qua khfl dau
thUdng chinh la nguygn nhdn dau tien
cung nhu la trd ngai thfl nhd't ldm chgm
qud trinh binh thudng hda quan he Viet My. Samantha Power nhdn xdt r i n g "edc
nha hoach dinh chinh sach cua My thudng
khdng thfch nhie dd'n Idi Iim ciia qua khfl
ma da lam hdng di hinh anh cua nudc My
tren thd gidi vd did'u nay da can trd ngfldi
My hge tfl bdi hpe lich sfl" (20). Vigc binh
thudng hda quan he gifla hai nUdc dupe
thiic hign d giai dogn sau cung eho thd'y
"hdi chflng Viet Nam" da anh hfldng nhfl

the nao tdi chfnh tri ndi bd eua My va "hdi
ehflng My" eung in sau trong ea mdt the' he
d Vidt Nam. Thii hai, khoang each ve dia ly
cung lam eho hai nflde vd'n ciiu thu - My vd
Vigt Nam, khdng ed nhu eau song chung
trong mdt mdi trfldng chinh tri va cin phai
giai quye't mpi va'n de' di thid't lap quan he
vdi nhau. Trong trUdng hdp nay, cdng ddng
qudc tg' khdng chia se vdi nhflng mdi quan
tdm quan hg ddi ngogi ciia hai quoc gia nay
bdi vi ldi fch qudc gia dan tde ludn Id mdt
trong edc nhdn td tae dpng tdi qua trinh
hogeh dinh va tridn khai chinh sach cua
cdc nudc. Tuy nhien, "trong hoan eanh nhd't
dinh cdng ddng qude td' cd the gdp phan
thflc tinh lUdng tri eua nflde vi pham" (21).
Ddy Id thuc tg' Viet Nam da khdng trien
khai dupc sau ndm 1975. Bai hge tranh thu
sfl ung eua edng dong qud'c tg' khi chie'n
tranh dang xay ra khdng dfldc van dung
mdt each ed hidu qua. Thii ba, eude chie'n
tranh gifla hai nudc My va Viet Nam xay ra

trong giai dogn Chie'n tranh Lgnh. Ban
than Chid'n tranh Lanh da dinh hinh nen
he thd'ng chinh tri qudc tg' trong sudt giai
dogn nay dg'n tdn eudi thap ky 90 eiia the
ky trUdc. Sau nam 1975, cue dien quan he
gifla nhflng nflde Idn cd didn bid'n phfle tap.
My suy giam the' vd Iflc, khung hoang toan

dien ve chinh tri, kinh tg', xa hdi. Tay Au va
Nhat Ban vfldn len trd thdnh eae trung tam
kinh tg' thg' gidi egnh tranh vdi My. My tien
hdnh dieu chinh chie'n Iflpe, giam cam ket d
bdn ngodi thuc day hda hoan vdi eac ddi thu
chinh, tap trung uu tien giai quyg't cac vd'n
dg' trong nflde ciing cd' dia vi trong he thdng
tfl ban chu nghia. Mdu t h u i n Xd - Trung
ngdy cang trd ndn gay gat. Tinh hinh nay
cd anh hfldng ldn dg'n qua trinh hogch dinh
chinh sdch ddi ngoai cua Vidt Nam, nhd't la
bdi vi Xd va Trung dd'u la hai ngudi anh ca
cua phe xa hdi chii nghia. Vi vdy, vigc
nghidn cflu hay phan tieh mdt quyg't dinh
hay mdt hanh ddng ndo lidn quan dg'n quan
he gifla Viet Nam vd My trong thdi ky sau
1975 vdi chinh sdeh ddi ngogi ciia My doi
vdi Lidn xd vd Trung Quoc. Chfnh vi sU doi
ldp trong quan diem eiia hai qudc gia lien
quan dd'n va'n de boi thudng chid'n tranh va
kem theo dd tinh hinh thg' gidi vd khu viic
tdc ddng bd't ldi cho vide binh thudng hda
quan he trong nhflng nam tid'p theo. Cufii
eung, thlie tg' rd rang la qua trinh binh
thudng hda quan hd gifla Vigt Nam va My
dd dien ra trong giai doan Chig'n tranh
Lgnh da ket thuc.
De'n nay, dm vdi ea ngfldi My va ngUcfi
Vidt Nam, cudc ehien tranh da trd thdnh
qua khfl, hai nflde da binh thfldng hoa

quan he vd nang cd'p quan hd ddi tac toan
dien. Ddi vdi ldp tre nhflng cam xue manh
me md chie'n tranh gay ra din din trtJ
thanh Idng qudn theo thdi gian. Ddi vdi
thanh nien My hidn nay, chid'n tranh Viet
Nam chi cdn la nhflng sfl kign trong qua


Xin I6i va b^i thucmg chiMi tranh...
khfl nhfl Chid'n tranh thd' gidi Iin thfl Nhd't
ddi vdi mdt the hg ngudi Vigt Nam. Trong
trf nhd cua hp, do ehinh Id mdt sfl kidn se
dfldc dfla vdo bidn nien sit, chfl khdng phai
la mgt sfl kidn hg phai trai nghidm. David
Elliott, Giao sfl Sit bgc cua Trfldng Dai hge
Pomona d Claremont, California, ngfldi
giang dgy ve chig'n tranh Viet Nam da phat
bilu rang: cudc chid'n tranh ndy bay gid "ehi
cdn la tid'ng vgng cua thdi gian". "Hg khdng
hilu dupc cudc chid'n tranh ndy tflng chie'm
vi tri nhu thd' ndo trong mdt thdi dilm trong
lich sii" (22). Nhflng ngudi da tflng trai qua
thdi ky chig'n tranh xay ra cam tha'y khd cd
the giai thich eho nhiing ngfldi khdng phai
sd'ng trong giai doan dd. Dg'n nay, theo each

tidp can van hda ehinh tri, chflng ta cd thg
hilu dupe r i n g xet vg' bdi eanh rdng Idn hdn
thi bdi thfldng chid'n tranh ehi cd hidu qua
khi cd dfldc sfl thd'ng nhd't gifla eac ben Udn

quan trong cudc chig'n thi se tao ndn sfl
thdng hieu Iin nhau va eon dfldng din dd'n
hda giai dfldng nhfl khdng ma'y khd khan
(23). Nhiing hoat ddng eua hai nude lien
quan de'n vd'n dd' MIA, POW, thao dd bom
min, bdi thfldng cho eae ngn nhan chd't dde
da cam Id nhflng minh chflng cho nhdn thflc
ndy. Cd thd tha'y rang kinh nghiem Iieh sfl
trong quan hg Vidt - My se cdn tid'p tuc dfldc
nhdc dg'n tfl giang dfldng cho dd'n nhflng
cudc ludn ban chinh sach vdo nhiing thdi
diem cin thig't.

CHU THICH
(1). N g i y 9-5-1950 B6 trUdng Ngoai giao Phap
liic d6 Ih R. Schuman da dUa ra m6t sang kien mdi

(7). Nelson W.Polsy. Congress and the
President.

Universtiy of California, 1986, tr. 90.

khfli d i u cho tien trinh li§n kg't chiiu Au. 6 n g de

(8). Trung tam nghign cilu Bic My. Qu6c hoi

nghi "Dat to6n b§ vi^c san xu^t than vk th6p cua

My hoat dgng nhU the nao. Nxb. Khoa hoc xa h6i.

Dilc va Phap dUdi mot cd quan quyen iUc toi cao

(Ban dich), tr. 478.

chung trong mot td chijlc mfl ciJla cho cac nUdc Tay
Au khdc tham gia". Tr§n cd sd di ngh; d6, ng^y 18-

(9). Samuel Kernell vk Gary C. Jacobson.
Logich Chinh tri My. Sdd, tr. 221.

4-1951, tai Paris, 6 quoc gia Tay Au gom; Phap,

(10), (11). Hoc vien Quan h§ Quoc te. Chinh

Tfiy Diic, Italia, Bi, Ha Lan vk Luxembourg da ky

sdch ngoai giao Viet Nam (1975-2006). Tfip II. Kk

Hi^p Udc thdnh \&p Cong dong than th^p chau Au

Noi, 2007, tr. 357, 358.

(European Coal and Steel Community - ECSC) (c6

(12). Ldi hiia chi boi thuflng cho Vifit Nam sau

hi^u liic tii ngky 25-7-1952), da md ra mot chUdng

chien tranh dUdc Tong thong My Richard Nixon de

mdi trong lich sii quan h§ gifla cac nUdc TSy Au.

c^p trong mpt bfle thU g^i thu tudng Phgm Vfin

(2), (3). L6 Vfin Binh. 'Traeh nhiem phap Iy

Dong trong chuyen di Viet Nam ngfiy 10-13 thang

quoc te". Tap chi Khoa hoc DHQGHN, Luat hoc. so

2 nfim 1973, ngay sau khi Hiep dinh Paris dUdc kf

28-2012, tr. 72, 75.

ket, trong do cam ket se chi m6t khoan 3,25 trifu
in

USD vien tr^ kinh te. Noi dung M j se dong g6p

Politics. Cornell Unviersity, 2010, tr.

vfio vi§c han gfin vet thuOng chi€^n tranh vd c3ng

(4). Jennifer Lind. Sorry States: Appologies
International

cu6c xay dUng sau chien tranh fl Vifit Nam Ddn

6.
(5). Dpc them ChUdng 6 - Quoc hoi. Logich

Chinh

tri My ciia Samuel Kernell vk Gary C.

Jacobson (Ban d;ch). Nxb. Chfnh trj Quoc gia - Sii
th$t, Hk N6i, 2007, tr. 212 - 271.
(6). Hien phdp My, Dieu I, p h i n 9 khoan 7.

chu Cdng hoa vfi tofin Dong dUdng dUdc de cfip cl
Dieu 21 cua Hifip dinh Paris mfic dii khong cd con
30 cu the.
(13). Dfiy lfi mot suy nghi trong lich sd, tac gia
dUdc bi^'t qua trao doi vdi nhiing b§c lao thdnh


(19), Khi cac nhfi lanh dao Vifit Nam bfin d^n

trong ngfinh d5i ngoai c6 ca cu thfin sinh ciia

vific thflc hipn Tong tien cSng giai phong mien

minh.
(14). George C.Herring. "Tii cUu thii tdi bfing

Nam thong nhfit dat nUdc. Cau hdi quan trong

hflu". Tudn Viet. Bai da du^c xufi't ban: 30/12/2012.

nhfi't dfit ra c i n giai quyet lfi kha nfing My ed thi

/>
trfl lai can thifp b i n g quan sfl hay khdng? Cfie b^n

cuu-thu-toi-bang-huu. Truyc|lp ngfiy 10/2/2015

My da giflp thdng tin cho Vi^t Nam lfi My chic

(15). Dfiy lfi mot dfic tinh trong quan h? doi

c h i n khdng giii qufin ddi tham chifi'n. Thdng tin

ngoai cua My c6 nguon gob til chii nghia ca nhan -

nfiy da gdp phiin cho quyet dinh lich sfl quan trpng

mot d$c trUng vfin h6a cua My da dUdc tac gia d^

nfim 1975. Tuy nhifin, lue nfiy Vi^t Nam khong oi

cfip trong mpt so cdng trinh khoa hoc da cong bo.

thdng tin dSy dii ve quy^n quyet dinh lien quan

(16). Dpc thfim. Vu Duong Ninh, Lich sH quan
he doi ngoai Vi&t Nam (1940-2010). Nxb. Chinh trj
Quoc gia • Sli th^t, Ha Noi, 2014, tr. 272-274.
(17). Mark Amstutz. The Healing of Nations:
The Promise and Limits of Political

Forgiveness.

de'n chi tieu ngan each ciia Qud^c hdi My, (chia si
bac Biii Xuan Ninh - co van cao cfi'p cua Thu tifdng
Pham Vfin Dong vdi tac gia khi khuyen tac gia nen
nghien eflu ehuyen sau de hieu rd sfl van hfinh cua
he thdng ehinh tri My).

Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005, tr.
97.

(20).

Power,

Samantha,

"War

and Never

Having to Say You're Sorry". New York Times,
(18), Trong giai doan dfi'u tranh thoing nhfi't dfi't

2003, Dec. 14.

nudc, hSu het cac nghien cflu ve My d Vipt Nam

(21). Jennifer Lind. Sorry States: Appologies in

vKn nhin nh^n theo goe do My lfi ke thu vfi cac

International

nghifin eflu v^ ehinh tri n6i b§ My chUa dUdc nhfi'n

7

manh. Day lfi nh^n xet ciia cyu Dai sfl Trinh Xuan
Lfing trong bfii phat bieu t^i H5i thao qud'c tfi'

Politics. Cornell Unviersity, 2010, tr.

(22). Peter Gier, "Memories of Vietnam fad^.
The Christian Sieence Monitor. 28-4-2000.

T i e p cfin nghifin cflu Hoa KJ hpc vfi kinh nghi§m

(23), Elazar Barkan, Alexander Karn. Taking

cho Vi^t Nam" do Trfldng Dai hpc khoa hoe Xa hpi

wrongs seriously. Stanford University Press, 2006,

va Nhan vfin, DHQG Hfi Noi to chflc thang 9-2003.


VnN D€ sir DUNG RUONG DHT CONG LANG XH
d NONG THON THdl TRRN *'

NGUVilN THI PHUONG CHI'

R

udng dd't cdng ldng xa cdn dUde gpi
la "quan didV hay "quan dien ban
xa". Quan did'n Id Idai rudng ma thudng
dflLy, Trdn. Lang xa dfldi sfl didu hdnh eiia
nhd nudc dflpc phdp quan ly loai rudng dd't
nay. Ldng xa dflpc quyg'n chia cdng didn vd
thu td thue' nop cho nhd nflde. Vi thd', cd'p
ddn vi cd sd - ldng xa khdng ngflng dfldc
nhd nude tdng efldng vi^c kiem soat. Trong
lich sfl cdc nhd nflde qudn chu Viet Nam,
ldng xd Id nhflng ddn vi bao tdn vflng ehae
nhflng sac thai vdn hda dan tdc.
Rudng dd't cdng ldng xa d ndng thdn thdi
Tr^n dfldc trid'u dinh sit dung vdi nhieu
mi^c dieh: 1. Dung d^ phan chia cho nhan
dinh va thu td; 2. Dung de ban ca'p cho cac
vfldng h i u , cdng ehua va nhflng ngfldi ed
cdng danh giae; 3. Dung dg ban cho dan
mua lam rudng tU; 4. Cung vao chua.
Thdng qua nhflng npi dung sfl dung rudng
dd't nhfl vdy cd the thd'y dflpc Nha nflde
T r i n quan ly rudng da't nhfl the' nao.
1. Chung ta deu bidt rdng, Iang xa thflc
hien phan chia rudng edng cho nhdn dinh
dd'n tud'i dflpe hudng vd trdn ed sd dd ma

* PGS.TS. Vien Sfl hoc

chiu trdeh nhiem nop du td eho nhd nflde.
Nhd Tran da nhieu ldn tid'n hanh dieu tra
dan sd' nham thflc hidn nhieu mue dich,
trong dd cd viec ndm sd' dinh dg phan chia
rudng da't va thu td. Trong chinh sach ban
hanh nam 1242 da cho thd'y ro dig'u dd,
Chinh sdch td rudng vao bud'i ddu thdi
Tran dd dUpe quy dinh nop bdng hai loai:
tidn vd thdc. "Nhan dinh cd 1,2 mdu rudng
thi ndp 1 quan tien, cd 3,4 mdu thi nop 2
quan tien, cd tfl 5 mdu trd len thi ndp 3
quan tien. Td rudng mdi mdu nop 100
thang thdc" (1). Tuy nhidn, tren thfle te
khdng phai ldng ndo cung cd du rudng cdng
de chia cho nhan dinh. Vi thd', sfl chep Id
"Nhan dinh cd rudng da't thi nop tien thdc,
khdng cd rudng da't thi midn ca" (2).
De hinh dung rd hdn sd' rudng cdng Iang
xa phan chia eho dan dinh, chung tdi tim
hieu so dinh thdi Trin. Theo cdc sfl kidn
dupc ghi ehep trong Bai Viet si? ky todn thii
rVid't tat la BVSKTT). ed td't ca 9 Ian trieu
dinh ha lenh xet dinh dan s6. Trong dd, sd
lan xet dinh so' dinh chig'm tdi bdn ldn vao
cac nam 1238 (3), 1243 (4), 1280 (5), 1366
(6), trong bd'n Ian nay thi rdi vao Thanh

Hoa hai ldn (1238. 1366) va hai lan tien
hanh tren pham vi ea nflde (1243, 1280). Hai
lan duydt dinh sdbinh vdo eac ndm 1297 (7),
1316 (8), trong dd mdt lan (nam 1297) tid'n
hanh duyet dinh so binh tren pham vi ea
nUdc va mpt lan d chau Didn (1316). Hai lan
xet dinh hp khau vdo eac ndm 1242 (9) vd
1285 (10). Mdt lan lam ddn sd (tfle Id sd' hd) d
cac Id (11) vao ndm 1372 (12). Rd't tig'e trong
ea 9 ldn ay, BVSKTT khdng cho bid't rd sd
hgu cu the. Qua ndi dung cua 9 ldn xet dinh
so dinh, xet dinh binh ddn, xet dinh hp
khdu, chung tdi thd'y, trieu dinh nha Tran
ludn chu trpng den viee nam dUdc dan sd'ndi
chung va dinh nam ndi ridng. Viee tim higu
dan sd thdi Trdn ed the dfla vao so dan vao
cudi thdi nha Hd. Khi nha Ho tie'n hanh eude
khang chien ehd'ng qudn xdm lupc Minh
tha't bai. Nhd Minh dd tig'n hdnh kiem kd sd
dan vd so' tdi san thu dupe d nUde ta luc ba'y
gid. Nhflng con so ndy dUde BVSKTT chep
nhu sau: Nam 1407, "Ngfldi Minh tinh sd da
lay dfldc: 48 phu chdu, 168 huyen, 3.129.500
hd, 112 con voi, 420 con ngfla, 35.750 con
trau, 8.865 eai thuyeV (13). Theo nghidn
cflu cua tde gia Nguydn Dinh Diu, ddn sd'
Viet Nam thdi Ly, nam 1054 la 2.200.000
ngudi. Nam 1407, thdi thudc Minh, dan sd
3.129.500 ngfldi. Nam 1490, nflde Dai Vidt,
dan sd 4.000.000 ngfldi (14). Nhflng eon so

cua tde gia Nguyen Dinh Diu ddn ra d ddy,
theo tdi rd't tin cdy. Ne'u thdi Ly, ndm 1054,
dan sd la hdn 2,2 trieu ngfldi, thdi thupc
Minh Id 3.129.500 ngudi thi dd'n thdi Tran
cd the dat dd'n 3 tridu ngfldi. Neu mot nita
trong sd dd la dinh thi sd dinh Id 1.500.000
ngfldi. Nhfl trgn dd neu, nhdn dinh cd tfl 1, 2
mdu dd'n 5 mdu trd Ign thi cd the' hinh dung
sd rudng cdng phdn chia eho ddn dinh thdi
Trin nhu the ndo,
2. Rudng da't edng lang xd dflpc trid'u
dinh sfl dung de phan phong cho eac vfldng
hiu, cdng ehua, nhflng thdnh vign trong

hoang tdc nha T r i n , nhflng ngfldi dfldc ban
qud'c ti'nh (hp nha vua) va nhflng ngudi c6
cdng danh giac lam thdi ap, thiXc ap (dp
thang moc).
Ve viec ban cap thdi dp. Ddy Id chg' do
dae biet cua nha Tran. Mac du la da't cdng
ldng xd nhUng quyen ehu ddng phdn phong
td't nhien la thude ve nha vua vd trieu dinh
chfl khdng phai ldng xa. Hoa ldi trgn b9
phdn rudng dd't dd ne'u nhu trudc day dUcfc
nop cho nha nflde thi nay nop cho ehii thai
a'p, Rudng ban cd'p khdng dfldc truyen lai
cho con chau. Ng'u trudng hdp vUdng h^u,
quy tdc mac tdi, trieu dinh cd the tieh thu
de ban eho ngUdi khac. Sii cu khdng cho
chung ta big't so' lieu rudng dd't cu the ma

tridu dinh ban cho mdi ngUdi ma chi cho
bid't mdi vi vfldng hau d thai a'p tfle la b
"hiiOng", cd'p chinh quyen thdi Tran, chi khi
nao trieu dinh ldnh dg'n chiu thi mdi den
Kinh sfl, xong viec lai vg\ BVSKTT ch^p:
"Chd' dp nhd T r i n cac vfldng h i u deu d phil
de d hUdng cua minh khi ehiu h i u mdi d§'n
kinh su xong viec lai ve. Nhfl Qudc Tud'n d
Van Kig'p, Thu Dp d Qudc HUdng, Qufi'c
Ch^n d Chi Linh ddu thd'ea" (15).
Thdi Tran, ban cd'p thai d'p ehu yd'u cho
nhflng vfldng h i u , edng chua (16), nhiing
ngfldi lap edng ldn trong eac cudc khang
chid'n ehd'ng quan xam lUdc Mdng- Nguyen
dfldc trieu (Snh ban qud'c tinh (hp nhd vua),
nhfl trfldng hdp T r i n Khat Chan ching
han. Theo tu lieu minh chudng thi thai a'p
edn dupe phong cho cac trudng edng chiia.
va'n de dat ra Id, thdi Trin cd bao nhieu
quy tdc vUdng h i u , cdng chua dupe phong
thai a'p. Tig'c la, eac ngudn tu Ueu deu
khdng ghi chep cu the ve vd'n de nky.
Chung tdi da tim trong saeh BVSKTT vi
Khdm dinh Viet sii" thong gidm ciidng miic
{Ciidng muc) vk tdp hdp dfldc mdt danh
saeh (chfla d i y du) cac vfldng h i u tdn thdt
nhd Tran gdm 47 ngfldi (17).


Van de sfl dung ruopg dat cong..

Gia sfl 47 ngUdi nay ddu dUde ban thai
a'p thi so' dien tieh rudng dd't ban ed^p cdn
ldn den mfle do nao.
Trong qua trinh nghidn eflu vd di dig'n
da, ddng thdi kg't hdp vdi eac ngudn tfl lieu
chung tdi he thd'ng dfldc khoang 15 (18)
thai a'p sau:
1. Qude Hfldng (nay la lang Thanh Thi, xa
Vu Ban, huygn Binh Luc, tinh Ha Nam), thai
a'p eua Ta thdnh Thai sfl Trin Thu Dp (19).
2. Van Kid'p (Chi Linh, Hai DUdng), thai
d'p eua Hflng Dao Dai vfldng T r i n Qud'c
Tuan (20).
3. Chi Linh, thai d'p cua Hu$ Vo vfldng
Qud'c Chdn (sau ndy dng dUdc phong Id
Chieu Vu Dai vfldng).
4. O Chi Linh cdn cd thdi d'p cua Trdn
Phd Duygt. BVSKTT da chep: " Chau Chi
Linh vd'n la cua ridng eua Thfldng tudng
T r i n Phd Duyet..." (21).
5. Tinh Bang (thdn Van Nien, Vinh Bao,
Hai Phdng), thai a'p eua HUng Nhfldng
vfldng T r i n Qud'c Tang.
6. Thai d'p eua T r i n Khae Chung d Ddng
Trieu, tinh Quang Ninh (22).
7. Thanh Hda, thai d'p ciia Chidu Vdn
vUdng T r i n Nhdt Dudt.
8. Didn Chdu, thdi a'p cua Tinh Qudc
Dai VUdng Qudc Khang.
9. Gia Lam (nay thudc huyen Gia Ldm,

Hd Ndi), thai d'p cfla Van Hu^ vfldng Trin
Quang Trieu.
10. Dfldng Xa (lang Dang, xa Hoang Dflc,
huygn Hflng Hd, tinh Thai Binh) Id thai d'p
cua Tfldng qudc Thai uy T r i n Nh^t Hao.
11. Co' Mai (cdn gpi la Ke Md) (nay la cae
ldng Hoang Mai, TUdng Mai, Mai Ddng vd
phd Bach Mai, qudn Hai Ba TrUng, Ha
Npi), thai d'p eua Thfldng tudng qudn T r i n
Khat Chan (23).
12. Dde Ldp (nay thupc xa My Thdnh,
huydn Binh L\ie, tinh Hd Nam), thai ^p eua
Chidu Minh Dai vUdng Trin Quang Khai (24).

13. Dfldng Hod (nay thude huygn Duy
Tien, tinh Ha Nam), thai a'p cua Nhan Hue
vfldng T r i n Khanh Du.
14. Bach Hac (Viet Tri ngay nay), thai
d'p ciia cac Trfldng cdng chua (25).
15. Hdn Gai (nay la Thanh phd Ha
Long) thai d'p eiia Hung Vu vUdng Trin
Qud'c Nghien.
Tuy nhien, ndu chi dflng Iai d con sd
thd'ng ke nay thi ro rang, chung ta khdng
bie't dupc quy md cua mdt thai d'p nhu thg'
ndo. Vd, neu nhu khdng hinh dung dUdc
qui md eua mdi thai d'p thi eiing khd thd'y
dfldc mfle dp sfl dung rudng dd't cdng va
cung khd hinh dung dfldc kha ndng tha't
tbu thug' tfl sd rudng dd't nay. Vay, pham vi

hay quy md cua mdi thai d'p ra sao?.
Nhu tren da ngu, "Che'do nhd Trdn cdc
viicfng hdu deu d phu de b hiidng cua
minh...", tdi dae biet ehu y de'n tfl hitdng,
tfle la, cdc vfldng hiu, quy tdc dUde quyen
eai quan mdt vflng dd't - mdt ht/ctng. Tfl
trudc dd'n nay, h i u nhU khdng ma'y ai ehu y
den vd'n de ndy. HUdng la gi? NhU chung ta
da bigt, hUdng la cd'p chinh quyen dia
phUdng, dudi cd'p Id - phu -tra'n vd tdn tai
kha phd' bien d thdi Trin.
Vd" chinh quydn cd'p. hiiT r i n gpi la giap, dd'n nam 1297, nha T r i n
ddi gidp ldm hiidng (26) (Quae hUdng, Bach
Hac hUdng, hfldng Tinh Cfldng...). Sach
Cudng muc cung chep Id sau khang chid'n
ehd'ng Mdng- Nguyen thdng ldi, nha Trin
cho duyet dinh dan binh trong ca nUde.
"Cac chau chd nao trUdc la gidp, nay doi
thanh hUdng" (27). Cd'p hUdng da dupc
dung phd bie'n tfl thdi L^ (hfldng Sieu Loai
d Bac Ninh, hUdng Bang Sdn d chdu ai
(Thanh Hda ngay nay) va hUdng dfldc dat
ra tfl thdi Dfldng (nam 622) (28). Mae du,
dd'n nam 1297, cd'p hUdng chinh thflc thay
thd' cho cd'p giap, nhflng thflc te, cd'p hfldng
da dfldc dung kha phd' bien tfl dau thdi


Trin. Nam 1239: "...cho Phung Ta Chu

chflc Nhap npi Thai phd, sai ve hiic/ng Tiic
Mac (TG. nhd'n manh) dflng eung dien nhd
efla" (28). Qudn linh thi gpi Id "hitdng binh"
thd hdo. Bd Iao d eac hUdng, gpi la "hitdng
ldo" (30). 6 mien nui, cd'p ed the tfldng
dfldng vdi hUdng gpi Id sdch, dong (31). Mdt
hfldng gdm nhieu thdn, trang (hay lang).
Ddn vi hdnh chinh cd'p hUang thdi Trin
kha ldn. Theo tfl lieu van bia, minh ehudng
thdi Trin thi dfldipAii, lo, tra'n la hiidng rdi
dd'n xd. Theo bdi minh chudng chua Chidu
Quang (Chieu Quang tU chung minh) do
Trang nguydn Hd Tdng Thd'e soan ndm
Xudng Phu thfl 9 (1385) cho thd'y rd dfldi
cd'p lo Id cd'p hiidng rdi dg'n ca'p xd (32). Vdn
bia "Bai Viet quoc Binh Hpp hitdng, Thieu
Long tli bi" b thdn Mid'u, xd Tam Hiep,
huyen Phuc Thp, Ha Npi dfldc khac vdo
dau thdi Trin thi hUdng Binh Hdp kha ldn.
Hudng Binh Hdp bao gdm pham vi 4 xa
Tam Hi^p, Tam Thud'n, Hidp Thudn, Lidn
Hi?p thupe huyen Phuc Thp ngay nay,
tfldng flng vdi hai td'ng Thfldng Higp vd Ha
Hidp cua huyen Ygn Sdn, phu Qudc Oai
thdi Nguygn (33). Theo "Gia phd ho Binh"
(d Ndng Cd'ng, Thanh Hda) thi hfldng Lam
Sdn (cdn gpi la saeh Kha Man, Kha Lam)
qug hUdng Mudng Viet eua Ld Ldi vd nhidu
cdng t h i n khai qudc Ld Sd, vao cud'i T r i n
dg'n thude Minh bao gdm 11 thdn (lang)

sau: Nhu Ang, Thu Menh, Hudng Dfldng,
Giao Xd, Bi Ngu, Dflc Trai, Nguyin Xa,
Dung Tu, Sdn Lae, Mdt Vidn, Lung Nhai.
HUdng Lam Sdn bao gdm phin dd't tren eac
huydn Thp Xuan, ThUdng Xudn, Ngpe Lae
eua tinh Thanh Hda ngay nay. Theo bai
minh d Thdng Thanh quan thdi Trin thi
Bach Hae (ca vung Viet Tri ngdy nay) Id
"hiidng' (34). Van bia chua Hflng Phuc
(Hflng Phuc tfl bi) soan ndm 1324 (d xa
Quang Hung, huygn Quang Xfldng, tinh
Thanh Hda ngay nay) dd ghi cd'p phu rdi

de'n hitdng: "Phu Thanh Hoa, hiidng Yin
Buyen" (35). Nhfl vdy, dfla vao tdi li^u
trong chinh sfl cung tfl lieu minh chudng vk
bi ky, ta biet cd'p ehinh quydn hfldng Id sau
cd'p Id (hay phu) ma Id hay phu Id cd'p chinh
quyen dia phfldng cao nhd't. Theo tdi, cd'p
hitdng thdi T r i n cd the khdng bdng cSfp
huydn hien nay nhflng nd ed t h i tfldng
dfldng vdi pham vi 4-5 xa (36).
Ve viec ban cd'p ap thang mgc (thfle d'p).
Ddy la loai rudng da't dfldc phong cd^p cho
mot sd ddl tUdng la: ngfldi ed edng nhu
Nguy§n Khoai dugc phong thUe d'p d Khoai
Id (tinh Hung Ydn nhidn nay), ho^e ngUdi
tdn tha't nhUng "thd't sung" nhfl Thien ci^c
cdng ehua dfldc phong thang mdc d'p d chau
Lang (tinh Lang Sdn ngdy nay) va ngUai

tdn thd't mac tdi nhfl Tran Lidu dfldc thang
mde a'p d An Sinh, An Bang. Nhfl vay, co
ta't ea 3 d'p thang mdc thdi Trin dfl^c ghi
ehep trong chinh sfl. Nhfl chung ta da bidt,
T r i n Lieu dfldc ban cd'p cac vung dd't Yen
Phu, Ydn Dfldng, Ydn Sinh, Ygn Hung, Yen
Bang Iam d'p thang mdc. 5 dia danh ndy
bao gdm huyen Ddng Trieu va mdt sd'viing
dd't eua tinh Quang Ninh hidn nay. Tfl dd,
ehung ta cd the hinh dung d'p thang mfic
rgng ldn nhu the' nao. Thue d'p vd thdi d'p c6
didm gid'ng vd khac nhau. Gid'ng nhau 3
ehd, thai a'p eung nhu thang mde dp, thUc
a'p, trang a'p, thac dao dien deu Id dS't
phong di hudng bdng ldc. Khdc nhau d cho,
ddi tupng dupe hfldng dd't phong d moi tri^u
dai. Thai d'p ehi phong eho quy tdc tdn thdt,
nhflng vfldng h i u , cae trfldng cdng chua,
nhflng ngfldi dfldc ban qudc tinh vd khong
phai nop td thue cho nha nflde. Cdn dp
thang mpc phai nop td thud' theo quy dinh
(37), mac du, ehinh sfl khdng ghi ro sd to
thue' phai nop nhflng theo ghi chdp ciia Cao
Hung Trung ddi Minh trong An Nam chi
nguyen miic td thud' trdn cae loai rufing
cdng nhu quoc khd dien va thac dao dien


van ae stf dyng ruflng dal cflng..
(d'p thang mdc) nhfl sau: "Ddi Trin, cong

dien cd hai hang, mdi hang ed ba b^e: 1.
Qude khd dien: bde nha't mdi m i u nop 68
dd'u, bde trung nop 40 da'u, bae kem 30 da'u;
2. Thac dao dien; bde nha't moi m i u nop 10
da'u, bae trung cfl 3 m i u phai nop 10 dd'u^
bao nhieu rudng tdt deu ke Id rudng cdng
ta't ea. Cdn nhflng ndi mdi khai k h i n thi
nha nudc qui dinh la cua ddn. Rudng dat
cua dan mdi m i u phai ndp 3/10 dd'u" (38).
3. Ve viec bdn rugng cong cho ddn mua
ldm rugng tit. BVSKTT chi chdp duy nhd't
mdt l i n vdo nam 1254, "Giap D i n nam thfl
4, thdng 6, ban rudng cdng, mdi mot dien la
5 quan tig'n (ba'y gid gpi mdu Id didn), eho
nhdn ddn mua lam eiia tu" (39). Chinh
sach rudng da't nay da md dUdng eho sU
phat triln ciia chd' dp tu hflu. Tuy nhidn, do
tfl lipu qua khan hidm khie'n cho nfii dung
ndy khd tridn khai nhfl mong mud'n.
4. Viec cung rugng vdo chiia, dUdc khdc
ghi trong mdt sd' vdn bia. Bia Be nhi dai to
triing tu sit tich ky da ghi eac sU kidn: "...
Tran Nhan Tdng bao Anh Tdng dem 100
mdu rudng 6 hUdng Dpi Gia cung canh phu
(ngfldi ndy) do'i cho eae sfl", "Nam Hflng
Long thfl 18, T r i n Anh Tdng lai ban cho sfl
80 m i u rudng d hUdng An Dinh va canh
phu", Van Hud vUdng T r i n Quang Tridu "lai
eung them 300 m i u rudng d Gia Ldm vd
rudng dd't d trang Ddng Gia, trang An LUu

cpng hdn 1.000 m i u eung hdn 1.000 nd lam
cua thUdng tru eua chua Quynh Ldm" (40).
Trong Thdnh chi cua Thuang hodng cdn
ghi vi^c cung 40 mdu rudng vd bd'n dd eho
ehfla (41). Trong Bia rugng Tam bdo chiia
Siu cho big't vua T r i n Thai Tdng da cd'p
rudng dd't de phung thd Phdt Phap Tdng. A
Nau tM (tfle ehua Sdu) tpa lac d dia phdn xa
Ddi Nhan, td'ng Da Gia, huyen Gia Vidn,
phli TrUdng An, nay la thon Binh Khang,
xa Ninh Khanh, huyen Hoa Lfl, tinh Ninh

Binh. Bia dflpc tao vao ndm Thigu Long
Mdu Ngp (42) (1258) ddi vua Trin Thai
Tdng. Bia da hipn dflng d chua A Nau.
Thde ban hien Iflu trfl tai Vign Nghien cflu
Han Ndm, mang sd hieu 5766. Ndi dung
ghi: Nguyen xa Ddi Nhan, huydn Gia Vidn,
phu Trudng An cd ngdi danh lam ed tich Id
"A Nau tvf" do vua Thai Tdng (1225-1258)
tridu T r i n khai sang vd luu cd'p rudng de
phung thd Phat Phap Tang. Bia cdn kd rd
dien tich vd vi tri so'rufing nay (43)...
5. N h a n xet
5.1. Tfl nhiing ndi dung neu tren cd the
thd'y, nha Trin sfl dung rudng ddt cdng ldng
xa ehu yd'u vdo viec ban ca'p thdi a'p va a'p
thang mdc. Sd' rudng ban ca'p nay chie'm didn
tich rd't Idn. Vdi 15 thdi a'p va 3 d'p thang
mdc, mdi edi cd dien tieh tUdng flng vdi

khoang 4-5 xa thi gin nhfl mpi dia bdn ddng
bang ndng thdn trong nflde ddu cd rudng
cdng lang xd sfl dung vdo vide phong cd'p.
5.2. Sd rufing eong phan chia nhan dinh
cdy cd'y nfip td do khdng cd con sfi' ehinh xae
nen rd't khd di xac dinh didn tich eu thg,
nhflng tfl vide tim hieu sfi' nhdn dinh, ed the
hinh dung dupe so' rudng cdng loai nay
chig'm didn tich quan trpng. Hoa lpi trdn bd
phan rudng dd't ndy dfldc ndp vdo quoc khfi'.
5.3. Tfl ehu trfldng cho nhan dan mua
rufing edng lam rudng tu, trong khi nhd
nude khdng chu trpng nhieu dd'n vide thu
thud' rudng tfl . Mat khae, do nha Trin rat
sung bdi dao Phdt ndn cac t i n g ldp nhan
dan deu tfl nguyen eflng rudng vao ehua
(td't nhidn nhan dan eung rudng vao ehua
tfl rudng tu cua hp) khien eho rudng edng
ngdy eang bi thu hep. Rufing tu phat trien
td't ldm thu hep bfi phdn rufing da't edng,
anh hfldng dd'n ngudn thu cua nha nUdc.
Trong khi, ng'u mud'n ngan sach phat trien
thi phai thu thue. Ndi cdch khae, thud' Id
ngudn thu chti ye'u eua qudc khd thi nha


Tran da xem nhe va'n de ndy. Vi vdy, day
eung da trd thanh mdt trong edc nguygn
nhdn ddn dd'n qude khd trdng rdng vao niia
eudi the' ky XIV. Ddng thdi nd cung la

nguygn nhan d i n dd'n chinh saeh "Han
dien, ban nd" thUc hien vdo nam 1397 do
Ho Quy Ly khdi xudng. Vdo nfla cura the ky
XIV, kinh te nUdc nhd suy kiet, nhieu l i n
Nhd nflde phai ra Chieu keu ggi eae nhd
gidu cd'p thdc, phdt ehan eho ddn nghdo,
cflu ddi, ban thde gao vdi gia phai chang
cho dan hoae cho Nha nUde, hoac nop thdc
vdo kho de cung ca'p eho quan dpi. Dfi'i lai,
Nha nUdc se thfldng ehfle tfldc eho nhflng
ngudi ndo thflc hidn lenh tren. Tinh hinh
nay dfldc BVSKTT chdp vao cac nam 1358,
1362, 1373, 1375 (44). Va, dd'n nam 1378
thi qud'c khd rdi vao tinh trang "bet kiet"
nhu ghi chep trong BVSKTT: "Miia thu.

thdng 8 (1378), bay gid diidng cd viec dung
binh, kho tdng hei kiet" (45).
5.4. Nha T r i n quan ly so rudng cdng
nhu thd' nao, khdng cd tai lieu ndo cho
ehung ta bie't. O mdt vai tu lieu, ehung ta
bie't dUde each kg khai rudng da't thdi Trin
theo kig'u: "Ranh gidi co du Bong Tdy Nam
Bac nhit trong dia do vd trong sd sdch"
nhu ndi dung "Mdc bai" tim thd'y d Thai
Binh (46). De'n nam 1398, nhd nudc mdi
"ha lenh cho ddn tieu de hg tin d trin bd
rugng" (47) vd day cung la l i n duy nhat
nha T r i n tid'n hdnh do dac rudng da't. Ti
dd ed thd thd'y, nhd T r i n danh giae rd't gioi

nhUng trong quan ly kinh td', nhd't la quan
ly rudng edng, tU da td ra thie'u chat che,
thiiu dinh hitdng vd dd buong long van di
ndy trong thdi gian ddi. Day la vd'n de con
cd y nghia thflc tidn den ngay nay.

CHU THICH
(*) Nghien cflu nky dUOc till tr<; bdi Quy Ph&t
tnen Khoa hoc va Cong ngh? Qufic gia
(NAFOSTED) trong de tai ma so rV2.2-2012.19.
Xin chan th^nh cam an.
(1). Dai Viet sH ky toan thit {DVSKTT), tap II,
Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hoi, Hk Noi, 1971, tr.l9,- Xem
them: Nguyen Khic Dam, Them mot so y kie'n ve
chedp rudng dat va t6 thue thdi Ly-Trdn, Tap chi
Nghien ciht Lich sCe, so 1 (172) - 1977, tr.79-90.
(2). DVSKTT. tap II, sdd, tr 19.

(7). "Mua Xuan, thang 2 nam 1297, duy$t dinh
dan dinh eac xa trong nUde, bfit ddi ddi Ifim binh
khong dU^c lam quan, theo quy che cii" (Theo
DVSKTT, t$p II, sdd, tr.82).
(8). Miia Dong, thang 11 nfim 1316, sai Nhfin
hue Dai vUdng Khanh Du di chfiu Dien Ifim so
bmh dan" (TheoDVSKTT,

tfip H, sdd. tr.ll6).

(9). Nfim 1242, nhfi T r i n Ifim s^ ho khiEu, con
trai ldn goi la dai hofing nam, nhd gqi la tieu

hofing nam, 60 tu^i goi lfi lao, gifi iSm goi ]h long

(3), "Mua Xuan, thang 2 nam 1238. sai Thong
quoc Thai sU TrSn Thu Do duyet dinh s6' dmh phu
Thanh Hoa" (Theo DVSKTT, tap II, sdd, tr.lT).

lao (DVSKTT, tap II. sdd, tr.l9).

(4). "Mua Xu&n, thang Gieng nSm 1243, h?
l?nh cho quan cac 19 lam so Akn dinh, ban thang 2
iam xong" (Theo DVSKTT, tap II, sdd, tr.l9).

kho. Vi|e sda dinh h6 k h i u khdng phai lfi vi?c cln

(5). "Thang 2 nam 1280, x^t duyft so dinh vk
cae sac dich trong nu6c" (Theo DVSKTT, t^p II,
sdd. tr.49).

hao?' Bfiy tBi d i u khen phue" (DVSKTT, tfip U,

(6). "Mua XuSn. thang Gieng n&m 1366, sai Ta
bpc xa la Tfing Khoan va Hiiu boc xa la Le Quat
x^t dinh so dinh phu Thanh Hoa" (Theo DVSKTT,
t$p II, sdd, tr.l67).

b thdi T r i n .

(10). Thang 10-1285, "Xuong chigu dinh h5
khau trong nUdc. Trieu t h i n ean lfi dan dUcJng dau
lam ngay. Vua noi: "chi c6 liie nfiy mdi nen dinh h5

khau, di^ng de cho ke dieh dom thSiy dan ta dieu
sdd, tr.63).
(11). L6: Ca'p chinh quyin dia phUdng cao nhit
(12). Thang 8 nam 1372, xudng chieu cho cic 1?
Ifim ddn sd {titc lfi sp hg) (Theo DVSKTT, tfip H,
sdd.tr.181).


vm ae stt dung ruflng dot cong...
(13), (15). DVSKTT. tfip II, sdd, tr.252; 38.
(14). Nguyen Dinh D i u . ThU phong dodn ddn
so nitdc ta tit 20 the ky qua". Tap ehi Xua & Nay,
80 33 thang 11-1996, tr.23
(16). Nam 1052, nhfi Ly ddi cac hoang tii Ifim
vUdng h i u , cac hofing avt Ifim eong chua. Nhfi T r i n
cung theo each goi nhU thdi nhfi Ly.
(17). Danh saeh nhU sau (danh sach nay chUa
s i p xl'p theo the thii): 1. Thai sU Tran Thu Do; 2. An
Sinh vUdng Tran Lieu (trudc la Phung Kien vUdng);
3. Chieu Minh Dai vUdng Tran Quang Khai; 4. "Hnh
Quoc Dai vUdng Quoc Khang; 5. Minh Hien vUdng
Ua't (Con lit cua vua T r i n Thai Ton); 6. D ^ vUdng
T r i n Nhat Hao; 7. Trung Thanh vUdng (khong ro
t§n); 8. Chieu Vfin vUdng Tran Nhat Duat; 9. HUng
Dao Dai VUdng T r i n Quo'c Tua'n; 10. HUng Vu
vUOng Nghien (con ciia T r i n Quae Tuan). 11, HUng
Nhu-ng vUdng Tang (con eua T r i n Quoc Tufi'n); 12.
Hung Tri vUdng Hien (eon ciia Tran Quoc Tufi'n); 13.
Chieu HoM h i u Hien (Phy Quoc Thai bao); 14. Bao
Nghia D^i vUdng Binh Trong (ong ngoai thUc cua

vua Minh T6n); 15. Nhan Hu^ vUdng Khanh Du; 16.
Hu$ Vo vUdng Qu6c C h i n (CUdng Muc chep lfi Quoc
Tra'n); 17. Hue Chinh vUdng (khdng ro ten); 18. Uy
Gian h i u (khong ro ten); 19. Uy Tiic cflng Vfin Bich;
20. Vfin Hue vUdng T r i n Quang Trieu; 21. Bao Vo
vUdng (khong ro ten); 22. Hue Tiic vUdng Dai Nien;
23. Cung "Hnh Dai vUdng Nguyen Trac; 24. Thifu
Vo VUdng (con cua Quoc Chin); 25. Chidu Nghia
h i u (khong ro tdn); 26. HUng Hieu vUdng (khdng rd
tdn); 27. Cung Dinh vUong Phii; 28. Cung Tiic vUdng
Due; 29. Chinh Tiic vUOng Kham (c6 sach chdp lfi
Hung Tlie); 30. Bao Uy vUdng Hien (sau bi giang
Ifim Bao Uy hau); 31. Cung M i n vUdng Nguyen Hii;
32 Cung Gian vUdng Nguydn Thanh; 33. Cung Tin
VUdng Thidn Tr^ch; 34. Van Tuc vUdng Dao Tai; 35.
Bao Hung vUdng (khdng ro tdn); 36. Trang Dinh Dai
VUdng Ngae; 37. Hoai Vfin h i u Tran Qu& Toan; 38.
T h u ^ g Vi v a n HUng h i u (khdng ro ten), Ifi'y cdng
chiia Thieu DUdng, con T r i n Thai Tdng; 39. Uy Van
VUdng Toai, la'y edng chiia Thyy Bao, con vua Tran
Thdi Tdng; 40. Thien Dai vUdng DUc Vidp ( tile
Hoang thU tli Dflc Vi?p); 41. Hofii Nhfin vUdng Hi^n
(Ki?n); 42. Thu&ng Vi ChUdng Hien h i u Ki^n. con

thU cua Tinh Quoc Dai vUdng Quoc Khang; 43.
ThUdng Vi Van Chidu hau T r i n Long; 44. Phan thu
ThUdng Vi Nhan Diie hau Tofin; 45. CUdng Dflng
Vfin Hien hau (khdng rd tdn); 46. ThUdng tu6ng
T r i n Khat Chan (Lidt hau); 47. Nhan Dao vUOng
(eha ciia Trung Thfinh vUdng)( khflng ro the thil).

(18), Trong cudn: "Thai dp-diin trang thM Trdn
(Theky XIII- XIV), tdi mdi thong ke dUdc 12 thai
a'p, nay bo sung thdm 03 cai cua T r i n Phd Duy^t,
Tran Quoc Nghiin vfi eua T r i n Khfic Chung.
(19). Xem them: Phan Vieng, Tim hieu ldng
Thdnh Thi cd truyen, Luan van Cii nhfin, Khoa
1983-1987, Khoa Sii- Dai hoc Td'ng hop Hfi Noi.
(20). Xem them: Tfing Ba Hofinh, Dii'n dd vd
thdm sdt Kiep Bac ldn thii 2, trong; Nhihig phdt
hien mdi v4 khao cd hpc ndm 1985. tr.172-174;
Tfing Ba Hofinh. Trdn Hung Dao, vdi cdn cti van
kiep, trong. Thdi Trdn vd Hitng Dao vUdng Trdn
Quoc Tuan tren que hiiOng Nam Hd. S3 Van hoaThong tin Nam Ha xufi't ban - 1996, tr. 270 - 273.
(21), (26), (29), (30), (39). DVSKTT, tap II. sdd,
tr. 53, 82, 23, 34, 26.
(22). Nfim 2008, trong qua trinh tim hieu ve
vai tro cua Ddng Trilu doi vdi lich sCl nhfi T r i n
qua tu lieu lich sxt, tfli da khai thac vfin bia trong
tap Vdn khdc Hdn Nom Viet Nam, tap 2, Thdi
Trdn (1226-1400) Tap ThUOng, National Chung
Cheng Univesty Chia Yi- Vien Nghien cUu Han
Nflm Hfi Noi- 2002, bia sd' 20 la "Bia dfi't Tarn Bao
niii Thien Lidu" (Bia ve da't Tam Bao niii Thien
Lieu- Thidn Lieu sdn tam Bao dia) fl xfi Yen DiJtc,
huydn Ddng Tneu, tinh Quang Ninh nfim trong day
nui Yen Tii, mflt danh thfing bfie nha't ciia Vidt
Nam. Van bia eho biet, trang Ma Lieu (nay lfi xa
Yen DUc, huydn Dong Trilu) lfi dfi't dai cua Dd Khfic
Chung vfi v^ ong lfi cdng chiia Bao Hofin. Do Khic
Chung lfi quan chUc cao cap cua trieu Trin, do cfl

nhilu cdng lao trong cac viec nfli tri vfi ngoai giao
cua trilu (finh, nen dUdc ban ho T r i n (Tran Khfic
Chung). Ong dUOe nhfi vua ga cho cdng chiia Bao
Hoan. Ddl vdi T r i n Khfic Chung, kieu ban cfi^i
rudng dat nhU tU lieu vfin bia cung cfi'p, theo chiing
tdi CO the lfi thfii fi'p ciia T r i n Khic Chung mfi tfl
xUa den nay chUa dUdc nhfic ddn trong sach SLI. T U