bối cảnh lịch sử xuất hiện thời cơ giải phóng hoàn toàn miền nam, thống nhất đất nước vào mùa xuân năm 1975

BOI CANH UCH SlT XUAT HIEN THCft C d
GIAI PHONG HOAN TOAN MIEN NAM, THONG NHAT OAT Nl/dC
VAO MUA XUAN NAM 1975

DINH QUANG HAI*

C

udc khing chien ehd'ng My cflu nflde
hfio hung ciia dfin tdc Viet Nam dfi
gifinh thing ldi vfio Mua Xuan nam 1975.
Dd la thfing ldi vi dai nha't trong thd ky XX
ciia nhfin dfin Vipt Nam da dfinh thfing de
qudc My xam Ifldc va chinh quydn Sai Gdn
tay sai, hofin thfinh sU nghiep giai phdng
hofin toan mien Nam, thdng nhfi't To qudc.
Thfing ldi c6 y nghia Uch sii dd da md ra
budc ngoat quan trpng, dua Viet Nam budc
vfio ky nguyen ddc lap, thdng nha't, tie'n len
chu nghia xfi hdi. Co dflpc thang ldi do lfi
nhd sU lanh dao tfii tinh, vd cung sang sud't
eua Dang, dflng d i u lfi Chu tich Hd Chi
Minh, lfi ke't qua cua mot qufi trinh chuan bi
tich cflc vfi cupc ehien dfi'u v6 cung anh
dung, diy hy sinh, gian khd ciia tofin t h i
dan tpc Viet Nam vi muc tidu giai phdng
hofin tofin mien Nam, thdng nhfi't dfi't nflde,
Tfl dd de'n nay da 40 nfim trdi qua, nhflng
nhflng du am cua chien thflng vi dai Mua
Xuan nfim 1975 vin con vang mai. Chid'n
tranh dfl da lui xa vao q u i khfl, nhung thdi

gian cfing lui xa, chung ta cfing ed them thdi
gian vfi dieu kien de xem xet, dfinh gifi mdt
each khfich quan, khoa hpc hdn trdn cd sd
cua nhfliig ngudn tu heu mdi vfi nhan thflc

• PGS.TS. Vidn Sfl hoc

mdi. Bfii vidt nfiy di sau nghidn cflu nham
lam sang ro mpt trong nhflng npi dung ve
thdi diem lich sfl he't sflc quan trpng, mang
tinh budc ngoat cua cudc chidn tranh, dd la
boi canh lich sii xufi't hidn thdi ed giai phdng
hofin tofin mien Nam, dua cupc khing chien
chdng My eflu nudc di de'n tofin thang vao
mfla Xuan nam 1975. Dac biet la trong boi
canh hidn nay, nhidm vu khdng ngflng nfing
cao tinh t h i n canh giac, tich cflc chuin bi vl
mpi mat trUde nhiing fim mflu vfi didn hien
khd ludng ciia tinh hinh the gidi vfi khu vUc
dang ngfiy cfing trd ndn bfle thid't.

Ngay 27-1-1973, Hidp dinh Paris ve
chfi'm dflt chie'n tranh, lap lai hda binh 5
Viet Nam dfldc ky ket, dfinh dfi'u mdt bUdc
ngoac quan trpng, mang tinh quye't dinh,
md ra the' liic mdi cho each mang Viet Nam.
Cue dien trdn chie'n trUdng vfi so sfinh ldc
Ifldng gifla Qufin giai phdng vdi quan dpi
Sfii Gdn tflng bfldc chuyen bien theo chidu
hfldng ngay cfing cd ldi eho Iflc Iflpng cich

mang. Tinh hinh the' gidi va thflc td^ chidn
trfldng mien Nam vdi nhiing thfing ldi ngay
cfing to ldn cua quan dpi va nhan dan Viet


BoicAnh lich sir xuat hien thdi ca...
Nam, da bfio hieu mdt thdi cd ldn dang de'n
gin de Qufin giai phdng md cudc phan cdng
chien lUdc nham hofin thanh sfl nghiep giai
phdng hofin toan mien Nam, thdng nha't
dfi't nflde. Nhfin thflc rd thdi cd dd. Dang
Cdng san Viet Nam da lanh dao tofin dan
va tofin quan vdi quydt tam cao nhfi't vfi sfl
chufin bi tich cue, chu dio nhfi't vd mpi mat,
huy ddng tdi da mpi kha nfing nhan, tai,
vfit lUc eua ca nudc de ddn sflc eho tran
quydt chid'n chid'n Iflpe cudi cung.
De dap flng yeu ciu ciia tinh hinh vfi
nhiem vu mdi, thfing 10-1973, Ban Chfi'p
hfinh Trung Udng Dang khda HI hpp Hdi
nghi l i n thfl 21 (1). Vd tinh hinh cich
mang mien Nam sau Hidp dinh Paris, Hdi
nghi da chi ro: Mfic du My da rut quan,
nhUng d mien Nam v i n chfla eo ngflng ban,
hda binh chfla that sfl lap lai; Chinh quyen
vfi qufin dpi Sfii Gon dfldc My giup sflc tie'p
tue lfim edng eu dd thUc hidn chu nghia
thue dfin mdi kieu My d mien Nam, hdng
ehia cat lfiu dfii Viet Nam. Ve phia ta "the
vfi lUc ciia cieh mang mien Nam hien nay

manh hdn bfi't cfl thdi ky nfio tfl nam 1954
de'n nay" (2). Hdi nghi da de ra quyd't tfim
ldn hofin thfinh cfich mang dfin tdc dan ehii
nhan dfin d mien Nam. Nghi quye't hdi nghi
neu rd "Con dfldng eua cfich mang mien
Nam lfi con dfldng bao luc cieh mang. Ba't
ke trong tinh hinh nfio, ta ciing phai nfim
vflng thdi cd, gifl vflng dfldng Idl chie'n lUdc
tid'n cdng vfi chi dao Iinh hoat de dfla each
mang mien Nam tien len" (3), Hpi nghi xac
dinh nhiem vu cd ban cua cieh mang mien
Nam trong giai doan mdi la "Tidp tuc thflc
hien chie'n Iflpc cich mang dan tpc dan chii
nhan dfin, thflc hien mpt mien Nam hda
binh, dpc lfip, dfin chii, trung lfip, phdn vinh,
tid'n tdi hda binh thd'ng nhfi't nUdc nhfi" (4).
Hpi nghi Trung Udng l i n thfl 21 la mot
van kien lich sii c6 y nghia he't sflc quan
trpng. Tren cd sd tdng kd't nhflng kinh

nghiem vfi bai hpc rut ra nhflng quy lufit
ehu yd'u de gifinh thfing Idi tfl thflc tidn
dfinh My ciia nhflng nfim trflde do, Nghi
quye't Hdi nghi dfi trflc tiep chi dao each
mang va ehien tranh each mang de gianh
t h i n g ldi cudi cung trong giai doan ke't thuc
chie'n tranh.
Thflc hien Nghi quye't Trung Udng, tai
cfie dia phfldng mien Bfie vfla dam bao dn
dinh ddi song nhfin dan, vfla tfip trung Iflc

Ifldng dd'n mfle cao nhfi't de chi vien cho
mien Nam. Tinh chung trong 2 nam 19731974, mien Bfie dfi huy dpng 25 van thanh
nien nhfip ngu, trong dd da Ifla ehpn 15 van
thanh nien de gfi'p rut hua'n luyen, bd sung
quan so' eho eie ehien trUdng mien Nam va
ngay tai mien Nam, luc lUdng vu trang
cung dUdc bd sung kip thdi vfi phfit trien
nhanh ehdng, chi trong 2 nfim 1973-1974
da cd 12.000 thanh nien d cfie vung giai
phong gia nhfip lUc liipng chii luc qufin giai
phdng. Ben canh do, luc lUdng vu trang dia
phUdng cung dfldc bd sung them quan sd'va
nang cao chfi't lupng chid'n dfi'u. So' Ifldng bd
dpi dia phUdng vfi du kich chie'n dfi'u tai chd
dfi tang len tfl 117.128 ngfldi nam 1973 len
145.475 ngUdi nfim 1974 va den nfim 1975
dfi len tdi 296.184 ngfldi (5).
Cung vdi viee tang cfldng quan sd cho
cac ddn vi vu trang, trong 2 nfim 1973-1974
da CO hfing van thanh nidn xung phong vfi
can bd, nhfin vidn chuyen mdn ky thuat
dupc didu ddng vfio mien Nam. Trong so dd
cd nhidu cfin bp Dan - Chinh - Dang lfi cfin
bd, bd ddi midn Nam tfip ke't ra mien Bfie
sau Hiep dinh Gidnevd nfim 1954 dupc dieu
dpng trd ve midn Nam lfim nhiem vu. Song
song vdi dd la khoi lupng vfit chfi't tfl mien
Bic ehi vidn cho mien Nam eung tfing len
ra't ldn. Tfl thfing 1 de'n thang 9-1973, mien
Bfie dfi dua vfio mien Nam 140.000 ta'n vfit

cha't efic loai, tang gfi'p 4 l i n so vdi nfim 1972
(6). Theo tic gia ciia cud'n Tgi sao My thua d


Rghien cflu Lieh SIS', sd' 4.2015
Viet Nam? vid't: "Nfim 1973, Hfi Npi da dfla
vfio midn Nam ngofii so da cd mat d midn
Nam vao luc ky kd't dinh chie'n 35.000 ngfldi
vfi 30.000 tfi'n dung eu chie'n tranh" (7).
Su ehi vien va giup dd to ldn eua hfiu
phUfJng mien Bac da giup cho luc lUdng vii
trang nhfin dan gdm ba thfl quan d mien
Nam ldn manh ca ve so' Ifldng vfi chfi't
Iflpng. Nhflng qufin dofin vfi binh doan
tfldng dfldng qufin dofin mdi dUdc thanh
lap, dflng chfin trdn cfie dia bfin ehien Ifldc
quan trpng d Ddng Nam Bp, Tri - Thien, Tfiy
Nguyen da tao dfldc sfl chuydn bid'n rfi't ldn
ve" so sinh Iflc Ifldng ngfiy cfing cd ldi cho ta
(8). Cac quan dofin binh chung hpp thfinh
dupc trang bi k h i manh, sflc dot kich ldn,
sflc cd ddng cao, sflc chidn daii Udn tuc, cung
vdi vide phfit tnen ciia bd dpi dia phfldng va
dan qufin du kich rpng khap giup ta md
dUdc cfie chidn dich tien cdng quy md ldn
tren cac hudng ehien lupc d chien trUcfng
mien Nam, ke ca nhiing ndi sat trung tam
diu nao cua dich, dinh, tieu diet va lam tan
ra luc lupng ldn quan dich, lfim thay ddi han
so sanh lUc Ifldng vfi cue didn chid'n trUdng

cd Idi cho lUc lUdng each mang.
Tren chie'n trUdng, qufin va dan ta gifl
vflng va phat trien thd chii ddng chidn lUdc,
dfiy dich vfio the bi dpng vfi co cum. Tren cac
hudng trpng yd'u, ta ciing cd'vfi md rdng ban
dap tien cdng, chuan bi tUdng doi td't eac
mat dfl trfl vat cha't, dfldng cd ddng ehien
lupc, chie'n dich de chuan bi cho nhflng tran
dfinh ldn. T^nh hinh so sfinh Iflc Ifldng gifla
ta vfi dich bfit diu c6 nhiing chuydn bidn can
ban. Nhflng dieu kidn cho vide giai phong
hoan tofin mien Nam dang chin mudi.
Trong khi the vfi lUc eua ta d mien Nam
dang phfit tndn thuan lpi, thi d bdn kia ban
cau, ndi tinh nflde My xay ra vu bd bdi
Watergate dfin dd'n viec Ha nghi vidn My
truy td' Tdng thd'ng Richard Nixon, budc
Richard Nixon phai dpc dien van tfl chflc

tren truyen hinh vfio dem ngay 9-8-1974 (9).
Sfl kidn nay dfi gay ra cupc rdi loan vd" quydn
luc va cudc khiing hoang Idng tin trong nudc
My. Tong thd'ng G. Ford thay Nixon ldn lfim
Tdng thd'ng thfl 38 cua nflde My trong boi
canh khd khfin ve nhie"u mat. Chinh G.Ford
cung da phai thfla nhfin vao ngfiy 6-8-1974
rang, viec Nixon phai tfl chflc danh da'u
"mdt trong nhiing thdi ky khd khfin nha't va
bi tham nha't cua nflde My" (10).
Su kidn thay ddi Tong thd'ng My khong

nhflng da lfim thay ddi nhflng didn bie'n
quan trong trong ndi bd ehinh tri nUdc My,
ma cdn anh hUdng trflc tiep lam thay ddi
can can lue lUdng ciia Viet Nam Cpng hda
trong cudc chid'n vdi Qufin giai phdng. Tong
thd'ng G.Ford thuc hien cat giam manh
vidn trd cho chinh quyen va quan dpi Sai
Gdn. Vien trd quan sU My cho mien Nam
Viet Nam trUdc day lfi 1.614 trieu ddla cho
nam tfii chinh 1972-1973 nay rut xudng
1.026 tridu ddla cho nam tfii chinh 19731974, rdi den nam 1974-1975 chi cdn 700
trieu ddla. nghia la edn tren mdt nfla (11).
Cac khoan vien trp ve t i c chie'n bao dUdng
trang thid't bi da bi cfit giara dot ngpt.
Trong sd' vien trd 700 trieu ddla eho Viet
Nam Cdng hda, mot nfla danh cho chi phi
van chuyen. Viec cat giam vien trd da tac
ddng ldn de'n chinh quydn Sfii Gon. Danh
gifi ve vide cfit giam vidn trd cua My cho
Viet Nam Cpng hda, tac gia Gabriel Kolko
vie't: "Vide Quoc hdi khdng cho vien trd bo
sung da day Viet Nam Cdng hoa vfio mdt
cudc khiing hoang tfim ly vfi ehinh tri trong
giai doan cuoi cung cua cudc ddi no" (12).
Do khdng cd du sfl hd trd ve tfii chinh va
trang bi tfl My, quan dpi Viet Nam Cpng
hda khdng the dfinh theo each mfi My da
hufi'n Iuyen, mfi nhfl trong Hdi ky ciia Dai
tudng Van Tie'n Dung vid't: "Nguyi Vfin
Thieu phai keu gpi qufin dpi t i e chidn "theo

kieu con nhd ngheo" vdi chi vien hoa Iflc


KiicAnh Uch sit xuat hien thcri ca..
giam 60% vi thie'u bom, dan, sflc cd ddng
cung giam siit g i n 50% do thie'u m i y bay,
thid'u xe, thie'u ca nhien lieu" (13). Thiic te'
do dan dd'n tinh trang cic ddn vi qufin dpi
Viet Nam Cong hda bi trdi chfin vfio cic vi
tri phdng thu tai chd.
Dieu quan trpng hdn lfi da p h i n trong
gidi chflc vfi nhan dan My dfi qua chin ghet
chien tranh. Mdt tam ly mong mud'n rut
that nhanh ra khdi cupc chid'n tranh Vidt
Nam da ngfiy cfing tang eao d My. Tfie gia
Gabriel Kolko vid't: "Bay mUdi lam Ha nghi
Sl mdi, tham gia Qud'e hpi thfl chin mfldi tfl,
t h i n g Gidng nam 1975, lfi nhflng ngfldi
chdng chie'n tranh manh me va ehu trUdng
cai td lai he thd'ng cac uy ban da tflng giup
cho cac ehinh quydn lidn tiep thue hien
chinh sich ddl ngoai" (14). Phong trao bieu
tinh ddi hoa binh, phan ddl chie'n tranh ciia
nhan dan My vfi nhfin dan yeu chudng hda
binh tren the' gidi ngfiy cfing dfing cao dfi
lfim cho chinh quydn My ra't lung tung.
Trudc nhflng dien bie'n cua tinh hinh thd
gidi vfi tren ehien trUdng co ehuyen bien vfi
thufin ldi to ldn, tfl ngay 30-9 den ngfiy 810-1974 Bd Chfnh tri da hpp danh gia thdi
cd chie'n Iflpe mdi va thdng qua kd' hoach

giai phdng mid"n Nam trong 2 nam 19751976. Trong thfl cua Tong Bi thfl Ld Duan
gfli dng Pham Hung vd ke't luan cua Hpi
nghi Bd Chinh tri dfi viet: "Luc nfiy, chung
ta dang co thdi ccf. Hai mUdi nfim chien dfi'u
mdi tao dfldc thdi cd nfiy, ehung ta phai bie't
nfim Ifi'y de dua sfl nghiep giai phdng dfin
tde de'n thfing ldi hofin tofin" (15). Trong
thfl ciing khfing dinh: "ddy Id thdi cd thudn
lai nhdt de nhdn ddn ta hodn todn gidi
phong mien Nam, gidnh thdng Icfi trgn ven
cho cdch mgng ddn tgc ddn chu, dong thdi
giup Ldo vd Campuchia hodn thdnh sU
nghiep gidi phong ddn toe. Ngoai thdi cd
nfiy khdng cd thdi cd nfio khac. Nd'u de
chfim mflch, mfldi lfim nfim nfla, bpn nguy

gUdng dfiy dUdc, cac thd Iflc xfim lUdc phuc
hdi... thi tinh hinh se phfle tap vd cung"
(16). Nhfin dinh tinh hinh vfi xfic dinh thdi
cd chien lupc cua Hpi nghi Bd Chinh tri
thing 10-1974 lfi vo cung diing dfin vfi sfing
sud't, cd tinh chfi't quye't dinh de chufin bi cho
ke hoaeh giai phdng hofin tofin mie"n Nam.
Nfim b i t chu trUdng chie'n Iflpe cua Hdi
nghi Bd Chinh tri, trdn ca hai midn Nam
Bfie, quan va dfin ta kh^n trUdng chuan bi
vd mpi mat. Trong Ddng - Xuan 1974-1975
quan ta chii yd'u tid'n cdng dich tren dia ban
ddng bfing sdng Cflu Long vfi mien Ddng
Nam Bp. Qua thfle te chid'n trfldng cho thfi'y

kha nfing ddl pho cua dich da han chd' rd
ret. Dieh khdng cdn du sflc chiem lai cic
ddn bd't vfi "fi'p chie'n lupc" bi mfi't vao tay
Qufin giai phong. Ve" phia My, kha nfing
can thiep trd lai eung rfi't it. Theo nhan
dinh eua Bd Chinh tri "Kha nang can thiep
ve qufin sfl cua My ra't han chd'. Nd'u nguy
quye"n cd nguy cd sup dd, ta cin dd phdng
My cd the can thiep bfing khdng qufin va
hai quan de eflu chung. Kha nfing dung luc
qufin ra't it, nhflng du chung co can thiep
thd nfio cung khdng cflu van dUde nguy
khoi sup dd*" (17).
Tai mien Ddng Nam Bp, Quan uy va Bp
Tu lenh Mien quye't dinh md ehien dich
dudng sd' 14 - Phudc Long nhfim tieu didt
mpt bd phfin sinh liic dich, md rpng vung
giai phdng, tao them ban dap tie'n cdng Sfii
Gdn. Trong vdng 20 ngay (tfl ngfiy 12-121974 dd'n ngfiy 6-1-1975) quan ta da giai
phdng tofin tinh PhUdc Long. Ngfiy 7-1
qufin giai phong chie'm Dfii quan sat nui Bfi
Den (Tfiy Ninh). Quan dpi Sai Gdn chl ddl
phd chu ye'u bfing khdng quan kd't hdp vdi
Iflc Ifldng cd ddng dia phUdng tai chd mdt
each ye'u dt, khdng ke't qua. Thfim chi sau
khi Phfldc Long da hofin tofin do quan giai
phdng lfim chii, ngfiy 7-1-1975, Nguydn
Van thidu vfin tra'n an dfin chung rfing:

Hghien curu Lich siS*. s6 4.gQ15
"Vide VC (Viet cdng - DQH) tfi'n chid'm
Phudc Long phai dfldc xem la mot viec nhfi't
thdi thdi" (18).
Dang chfl y la My ehi hfim dpa, gfiy fip Iflc
tfl xa, cho bfio dpng khan ca'p sU dofin 3 thuy
quan lue chie'n d Okinawa, de dpa nem bom
trd lai midn Bfie, eho tfiu sfin bay Interprise
tfl Philippines vfio vung bien Nam Viet Nam
ma khdng ed hanh ddng trflc tiep eflu nguy
eho qufin dpi sfii Gdn. Trflde sflc ep cua dfl
lufin My, ngfiy 22-1. Tdng thdng G. Ford
tuyen bo' "se khdng eo hanh ddng nfio khfic
ngofii viee bd sung vien trd cho Sfii Gdn; se
khdng ean thiep vfio Nam Viet Nam nd'u xdt
ra khdng phu hpp vdi hien phap vfi phfip
lufit Hoa Ky" (19).
Thfing lpi cua ta trong chie'n dich dudng
so 14-PhUde Long dfi khfing dinh mpt thiic
te la quan dpi Sfii Gdn khdng the dUdng
diu ndi vdi ehu lUe ciia ta. Ta hofin toan ed
kha nfing dfinh t h i n g tofin bp quan dpi Sfii
Gdn, giai phong hofin tofin mien Nam. Mat
khfic sfl kidn PhUdc Long eon chflng to sfl
phan flng eua My chi co mfle dp, "kha nfing
ean thidp ve quan sfl eua My rfi't han chd"
vfi "My khd ed kha nfing vao lai mie"n Nam
Viet Nam" dung nhfl Bd Chinh tri da nhfin
dinh: "... dfi nit qufin ve nudc, quan My
khd quay trd lai va neu ed thi chi cd thd

dung khdng quan va hai quan dd cflu nguy"
(20). Cd the khfing dinh rang: chid'n thfing
Phude Long that sU la mdt "phdp thfl", mdt
ddn danh mang tinh "trinh s i t chid'n Ifldc"
vd kha nfing phan flng eua chinh quydn
Washington ddl vdi cupc chie'n tranh d Viet
Nam. My "khdng de can thiep trd lai mien
Nam bang bfi't cfl hinh thflc nfio dd cflu
n g u y (21). Nhfin dinh ve ke't qua eua chien
dich Phude Long, Tdng Bi thu Le Duan dfi
khfing dinh "Chie'n thfing nfiy dfi md ra tien
de eho efieh mang mien Nam t h i n tdc tidn
ldn giai phdng hoan tofin midn Nam". Vi
vfiy chidn t h i n g Phudc Long khdng the

danh gifi nhfl mpt chien thfing chid'n thu&t
hai chid'n dieh ma lfi mdt chid'n thfing d tim
chie'n Ifldc. Thfing ldi cua ddt hoat ddng
Ddng-Xufin 1974-1975, dac biet lfi sau
chie'n t h i n g Phfldc Long da cd them cd sd
thflc te va tin tfldng vfio thfing ldi dd Bd
Chinh tri khang dinh, bd sung va hoan
chinh ke hoach quydt tfim giai phdng hoan
tofin midn Nam.
Khi chie'n dich Phfldc Long edn dang
tie'p didn, tfl ngfiy 18-12-1974 den ngay 8-11975, Bp Chinh tri hpp md rdng ket lufin:
"Chung ta dang dflng trflde thdi cd chidn
lupe ldn, chua bao gid cd dieu kidn diy du
ve" quan sfl vfi chinh tri nhfl hien nay". Hdi
nghi ndu quye't tfim trong thdi gian 19751976, diy manh dfi'u tranh qufin sU, chinh

tri vfi ngoai giao lfim thay doi nhanh chdng
vfi tofin dien so sanh Iflc lUpng trdn ehien
trudng, tid'n hfinh tdng cdng kich, tdng khdi
nghia, tidu diet vfi lam tan rfi qufin nguy,
danh dd nguy quyen tfl trung fldng de'n dia
phUdng, gifinh chinh quyen ve tay nhan
dan, giai phdng mien Nam Viet Nam.
Ngofii ke' hoach chie'n Ifldc cd ban hai
nfim, trong ke hoach nam 1975, Bp Chinh
tri con dfl kien mdt phfldng fin khic: "Ke
hoach tiep theo cho nam 1976 se do ke't qua
thlie hidn ke hoach nam 1975 quydt dinh.
Chung ta phai co gang cao nhfi't de thfing
gpn trong nam 1975. Didu dd lfi mpt kha
nang hien thUc " (22).
Thflc hidn Nghi quye't Hpi nghi Bp
Chinh tri, Quan uy Trung Udng vfi Bd tdng
tfl lenh lap tfle trien khai kd hoach chufin
bi cho cupc tien cdng chie'n lUpe nfim 1975.
Cac phfldng an hidp ddng qufin binh chiing,
bd sung, tfing cfldng Iflc Ifldng, dam bao
hfiu cin, vu khi, dan dupc, thudc men cho
cfie chid'n trudng, hofin chinh hd thd'ng d'ng
d i n xang diu, mang dfiy thdng tin, dfiy
manh sfla chfla, md mdi cfie mang dfldng cd
ddng nhfim phuc vu tot nhfi't cho cupc tien


StficAnh lich sit xu6t hien th£rl co...
cdng chie'n Ifldc dd tie'n tdi hoan thfinh giai

phong mien Nam, thong nhfi't dfi't nflde.
Nfim chfic tinh hinh vfi tranh thu thdi cd
thufin Idi, Qufin uy Trung flcfng quyd't dinh
diing lfle Ifldng ehu liic manh md mdt chie'n
dich quy md ldn d Tfiy Nguyen, danh chie'm
Budn Ma Thupt, giai phdng tinh Dak Lak,
sau dd giai phong tofin bd Tay Nguyen, phfit
tridn theo hUdng Phu Ydn, Khanh Hda thuc
hidn chia cfit chie'n lupc. Tfl ngay 4-3 den
ngay 24-3-1975, chie'n dich giai phong Tay
Nguyen gifinh thang ldi, vdi tran md man
danh vfio Budn Ma Thudt sang ngay 10-31975 (23). Ngfiy 11-3-1975, Bp Chinh tri hpp
nhan dinh "Thfing ldi d Buon Ma Thudt Dflc Lfip, trdn dfldng 19 vfi eac hudng khfic
chflng td ta cd kha nfing gifinh thfing lpi to
Idn va nhip dd nhanh hdn dfl kieh". Cung tai
cupc hpp nfiy, Tong Bi thu Ld Duan dfla ra y
kie'n: "Trflde day ta du kie'n hai nfim giai
phong mie"n Nam, nay eo Phfldc Long, Budn
Ma Thupt, ta ed the dfiy manh hdn; day phai
chfing Ifi bfldc d i u ciia cudc tid'n cdng chid'n
Ifldc? Ndn suy nghi" (24).
Ngfiy 18-3-1975, Bp Chinh tri lai hpp va
ha quyet tfim hofin thanh kd' hoach hai
nfim giai phdng midn Nam trong nam
1975, Ifi'y Sfii Gdn lam phfldng hfldng tidn
cdng chu ye'u, diy manh tdng tidn edng
chie'n Ifldc de'n tofin thing.
Ngfiy 24-3, Tay Nguyen dUpc giai
phdng. Cue didn chid'n trfldng thay ddi
nhanh chdng. Quan dich tfl trang thai

phdng ngfl chid'n Ifldc chuyen sang the' co
cum ehien Ifldc va rut lui.
Ngay 25-3-1975, Bd Chinh tri hpp va
khfing dinh: 'Thdi cd chie'n Ifldc Idn da tdi.
Trong sud't 20 nfim ehd'ng My, cflu nflde,
chfla bao gid thufin lpi bfing luc nfiy", do dd
cin "Nfim vflng thdi cd chid'n Iflpc mdi,
tranh thu thdi gian cao dp, nhanh chdng
tfip trung Ii^c Ifldng vfio phfldng hfldng ehu
ye'u, hanh ddng tfio bgo, bfi't ngd, lfim cho

dich khdng dfl kien kip vfi khdng kip trd
tay, hofin thfinh giai phdng mien Nam cfing
sdm cfing tdt". Tren cd sd xfic dinh ro tinh
hinh vfi nfim chfic thdi cd, Bd Chinh tri
quyet dinh: "quyd't tam hoan thfinh giai
phdng Sfii Gdn vfi midn Nam trUdc mua
mfla (thing 5-1975) (25).
Cung vdi ddn tidn cdng Tfiy Nguyen, Bd
Chinh tri, Quan uy Trung Udng, Bd Tong
Tu lenh quye't dinh chpn Tri - Thien - Hud
lam hudng tie'n cdng phdl hpp quan trpng.
Tfl ngay 5-3 quan ta bfit d i u tid'n hfinh tid'n
cdng tieu diet dieh trdn dia ban Thfla Thien
- Hue'. Ngfiy 21-3, quan ta da md eude tie'n
cdng giai phdng tofin tinh Thfla Thien
Hue'. De'n ngfiy 25-3, qufin ta da dap tan
tofin bp quan dpi Sfii Gdn d Tri Thien
Hue. Sang ngfiy 26-3, toan bd Thfla Thien Hue hoan toan giai phdng, Chid'n dich Tri
Thidn - Hue kd't thuc thang ldi.

Ddng thdi vdi ehien dich Tfiy Nguyen va
chid'n dich Tri-Thidn, tfl d i u t h i n g 3-1975,
Quan khu V dfi md chid'n dich Nam Ngfii
gianh nhieu thfing lpi to ldn, tao ra cd hdi
thufin ldi cho ta phat huy thfing lpi. Ngfiy
25-3-1975, Bd Chinh tri, Quan uy Trung
Udng quydt dinh md chidn dich Dfi Nfing
vdi phfldng cham tao bao, bfi't ngd, chfic
thfing vfi nhanh chong phat trien luc Ifldng
vfio phia Nam. De'n ngfiy 29-3, quan ta da
Ifim chii can cfl quan sU lien hdp Da Nfing,
ban dao Sdn Tra, giai phdng Thanh phd'Dfi
Nfing va tofin tinh Quang Dfi, ket thuc
thfing Ipi chie'n dich Da Nfing chi sau 3
ngfiy tfi'n cdng t h i n td'c, md ra thdi cd thuan
Idi de ta thflc hien trfin quydt chid'n chien
Ifldc euoi cflng giai phdng Sfii Gdn, giai
phdng hofin toan mien Nam.
Tren cd sd d i n h gifi chinh xac so sanh
lUc lupng gifla ta vfi dieh, phan tich sau sfic
cue dien ehien trfldng vfi nhfin dinh kha
nfing My khdng the quay trd lai can thidp
mien Nam, ngfiy 1-4-1975, Bp Chinh tri


2.2
hpp nhfin dinh: "vd chie'n Ifldc, ve Iflc lUdng
quan sfl, chinh tri, ta dfi ed sflc manh fip
dao, dich dang diing trflde nguy cd sup do
vfi diet vong. My td ra hoan tofin bfi't luc, du

cd tfing vidn cung khdng the cflu van tinh
the cua nguy. Cudc chie'n tranh cich mang
d mien Nam khdng nhiing da bfldc vao giai
doan phit trien nhay vpt, mfi thdi cd de md
tdng tie'n cdng vfi ndi day tai Sai Gdn - Gia
Dinh da chin mudi. Tfl gid phut nfiy, trfin
quye't chie'n chien lUdc ciia quan vfi dfin ta
da b i t diu" (26).
Bp Chinh tri quye't dinh: "nfim vflng thdi
cd chie'n Iflpc, quye't tam thuc hien tdng tid'n
cdng vfi ndi dfiy, kdt thue ehien tranh giai
phdng trong thdi gian ngfin nha't. Td't hdn
ea la b i t dau va ket thiic trong thing 4
nam nay, khdng the de chfim" (27). Bd
Chinh tri eung de ra tu tudng chi dao cho
hfinh ddng la "than td'c, tfio bao, ba't ngd,
chfic thfing"; phai tfi'n cdng ngay luc dich
hoang mang, suy sup; phai tap trung luc
lupng ldn hdn nfla vfio nhflng muc tieu chu
yd'u tren tflng hUdng, trong tiing luc.
Tren dfi thfing lpi, quan giai phdng lidn
tid'p tid'n edng tieu diet dich, chi trong vong
1 thfing (tfl ngfiy 4-3 de'n ngfiy 4-4-1975)
quan va dan ta dfi giai phdng 16 tinh, 6
thfinh phd', thi xfi, tieu diet gin nfla binh
lue qufin dpi Viet Nam Cdng hda tren toan
mien Nam. Tfl ngfiy 9-4, qufin giai phdng
tfi'n cdng Xufin Loc vfi tiep do giai phdng
mdt loat tinh, thfinh phd, thi xa ven bien
mid"n Trung. Tfl ngfiy 14 de'n ngay 29-4

tofin bp cfie dao thudc quin dao TrUdng Sa
dflpc giai phdng. Trudc tinh hinh k h i n cfi'p.
My bupc phai vpi va tid'n hfinh di tan ngfldi
My d Sfii Gdn. Sau khi Xuan Ldc thfi't thu
(ngfiy 21-4) Nguydn Van Thieu tfl chflc,
Tran Vfin Hfldng len thay hy vpng tim
kidm mdt giai phap chinh tri. Ngfiy 23-4,
tai Trfldng Dai hpc New Orleans, Tdng
thd'ng G. Ford phai nghen ngao tuyen bd':

Rghien cuu Lich SIS', sg 4.2015
"Cupc chid'n tranh d Vidt Nam da chfi'm dflt
ddl vdi ngfldi My".
Chdp thdi cd thuan ldi, so sanh luc lupng
quan ta da i p dao tuyet ddl qufin dich, tinh
t h i n quan dich da hoang mang, tan da eUc
do, dung nhu dfl kien eua Bd Chinh tri,
Chie'n dieh Hd Chi Minh Uch sfl da didn ra
he't sflc nhanh gon, it dd mau. Vdi flu the
fip dao ddl phfldng ca ve quan sU vfi chinh
tri, tfl ngfiy 26-4 ddn ngfiy 30-4-1975, chie'n
dich tie'n cong giai phdng Sfii Gdn-Gia
Dinh, Chid'n dich Hd Chi Minh lich sfl da
nhanh ehdng gianh thfing ldi. Tfl d i u thing
3-1975 dd'n ngfiy 2-5-1975, quan vfi dan ta
ket hdp chfit che tid'n cdng va ndi day da
giai phdng eae tinh ddng bfing sdng Citu
Long, tofin bp midn Nam da hofin tofin giai
phong. Cupc khfing chie'n ehd'ng My cflu
nUdc cua nhan dfin Viet Nam sau 21 nam

da gifinh dUdc thfing ldi trpn ven, non song
da thu ve mdt mdl.
Thfing ldi vi dai cua cupc Tong tid'n cdng
vfi ndi dfiy Mua Xuan nfim 1975 da giai
phdng hofin toan mien Nam, thdng nhfi't Td
qud'c. Sfl nghidp khang chie'n chdng My cflu
nflde cua nhan dan Viet Nam da ket thiic,
chfi'm dflt hofin tofin ach dd hp cua chu
nghia thflc dfin, dd' qudc, md ra ky nguyen
mdi cho dfin tdc Vidt Nam, ky nguyen doc
lfip, thd'ng nhfi't, tidn ldn chu nghia xa hdi.
Vdi dudng ldi each mang, dUdng ldi
khfing chie'n dung dfin, sang tao, ddc lap, tU
ehii. Dang da lanh dao toan thd dan tpc
Vidt Nam doan ke't mpt long, quye't tfi'm
danh thang ke thOi xam Ifldc. Trdn cd s5
n i m vflng tinh hinh, tranh thu thdi cd
thufin lpi, ha quyd't tam chie'n lUdc kip thcfi,
chinh xae, Dang ta da chflng to dflde sii
dung dan, sac sao, nhay ben trong chi dao
chie'n lupe va nghd thufit tao thdi cd vfi nfim
chfic thdi cd, tao nen nhflng budc ngofit
chid'n lupc lfim thay ddi cue dien cd Idi eho


sdi c&nh lich siV xuat h i ^ thoi ca...

23

ta de di dd'n gifinh dflqfc nhflng thfing ldi

xam Ifldc cua chung" (28). Thang lpi vi dai

mang tinh quye't dinh, kd't thuc cudc chie'n

Mua Xuan nam 1975 da thflc hien dUdc fldc

tranh. Do lfi ndt dfic sac nhfi^t cua chi dao

nguyen eua Chii tich Hd Chi Minh vfi

chie'n lUdc trong cudc khfing chie'n chdng

nguydn vpng chfiy bong cua toan thd dan

My cflu nflde. Dfinh gia vd chi dao chie'n

tdc Viet Nam la giai phdng hofin toan mien

Ifldc trong khfing chid'n chmig My eflu nudc,

Nam, thd'ng nha't da't nUdc, hofin

Nghi quyet Dai hdi Dang I i n thfl IV (nfim

efieh mang dan tpc dan chii nhfin dfin, dua

1976) neu rd: "Dfi nhfin rd am mUu eua de'

ea nudc tien len chu nghia xa hdi. Qua

quo'c My, danh gifi dung lfle Ifldng so sfinh

trinh dfi'u t r a n h day hy sinh, gian kho

gifla ta vfi dieh vfi dd ra chu trfldng chie'n

nhung vd cung oanh liet cua dan tdc Viet

thfinh

Iflpc ehinh xfic, sfic bdn va linh hoat de

Nam di den gifinh t h i n g lpi hofin toan vfi

danh bai am mflu vfi h a n h ddng chidn

nhflng bai hpe lich sfl quy gia ciia eupe

t r a n h ciia My-nguy trong tiing thdi ky, di

k h i n g ehien chdng My cflu nflde dd'n nay

de'n chie'n thfing hofin toan ehien tranh

vfin cdn nguyen gifi tri.

CHU

THICH

(1). Hoi nghi Ban ChSfp hanh Trung UOng

tudng Vu LSng lam Tu lenh. Ngoki 4 Quan dofin

(BCHTU) l i n thU 21 dU(?c ti^n hknh trong hai ddt-

tren con thanh lap Binh doan 232 tUdng dUdng c&'p

d^t 1 tu ngfiy 19-61973 dg^n ng&y 6-7-1973; ddt 2 til

Quan dofin.

ngfiy 1-10 den ngSy 4-10-1973.
(2). Dang Cong s a n V i | t Nam (DCSVN), Van

(9). Theo tac gia Nguyin Phii DUc thi "kh6ng
phai ket qua cua vu be boi Watergate da khien

kien Dang, Todn tap, t^p 34 (1973). Nxb. Chinh tri

Richard Nixon tiir chflc". Nguyin Phii Dflc, Tgi sao

Quoc gia. Ha Ngi, 2004, tr. 229.

My thua d Viet Nam, sdd, tr. 369.

(3), (4). DCSVN, v a n kiSn Dang, Todn tap, tap
34, sdd, tr. 232, 233.
(5). Dgi thdng mita Xudn 1975, SUc mgnh cia

tri tui Viit Nam. Nxb. Chinh tri Quoc gia, Kk Ngi,
2010, tr. 339.
(6). Vi&n Sli hoc. Siic mgnh chie'n thdng cua

(10), (19). Dan theo Cuoc chie'n tranh xdm lugc
thUc ddn mdi cua di'quoc My d Viet Nam. Vien Lich
Sli Quan sU Viet Nam, Ha Ngi, 1991, tr. 268, 273.
(11). Nguyin Phli Dflc. Tai sao My thua d Viet
Nam, sdd, tr. 360.
(12), (14), Gabriel Kolko. Gidi phdu mdt cudc

cudc khdng chien ehd'ng My cihi nUdc. Nxb. Khoa

chien tranh. Nxb Quan doi Nhan dfin, H^ Ngi,

hge xa hoi, Hfi N6i, 1985, tr. 38,

2003, tr, 627, 626.

(7). Nguyin Phii Dflc, Tgi sao My thua d Viet
Nam. Nxb. Lao D6ng, Hfi Ngi, 2009, tr. 359.
(8). Ngfiy 24-10-1973 thfinh lap Quan doan 1
(Binh A.Qkn Quyet thing) t^i Ninh Binh, do Thieu
tuang Le Trgng Tfi'n lfim T u l?nh; Ngay 17-5-1974
Quan dofin 2 thanh lfip tai Quang Tri, do Thieu
tudng Hofing Vfin Thai lfim Tu l$nh; Ngay 20-71974 Quan doSn 4 (Binh doan Ctlu Long) thfinh
lfip tgi cfin cU 5 mien Dong N a m Bo, do Thieu
tudng Hoftng C i m Um Tu l^nh; Ng^y 27-3-1975,
Quan dofin 3 thfinh lfip h Tay Nguyen, do Thieu

(13). D?i tudng Vkn Tieh Dung. Dai thdng Miia
Xudn. Nxb. Quan dgi Nhan dan. Ha Ngi, 1985, tr. 25.
(15), (16). (22). DCSVN Van kien Dang, Toan
tap, tap 35, sdd, tr.l77, 179, 196.
(17). D i n theo Wgoai^'ao VietNam

1945-2000.

Nxb. Chi'nh tri Quoc gia, Hfi Noi, 2005, tr. 276.
(18). Ldi keu ggi cua Nguyin Van Thiiu ngdy 701-1975, Trung tfim Luu trfl Quoc gia II, phong
DHCH, ho sd so 568.
(Xem tiip trang 31)


BO T U LENH QUAN GIAI PHONG MIEN NAM VIET NAM
SAU NGAY MIEN NAM HOAN TOAN GIAI PHONG

H6 SON DAI"

T

rong cudc khfing ehien cho'ng My
cflu nUdc, chie'n trUdng Nam Bp, efle
Nam Trung Bd, Nam Tfiy Nguyen (gpi tat
la B2) (1) gifl mdt vi tri chidn lUdc cUc ky
quan trpng. Chi huy tnic tie'p efic luc lupng
vii trang cfich mang tren dja bfin nay la Bp
Tfl lenh cic luc lUdng vu trang nhan dan
giai phdng mien Nam Viet Nam, ten gpi tat
quen dung la Bp Chi huy Mien, (tfl ngay

18-3-1971 gpi la Bd Tfl lenh Mien). "Bd Chi
huy Midn la cd quan tid"n phfldng ciia Bd
Tong tu lenh 5 mdt chid'n trUdng ldn tai
mien Nam, bao gdm cae Quan khu 6, 7, 8,
9, Thanh phd' Sfii Gdn-Gia Dinh va mot so'
tinh trflc thudc" (Vd Nguyen Giap) (2). Ra
ddi tfl nfim 1961, Bd Tu lenh Mien la cd
quan ehi huy eao nhfi't cua cae luc lupng vii
trang giai phdng trdn chidn trUdng B2,
thUe hipn cfie chflc nfing cd ban: lfim tham
mflu cho Trung fldng Cue mien Nam lanh
dao phong trfio dfi'u tranh chinh tri vfi da'u
tranh vu trang, true tiep chi dao vfi chi huy
cfie lUe Ifldng vu trang nhan dan chidn da'u
ehd'ng dd qudc My vfi bd Iu tay sai tren toan
chid'n trfldng Nam Bd va cflc Nam Trung
Bp, gop p h i n eung quan va dan ca nudc l i n
Ifldt danh bai cac chidn Ifldc chien tranh
ciia de qud'c My vfi bd lu tay sai, giai phdng
hoan tofin mie"n Nam.

• PGS.TS. Quan khu 7

Thfing lpi cua cudc khfing chie'n ehd'ng
My cflu nUde da md ra ky nguyen mdi ciia
dfin tdc Viet Nam - ky nguyen dfi't nudc dpc
lfip, thd'ng nha't vfi di ldn ehu nghia xfi hdi.
Quan giai phdng midn Nam da hofin thfinh
sfl mdnh Uch sfl, hda nhap chung vao td
chflc qufin dpi nhfin dan ca nflde, ehuyen

sang thflc hien nhiem vu xay dUng chinh
quy, tinh nhud, tflng bfldc hien dai, hufi'n
luydn san sang chie'n da'u bao vd Td qudc.
Tuy nhidn, Bd Tfl ldnh Midn cdn tidp tuc
tdn tai 14 thang 7 ngfiy nfla. Trong thcfi
gian hdn 14 thfing fi'y, Bd Tfl ldnh Midn da
lfim tham mUu, chi dao cfie Iflc Ifldng vii
trang Nam Bp vfi cflc Nam Trung Bd thUe
hidn nhiem vu bao vd thfinh qua each
mang, khae phue hfiu qua chie'n tranh va
xfiy dflng, td chflc lai qufin ddi cho phu hdp
vdi dieu kien thdi binh.
1. Tiep q u a n , q u a n q u a n
Sau khi giai phong Thfinh phd' Sfii Gdn,
cae tinh ddng bang song Ciiu Long vfi hai
dao, Bd Tu lenh Mien chi dao cae ddn vi vii
trang khan trUdng tid'p quan efin cfl qufin
sfl cua My vfi quan dpi Sfii Gdn de Iai. Bo
Tfl lenh Midn chuyen sd chi huy ve cfin cfl
Song Thin, sau do chuyen tid'p vd cfin cfl
T r i n Hflng Dao trong ndi thanh Sai Gon
(cfin cfl Bd tdng tham mflu Quan dpi Vidt


Bd Tu lenh quan giii phdng mien Ram...
Nam cpng hda). Cac cd quan tham mflu,
chinh tri, hfiu cin-ky thuat, cae ddn vi
thong tin, phao binh, phdng khdng, tfingthiet giap, cdng binh... thudc Bd Tfl lenh
Midn tie'p quan cac can cfl tfldng flng cua
quan dpi Sai Gdn de lai. Bd Tfl lenh Quan

dofin 4 chuyen s6 chi huy vfio efin cfl Ld
Vfin Duyet (Bidt khu thu dd cua chinh
quydn Sai Gdn), sau do chuyen ve cfin cfl
Song T h i n d Thii Dflc. Bd Tu lenh Quan
khu 7 tid'p quan cfin cfl Quan khu 3 - Quan
dofin 3 tai Thanh phd' Bien Hda, sau do
chuyen ve can cfl Tran Hung Dao. Bd Tfl
ldnh Qufin khu 8 tie'p quan can cfl Dong
Tam tai My Tho (cfin efl Su dofin 7 quan
dpi Sfii Gdn). Bd TU lenh Qufin khu 9 tidp
quan cfin cfl Quan khu 4 - Qufin dofin 4 tai
Thanh phd* C i n Thd. Bd Tu lenh Sfii GdnGia Dinh tie'p quan cfin cfl Biet khu thu dd.
Tinh dpi cic tinh tid'p quan can cfl tidu khu
cua dich tai tflng dia phUdng.
Trong lfle chi dao cic lUc lupng vu trang
B2 tham gia eude tdng tid'n cong va ndi dfiy,
tham gia chien dich giai phdng Sfii Gdn-Gia
D)nh, Bo Tu lenh Mien k h i n trUdng trien
khai Chl thj 06/TWC ngfiy 10-4-1975 cua
Trung Udng Cyc mien Nam vd" vi^c ehuin
b] cdng t i c tidp quan cfie tinh thfinh eon lai
trdn dia bfin Nam Bp vfi cue Nam Trung
Bd, dfic bidt Ifi Thinh phd' Sfii Gdn-Gia
Dinh. Theo do, "khi dfinh do ehinh quyen
trung fldng dich, cin thiic hi^n che' dp quan
quan trong mdt thdi gian nhfi't dinh...
Nhi$m vu cua Uy ban qufin quan la: 1.
Tieu diet cic 6 de khfing, thanh toin tridt
dd cfie luc lUdng phan dpng cua dich; 2.
Nhanh chong on dinh tinh hinh vfi thie't

lfip tr^t tfl tri an cua thfinh phd', xfiy dung
Ii^c Ifldng tfl ve cua q u i n ehung; 3. Tflng
budc khdi phue nhflng ed sd bao dam cho
cudc sd'ng cua nhan dan; 4. Chufin bi
nhflng dieu kipn de ehuyen sang chinh
quyen each mang" (3). Hang loat can bd

quan sfl, chinh tri cac ca'p dfldc Bd Tu lenh
Mien cfl tham gia uy ban quan quan va
chinh quyen each mang cac dia phfldng. Uy
ban Quan quan Thanh phd Sfii Gdn-Gia
Dinh (4) vfi cic tinh dflpe thfinh lfip chufin
bi dam nhiem chflc nfing chinh quyen sau
ngfiy giai phong. Sau khi tie'p quan cfie cfin
cfl quan sU cua dich, Uy ban quan quan cac
dia phUdng l i n lupt ra mat vfi bfit tay thflc
hien chflc nang cua chinh quyen each mang
lam thdi: ban bo' menh lenh keu goi tfi't ca
ddng bfio, efin bp, chie'n si tieh cflc cung
chinh quyen efieh mang nhanh chdng thid't
lap trat tU, duy tri eac hoat dpng dan sinh
tr3 lai binh thfldng; keu gpi nhan vien ehinh
quyen, eac binh si quan dpi Sai Gdn ra trinh
didn, cae edng nhan vien ehfle cu trd lai
nhidm sd vfi ban bd ldnh gidi nghiem ban
dem. Cac Iflc Iupng tid'p quan da tich thu,
quan ly toan bd tfii lieu qufin sU, chinh tri,
ky thuat, thidt bi doanh trai eua bp may
didu hfinh chie'n tranh cua My - chinh quyen
Sfii Gdn; cfie cd sd vfit chfi't ky thufit quan sfl

eua dich tfl trung Udng tdi dia phfldng.
Chii nghia thflc dan mdi ciia My bi sup
dd da dd lai nhflng di hai nang ne ca ve
ehinh tri, kinh te, vfin hoa-xa hpi. Ngoai mpt
so' tudng linh, nhfin vidn chinh quydn cao
cfi'p chay ra nflde ngofii, dai da sd' vfin cdn d
lai, (rieng tai mien Ddng Nam Bd da eo
khoang nfla trieu nguy qufin, nguy quyen
tan rfi tai ehd), trong dd e6 khdng it phan tfl
ngoan co' tim cieh chdng lai each mang,
phan ddng si quan binh linh mac cam vdi
chd dp mdi. Ndn kinh td' van mang tinh chfi't
ndng nghidp lac hfiu, phat trien thie'u can
ddl. Id thudc nang ne vfio vidn trd nflde
ngoai. Cac td nan xa hdi nhfl ma tuy, lflu
manh, di die'm, cd bac nhan nhan. Rieng dia
bfin Sfii Gdn - Gia Dinh, thanh phd'cd dan so'
dong nhfi't nflde (gin 3,5 trieu ngfldi), dfi cd
trdn 2 van dich dang l i n trdn va tim mpi
each chdng pha ehinh quyen cfich mang.


il

Rghien ciiu Lich sit, sg 4.20'
cpng them mdt ganh nfing xa hdi vdi 27 van
ngflcfi mu chfl, tren 1 trieu ngUdi thfi't
nghiep, 20 van tre md cdi, 23 van qua phu
bd vd, 1 van ngudi fin xin, 30 van ngUdi mac
benh da lieu, 15 ngfin tre bui ddi, trdn 10

van ngUdi nghien xi ke, ma tuy (5).
Phdl hdp vdi Uy ban quan quan cac dia
phfldng, Bd Tu ldnh Mien chi dao mdi sU
doan, trung dofin, tidu dofin chii luc vfi dia
phUdng phu trfich mdt so' qufin, huyen, xfi.
Rieng Uy ban quan quan thfinh phd Sfii
Gdn-Gia Dinh cfl 5.500 can bd chie'n si, td
ehfle 4 dofin, 34 dpi cdng tfie. Cfie ddn vi vu
trang chia nhd luc lUdng trdn khu vflc hfinh
chinh dflpe phfin cdng, thfinh lfip tflng dpi
cdng tic thuc hien nhidm vu cflu trd (6), td
chflc dfla ddng bfio chay nan vd qud cu sinh
sd'ng, khoi phuc san xufi't (7), ra p h i thao
gd bom min vat nd, thu dpn phd' hdu chie'n
tranh vfi vfin hda pham ddc hai, kham chfla
bdnh cho nhan dfin. Cic dpi cdng tac vu
trang to chflc tuyen truydn ve eie chinh sfich
cua cfich mang, vach ro nhflng luan dieu
xuyen tae cua chd dp cu, vfin ddng nhan dan
tham gia cac hoat dpng xay dUng xa hdi mdi.
Trong nfim 1975, lUc lUpng vu trang B2 da
tuydn truyen phfit ddng cho hfing trieu lupt
quin chung, phfit tridn hang trfim chi doan,
hfing nghin dofin vien, hang trfim nghin hdi
vidn cdng dofin giai phong, ndng hdi thanh
nidn giai phdng vfi phu nfl giai phdng, Trdn
ed sd lfle lupng chinh tri mdi xay dung, cac
dia phfldng lUa chpn cfin bd xay dUng bd
may chinh quydn cl ed sd. Trong hai thang 5
va 6-1975, ridng mien Ddng Nam Bd da

thfinh lfip 104 uy ban xa va 404 uy ban fi'p
vdi hdn 3.000 uy vien (8).
Vfla thflc hien eae nhidm vu tid'p quan,
tham gia xfiy dUng vfi bao ve chinh quyen
cfich mang, gifl gin anh ninh chinh tri, trat
tu an tofin xa hdi, dn dinh ddi song nhfin
dan, efic lfle lUdng vu trang B2 edn trien
khai cdng t i e tid'p nhan trinh didn va cai

hua'n si quan, binh h'nh quan dpi Sfii Gdn.
Khdng kd ddl tfldng ha si quan, binh linh
khdng phai la i c dn ra trinh didn dfldc hpc
tfip ngan ngay rdi trd ve dia phfldng, sd
ngudi phai tap trung eai hufi'n len deh
64.395 ngfldi (trong dd cd 33 cfi'p tudng, 414
dai ta, 2.500 trung ta, 4.567 thidu tfi va
mdt so' cfi'p uy, xa trfldng) (9). Bp Tfl ldnh
Mien chi dao thfinh lfip 5 dofin quan giao
lfim nhiem vu quan ly, td chflc hpc tap, dieu
tri cho so' si quan ndi tren, (gdm Dofin 500;
tai cic dia diem Hde Ba Thflc, Thi xa Long
Khanh, Sudl Ram - Ddng Nai, Trang Ldn Tfiy Ninh; Dofin 600: tai Cat Tien - Lfim
Ddng; Dofin 700: tai Phu Qud'e; Dofin 775:
tai Tan Hidp - Thi xa Bien Hda; Doan 875:
tai Tay Ninh). Ngoai ra con td ehfle mpt sd
lien trai quan giao cic ddl tupng thupc didn
td nan xa hdi nhu gfii die'm, trdm cudp, xi
ke ma tuy (10).
Thing 2-1976, Uy ban quan quan cae cap
hofin thanh nhidm vu, Uy ban nhan dan

each mang dUdc thfinh lap tho'ng nhfi't tfl
trung Udng de'n cd sd. Sau khi chuyen mpt sd
can bd quan sU sang cd quan dan ehinh
dang eac dia phfldng, Bd Tfl ldnh Mien chi
dao Iflc lupng vu trang B2 kd't thuc nhidm vu
quan quan, chuydn sang hoat ddng thfldng
xuydn, xay dflng luc lUdng, truy quet tfin
quan dich, hua'n luydn san sfing chid'n da'u
trong didu kien thdi binh.
2. Truy quet tan quan dich, thu hdi cd
sd vat chat do quan doi Sai Gdn de lai
Sau ngfiy mie"n Nam hofin toan giai
phdng, p h i n ldn si quan, binh linh quan
dpi Sai Gdn ra trinh didn, hpc tap vfi trd lai
dia phUdng lam an sinh sd'ng. Tuy nhidn,
vfin edn khdng it tdn ngoan co' khdng ra
trinh dien, sd'ng l i n lut, mdc noi tim each
chdng p h i cich mang bfing nhieu thu doan
hofic ngfi'm n g i m hofic edng khai. Nhidu ndi
tan quan tap hdp de'n cfi'p dai dpi, rai
truydn ddn, k h i u hidu xuydn tac chinh


BO Tu lgnh qudn giii ph6ng mien Ram..
sach ciia each mang, sat hai cac can bd, td
chflc vupt bien, phfi hoai tai san cdng cpng.
Nhieu dang phfii, td chflc phan ddng vfin
tidp tuc tdn tai, Ien lut hoat ddng. Mdt bd
phfin dan eu bi anh hudng tuydn truyen,
xuyen tae cua My - nguy, song bfi't hdp tac

vdi chinh quyen each mang hofic che gifi'u
efic p h i n tfl phan ddng.
Trien khai nghi quyet hdi nghi Qufin uy
Mien ngfiy 3-5-1975 ve "tid'p tuc truy Iflng,
truy qudt dich, trfi'n fip cac Iflc Ifldng phan
ddng dd bao ve thfinh qua ciia cich mang;
ddng thdi, luc nfio cung san sang chie'n da'u
dfinh dich edn phfi roi, bfi't lufin luc nfio, d
diu, trong pham vi minh phu traeh di bao
vd chinh quyen, bao vd tfii san, cd sd vfit
chfi't, quo'c phdng, ky thufit, kho tfing... ndi
chung" (11), Bp Tfl Ipnh Mien chi dao efic
lfle Ifldng vu trang vfla kien tri keu gpi
trinh didn vfla kien quyd't truy qudt cac
nhen nhdm tfin qufin, d^p tan nhflng dang
phai phan dpng, Tai Quan khu 7, trong hai
thfing 5 vfi 6-1975, lUc Ifldng vu trang diet
vfi bat 15.094 tfin quan, 331 ten trong cac
td chflc phan ddng, thu 32,575 sung, dfla di
hpc tfip cai tao n g i n ban 31.112 binh si,
dfla di hpc tfip dai ban 6.000 si quan, nhfin
vien cao cfi'p nguy (12). Tai Quan khu 8,
tinh dd'n ngfiy 12-5-1975, Iflc lfldng vu
trang b i t giam g i n 300 ten (trong dd ed 1
si quan ca'p tfldng), thu 1.900 xe, 135.000
sung, c6 218 phfio (30 de'n 155mm), 136
tfiu, 11 may bay, 3 trieu lit xfing. Tai Quan
khu 9, tinh ddn ngfiy 11-5-1975, lfle Ifldng
vu trang bfit giam 2.040 si quan, (trong dd
cd 2 si quan cfi'p tfldng), thu 231 tfiu, 284 xe

cd gidi cac loai (cd 72 thidt gifip), 176 may
bay, 68.748 sung (188 phio), 1.391 mfiy vd
tuyen didn, 7.880.000 lit xang (13). Ben
canh vide truy quet tan quan, lfle Ifldng vu
trang B2 edn trfi'n ap, pha nhieu vu fin
ehdng pha cich mang ciia cae dang phai
phan ddng, lung b i t cac bfing cudp dang

hofinh hfinh va nhieu ddl tUdng te nan xfi
hdi khac. Rieng tai Thanh pho" Sai Gdn Gia Dinh, tfl t h i n g 5 de'n t h i n g 11-1975,
luc lupng vu trang da tridt phfi 850 vu p h i
hoai chinh tri cua 288 ddl tUdng, b i t giam
737 ten lflu manh trpm cfldp vfi 2.437 ddl
tupng te nan xa hdi.
Trong luc Iflc lUpng vu trang B2 dang
truy quet tan quan dich thi d ben kia bien
gidi, chinh quyen Khd me do d Campuchia
ngfiy cfing bde lp ehi'nh sach thu dich vdi
Viet Nam. Tfl ngfiy 3 den ngay 10-5-1975,
ehung bfi't ngd tie'n edng Viet Nam tai
nhieu diem thudc huyen Chau Thfinh, Ben
Cau, Tan Bien tinh Tay Nmh, dao Phu
Qud'c, dao Thd Chu, gidt hai vfi bfit di hang
trfim dan thUdng vd tdi, Chinh sach thfl
dich ciia Khd me do gay nhidu cfing thfing d
vung bidn gidi, lfim kho khfin them qua
trinh dn dinh tinh hinh d mien Nam. Bd Tfl
lenh Mien mpt mat bao cao, lam tham mUu
eho ca'p tren da'u tranh bfing con dudng hda
binh, mat khfic chi dao lUe lUdng vu trang

cac dia phUdng to chflc chie'n da'u ehd'ng
hfinh dpng tie'n edng xam lUde cua quan dpi
Polpot. Luc lupng vu trang Quan khu 7,
Qufin khu 9 phdi hdp vdi bd dpi Bien
phdng, bdi ddi qufin chung Hai quan da
kien quydt chfin dfinh quan dieh, giai
phdng hoan tofin cfie dao, dfiy dich ve ben
kia bidn gidi, gifl vflng lanh tho vfi ehu
quydn vung bien gidi.
Ddng thdi vdi viee truy quet tan qufin vfi
chie'n dfi'u chdng hfinh ddng xam Ifi'n bidn
gidi, Bd Tu ldnh Mien chi dao cae lUc lupng
vu trang B2 khfin trUdng tidp quan, thu
hdi, bao quan cd sd vfit chat cua dieh de Iai.
Qufin dpi Sai Gdn tan ra nhanh chong, de
lai mdt khdi lupng vu khi trang bi, ed sd vfit
cha't ra't ldn. ThUc hidn Chi thi cua Thfldng
vu Trung Udng Cue ve "nhfin ro tai san dd
lfi do dieh vd vet md hdi nude mfit eua nhan
dan, lfi XUdng mau ciia nhieu cfin bd ddng


Rghien ciJii Ljch sit. s6 4.2015
chi ddng dpi, dd la nhflng tai san cua nhfi
nude" (14), Bp Tfl lenh Mien chi dao cfie
quan khu, quan dofin, ddn vi binh chiing
nhanh chdng bao ve, phan loai, quan ly.
Cfie ddn vi vu trang nhanh chong tidp quan
cfie cfin cfl, kho tfing quan sfl cua dich de
lai, theo nguyen t i c nganh nao tiep quan cd

sd ngfinh dd, ca'p nao tid'p quan cfi'p dd, tiep
quan tdi dau quan ly sii dung ngay tdi dd
ddng thdi phoi hdp vdi ehinh quyen cfich
mang vfi nhan dan thu gom tfi't ca cac Ioai
vu khi dan vfi min cdn vUdng vai dfla ra
khoi thfinh phd', thi xa. Tinh de'n cuol t h i n g
8-1975, tofin B2 da thu hdi khoang 27.000
tfi'n vu khi, dan dupe, gdm 3.777 tfi'n sung,
22.128 tfi'n dan, 962 tfi'n thude nd (chfla ke
khoang 40.0 tfi'n cdn tdn trong efic kho Idn)
(15). Rieng tai Thanh phd'Sai Gdn-Gia Dinh,
chi trong 7 ngfiy sau ngfiy 30-4, Iflc lUdng vfl
trang da thu gom dUpc khoang 10.000 tfi'n
sflng dan, qufin cu cfie loai (16). Ngfiy 19-81975, Bd Tu lenh Mien ra ehi thj sd27/CT ve
vide md chid'n dich thu hdi bao quan trang
thie't bi djeh de lai. Chien dich chia lfim 2
budc. Budc 1 (1-9 - 31-10) thu gom vii khi, xe
mfiy, mfiy bay, tau chien, trang thie't bi cdng
binh thdng tin. Dd'n cuoi nam 1975, cdng tac
kiem kd, phfin loai, bfin giao cd sd vfit chfi't
doanh trai, kho tang, trang bi, vu khi dan
dupe hofin ta't. Mpt bp phfin dupc dUa vao sfl
dung phuc vu cho nhiem vu trUdc mat cua
Iflc lfldng vu trang tofin mien, bp phfin khic
dupe chuyen giao cho cac ddn vj cua Bd dflng
chan trdn dia bfin.
3. Thflc hien cong t a c chinh sach
quan doi, to chiic lai lfle liio^g vii trang
De chufin bi cho cupc Tong tie'n eong vfi
ndi day trong mua Xuan nam 1975, lfle

Ifldng vu trang B2 dfldc phfit trien len mfle
eao chfla tihig thfi'y. Tinh ddn thdi diem
t h i n g 4-1975, bd dpi cd 277.659 ngudi
(thfing 12-1972 lfi 185.372 ngflcfi), dfin qufin
du kich la 112.981 ngfldi (thing 12-1972 la

70.699 ngudi) (17). Sau ngfiy mien Nam
hoan tofin giai phdng, nhu cau giai quyet
cdng t i c chinh sfich, hfiu phudng quan ddi
dfit ra khdng kdm p h i n efi'p bach. Thflc
hidn Chi thi sd 223/CT-TV ngfiy 8-7-1975
ciia Ban Cha'p hanh Trung Udng Dang ve
cdng t i e thUdng binh vfi xa hdi sau chien
tranh, Bd Tfl lenh Midn ban hfinh Chi thi
sd 06/CT-75 yeu eau cic ddn vi vu trang: 1.
Nhanh chdng ehuyen tin tfle eua cae quan
nhan tai ngu ve gia dinh; 2. Khan trUdng
xac dinh lidt si, qufin nhan tfl tran hofic
ma't tieh, bAo tfl, an iii ddng vien vfi giai
quye't chu dao quyen ldi gia dinh, con cai
liet si; 3. Phat hien, tu siia, gifl gin quy tap
mp liet si; 4. Thd'ng kd, lap hd sd khen
thudng thanh tich trong chie'n tranh; 5.
Tflng budc bdi hoan ma't mfit vfi nhflng
ddng gdp eua eac gia dinh cd cdng trong
khfing ehien (18).
Trong dieu kien cong vide hd't sflc he
bpn, dcfi sd'ng khd khan, eae ddn vi vii trang
da tap trung thflc hien td't chi thj ciia Bd
Tfl ldnh Mien. Mdi ddn vi deu cfl 1 phd

chinh uy, 1 chinh tri vidn pho trflc tid'p phu
trfich cdng t i c chinh sfich. Cd quan chinh
sach cfie cfi'p td chflc tfip hufi'n cin bp
chuyen trich, lien he vdi ehinh quyen dia
phUdng de eflng phdi hpp thflc hidn: lap
danh sich, xfic minh cfie trudng hpp mat
tich, bfio tii, quy tfip md ma; gifim djnh sflc
khde, xe'p hang thUdng tfit, cfi'p sd; khen
thudng cae trudng hdp tdn dpng sau ehien
tranh (trong thdi ky khfing chid'n, ridng
trong Chie'n dich Hd Chi Minh) gdm cac
Ioai thi dua quye't thfing vfi de nghi huan
huy ehUdng, danh hidu ddn vi va ea nhan
anh hung luc Ifldng vu trang nhan dan.
Nhiem vu he't sfle khd khfin phfle tap, mac
du vfiy, trong mdt thdi gian ngfin, liic lUdng
vu trang B2 da hofin thfinh khdi lupng cdng
viec dd so. Tinh den thfing 12-1977, (khi Bd
Tu lenh Mien da giai the), rieng Quan khu


B6 Tif lenh quan giAi phong mi^n Ram...
7 da lfip danh sfich, quan Iy hd sd 68.566
lidt si; quy tfip ve nghia trang, kidm tra
danh dfi'u cim bia 23.360 md liet si; thdng
ke giam dinh 18.593 (trdn 36 dau ddn vi)
thfldng binh cac hang, ca'p sd 6.342 ngfldi;
khen thudng hfing chuc nghin huan chuong
cic loai, xdt de nghi tuyen dfldng 11 ddn vi
vfi 21 ca nhan anh hung Iflc Ifldng vu trang

nhan dan (19).
Song song, Bp Tu lenh Mien chi dao cic
lUc lfldng vu trang B2 s i p xep lai Iflc Ifldng
va td chflc quan sfl vung lanh thd theo tinh
t h i n Nghj quyd't 24 Trung fldng Dang
(thing 9-1975) vd nhiem vu efieh mang Viet
Nam trong giai doan mdi, trong do cd ndi
dung xay dUng luc Ifldng vu trang cho phu
hdp vdi dieu kien thdi binh. Theo do, ve td
chflc quan sfl theo Ifinh thd, Qufin khu 6
(T6) nhap ve Quan khu 5, Quan khu 8 (T2)
nhfip ve Quan khu 9, Sai Gdn-Gia Dinh va
eae tinh Binh Phudc, Tfiy Ninh nhfip ve
Quan khu 7. Trdn dia ban Nam Bp chi cdn
2 quan khu: 7 vfi 9. Quan khu 7 cd Thfinh
pho Hd Chi Minh (Thfinh phd' Sfii Gdn-Gia
Djnh cii) vfi cae tinh Ddng Nai (gdm 3 tinh
cu: Bidn Hda, Tan Phfl, Ba Ria-Long
Khfinh, ke ca Viing Tfiu); Song Be (gdm 2
tinh cu: Binh DUdng, Binh PhUdc); Tay
Ninh. Bd TU lenh Quan khu do Tran Vfin
Trfi lfim Tfl lenh kidm chinh uy (20). Qufin
khu 9 CO cic tinh Long An (gdm 2 tinh cu:
Long An, Kien Tfldng); Tidn Giang (gdm 2
tinh cu: My Tho, Gd Cdng); Ci(u Long (gdm
2 tinh cu: Vinh Long, Tra Vinh); Hau
Giang (gdm 2 tinh cu: Can Thd, Sdc Trfing);
Ddng Thap (gdm 2 tinh cu: Sa Dec, Kidn
Phong); An Giang (gdm tinh An Giang cu
vfi mpt so' huydn eila Long ChSu Hfi, Long

Chfiu Tien, Sa Ddc); Kidn Giang (gdm tinh
Rach G i i eii vfi 3 huydn eua Long Chau
Hfi); Minh Hai (gdm 2 tinh eu; Cfi Mau, Bac
Lieu); Ben Tre. Bd Tfl ldnh do Le Dflc Anh
lfim Tfl lenh, Le Van Tfldng l i m Chinh uy

(21). Ve Iflc lfldng chii lfle, Quan dofin 4
dupc kien toan gdni 3 sfl dofin bp binh (7, 9,
341) vfi mpt sd ddn vi bp binh trflc thudc,
cac ddn vi binh chung. Mot so' ddn vi khic
dfldc dieu ehuydn trflc thude Bp Qud'c
phdng hoac bo sung ve cic quan khu. Sfl
doan bd binh 5 chuydn ve Quan khu 7. Bd
Tfl lenh Quan dofin do Hofing Cim lfim Tu
lenh, Hofing The Thien lam Chinh uy (22).
Cfie td chflc vu trang ndi tren khfin
trUdng s i p xe'p lai luc Iflpng theo bien chd'
thdi binh dii cic khdi: ThUdng true san
sfing chie'n dfi'u (bp binh vfi binh ehung); Cd
quan (tham mUu, chinh trj, hfiu cin-ky
thuat); Nha trfldng (quan ehinh, ha si
quan, qufin y, vfin hda, thid'u sinh qufin);
Hau ein, ky thufit (bdnh vidn qufin y,
XUdng sfla chfla, kho tram); vfi Ddn vi true
thude khic (ddl ngoai, phap che', tdng ke't
chie'n tranh, tram khfich, dieu dudng...).
Dfic biet, cfie qufin khu deu td chflc mdt Iflc
Ifldng ldn lfim nhiem vu san xufi't. Ridng
Quan khu 7 cd 3 dofin kinh te': Dofin Phudc
Long, (Sfl doan 3, gdm 7 trung dofin), Dofin

600 (gdm 4 trung dofin), Dofin La Nga (gdm
4 trung dofin) (23).
Viec sap xep lai td chflc quan sfl va lfle
Iflpng vu trang den gifla nam 1976 mdi ed
ban hofin thfinh. Tuy nhien, tfl thang 21976, khi Uy ban quan quan ket thuc
nhidm vu, Bd Tfl ldnh Midn cung giam d i n
hoat ddng chi dao ddl vdi Iflc Ifldng vii trang
trdn dia bfin B2. Cac quan khu, quan doan
tflng bflde ehiu sfl lanh dao, ehi dao true
tiep tfl Quan uy Trung Udng va Bp Qud'c
phdng. Vfi, ngay 7-7-1976, Bp Tfl lenh Mien
chinh thfle giai the, hofin thfinh nhiem vu
ve vang sau 15 nfim hoat dpng.
Nhu vfiy, mac du sau ngay mien Nam
giai phdng, tinh chfi't cupc cfich mang d
Nam Bd vfi cflc Nam Trung Bd dfi hofin
tofin thay ddi, nhUng Bd Tfl lenh Quan giai


Rghien cflu Lidi sir. s6 4.2015
phong mien Nam Vidt Nam vfin tie'p tue
tdn tai va hoat dpng. Se co nhflng cdng
trinh ridng phan tich khich quan ve nhidu
ndi dung trong cac hoat ddng a'y, vi du nhfl
vide giai quyd't cho ra quan mpt sd Ifldng
k h i ldn cin bd chie'n si, dae bidt la sd ha si
quan dfiy dan kinh nghiem chid'n da'u tren
chid'n trfldng B2 sau ngfiy giai phong. O
dfiy, ehung ta thfi'y rfing, Bp Tfl lenh Mien
dfi ed nhflng ddng gop quan trong trong vide

lfim tham mUu eho ca'p tren va trflc tiep ehi
dao Iflc Ifldng vu trang B2 thfle hidn mpt
khdi lUdng cdng viec dd so sau chie'n tranh.
Dd lfi tie'p quan vung mdi giai phdng, nhfi't la
cac thanh phd', thi xa, can efl quan sfl, ehinh
tri va he thd'ng kho tang dfl trfl vfit cha't ky
thufit cua dich; truy quet tan quan dich,
trfi'n ap luc lUdng phan each mang, thu dung

vfi cai hua'n si quan, binh linh quan ddi Sai
Gdn, bao ve an tofin cac muc tieu quan
trpng, cae dia ban chien Ifldc, toan bd khu
vUc bien gidi, bd bien vfi hai dao; tham gia
khic phuc hau qua chid'n tranh, thao gd hom
min va cac chfldng ngai quan sfl, giiip dd
nhfin dan xay dung chinh quydn each mang,
dn dinh cupc sd'ng, xfiy dflng quan he san
xua't mdi, gifl gin an ninh ehinh tri vfi trat
tfl an toan xfi hdi; giai quye't chinh sieh hau
phUdng qufin dpi va sap xd'p lai td chflc quan
sfl vfi lfle Ifldng cho phfl hdp vdi dieu kien
thdi binh. Ke't qua cua nhflng hoat ddng iy
dfi gop phan quan trpng vfio thfinh edng cua
each mang Viet Nam trong nhflng nam
1975-1976, dfit tie"n de dd lfle lupng vu trang
tie'n len con dudng xfiy dUng chinh quy, tinh
nhue vfi tflng bfldc hien dai.

CHU THICH
(1). Trong khang chi^n chong de qu6'c My, chien

biet) gom 11 t h a n h vien do Vo Vkn Kiet Iam Bi

trUdng mien Nam (tU Nam vi truyen 17 trS vao, goi

thu, T r i n Van Tra va Mai Chi Thp lam Ph6 bi thU.

lfi chien trU&ng B) dUdc to chUc thanh 4 khu vUc v6i

(5), Bp tu lenh Quan khu 7: Lich su! lUc lugng

cac mat danh Bl, 32, B3, B4. Bl gom khu vUc

vu trang Qudn khu 7 (1945-2010), Nxb. Quan d6i

duyen hai trung Trung Bo (cac tinh tit Da Nang vao

Nhan dan, 2010, tr. 177-178.

de'n Khanh Hoa). B2 gom khu vUc Nam Bo va cUc

(6). Chl tinh rieng 6 m i l n D6ng Nam Et6, trong

Nam Trung Bo (cac tinh til Ninh Thuan, Binh

2 thang 5 vfi 6-1975, bo dpi bdt k h i u phan an v^

ThuSn, Lam Dong vfio den Ca Mau). B3 gom khu

thu gom tfl cac kho tang cUu doi cho dan 661 tan

vUc Tay Nguyen (cac tinh Kon Tum, Gia Lai, DSk

gao, 27 ta'n va 475 gia !ua, 8 trieu dong.

Lak). B4 g6m khu vUc Nam vi tuyen 17 den B5c d^o
Hai Van (cac tinh Quang Tri, Thiia Thien-Hue).
(2), (8). Quan khu 7: Lich sU Eg Chi huy

(7). Tinh ri§ng cac don dien cao su b mien Dong
Nam B6, den cuoi thang 6-1975, da khoi phuc hoat

Miin

ddng san xufi't tai 11 don dien cao su ,cho vay von:

(1961-1976). Nxb. Chi'nh tri Quoc gia, 2004, tr. 7,

53 200.000 dong; cflu te, cilu doi cho c6ng nhan;

636-636,

450.000 dong, 42.000kg gao.

(3). Vien Lich sxl Dang: Lich s^ biin nien XU uy
Nam Bg vd Trung Ucmg Cue miin Nam

(1954-

1975), Nxb, Chi'nh tri quoc gia, 2003, tr. 1083,

(9). Cue Hau c i n Mien: Bdo cdo cdng tdc hgu
cdn 9 thdng ddu ndm 1975, lUu t r a Phong Khoa
hpc quan sU Quan khu 7, tai lieu BC-214, tr. 4.

(4), Gom 11 thanh vien do Tran VSn Tra lam

(10), (16), (23). B6 Tu lenh Quan khu 7. Lich si

Chii tich. Cac Pho chu tich: Vo Van Kiet, Hoang

hau cdn Qudn khu 7 (1945-2000). Nxb, Quan doi

Cam, T r i n Van Danh, Mai Chi Thp, Cao Dang

Nhan dan, 2000, tr. 663-664, 655, 682.

Chiem. Cac iiy vien: Bui Thanh Khiet, Bay ThU,

(11). Bien bdn Hgi nghi thudng trtic Qudn uy

Luong Ky Hiep, Nguyin Vo Danh vfi Phan Minh

Mien md rgng (ngay 8-5-1975), Luu trii Ban Tong

Tanh. Dang uy Quan quan (con gpi la Dang uy dac

ke't chien tranh B2, tai lieu s^ 2050/BM, tr. 6-7.

Bd Ttr lenh quan giAi phdng mi^n Ram...
(12). Bdo cdo Tdng hgp sd Uiu cdc mat
thdng 5 vd 6-1975 cua khu viic mien Bdng

21
hai
Nam

Bo, LUu trU v a n phong Trung Udng Dang, tai lieu
so 23.

Tong ke't chie'n tranh B2, 1979, LUu trU Phong
Khoa hpc qufin sU Quan khu 7, tr. 7/KN.
(18), (19). Dang uy-B6 Tu lenh Quan khu 7:
Tong ki't cdng tdc ddng, cong tdc chinh tn lUc

(13). Bdo cdo tinh hinh kit qud tdn cdng vd tiep
qudn cua cdc Qudn khu 7, 8, 9, LUu trfl tai Phong
Khoa hoc quan sU Quan khu 9, tai lieu s^
46/1975/TWC

luong vU trang Quan khu

7 (1975-2000),

(20). Cac thanh vien khac, Nguyin Thdi BUng
(Pho tu kenh kiem tham mUu trUcfng);

(14), Vien Lich sik Dang: Lich sH biin niin XU

Nxb.

Quan dpi Nhan dan, 2006, tr. 90-91, 94-95

lenh: Nguyin

Minh

Chau,

Dong Van

Pho tU
Cong,

uy Nam Bd vd Trung Udng Cue mien Nam (1954-

Nguyin Van Bfla, Lfldng Van Nho; Pho chinh iiy:

1975), Nxb. Chinh tri Quoc gia, 2003, tr.l084.

Dao Sdn Tay, Vo Van Thanh, Nguyin Van Quang.

(15). Bdo cdo kit qud thu hdi vd khi, phUcfng
tiin. binh khi ky thudt cua dich (tti 1-5-1975
30-10-1975),

(21). Cac thanh vien khac: Nguyen Van Sy (Pho

din

tfl kenh kiem tham mflu trflflng), Pho tfl lenh:

Luu trfl Ban Tong ke't chien tranh

Nguyin Hflu Xuye'n, L§ Qu6'c San, Pham Ngoc

B2, s ^ M I 1 7 3 6 .

Hflng; Pho chinh tiy: Nguyen Van Tong.

(17), De cUcfng ty my bdo cdo tong kit

kinh

(22). Cac thanh vien khac: Pho Tfl lenh: Bui

nghiem cugc khdng chien cho'ng My cthi nUdc tren

Cat Vu, Nguyen Huynh Ngan; Pho chinh iiy:

chie'n trUdng Nam Bo vd cUc Nam Trung Bd, Ban

Vfldng The'Hiep,

BOI CANH LICH SlT XUAT HIEN THCKl CO CIAI PHONG HOAN T O A N MIEN NAM
(Tiep theo trang 23)
(20). Dan theo Chien tranh cdch mang

Viet

(24). Dan theo Cudc khdng chiin chong My, citu

Nam 1945-1975 thdng lgi vd bdi hge. Nxb. Chinh

nudc 1954-1975.

tri Quo'c gia. Ha Noi, 2000, tr.l68,

Quan dpi Nhan dan, Ha Npi, 1980, tr. 289.

(21), Dai thang MUa Xudn qua nhiing trang hoi

Nhting

sU kien qudn sU. Nxb

(25). Dan theo Lich sii khdng chie'n cho'ng My

tic, Thdi CO vd quye't tdm chie'n lugc. Nxb. Tfl didn

cUu nUdc 1954-1975, Tap VIII, Todn thdng. Nxb

Bach khoa, Ha Npi. 2005, tr. 286.

Chinh tri Quoc gia, Ha N6i, 2013, tr.301.

(23), Hien nay van con c6 nhflng y kien
k h a c n h a u , co tac gia cho lfi ngay bat dau d a n h
Buon Ma T h u 6 t la ngay 9-3 (theo N g u y i n P h u

Dflc. Tai sao My thua
369).

d Viet Nam,

sdd, tr,

(26). DCSVN VSn kien Dang, Todn tap, tap 36,
sdd, tr 95, 95-96.
(28). Bdo cdo chinh tri cua Ban Chap

hdnh

Trung UOng Ddng tgi Dai hoi Ddng ldn thti TV.
Nxb. Sfl That, Ha Noi, 1977, tr, 26-27.


VIET NAM 40 NAM XAY DUNC DAT Nl/dC
VA K H A C P H U C D I CHUNG CHIEN TRANH
(19752015)

NGUYfiN Htru NGUYfeN"

M

pt quoe gia chuyen tfl ehiln tranh
sang hda binh luon cd hai va'n de
cd ban phai tie'n hfinh dong thdi la: xay
dflng da't nflde va khac phuc hfiu qua chiln
tranh. Cupc chiln tranh cfing khdc liet,

cfing keo dfii thi cfie he qua cfing to ldn.
Cupc khfing ehiln 30 nfim eiia nhan dan
Viet Nam lau dai va khoe Ii$t nha't sau
Chiln tranh the gidi thQ II. Di san vo gia
ciia cupc khfing chiln fi'y Ifi: dpc lfip dfin tpc,
thong nhfi't dfi't nudc, boa binh hanh phdc
eho nhan dan vfi dfio luypn dUdc nhflng the
hp anh hung. Di chflng cua cudc chiln
tranh fi'y lfi nhflng td'n thfldng khong nho v l
tinh t h i n va vfit chfi't cua dfi't nflde va dan
tdc.
Tfl each tiep efin dd, bai viet Ifla chpn
trinh biy vfi'n d l xay dflng da't nflde va
khic phuc di chflng chiln tranh cua sau
linh vflc cu the: chinh tri, kinh tl-moi
trfldng, vfin hda-xa hpi, quan h$ qudc t6', tfl
duy quan ly vfi phat huy truyin tho'ng.
1. Th6'ng nhat dat mtofc v a khac
phuc di chijfng cua qua trinh bj chia
cat va y e u to noi chien
* TS. TrUdng DHKHXH&NV Tp. Ho Chi Mmh

Dpc lfip dan toe va tho'ng nhfi't dfi't nu6c
Ifi mue tieu Idn nhfi't cua cupc khfing ehien.
Su tho'ng nha't khong phai chi ve lanh th^
vfi kinh t l ma quan trpng hdn Ifi thong
nhfi't v l ehinh tri va vfin hda, xfi hpi vi lich
scf Viet Nam da trai qua nhflng thdi kf bi
ehia eat va ylu to ndi chiln.
Trong thdi ky phdng kiln, Viet Nam da

tiftig cd thdi ky npi ehiln vfi chia cat do
Trinh - Nguyin phan tranh. Den giQa thi
ky XIX, thflc dan Phap xam lUde, chdng
chia Vi$t Nam thfinh ba ky va i p dfit
nhflng ehe dp cai tri khac nhau nham thflc
hi^n ehinh sach "ehia de tri". Cach mang
Thing T i m nfim 1945 thfinh cdng, nU6c
Vi$t Nam Dan chu Cong hoa ra ddi-v6i tfl
each mpt quo'c gia dpc Ifip, tho'ng nhfii, tofin
ven lanh thd va tie'n hanh cudc khfing chien
cho'ng thflc dan Phap tai xfim Iflde. Den den
nam 1954, Hiep dinh Geneva lai ehia cat
Viet Nam thanh hai miln-c6 ranh gi6i Ifi
Sdng Ben Hai - vi t u y i n 17. Cupc khang
chie'n chong My kdo dfii 21 nfim (19541975) - trong dd cd ye'u to npi chiln khi My
thUc hien chie'n lupe "Chiln tranh dfic bigt"


Vi^t Ram 40 nflm xfly dung dof nir6e..
(1961-1965) vfi "Vi^t Nam hda chiln tranh"
(1973-1975). Nhfl vfiy tinh trang chia cfit
Ifiu dfii va yeu to npi chiln da de lai di
chflng gi? vfi Viet Nam da khfic phuc ra
sao? Dd Ifi vfi'n de rfi't quan trpng dm vdi sU
thong nhfi't ciia Viet Nam vi phai ehuyen
doi hofin tofin ca che dp chinh tri vfi kinh te
xa hpi d mpt nCta dfi't nflde.
Tfl khi nhfin ra nguy cd sup do cua
chinh quyen Sfii Gon, ngfldi My da soan
thao " k l hoach hfiu chie'n" nham gay bfi't dn

cho ViSt Nam. Ho cho rfing d mien Nam se
CO mpt cupc "tfim m i u " tra thu. Ngudi My
tin vao dieu dd cd le vi hi$n tfldng fi'y da
tiftig diln ra sau Chien tranh the gidi thfl
II d mpt qud'c gia "vfin minh phfldng Tfiy"do Ifi trudng hdp nudc Phap da hfinh quylt
nhilu ngUdi lfim vi§c cho quan Dflc trong
thdi gian bi Phap ehilm ddng. Sfl tuyen
truyin cua ngfldi My v l "tam mfiu" da tao
ra noi sp hai cua khong it ngfldi dan miln
Nam c6 m6i quan h0 vdi My vfi chinh
quyen Sfii Gon. Do d6, khi ngUdi My phai
"thao chay tan loan", mpt so' ngfldi Viet
cung chen Ifi'n d§ leo len may bay, tau
thuyin rdi bd dfi't nflde, md d i u cho mot
thdi ky^ vfldt biSn trfii ph6p.
T h i nhflng sau ngfiy 30-4-1975, d miln
Nam da khong co "tfim mau" vi nhilu le mfi
ngUdi My khong hieu dflde.
Trflde bet, ban chfi't cua cupc khing
ehien lfi cho'ng My xam Ifldc, yeu td npi
chiln chi c6 trong chinh quyin Sfii Gon khi
My thfle hi$n chiln lupc "Vifit Nam hda
chiln tranh". Cam giac npi chiln h i u nhu
khong c6 trong nhan dan va ngay ca trong
p h i n Idn binh si quan dpi Sfii G6n-hp c i m
sung vi d i n g lUdng do My vipn trd ehfl
khong vi long hfin thu Nam Bic. Chinh vi
the mfi phfa Mfit trfin giai phdng luon keu
gpi sfl "Hoa hdp dfin tpc", coi ngfldi than
ciia binh si lfi "gia dinh dau kho'", dong thdi

lfim cong t i c "binh vfin" chfl khong phai
"dieh van".
Qufin giai phdng tie'n vfio Sfii Gdn ngfiy
30-4-1975 la nhQng dofin quan oai hung
nhung rfi't nghiem tuc vfi than thien nen sfl
ngd ngang ciia ngfldi dan thfinh pho' nhanh
ehdng tan biln, thay vfio do la nhflng bfin
tay vfiy chfio doan quan chie'n thfing.
Ngay ea nhflng si quan va nhan vien cao
ca'p ciia chinh quyen Sai Gon cung khong hi
doi xfl nhfl "tfl binh" - hp chi nhfin dfldc
thong bao va tu d i n cae dia dilm trinh
dien. Trong qua trinh hpc tfip cai tao, hp
khong bi si nhuc ve tinh than, khong bi xuc
pham than thd. Tuy nhien hp phai chfi'p
nhan mpt thdi gian thieu thd'n v l vfit chfi't
va tinh thin-trong hoan eanh ca nudc dang
khung hoang kinh te-xa hot t r i m trpng do
My cfi'm vfin kinh t l .
Tuy nhien, do thdi gian "hpc tap cai tao"
keo dfii, khung hoang kinh t l , xfi hpi ngfiy
efing t r i m trpng... chien tranh bign gidi d
hai dau dfi't nudc... Ta't ca nhflng kho khan
ch^ng chfi't a'y da tao ra sU hut hfing v l
niem tin vfi dudng nhfl da khdi gpi lai tfim
Iy nghi ky, chia re trong xfi hoi-thfim chi
ran nflt cfie mm quan he ngay trong nhQng
gia dinh cd ngudi than tham gia ea hai
phia. Do do, Ian sdng vupt bien diln ra

hang ngay d miln Nam va lan ra ca miln
Bfie. (Theo so lieu thd'ng ke eua Lien hpp
quoe, trong 3 nam cud'i thap nien 80 the ky
XX, vupt bien d Viet Nam tfl 15 ngan den
18 ngfin ngfldi/mpt thing).
Tfl nfim 1986, Viet Nam bat dau thflc
hien dudng loi doi mdi, kinh te thi trUdng,
phuc hdi san xua't, eai thien ddi song nhan
dan... dong thdi bp phan "hpc tap cai tao"
da dfldc trd v l doan tu vdi gia dinh (da thue
hifin chUdng trinh "ra di ed trat tfl" eho 25
van ngUdi sum hpp gia (finh, cho 17 van si
quan vfi cong chflc Sai Gon di dinh cfl d


Rghien ciJru Uch sir, sd 4.2Q15
nflde ngoai, cho nhan 9 van eon lai), Viet
Nam hpi nhfip ASEAN va tham gia cae
dinh c h l t h i gidi... Nhiing thanh qua a'y da
tao ra hieu flng kinh te', xa hpi tich cuc-da
chfi'm dflt dfldc tinh trang vflpt bien trai
phep vfi bat d i u c6 xu hfldng dao chilu kilu bfio da trd v l thfim que hfldng va d i u
tfl ngfiy efing nhilu vfio Vifit Nam (nfim
2014 lUdng thu hut kieu hoi Ifi 5 ty USD).
Difi'u dd chflng td di chQng v l tam ly chia re
vfi nghi ky da dfldc khfic phuc rfi't nhilu,
ding thdi eung chflng td p h i n ldn ngfldi
Viet rdi bo qufi hUdng sau ngay 30-4-1975
khong phai vi thQ hfin dan tpc (Tdng Bi thfl
Nguyin Van Linh dfi noi: "Hg ra di, tmdc

sau cUng trd vi, hg Id ngiidi Viet Nam, phdi
sdp xip cho hg ra di binh thiidng).

nhflng nd da anh hudng tieu efle khong nho
dfi'n nhan thflc lieh sfl vfi tinh cam eua mpt
bd phfin xa hpi-nhfi't lfi doi vdi Idp tre.
Dfin chflng v l hien tflpng nay cd the ke
ra vfii fi'n phfim dfi xufi't ban tren mang nhfl
"Den cfl", "Ben t h i n g cupc"... da liet kfi rfi't
nhilu sfl kifin, nhieu eau ehuyfin... NhUng
dd chl lfi "trinh bay nhflng hifin tupng Uch
Sil" mfi lang tranh "ban chfi't lich sfl". Lich
Sli chong ngoai xfim cua Vipt Nam mang
dfim cha't "bi-hflng" nhflng trong do "chfi't
hung" phai la ehii dao vfi vfldt trpi mdi c6
the danh bai dupc tfi't ca cac the Iflc xam
Ifldc hung manh nha't t h i gidi, chfl khong
phai chi la nhflng mang m i u toi ma cac fi'n
p h i m a'y da mo ta. Tinh trang hofii nghi vfi
phu nhfin Iieh sfl khong chi cd ci Viet Nam
Tuy nhien, trong d6 cung ed mpt bp mfi cung dang xufi't hien tren thfi' gidi, d6 la
phfin vi Iy do chinh tri, hp chong doi Vifit nhQng mflu toan "vilt lai lieh sfl" mpt each
Nam bfing nhieu each nhfl: thfinh lap cfie v6 dn nhfl lufin dieu: "trong Chie'n tranh
dang phai cho'ng cong hoat dpng d hai thfi' gidi thfl II, Lien Xo da xfim lUdc
ngoai, td chflc cfie nhom khung bo' dua ve Ukraina vfi nflde Dflc...". Tuy dd chi lfi
Vifit Nam, vifi't bfii tren Internet de kieh nhflng ke "bfin vao lich sii bang sung lue",
ddng cho'ng dd'i... hp gpi dd lfi "ehuyen liia khdng thay doi dflpc ban chfii. Uch sfl,
vl que hfldng". Ta't ca nhflng hoat dpng fi'y khdng thay ddi dfldc nhan thfle ciia nhflng
dfiV tha't bai nhflng no eung gfiy ra nhflng ngfldi hidu bifi't- nhUng nd nhfl sfl khdi gdi
tfie dpng tlfiu cflc khdng nho trfin cfie linh lai tam ly nghi ky eua mot thdi chia cfit vfi

vue vfin hda-xa hdi va dofin kfi't tofin dan.
npi chifi'n d Vifit Nam.
De'n nay, nhQng di ehflng fi'y khong con
Ifi trd Iflc Idn tren eon dfldng phat trien eiia
Vifit Nam nhflng dfldng nhfl Iai xufi't hien
sU "bie'n tfldng" sang m i u sic hofii nghi vfi
phu nhfin gifi tri eua lieh sii cho'ng ngoai
xfim. Dfing ehu y lfi trong dd ed ca mpt so'
ngfldi da tflng tham gia k h i n g chie'n chong
ngoai xam cung bi hut vfio xu hUdng nay.
Hp dfit lai vfi'n dfi': eupe khang chien 30 nam
cd cin thie't khong? Thfim chi cdn cho rfing:
"neu le thupc ngoai bang ma giau co edn
hdn dpc lap mfi ngheo...". Ta't nhien, do chi
Ifi suy nghi cua mot so it ngfldi va hoin
tofin xa la vdi gii tri vfi y chi cua ngfldi Vi$t
Nam: "Khong gi quy hdn dpc lfip tfl do",

Thflc tfi' trfin cho thfi'y, nhflng di chflng
Ioai nfiy c6 nhflng bieu hifin vfi bifi'n tUdng
rfi't phfle tap trong ddi sS^ng xa hpi, do dd sU
t h i n g nhfi't dfi't nflde chi thflc sfl c6 y nghia
khi khic phuc dfldc nhflng di chflng nfiy.
2. Xay dcfng k i n h t e va k h i c phuc
hau qua tan pha cua chien tranh
Chie'n tranh la cupc xung dot sflc manh
toan dien cua hai ben-trong d6 kinh tfi' lfi
mpt mat trfin quan trpng ludn gfin liln vdi
mat trfin quan sfl. Do vfiy ea hai ben deu ra
sflc pha hoai cac cd sd kinh t l eua doi

phfldng. Cupc khfing chifi'n eiia Vifit Nam
k^o dfii 30 nfim, phai chong Iai nhflng dSi


^ g L g g m 40 nam xfly dymg dfit nu-6c...
thii manh nhfi't the gidi nfin khoi Ifldng tfin
p h i cflng rfi't ldn:
Trong khang chifi'n chong My, phia Hoa
Ky da tien hanh "chifi'n tranh pha hoai
bfing khong qufin" quy mo Idn d mien Bfie.
Hp sU dung tfi't ea cae Ioai may bay hien dai
n h i t de nfim hang trieu tfi'n bom dan, p h i
huy mpt nfla so' eiu co'ng, 3/4 so' nhfi miy
phat dien vfi h i u hfi't eac kho xfing dau d
mie'n Bac.
O mifi'n Nam, quan giai phong cung ra
sflc p h i hoai dudng xi, eiu eo'ng, danh phfi
cae san bay, d6^t chiy nhieu kho tang va cd
sd kinh te ky thufit cua dieh (nhfl teng kho
Long Binh, san bay Bien Hda, kho xfing
Nhfi Bfi ...). Ve phia My va Sai Gon, hp
dung ra't nhieu bom dan va chfi't dpc hda
hpc danh phfi cic vung riftig nfli, nong thon
nham triet p h i cac vflng can cfl-bie'n nhilu
vung dfi't thfinh hoang hda vi nhilm chfi't
dpe vfi dfiy dae bom min chfla nd.
Trong chifi'n tranh Vifit Nam, sfl tan p h i
moi trudng d l Iai nhQng di chflng lfiu dfii
vfi ra't khd khfie phuc. Theo nhflng so' lieu
da edng bo^ qufin My da sfl dung hdn 18,2

trifiu Gallon chfi't dpc dioxin rai xuo'ng 10%
difin tich mien Nam Vifit Nam, lfim nhiem
ddc va tan pha hang trifiu ha rflng vfi dfi't
nong nghiep. De'n nay van con nhifiu khu
vflc bi nhilm ddc nfing nhfl d Dfi Nfing,
Bien Hda... vfi c6 khoang 4,8 trieu ngfldi bi
phdi nhifim dioxin, hfing trfim ngfldi da
chfi't, hang ngan ngfldi vfi con chau ho dang
bi benh tfit.
Ngay sau chien tranh, Vifit Nam lai rdi
vfio tinh trang khung hoang kinh tfi', xa hoi
rfi't t r i m trpng vfi k6o dfii hdn 10 nfim. Su
kdo dfii a'y do nhie'u nguyen nhan khfich
quan vfi chu quan nhUng phan rfi't ldn lfi do
sfl tfin pha q u i Idn cua chifi'n tranh, doi hoi
rfi't nhilu ngudn Iflc v i thdi gian de khfic
ph\ic, trong dd vi^e khfii phuc ha tang giao

thong vfin tai rfi't chfim da ban che' ra't
nhieu to'c dp phat trien san xufi't vfi lflu
thong hfing hda.
Ngfiy nay, Viet Nam da thoat khoi nhdm
eae nflde ngheo nhflng GDP/diu ngfldi con
kem xa mpt so' nflde trong ASEAN. Tuy
nhien de dat dfldc ket qua khifim tdn fi'y da
phai mfi't mot thdi gian k h i dai (40 nam) la
do phai khac phuc hau qua tfin phfi qua
nfing n l eiia ehien tranh.
3. Xay dflng n e n v a n h d a mdi va
k h a c p h u c h a u q u a c u a v a n h o a thflc

dan
Nfi'u tinh tfl khi Phfip xam Ifldc thi mien
Bac chiu anh hfldng cua vfin hda thflc dan
phfldng Tay hdn 80 nam, mien Nam edn
thfim 21 nam anh hudng van hoa My.
Trong qua trinh hdn 100 nam fi'y, chii
nghla thuc dan luon thuc hien chifi'n Iflpc
du nhap Ioi sd'ng ich ky, thflc dung vfi
hfldng thu nhfim lfim cho ngUdi dan Viet
Nam qufin di than phfin thudc dia vfi khong
cdn y chi da'u tranh gifinh dpc l^p. Ddng
thdi ehung thfle hien ehinh sfich "ehia d l
tri" ca ve dia ly, lanh tho vfi vfin hda.
Trong suo't q u i trinh a'y, cic do thi bi
chie'm dong Ifi ndi du nhfip efic loai tfi nan
xfi hpi eiia phUdng Tay nhu: bfing dang tpi
pham, buon lau, mai dam, nghien hut ma
tuy, trpm cap, Ifla dao... 16'i song fi'y c6 anh
hfldng lfiu dfii vfi lfi kho khfin khdng nho
doi vdi qufi trinh xay dung "nin vfin hda
tifin tien, dam da ban sac dfin toe".
Sau nam 1954, ngfldi P h i p rut khdi
miln Bac, de lai nhieu loai te nan xa hpi
ma chinh quye'n each mang phai ma't rfi't
nhilu thdi gian de giai quye't.
Sau nfim 1975, ngfldi My rut khdi miln
Nam de Iai nhflng te nan xa hpi con nfing
n l hdn, nha't la nan mai dam, ma tuy vfi
nhieu te nan xa hpi khic.

Rgfaian curu Ijch sir, sd 4.2015
Trong nhflng nfim dau miln Nam mdi
giai phdng, cac Ioai tfi nan xa hoi d cfie do
thi Idn g i n nhu bien mfi't. NhUng dfi'n khi
khung hoang kinh te, xa hpi trd nen tram
trpng thi cic tfi nan fi'y trd lai vfi phfit trien
rfi't nhanh.
Tfl khi Viet Nam thflc hien ddi mdi, hpi
nhfip, CNH-HDH, kinh tfi' thi trfldng, tuy
dfi't nudc da thoit ngheo, ddi sdng nhfin
dfin dfldc cai thien ro ret, nhung mat khac,
tp nan xa hpi eung tang theo. Hien nay,
rieng Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh eo khoang
15 ngfin ngfldi hfinh n g h i mai dam va hdn
19 ngan con nghifin, nhifi'u hdn so vdi 40
nfim trflde. Sfl gia tfing fi'y do nhieu nguyen
nhfin: do dfin sd thfinh phd da ga'p 4 l i n so
vdi nfim 1975, do mat t r i i eua kinh tfi' thi
trUdng va do di chflng vfin hda thflc dan...
vfi con mpt nguyfin nhfin khfic, tuy khdng
trflc tifi'p nhUng quan trpng hdn, do lfi tinh
trang tham nhung da trd thanh "qudc nan"
(Nghi quyfi't Trung fldng 4 da nhfin dinh,
tham nhung dang "...thich thflc sfl lanh
dao cua Dang va sQ tdn vong cua c h l do).
ThUe te' cho t h i y te nan xfi hpi ludn ty Ifi
thufin vdi nan tham nhung vi chung c6 mcii
quan hfi "cpng sinh".
Cupc chien tranh Ifiu dfii con de lai rfi't

nhilu nan nhan nhU: thUdng bfinh binh,
gia dinh lifit si, gia dinh neo ddn, nghfio
kh6, tre em mdi eoi... vfi rfi't nhifiV hfii cot
liet Sl chfla tim tha'y (ehUa ke hfii edt ciia
phia quan dpi Sfii Gon). Do cung la ganh
nfing rfi't Idn doi hoi phai c6 chinh sich vfi
cic ehUdng trinh xa hoi rpng Idn mdi khac
phuc dupe.
NhQng di chflng v l tfi nan va an sinh xa
hpi la do thuc dan d l qudc de Iai, nhung tfi
nan tham nhiing la do xa hpi ngfiy nay sinh
ra. Hai yfi'u td dd dang "cpng hudng" de tao
thfinh Iflc can khong nhd doi vdi cong cudc
xay dflng nen van hda tifin tie'n, dfim dfi

ban sic dfin tpc. D l khfic phuc nhiing di
chflng gTy dUdng nhien phai chdng ca hai
loai te nan nhflng chdng tham nhiing dong
vai tro quyfi't dinh vi dd ngudn go^c sinh ra
cfie Ioai tfi nan khac.
4. Hoi n h a p q u o c te v a k h a c phuc
h a u q u a c u a n g o a i giao t h d i c h i e n
Trong hd sd chifi'n tranh Viet Nam, ehi
ke tfl thfi' ky XIX da c6 nhii'u qud'e gia tham
gia ehifin tranh xam lUdc vung da't nfiy.
Gifla the' ky XEX, quan P h i p xam Ifldc va
chie'm dong g i n 100 nam, ehung hoc 16t
th^m te vfi gay rfi't nhieu tpi ic. Gin eu6i
Chie'n tranh the' gidi thfl II, quan Nhfit
chie'm ddng vfi gay ra nan chet ddi hdn 2

trifiu ngfldi. Sau dd lfi quan Anh, An Dp vfi
quan Tfldng Gidi Thach vao giai giip quan
Nhfit nhflng ddng thdi dung tung cho quan
P h i p trd lai xam Ifldc Vifit Nam... Dfi'n cu6c
khing chifi'n ehdng My, nhflng nUdc da dua
quan vao miln Nam Vifit Nam cung vdi
quan vien ehinh My gdm: Thai Lan, Hfin
Quo'c, Uc, Philippines. Cic dpi quan nay da
gfiy ra khong it dau thfldng eho nhan dfin
Viet Nam, ddng thdi tan pha mdi trfldng.
Nhin tfl gdc dp quan hfi qudc tfi', t i t ca
nhflng nflde dd deu ed mdn nd dao dfle v6i
nhan dan Viet Nam.
Sau cupc khang chifi'n chdng My, Viet
Nam lai bi Campuchia gay chie'n d bifin gi6i
Tay Nam va Trung Quo'c tfi'n eong d bien
gidi phia Bfie. Trong boi eanh dd. My mUdn
cd Viet Nam "chiem dong" Campuchia de
CO l^p ngoai giao.
Tfl khi Viet Nam thflc hien dfldng ldi doi
mdi, hdi nhfip (nfim 1986), rut quan tinh
nguyfin v l nflde (nfim 1989) vfi ra nhfip
ASEAN (nam 1995) da phfi vd dUdc sfl c5
lfip ngdai giao va lfip lgi quan he binh
thfldng vdi t i t ca cac nflde tren the' gidi.
Ngay nay, vi thfi' Vifit Nam trfin trfldng
qudc tfi' dfi dUdc nfing cao vfi sfl hoi nhfip


Vi^ Ram 40 nflm xfly dung ddt nudc.

ngfiy cang md rpng, vdi phUdng chfim Ifim
ban vdi tfi't ca cae nflde tren cd sd tdn trpng
ehu quyen va Idi ieh eiia mdi bfin. Tuy
nhifin, nhfl the khong co nghia lfi q u i khfl
da hoan toan "khdp Iai" nen cung khdng
Ioai trfl kha nfing nhflng di ehflng fi'y cd the
bie'n thfinh trd luc ngoai giao khi cd nhflng
bien dpng ve dia ehinh tri trong khu vUc vfi
tren the gidi. Nhfin dinh nfiy dupc rut ra tfl
thuc te' moi quan hfi phfle tap gifla cae nUdc
Trung Quo'c, Hfin Qudc va Nhfit Ban ve vfi'n
di nan nhan tinh due eOia quan Nhfit trong
Chifi'n tranh the' gidi II, ve' vific quan chflc
Nhfit thfim ngdi dfi'n thd c6 tpi pham ehien
tranh vfi g i n nhfi't Ifi tinh trang cang thfing
trong mdi quan hfi gifla Vifit Nam va Trung
Quo'c d Bien Dfing. Ngay ca nUdc Nhat, tuy
lfi ddng minh chifi'n lUdc cua My nhUng
nhan d i n Nhfit khong bao gid qufin hai qua
bom nguyfin tii cua My da huy difit hai
Thanh pho' Hirosima vfi Nagasaki vfi hfing
chuc ngfin ngfldi dfin v6 tpi... Nhan dan
Viet Nam eung khdng the quen nhflng "dia
nguc t r i n gian" mfi thflc dan Phfip da tao
ra d Sdn La, Con Dao, Phu qudc... khong
the quen nan doi nfim 1945 do quan Nhat
gfiy ra dfi gifi't che't hdn 2 trieu ngUdi,
khong thd quen cupc tfin s i t da man cua
quan My 5 lang My Lai-Quang Ngai, khong
the quen nhflng trfin bom B52 nem xudng

Hfi Npi, tan p h i phd Kham Thien... vfi cdn
rfi't nhie'u nan nhan chfi't dpc da cam lfi
nhan chflng sd^ng cua tpi ae chifi'n tranh.
Tfi't ca nhQng sfl kifin dau thUdng a'y
khong the bifi'n mfi't trong lich sfl, tuy nhien
khong the de qufi khfl can trd hpi nhfip
qude tfi' cua hien tai vfi tUdng lai, nhflng
ne'u khong ghi nhd nhflng bai hpc ciia lich
Sli thi cung sfi khong ed dudng loi ngoai
giao khdn ngoan va tinh tfio.
5. Xay dflng kinh te thi trflding va
khac phuc tap quan quan ly kinh te
bao cap, thcfi c h i l n

Dang Cpng san Viet Nam ra ddi tQ nfim
1930, de'n nfim 1945 mdi gifinh dUdc chinh
quye'n vfi thanh lap chinh phu de Ifinh dao
cupc khfing ehien keo dfii 30 nam. Co Ie
hofin canh lich sfl a'y da tao ra mpt tfip
qufin lanh dao vfi quan ly kinh tfi' chi huy
cua thdi chifi'n, nen sU ehuyen doi sang tu
duy vfi phUdng phfip quan ly kinh tfi', xa hpi
thdi binh khong the lfi viee dfi dfing vfi
nhanh chong.
Dfic difim eua kinh te' thdi ehien lfi: ehi
ed hai che dp sd hQu la qul^c doanh vfi tfip
thd. Cic nganh san xufi't theo dinh mfle va
mfinh Ifinh, phan phoi san pham theo che'
dp bao cfi'p, hau nhu khong co thi trUdng tu
do. ThUc chfi't do lfi chinh sfich kinh tfi' thdi

ehifin nhflng mim deo v i linh hoat hdn so
vdi efic bifin phfip nhu trUng thu, trUng
mua, trflng dung... ma mpt so' nUde da i p
dung trong thdi ehien.
Cd che quan Iy ehi huy bao ca'p c6 sU
ban ehe' lfi khong khuye'n khich nang cao
nfing sufi't lao dpng nhUng trong thdi chifi'n
no la bifin phfip chu yfi'u de nhfi nUdc ed the
nfim chfic tfi't ea eae san phfim chifi'n lUdc vfi
chu dpng dilu phoi cho nhu cfiu ehien
tranh va ddi sd'ng. Trong khang ehien,
nganh kinh tfi' quan trpng nhfi't d mifin Bac
la san xufi't lUdng thflc do cae hpp tac xfi
nong nghiep dam nhiem. Hdp tac xa quan
ly 95% rupng dfi't va 100% lao dpng, phan
phdl nong san theo ngfiy cong lao dpng vfi
nhan khau. Cfich quan ly fi'y nham muc
dich tap trung ngudn lUc "tfi't ca cho tien
tuyen, tfi't ca cho chifi'n thfing".
Khi dfi't nUdc dfi thdng nha't vfi chuye'n
sang thdi binh, nhflng cd chfi' quan ly bao
efi'p cua thdi ehien vfin dupe duy tri-tfl dd
sinh ra bien phap "ngfin song cfi'm chd",
bifi'n cac dia phfldng thanh nhflng "o'c dao
kinh te*", tao ra tinh trang "thie'u vfi thfla
gia tao" efic mat hang thifi't ye'u. Do lfi ed


62
hpi va moi trfldng dd hinh thanh "thi

trfldng ehd den", d dd ngfldi ta buon ban dii
thfl tfl tem phifi'u, gifi'y gidi thifiu mua hfing
den cic Ioai nhu ye'u phim... Thi trfldng
chd den dfi Ifi'n i t thfldng nghifip quo'c
doanh, eung vdi tinh trang vd nd tin dung,
dinh ddn san xufi't, da diy khung hoang
kinh tfi', xa hpi len mfle eao nhfi't: d ngay
"vua Iua" Nam Bp ma ngUdi dfin phai an
dpn Bobo va hot mi. Tinh trang khung
hoang fi'y do nhie'u nguyen nhfin nhflng
phin ldn la do nfi'n kinh te' bi troi bupc bdi
cd chfi quan ly bao ca'p, cflng nhfic cua thdi
chie'n, khong cdn thich hpp vdi thdi binh.
Trong hofin canh vo cung kho khan a'y,
nfim 1986, Dang Cong san Viet Nam da
tifi'n hfinh Dai hpi l i n thfl VI d l ra dudng
ldi ddi mdi vdi npi dung cd ban la: cha'p
nhan ne'n kinh tfi' nhifiu thfinh phan, vfin
hfinh theo cd che' thi tru6ng eo dinh hudng
XHCN. Dd lfi sU ddi mdi tU duy ly lufin ve
quan Iy kinh te-xa hpi manh me va dung
cam so vdi nhflng quan niem ve CNXH
truyfi'n thdng. Dfldng loi doi mdi eo cd sd
thflc tien tfl nhflng hoat dpng "xe rao" nhfl:
bung ra san xufi't, bu gifi vfio Ifldng, khong
go ep nong dan vfio efic tfip dofin vfi hdp tac
xa nong nghiep... Cfich lfim fi'y d Long An,
Tp. Ho Chi Minh vfi mot sd' dia phUdng da
tao ra ngudn hfing tifiu dung phong phu
hdn, khong con chd den vfi kich thich dUdc

dpng lUc san xua't. Dfldng ldi doi mdi ciia
Dai hpi VI da thfle sU "cdi troi" cho lUc
Iupng san xufi't, dua dfi't nUdc thoat khoi
khung hoang, tao tien de bflde vfio thdi ky
CNH-HDH, md cia, hpi nhfip, thu hut d i u
tfl nudc ngoai.
Ngfiy nay, Viet Nam da dupc cdng nhfin
la ne'n kinh te' thi trfldng, dfi hdi nhfip sfiu
hdn vfio thi trudng the' gidi, lfi thfinh vifin
ciia WTO vfi nhie'u dinh che' kinh te' the'
gidi. Do lfi budc tie'n rfi't dfii hudng de'n kinh

Rghien ciiru Lich sfl. so 4.2015
t l thi trfldng, tuy nhien tfip quan quan ly
kinh te chi huy, bao cfi'p dfldng nhfl vfin
chfla hoan toan bi xoa bo nen vfin edn tinh
trang "xin-cho" d mpt so' ed quan chflc nfing
ciia nhfi nflde.
6. Phat huy truyen thd'ng va khac
phuc "hoi chiing tam ly chien tranh"
P h i n ldn nhflng ngudi da tham gia
ehifin tranh lau dai vfi khde lifit, diu it
nhifi'u e6 yfi'u td hdi ehflng tam Iy. Tuy
nhifin, hoi ehiing cl moi bfin mang tinh chfi't
khic nhau. Nhflng ngfldi linh viln ehinh
xam Iflde thfldng bi fim anh bdi sfl an hfin,
tpi loi, nhu trfldng hdp Iinh My trong chien
tranh Viet Nam. Hp da n^m nhflng chile
huan chUdng Ien them nha qudc hpi nhfl
mdt eii chi xfim hoi. Nhflng ngfldi linh

tham gia eupe chie'n tranh bao ve to qudc vi
dai, nhu hdng quan Lifin Xo trong Chifi'n
tranh thfi' gidi thfl II, hp cung bi hpi ehflng
tam ly, do la sfl mfit mdi, thfi't vpng khi
nifi'm tin trong thdi chifi'n khong gidng nhfl
thflc tfi' trong thdi binh. Vfiy nhihig ngfldi
linh Vifit Nam da trai qua khfing chiln lau
dai CO bilu hifin hfii chflng tam Iy khong?
Vfi anh hudng t h i nfio den viec giio due
truyfin thdng cho Idp tre?
Trong khang chifi'n, h i u nhu ngUdi Iinh
nao eung phai chflng kifi'n sU ma't mfit hy
sinh cua ddng dpi vfi eua ngUdi dan, thi
nhflng hp vfin lao vao nhQng trfin dinh fie
lifit vfi sfin sfing hy sinh vi hp co nilm tin
rang sau chifi'n tranh se lfi cupc song eong
bang va tdt dep. Nifi'm tin fi'y dUdng nhU da
trd thanh hien thflc trong nhflng nam
t h i n g hoa binh d i u tifin, hp thfle sfl dflpc
song trong i n h hao quang ciia nhflng ngflcli
chie'n thfing vfi dupc xa hpi vinh danh.
Thfi' nhUng dfi't
hoang kinh te' xa
sung lai vang lfin
nhflng ngUdi Iinh

nflde Iai rdi vfid khung
hpi t r i m trpng, tifing
d hai d i u dfi't nUdc...
Iai vac sung ra ehiln

Viet Ram 40 nam xay dtfng dat Toidc...
trudng... Khi dfi't nude thofit khdi khiing
hoang thi nhilu ngfldi Iinh da de'n tuoi ve
hflu va trd ve vdi gia dinh d nhflng Ifing qufi
cdn nghfio khd. Ho thupc ldp ngudi tQng
trai kho khfin gian khd, ac liet nfin sU thifi'u
tho'n v l vfit chfi't khong phai lfi nSi budn
qufi ldn. Hp cung la nhQng ngfldi khong
"cong thin", khdng tranh gianh dia vi...
nhflng hp lfi nhflng ngfldi rfi't nhay cam vdi
chinh tri, xa hpi nfin d l dfing nhfin ra tinh
trang thie'u dan ehu, thie'u cong bfing xa
hpi xay ra kha pho bie'n d nhieu ndi vfi d
ngay lfing que ciia hp. Nfi'u lfing nghe
nhQng cau chuyfin cua ho c6 t h i hidu dUdc
phin nao tfim trang ciia nhQng ngUdi Iinh
gifi: eau chuyen thfldng di tfl nhflng ky
mfim budn, vui thdi chinh chifi'n, nhflng d l
tfii soi ndi hdn lfi nhflng eau chuyen vl nan
tham nhung, ho^i lp, mua ehfle, chay quyin,
chay in... ma hp dpc tren bio, trfin mang
vfi nghe nhie'u ngUdi kfi lai. Ho thudng noi
vdi nhau: trong thdi chifi'n phai cd nfing Iue,
phai cdrig hie'n xUdng mau mdi dUdc len
cfi'p, lfin chflc... cdn ngay nay vi sao "mpt bp
phan khong nho" ed thd dung tie'n mua
dflpc chflc quyfi'n... Do la n§i budn ldn nhfi't
cua cfie eflu chie'n binh, nhflng ngfldi dfi

co'ng hifi'n tfi't ca tudi tre eho khfing chifi'n.
P h i n ldn cic cflu chie'n binh vfin giQ
dupc nhflng p h i m chfi't td't dep cua "Bp dpi
Cu Ho", hp lfi Idp ngudi lfim nfin lich sfl, lfi
Idp ngudi lUu giQ nhflng truyin tho'ng anh
hung: "vi nhan dan quen minh, vi nhfin
dan hy sinh... trung vdi Dang, trung vdi

Nudc, hieu vdi Dan, kho khfin nfio cung
VUdt qua, ke thu nfio cung danh thfing...".
Tuy nhifin, nhQng truyfin thdng a'y khong
thd chuyen giao cho efic the' hfi sau mpt
cfich "tu dpng" nhu nude tfl thupng ngudn
chay xuo'ng. Mat khac, gifio due truyfi'n
tho'ng khong phai chi d nha trfldng, d sach
giao khoa lich sfl, mfi quan trpng hdn Ifi tfl
nhflng "nhfin ehflng lieh sii", tfl nhflng eau
ehuyen va cupc song hfing ngfiy eiia cUu
ehien binh, cua nong dan, cong nhan va
nhflng ngUdi Iao dong chan chinh, ldp
ngfldi da dong gop eong sfle, xfldng mau cho
thanh eong eua khang chifi'n. Do do vific
khae phue nhflng bifiu hifin eua hpi chflng
tam Iy chifin tranh vfla co y nghia nhan
vfin sfiu sac doi vdi ldp ngudi dfi co'ng hie'n
cho khang ehien, ddng thdi co t i m quan
trpng rfi't ldn doi vdi cong tfie gifio due
nham giQ vflng vfi phfit huy nhflng truye'n
tho'ng td't dep.
Ldi ket

Ngfiy nay, Viet Nam da cd ban khic
phue dflde nhflng di chQng chifi'n tranh ve
vfit cha't, moi trudng-nhung cic di ehflng
v l vfin hoa, tinh t h i n cd anh hudng sfiu
sic vfi lau dai hdn. Do do gifl vflng dn dinh
chinh tri, cong bfing xa hpi vfi ciing co'kho'i
dai doan kfi't toan dan la nhflng ye'u td cd
ban de khfie phuc nhflng di chflng va de
no khong trd thfinh nhflng van d l ma cac
thfi' luc cho'ng do^i ed thfi ldi dung nham
thuc hifin nhQng thu doan "difin bie'n hoa
binh".