Dạy học từ ngoại ngữ theo tiếp cận tâm lý học

DAY HOC TD N G O A I N G Q

THEO TIER CAN TAM LY HOC
GSTS Tran Hffu Luy^n
Trudng Dai hoc Ngoai ngil

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Ihii hoc QIU'H gia lid Ndi

loM r \ i
l)ii\ hoc u'( ui^oai ngif cd nhieu binh dirn ti^'p < dn. trong dd. tie'p can tU binh
dien tarn iv hoe Id i at < dn ban. song nhieu khi trong dux hoc tif ngoai ngilkhon^ duac
de cdp dcii h('d< de nip mm cd(h klimig ddv die l I'l tie'p can tarn ly lux hogi dong,
ddc biet. tif quan itgdn ngif vd tif diiy. y ihi'fc. hai vie't tap iiung Idm id nhiing noi dung tarn ly ca ban
I lid lif ngoai ngil < an difcfc quan tarn Ircmg day hoc nhu chifc ndnu idm ly ciia tu. ban
chat lam Iv cua tif, din tnic tdm ly vd cau true ngif nghia ciia tU. Mf hinh thanh va
phdt irien nghJa (iui tif, quan he ciia ngliTa vifi y irtmg tif vd qua ninh ndm vifng tif d
cd the: u'f ddx dtfa ra cdc yeu cau inm ly nhu mot ca sd khoa IUK < dn ihie't de gap
phdii Idm sdng id vd \dy difng < dc ni^uveii id( gtdo hoe phdp. noi dung vd phttcmg
pitdp day hoe lif ngoai ngif.
Tir khoa: Chifc ndng tdm ly; can tnic tdm ly. diu trite ngif nghia: nghia;
nghia rteng. nglua ihiidn thuy: nghia pham tiu. y. ndm vifng tu
Ngay nhdn hdf 16/4/2012: Ni;dv diiyei dang bdi- 10/6/2012.

1. \I() d a u
Ngdn ngLf, trudc hci la tir ciia ngdn ngO. la cdng cu ciia giao tie'p, cdng cu
ciia tu duy, cong cu cua y thirc. cong cu ciia su phat tri^n cac chiic nang lam ly cap
cao ciia con ngudi. Nhd ngon ngtr, irudc bet l.i nhd tir. con ngudi khac han va hon
han con vat; con ngirdi cd the gidi nhan ddi, khdng chi phan anh cam linh va true

tiep the gidi vat the \'ai chat xung quanh ma con phan anh gian tiep the gidi do,
nhd vay. c6 the' den duoc nhung noi khong \U6 true tiO'p den duoc. dac biet. co the
hanh dong gian licp trong ihc gidi lam ludng ma \.in dat duoc muc di'ch mong
mudn. Chang han, la ndi \'di ai do cac tir •"Ku 6A\". sau khi nghe, ngudi dd da di
den chd ngudi noi Ro rang, ngudi nghe da hanh dong theo hanh dong cua cac tir
"lai day" d Irong lam ludng. thay cho hanh ddng true licp ciia ngudi ndi di den tan
cho ngucfi nghe, cam !a\' ngirdi 66. dat deii chd minh \'a dc gan minh \.v...
TLT la mdi don \'i quan trong ciia ng5n ngii. Tir va su ket hop ciia tir tao nen

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, So 8 (161). 8 - 2012


ngdn ngij. Ddi vdi ngdn ngiJ, tir quan trong de'n mire, n6'u trong ng6n ng& lay di hfi't
tiir, thi ngdn ng& khdng cdn gi ca. Lich sii hinh thanh ngfin ngfr khAng tach rdi lich
sii hinh thanh tCr; tii dai diSn cho ng6n ngfr; xem xet su hinh thanh ngdn ngiJ, cd
the xem xet Irong sir hinh thanh tir. V^ mai phat sinh loai, tir cung nhu ng6n ngi?,
dupe hinh ihanh trong lao ddng, nhimg ve mat phat sinh ca ihe, tir hinh thanh lai
khac, khong gan vdi lao ddng. ma gdn vdi linh hdi kinh nghiem xa hdi va giao tie'p
vdi ngudi Idn (L.S. Vygotsky, 1997) [I]. Tuy nhien. con dudng hinh thanh tir, d ca
hai trudng hop, phat sinh loai va phat sinh ca the. vSn la con dudng giai phong dSn
khdi ngO canh gdn lien vdi thuc licii. con dudng di tir ca'u tnic tinh hudng de'n ca'u
triie ddng nghTa ciia tir. roi chiiycn sang ngi^ nghia va tiep luc phat tri^n ngiJ nghTa
nay. Day cung chinh l.i con dudng chung ciia hinh thanh ngdn ngfr (A.R. Luria,
1998)[2]
De nam virng ngon ngCr phai ndm vGng duoc tCr. Khdng the nam virng dupe
ngon ngtr khi chua nam vihig dupe tir. Nam vung tir khong chi la hieu tir, ma con la
nam virng each sir dung tir. Cach sir dung lii khong tach rdi viec hiCu tir. Ngay tir
khi hinh thanh nen tir da bao ham ca each sir dung lir. Chang han, lir "me" dira tre
dupe nghe chi trong khi co ngudi me, ngutfi ta noi lir do cho lie nghe va chi vao
ngudi me \di mdt each ph.ii am dac bici, mot gipng dieu tran day cam xiic, trong

nhimg tinh hudng. hoan canh thuc lien cu thi. Chi'nh trong nhiiTig tinh hudng, hoan
canh nhu vay. lir "me" duoc hinh thanh d dira irc va dira tre chi noi lir "me" nay
trong nhOtig tinh hudng Idi noi co ngudi me ciia minh, lire la d&d tre khdng chi don
gian hoc dupe, hicu duoc tir "me" la gi, ma con hoc dupe, hie'u dupe each sir dung
tiJ"me" ehi trong nhimg tinh hudng, hoan canh cu the ed ngudi me ciia minh. Phai
mai sau nay, khi ITnh hdi dupe cac kien thiie sau rong hon v6 tir vung, tire khi thay
dupe nhieu ngudi me khac va nhirng dira tre la con ciia nhirng ngudi me khac, diia
tre nay mdi hi^u dupe va diing duoc tir "me" de ehi mpi ngudi phu nir da ed con.
chir khdng ehi mot minh me nd, tire la tir "me" dung la ti!r "mc" ciia ngon ngtr. da
dupe giai phdng khot tinh hudng. hoan canh thuc lifin cu the gan vdi dira tre do va
ngudi me ciia nd.
Tir cd vai tro dac bict nhu ihe, nen day hoe nam vifng ngon ngfr d mot goc
dp nao do chinh la day hpc nam vung tir va each sir dung tir, ma ngan gon la day
hoc nam virng tir. Phai cd tri thirc ve tir thi mdi nam virng dupe ngdn ngir. Dieu nay
cdn dupe khAng dinh trong phuong thiic nam yCsng nha trudng la phuong thuc linh
hoi nen van hoa xa hdi theo con dudng cd y thirc. trong do noi dung duoc day hpc
phai dupe hieu ro rang va trong chinh su ihdng nha't giua ky nang Idi ndi vdi tri
thiJc ngdn ngir duoc day hpc nhu mot quy lual khong gi co the xoa bo (Tran Hfai
Luyen. 2008)[31.
Nhung phai day hoe tir ngoai ngir nhu the nao de dam bao linh khoa hoe va
CO ke't qua tin cay? Dieu nay luy thiioe vao each licp can de day hpc tir.
Day hoc tir ngoai ngfr noi rieng va day hpc tir ciia ngdn ngfr ndi chung. co
nhieu binh dien tiep can, nhu tiep can tir binh dien ngon ngfr hoc. tie'p can tir binh
dien xa hoi hoc. tie'p can lir binh dicn ngir dung hoc. tiep can iCr binh dien ly iuan

TAP CHI TAM LY HOC, Sd 8 (161). 8 - 2012


day hoc, tie'p can tir binh dicii tim ly hoc v.v... Mdi cich tiS'p can nay d^u la mOt
CO sd khoa hoc c^n thict gdp phan vao tra li*i cflu hdi da duoc nfiu ra, trong dd, tie'p

can tCr binh difin tarn ly hpc lii mot each tifi'p can rfl't cpian trong ddi vdi day hoc lir
ngoai ngii ndi riling va day hoc ngoai ngii ndi chung.
Mdi each tie'p can day hoc tir ngo.ii ngtt lai cd kha nhidu quan diem khac
nhau. Trong licp clin tam ly hoc. cii the tir quan didm tam ly hoc I,icn tudng, tam
ly hoc Phat iiicn. tam 1^ hpc Nh.ln thi'rc, tam ly hoe I hinh vi, tam ly hot Nhan van,
lam ly hpc Xa hfti, lAm ly hpc lloat dOng v,v, lioiig bai vici nay, ndi den day
hpc tir ngoai ngu theo lidp can tain ly hpc lii tam ly hot lloat dOng. iheo quan die'm
kho.t hoe vC' ngOn ngO vii tirduy, ^ thi're cti,i l.,S, Vygotsks [ I], A N Leonehiev [4]
vii A,l^ Luria 12],
Cu the. tlin hoc tir ngoai ngu theo tie'p can tam ly hpc duoc ndi de'n, can
lam ro cSc nfti dung tam ly ciia tir, nhu: Tir ed chuc nang tam ly nao? Ban chat tam
ly ciia tir la gi? Tir eti ca'u tnic tarn ly va c'ni tnic ngif nghTa the nao? NghTa ciia tir
hinh thanh vii phat men the iiiio? NghTa va y ciia lir co quan he vdi nhau the' nao?
Qua trinh nam Mrng tirdci the dien ra the nao? Co ihc dua ra nhung yeu cSu tam
ly gi dc gdp phan viio lam sang td va .\ay dung cac nguycn tac giao hoe phap, nOi
dung v.i phuong ph.i|i day hpc tir ngoai ngii? Lam n~) nhiing di^u nay la lam ro
quan diem tiep can tam ly htx; Hoat dong. mOt co sd khoa hpc tam ly quan trong ciia
day hoc lir ngoai ngii. Dutri day sc lam ro nbCmg dicin nay.
2. Chiitc nang tam ly ciia tir
Ndi den chirc nang tam ly ciia tir. thudng th.iy ngay chiic nang bie'u vat,
Nhirng neu vay, rai de chi tha'y tir nhu nhan hieu hay e.ii ih.iy the', se khong thay ro
duge nOi dung tam ly ciia chiic nang nay. Chinh ntii dung tam ly ciia chuc nang
nay va cCing vol nhung nOi dung tam ly khac ciia tir mdi lam cho tir co duoc nhung
vai tro to Idn nhu dii ndi ti tren.
Trong tam ly hpc Hoat dong. bat dau lir L.S. V'ygolsky [1], ticpdd la A.N
Leonehiev |4], dac bict la A.R. Luria [2] va nhung ngudi kh.ie sau nay, tir cd chiic
nang CO ban la xac djnh \,ii Chinh xiic hon. tir co chuc nang xac dinh \.it. tinh
chat, hanh dong hoac quan he Chuc nang iiiiy cii.i tir the' hien d tinh gan lien vdi
vat the trong the gidi xung quanh. Vi mat tam h . tir luon hirong ra ben ngoai. den
vat the nhai dinh va ,\.ie dinh hoac \ at the (nhu "e.ii ban", "eon chim"), hoac pham

chat (nhu "cai ban Idn", "con chim nhd") hoac hanh dong ("nam", "bav"). hoac
quan he ("quyen saeh niim giira ban", "eon chim bay tren tii'i"), Khi \ae dinh \at,
tir ci) hinh thirc danh tir, khi \.ie dinh tinh eh.ii, tir'la tinh tir. khi xac dinh hanh
dong, tir hi di)ng lir \a khi xiic dinh quan he, tir la gidi tir, lien tir. Nhu vay. tir xac
dinh dirtjc tlay dii nhi'mg il.Ui hicu ciia \at. diOn dat \:i thay the tl.iy dd cac da'u hieu
cua v.lt diK'ti hinh ihi'rc bleu tuong, tao nen nghia bicu \at true liep hay he thdng
nghTa bien \'at irirc tiep ciia tir. ii're tir khong chi true tiep thay the mot \at. ma
thudng true iicp thay the nhieu \at kh.ie nhau (cdn gpi la tir cd nhieu nghTa hay cac
tir dong nghTa), dai dien cho nhiing dau hicu ciia vai. Nhu x ay, cSn nhan manh tinh
dong trong chi're nang thay Ihe hay dai then eiia tir va chinh dieu nay da gdp phSn

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, .So 8 (161), 8 - 2012


quan trong tao ra the' gidi thir hai, the gidi bi^u tuong. the' gidi tam tudng ciia con
ngudi. Tuy nhien. day chi la chij-c nang tam ly ciia tir ra't c^n. nhung chua dii d^
lam phat trien nhihig chirc nang lam ly ca'p cao cua con ngudi va xir ly thdng tin
trong giao tie'p ngdn ngO.
NghTa bieu vat cua tir hay ehiie nang thay the. dai dien ciia tir dudi hinh
thij-c bicu tupng ciia vat la hinh anh ben ngoai ciia vat, tire mdi dirng lai d phan anh
va xir ly thdng tin v6 nhihig thuoc ti'nh bCn ngoai ciia vat. Tir cdn phan anh va xir 1^
thong tin vl nhimg thudc ti'nh ben trong. ban chat ciia vat va quan he c6 ti'nh quy
luat ciia \'ai Day mdi la didm quan trong de phat trie'n nhiing chirc nang tam ly ca'p
cao ciia con ngudi \';i \ir ly thdng tin trong lir khi tham gia vao giao licp ngdn ngu-.
Cho nen. ngoai chiic nang nghia bic-u \ai true licp xac dinh vat, tinh chat, hanh
ddng. quan he. tir cdn cd chiic nang kh.ii.. cd vai tro co ban nha't trong phan anh
hien thuc. xir ly thOng tin va lam phai (iicn tam ly eon nguin; dd la chii-c nang
"nghia thuSn thuy" nhu each goi ciia L.S. Vygoisky [i]. hay "nghia pham trii".
"ngMa khai niem" nhu each gpi ciia A.R. Luria [2] va nhOng ngudi khac. Theo cac
tac gia nay. day la nghia vupt ra khoi gidi han g.in li^n vdi vat, thay the hay dai

dien cho vat. ki'ch Ihich nhung lien tudng gSn gfii. ma la nghTa co chirc nang phan
tich vat. di sau vao dac die'm eiia nhirng \ in. trim tupng boa \'a khai quat hoa nhirng
dau hieu cua chiing. tim ra nhiing dac diem ban chat chung eiia nhimg vat va dua
chiing vao nhung he thdng nhirng lien he, quan he phire tap, vao nhung Idp, nhung
loai xac dinh.
Chang han, tir "eai ban", thi khong don ihuan chi mot cai ban cu the d
phong khach. thay the va dai dien cho cai ban cu the nay. ed nghia bieu vat true
tie'p CLia eai ban dang ndi tdi. ma tir "cai ban" cdn phan tich cac dau hieu ciia cai
ban na\ va moi cai ban khac. trim tupng hoa ta't ca cac da'u hieu ben ngoai ciia eae
cai ban khac nhau (nhu kich thudc, mau sac, hinh dang), khai quat hoa dau hieu
ban chat nha't eiia mpi cai ban (loai cong cu sinh hoat co mat phang, de tren nhimg
cai chan, diing bay dal tren do nhimg eai khac phuc vu cho vie't laeh, an uong, thd
Cling, hpp ban. .), he thdng hoa ta't ca cac cai ban cu the theo da'u hicu ban cha't do
va dua chiJng, xep chiing vao thanh mdt Idp, mot loai, mot pham trii nhat dinh; d
day la Idp, la loai. la pham Irii cai ban hay la khai niem "cai ban". Mpi tir deu co
nghia pham trii. nghTa khai niem, Vdi chirc nang tam ly nay, tir mdi dich thuc la
cdng cu ciia luduy (phan tfch, trim tupng hoa. khai quat hoa va he thdng hoa), ciia
y thuc (phan anh the gidi xung quanh khong chi vdi nhOng dau hieu, nhirng mdi
lien he. quan he ben ngoai, mii con vdi nhu'ng ihupc tinh ban chat va nhiTng mdi
hen he. quan he co tinh quy luat ben trong). ciia giao tie'p (truyen tin khong ehi doi
hoi xac dinh vat cu the, ma con can khai qual tri thirc ve vat do) va eiia truyen dat
kinh nghiem (tri thire trong lir khong chi ve mot vat cu the', ma con la su phan ti'ch,
tong hpp ciia eon ngudi ve nhung lien he, quan he, pham trii ma trong do co vat
nay). Nhd ehdc nang nay. tir ciia ng6n ngfr mdi hi cong cu day dii ciia tu duy, ciia y
thirc, ciia giao tiep. ciia truyen dat kinh nghiem vii mdi phat trien duoc cac chiic
nang tam ly ca'p cao ciia con ngudi, lam eho con ngudi khac xa va hon him con vat.

TAP CHI TAM L? HOC, Sd 8 (161), 8 - 2012

Ngoai cac chu:c nang nfiu tren. tir cdn c6 ehij-c nang ttr vimg, tire la tham gia
vao nhihig nhdm quan he ngO nghTa. tao ra co die cdn ihiC'l, liem ^n cua mdi liSn
he giaa ttr niiy vdi nhffng lir khac. Co che nSy rai quan trong ddi vdi hi^u tir va sii
dung lir ciia con ngudi.
Nhfrng chirc nang tam ly ciia tir da nCu dupe the hiSn ro hcfn trong ban cha'l
tarn 1^ cua tir.
3. Ban chal t^m ly ciiu tir
Diem rill cut loi trong ndi dung tflm ly ctia tir la ban dial tam ly ciia tir.
Khftng lo dicm n.iy thi khnng ihe hidu thuc sir ve tir d cic chii th^ dang tham gia
giaBan thai tam ly ciia tir v.i ban ch.ii ciia tir kh6ng phai la mdt. Ban chail cua
lir la ti'nh xa hdi. Chfnh phSn nghTa cd linh khach quan ciia tir duoc moi ngudi
ihdng nha't thira nhan cho (hay tir cd ban chat xa hoi, 6 day chi ndi vc ban dial tam
ly ciia tir. tire la vc tinh chal ciia mpi noi dung tam ly cd trong lir; chfnh xac hem,
b.in chai tam Ij^ ciia c.ic qua trinh tam ly dirng diing ,sau tir, dang s.ui nghTa ciia Iir.
Khi thuc hien chirc nang \ac dinh vat, lir van dong trong hoat dnng tri giac
cac liiiuK tinh ben ngoai ciia vai, tir phai "chup anh" duoc vat. lam dong nha't hinh
anh nay eiia vat vdi hinh anh am thanh eiia tir. Dang sau ndi dung nghTa cu Ih^ nay
ciia ttr la thao uic, ia hanh ddng, la hoat dong tri giac. hoai ddng nhd. hoat dong tu
duy true quan am thanh. vat, tinh hudng. ho.ui canh xuai hicn ttr \a cac qua Irinh
cam xiic, thai 66, hanh vi ciia chii the dang thuc hien chirc nang X.IL dinh vat eiia
tir. Nhu vay, dang sau ttr, dang sau nghTa eiia tir khong iTnh tai. ma la cac hoal
dong tam ly. Chinh vi dieu na\. nen d giai doan dau. dt'r.i trc ITnh hdi ngon ngtr.
Trong nghTa ciia tir khong chi co cac da'u hieu ciia vat do ttr vAi. dinh. ma Lon ben ca
eae da'u hieu tam ly va tinh hudng niJa.
Khi thuc hien chiic nang nghTa pham trti, ttr phan tfch vat. trim tucmg hoa
eae dau hieu rieng re eiia w'lt. khai quat hoa thudc linh b.in chat ciia \.it. he thdng
hoa cac vat theo thupc tinh ban chat ciia \at. dua \at win iiioi pham trii \ae dinh. ttr
diln ra trong cac boat dong nhan thuc, dac biet la hoal ddng tu duy, dudi trudng
sang ciia y thirc va irong cac qua Irinh ciim xiie. ih.ii do. hanh vi rieng ciia ngudi

mang ttr. Nhu vay. dang sau tir. sau ndi dung nghia pham irii ciia ttr ndi rd cac thao
lae, hanh dong, hoat ddng nhan thuc, dae biei. hoal ddng lu du\ trim lucmg dO xac
dmh cac mdi hen he. quan he l.ing hae lao nen nghTa pham trii cua tir. Ro rang.
dang sau lir. sau nghia pham liii ciia lir khOng iTnh tai. ma boat dong
Khi thuc hicn chirc nang ngu nghia. tir phai tim mdi lien tudng gan nha't.
hop ly nhal vdi nhiing lir khac. kci hop lai voi chiing. phuc vu cho vice the hien
muc dich Idi noi xac dinh. Nhi> chirc nang nay. lir khong dirng mdt minh. rieng re.
ma kcl h(Tp \'6[ nhau irong he ihoiig ngon ngir. van hanh iHmg boat ddng Idi ndi.
Nhir \a\. dang sau tir, sau ngir nghia cua lir la cac \hdo tac. eae hanh ddng. boat
dong nhan ihiie. MIC cam. thai 66 v,i hanh vi xac dinh. Rd uing, dang sau tir. .sau
nghia ciia lir khong iTnh tai. ma la hcial ddniz

TAP CHI TAM L? HOC. Sd 8 (161), 8 - 2012


Hoat ddng dang sau ttr hay trong ttr khdng nhu nhau d cac lira tudi khac
nhau. Dang sau ttr, sau nghTa ciia tir, d lii'a tu6i nho, hanh dfing true quan ehie'm uu
the' tuyet ddi. Thi du. ta hdi tre rang "con chd la gi?". "cdi ban la gi?", tre nho
trudc va diu tudi hpc tra Idi "con chd can" hay "con chd siia", "cai ban diing dd"
hay "cai ban (d^) an com" v.v... tiic la hoat ddng nhan thire cua tre chi xac dmh
dupe nhimg da'u hieu true quan thudng gap. ma chua tha'y dupe dac die'm chung
ban chat. O day. rd rang trong tir, irong nghTa cua lir. hanh ddng true quan ehie'm
uu the' tuyet doi Viec xac dinh nghTa cac ttr trong Idi ndi d tudi Idn hPn va d ngudi
Idn chiing ta, hanh ddng lai chuyi^n sang hudng khae, la hanh ddng trtru tupng hoa
va khai qual hoa chiem uu the ha\ la Idi ndi - Idgic. Cung cac cau hoi dd, cac chii
the nil) lai tra Idi khac ban. "con c\\6 la dong vitl" "cai ban la 66 gi)" v.v... tii:c la
da xac dinh dupe dae diem chung ciia chiing. O day. rd rang trong lix, trong nghTa
ciia ttr. hoat dong Idi noi - logic, hoat ddng trim tupng cac mdi quan he, lien he
tdng bac cac pham trti giO vai trd uu the.
Nhihig dieu d tren cho tha'y. tir cd ban chat lam ly la boat ddng. Ban thai

tam ly ciia lii la hoal ddng. Tat nhien. ban ch.ii nay ciing cd the' la thao tac hay
hanh dong niia; dieu nay tuy ibuAc vao \'iec itr d giai doan nam virng nao d chii the
va vao linh hudng Idi noi ha\' ngfr canh cu the xuat hien tir. Nhung dii la thao tac,
la hanh dong. thi \'e cpi ngudn van la boat dong. Ban chai tam ly hoat ddng cua tir
mang tfnh dac trung cua lira tu6i phai trien tam ly. A.A. Leonehiev da viet han mot
cudn saeh "Tii trong hoat ddng Idi ndi". trong do noi den su van ddng, hoat dong,
hanh ehire eiia tir trong hoal dQng Idi not [5].
Chfnh nhd ban chat tam ly nay ma lir cd eae vai trd, cac chirc nang tam ly d
tren. nhung rat liee. nhieu khi dieu nay lai khong duoc chu y den, ke ca trong day
hoe tir ngoai ngir.
4. Cau trlic tam l\ vii eau true ngii nghia ciia ttr
Noi ca'u true tam ly va ca'u triie ngtr nghia eiia tir la co tinh tucmg ddi. NghTa
ciia tir, dii la nghTa nao thi cung thude tam ly, co ban chat tam ly, vi nghTa phan
anh vat. thudc pham tru tinh than. Khi tach biet eau true tam ly va^ ca'u triie ngii
nghTa eiia tir la mudn laeh biet phan tam ly hat nhan ciia tir, cd tfnh dn dinh, mang
ti'nh khach quan va phan tam ly lien quan ciia ttr, mang dam linh chii quan. Tinh
khach quan nay the hien d chd nghTa eiia tir phan anh eae dau hieu va dac diem
ciia vat. dupe mpi ngudi thdng nha't hieu va sir dung trong nhan thirc va giao liep.
Tfnh chu quan dam net the hien d ch6 phan tam ly nay sinh gan vdi nhirng nhan id
ca nhan, he thdng nhfrng qua irinh lam ly ed trong ep sd eiia tir va nhfrng yeu id
tinh hudng, hoan canh thuc ticn mii ttr xuat hien khi nhan thirc hay giao tie'p bang
ngon ngtr. Nhu vay, Iheo nghTa rong, can triic tam ly ciia ttr bao g6m ca can triie
ngii nghTa ciia tir. Theo nghTa hep, ca'u tnic lam ly ciia lir chi gom phan tam ly nay
sinh do eae yeu td ca nhan va xa hoi ciia lir. Nhung ndi den tir. nhieu khi ngudi ta
chi chii y den nghTa khach quan. nen thudng chi noi den cau inic ngfr nghia ciia tir.
Tir chirc nang tam ly va ban chat tam ly ciia lir ihJu rat ro. lir co ca'u true
ngfr nghTa gdm hai cau thanh rat co ban, duoc L.S. Vygotsky [1] goi la nghia eu
TAPCHITAMLynoCSoS (161), 8-2012

19

th^ va nghTa rieng hay nghia thiniii thuy. Moi each titong ling, A.R. Luria [2], lai
gpi la nghia bicu vat va nghTa pham tru hay nghTa khai niem, nghTa khai quat.
Nhimg ngudi khac cdn gpi la nghTa that, nghTa den, nghTa ngOn ngO va v.v... ct
day. .sc chi chii y de'n edch phan loai ciia ciic tac gui da duoc neu ten.
NghTa eu the' hay nghTa biCii vat dircre hi^u nhu chi)c nang xic djnh cua tir,
gdm nghTa dd viit, tliiu hi6u, hanh dOng va quan he. NghTa rieng, nghTa thuan thuy
hay nghTa pham trii. nghTa khai niem. nghTa khai qudl duoc hieu nhu chiic nSng
phan lich ciic dau hieu rieng eiia vai. Iriru tupng chiing, khai quiit chiing va dua vat
vao mot he ihong pham tiii nhai dinh, Nhfrng nghia nay duoc can triic va vim hanh
the ii.io ' Co the hicu cau Iriic nay theo lOgic ca'u tao ciia vai khOng? Tire, trong ca'u
true ngii nghTa ciia tit, nghTa bie'u \ai diroe hinh thanh dau lien \'a 6 Idp ben ngoai,
nghTa pham tru dupe hinh thanh sail, nam chim ,sau hon IhuOc Idp ben trong? Hay
la xen kc nhau? Cho den nay. chua cd ai lam lo dupe dieu nay. Nhung trong ciu
true ssi van hiinh nghia ciiii tir thi da lo mot tlicii NghTa cii.i tir tao ra mot iruitng
ngB nghia. uong dii, nghi.i hicu viit ciia cac lir dong nghia (hay lir cd nhi^u nghTa)
tao ra nhiing lien tutTng lam Ihuan loi hern cho vice lira chpn nghTa thich hpp trong
nhan thiic \'a giao tiep ngOn ngir, cdn nghTa pham trii cung eii nhirng quan he vdi
cac pham Irti khac, trong ban than no cung da ehira dung lOgic gan vdi cac nghTa
xac dmh khac lam de dang hon cho vict xac dinh ciie nghTa gan Ihich hcTp. do la
gia tri ciia lir hay ngii tri ciia nd. Nhu v.'iy, ca nghia bieu \,it \.i nghTa pham trii ciia
tir cdn cd mot ni.ing ludi cac nghTa g.in Tuy nhien, can true ngii" nghTa ciia tir trong
thuc te eon phii"c tap hon nhidu, dac biCM khi xet trong ca'u true tam ly ciia nd.
Cac nghia ciia tir deu dien la trong cac qua trinh tam ly \.ic dinh lam co sd
eho til thuc hicn cac chirc nang ciia minh. Cac nghTa bicu vat luOn giin vdi hoat
dong tri giiic. boat dong nay la co sd dd thuc hien chiic nang \,ie dinh \at ciia ttr;
diu la cau thiinh dau lien trong can tnic tam 1\ ciia lir C.ic nghia pham trii lai gan
tot hoat dong lu duy, chinh \.ic hon, viti ho.it tlong nhan thire, gdm ca boat dong
tri giac va hoat dong tu duy. \i khong the tu tliiy. neu khong ct> cac lai lieu cu.i tri

giac; tliiy la mOl cau thanh quan trong nua trong ciiu iiiic tam ly ciia tir. Nhung
khong chi the. nghTa ciia mdi ttr khi duoc mini vimg h.iy sir dung, tleu gan vdi
nhirng qua trinh h.iy ii.ing ihai uim ly khiic eiia mdi ngiroi, nhu y mudn, dong co,
nhu cau. muc dich loi noi. xiic e.im budn vui. c.ich pbiii am, gipng dieti. tuoi ddi,
kmh nghii:m ngon ngir v.v \.i nhfrng dac dieni cii.i c.ic \eu to sinh dong trong
tinh hudng loi ndi va hoan canh thuc tic'n eu the. Till ci nhiing cai dd ddu la ca'u
thiinh trong ciiu triie lain ly ciia tir
Ciin tnic ngu nghia vii cilTi tnic tam 1} cii.i ttr khting phai liic nao cung tach
bict vii on dinh nhu vay. Thi du, khi th'ra trc liin diiu lien nghe ttr "mc". thi trong
ciiu tnic ngfr nghia eiia ttr niiy khong chi co hinh .inh nguoi mc cu the bang xuong
bang thil cim no. mil tim h.io hiini ci nhfrng hinh .inh \'e miii sua. \c gipng ndi, ve
cam xtie. vc chiec noi, vc can phOng. \c linli s.ing \a \',v,,, ton tai sinh dong xung
quanh no Chang the mil, m.li sau nil), khi noi den ttr "me", mdi ngudi lai nghe

20

TAP CHITAM LV HOC, Sd 8 (161), 8 - 201


vang vang tie'ng ru ciia ngudi me, hei nhu hinh anh, am thanh cua tie'ng ru nay
eiing la mot pbSn nghTa cua tir "me". C) thdi ky dau hinh thanh tir, ca'u true ngii
nghTa va ciiu triie tam ly eiia ttr khdng laeh bict. Sau nay, khi hi^u dupe nghTa
pham tru cua ttr, thi mdi tach biet dupe cac ca'u triic nay. Con dudng hinh thanh
ca'u true nghTa eiia tir la eon dudng tach bici dSn eiui tnic ngii nghTa ciia ttr khdi ca'u
triie tam ly eiia ttr.
Tam ly ngdn ngu hpc hien dai gpi ciie nghTa tao thanh cau triie ngtr nghTa
ciia ttr la "nghTa ben ngoai" ciia ttr. la ye'u lo co sd ciia ngdn ngii'; cim phan tam ly
tao nen cau irdc lam ly eiia lir hi "nghTa guui iiep - xa hdi" hay la "y" ciia tir. Ia ye'u
td CO ban ciia giao lep. Nhu vay. cau Hue ngir nghTa ciia lir hi gOiii eae nghia ben
ngoai ciia tir lam co sd eho ngdn ngfr. cdn ca'u true tarn ly ciia tir la gdm C/K nghia

giao Hep - xa hdi hay la \ lam civ sd eho giao iicp. Ca hai loai nghia nay deu nAm
trong niM dung ciia tir kin tir tham gia \;io giao tie'p ngdn ngu. Nhu vay, mdt each
chung nhai trong giao liep. cflu triie ngir nghia eiia ttr gom eae nghia ben ngoai va
cac nghia giao tidp - \a hdi hay y. Dieu nay se dupe ndi lu hon d nhfmg muc sau.
Do cac thanh pbdn ciia ciiu triic ngfr nghia va cau triie tam ly ciia ttr ludn
tha\ ddi. nen cac ca'u true nay eung ludn thay ddi C.iii trde lam ly cua ttr va cau
triic ngfr nghia ciia tir ludn van ddng. hoal ddng. thay ddi va phai irie'n. Dieu nay
duoc lha\ rd hon trong su hinh Ihanh va phat Irien nghia ciia tir
5. Sir hinh thanh \a phat trien nghia cua ttr
Nghia cua tir duoc hinh ihanh trong tri giac ttr giin lien vdi nhung cir chi va
hanh ddng kem theo trong tinh hudng Idi ndi, ngfr canh cu the. nhu thi du ve nghia
ciia lir "me" neu tren. Con dudng hinh Ihanh nghia ciia tir cung la con dudng hinh
thanh itr, dupe giai phdng dan khdi cac dau hieu eu the' ciia tinh hudng Idi ndi, ngu
canh eu the. tach biei dan eau triic ngii nghia ciia tir vdi ca'u tnic lam ly ciia tir va
vdi cac yeu td linh hudng Idi ndi, ngii canh sinh dong trong thuc nen. chfnh xac
hoa ngtr nghTa ciia lir va khdng ngirng phat trien ngii nghTa nay nhu mdt ye'u td cp
sd eiia ngdn ngir.
Nhieu nha tam ly hpc da don gian cho rang, ttr chi la da'u hieu, bieu thi vat,
nen den nam thir ba ciia ire la nghia ciia ttr da dupe hoan thanh, tiep dd, nghia eiia
tir khdng phat trien nira. ma chi phat iiicn nghTa hinh ihiu hoc va eii phap ciia tir va
cho den nay eung van cdn cd nhu'ng ngudi quan niem nhu vay
NghTa ciia tir va ca'u iriie eiia no dupe hinh thanh. khong bat bien. mil hion
dupe phat Irien. Ngudi dau lien ndi den dieu nay lii L.S. Vygolsy 1 i ]: NghTa eiia ttr
phat trien ea ve ca'u lao ciia nd, ca ve he thdng ciia qua trinh liim ly cd trong co sd
ciia no. L.S. Vygotsy gpi luan dicm nay la luan die'm vc sir phat tiien ngfr nghia va
he thdng ciia ttr. Sau nay, A.R. Luria [2| goi luiin diem nay eiia L.S. Vygolsy la
hoc thuyet v^ su phat irien ngfr nghia va he thdng ciia lir va ddng thdi duoc xem la
hpc thuyet ve su phat trien ngfr nghia va he thdng ciia y thirc. Luan diem nay dupe
nhac lai nhieu lan trong cac nghien ciru ciia A.N. Leonehiev [4]. A.R. Luria [2] va
ciia nhieu ngirdi khac.

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd 8 (161), 8-2012


Luan di^m cua L.S. Vygoisky 111 co ba di^m ra't co biin va quan Uong nhu sau:
- Su phat tridn ngii nghTa va he thdng nghTa ciia tir, ca nghTa cu the (nghTa
b i & vat, nghTa giin tir voi vat the), lin nghTa thuSn Ihuji (nghia pham tru, nghTa
khai niem, nghTa phan chia cac da'u hieu tuong ling, djnh vi cfc da'u hieu chung,
gan vat the vdi mOt he thong pham Irii nhai dinh) khOng dirng lai ba't bie'n, ma thay
ddi theo miic tlo phat trien ciia diia tie,
- Dang sau nghTa ciia lir. d cac giai doan khac nhau cua diia tre, c6 cac qua
trinh tam ly khac nhau va nhu v.iy. vi'ti sir phat trien nghTa ciia tit, khOng chi riSng
nghTa, ma ca ca'u triic he Ihong tam ly ciia tir cung thay ddi.
.Suphat 11 icn nghia cuii ttr liim phat tridn y thiic; tit duoc thay ddi bdi hinh
Ihiic. hinh thiic do phan anh the gioi ben ngoai trong mdi lien he va quan he ciia
nd; cho nen. theo miic do phat tiicn ciia tre, nghTa ciia tir duoc thay tloi thi su phan
anh nhUng mdi lien he vii quan he xac dinh can true ciia y thirc thOng qua tCr cung
thay ddi.
Nhfmg tu tuong khoa h()c ve .su phat tri^n ngfr nghTa va he thong nghTa ciia
ttr neu tren ciia L.S. Vygotsy trd thanh mAl nguycn lac dinh hucrng day thuyet phuc
eho cac nghien ciru ve ngOn ngir va tu ihi\. \ ihitt iiong tam ly hpc, tam l,v ng6n
ngir hpc, than kinh tam ly ngOn ngfr hoc Mot iiong nhfrng nha khoa hoc di theo
hudng n.iy va da lam ro vc mat thuc nghiem nhting tu iirdng khoa hpc tren ciia L S
Vvgotskv la A.R. Luria, trong cdng trinh liit niJi ttcng cua Ong " \ g o n ngB va y
th'irc" [2J.
Su phat trie'n nghTa ctia ttr cd the tha'y ro hon trong quan he vdi y eiia ttr.
6. Nghia \ il y ciia tir
0 tren da ndi, tiim ly ngon ngfr hoc hien tl.ii goi cac nghTa tao thanh cS'u
true ngu nghTa ciia tir la "nghTa ben ngoin" cua ttr, la yen td c o sd ciia ngOn ngii;
con phan tam ly tao nen cau triic tam ly ctia iir la "nghia giao licp - xa hoi" hay la

"y" cua tir, la ye'u td co ban cua giao ticp. Nhu \ay, Iir khOng chi cd nghia, ma con
CO y. Noi chinh xac. khi tham gia vao gi.io tie'p h.i\ nhan thi're biing ngon ngii, tir
khong ehi CO nghTa. ma eon cii y Trong tri nhan h,i\ trong s.in sinh Idi ndi, ttr Iu6n
luon chiia dung nhu vay. Tu iirong nay \ e nghTa ciia lir duoc L S \ ' \ golsky [6] neu
ra tir nira diiu Ihe ky truoe va ngii\ c.iiig tlircrc thira nhan rong rai trong tam ly hpc
vii ngon ngfr hoc hien dai. Trirtie tlay. chiing duoc coi la ttong nhai. nhung ngay
nay. chiing dang duoc thira nhan mt)t each long rat.
Theo cac nhii tam ly hoe Hoal tlong. nghia la mot he thong cac mdi lien he.
quan he dung dang s,iii tir. throe dir.i v.io qu.i ninh lich sir khach quan. Noi khac di,
nghia lii mot he thong kh.ii t|ii.it ho.i vfrng th.ic e t c mdi lien he. quan he dung dang
sau Itr, diroc hieu giong nh.iii tltii «)i lat e.i moi ngircti. l).i\ la hat nhan khong thay
ddi, cong eu \;ic dmh cua ciic moi lien he, tpian he ciia itr Nghia ciia tir la su phan
,inh khitch quan he thong e.ie moi hen he. quan he cua hien thuc. NghT.i cua tir co
tinh khiieh tpian COn y diroc hicu lii nghia mang tinh ca nhan ciia tir. duoc tach ra
ttr ciic mot hen he. t|iian he kh.ieh quan ciia hicn Ihuc; y co nhiing mdi lien he ehi

22

TAP CHi TAM L? HOC, Sd 8 (161). 8 - 2012


ed quan he vdi thdi diem hien tai va hoan canh cu ih^ ciia ttrng ngudi; y mang linh
chu quan. D^ lam rd dieu nay, A.N. Leonehiev [7] da la'y thi du ve tir "che't", nghTa
eiia nd ai cung hieu thdng nha't la co th^ ngimg mdi quan he trao ddi chat, cdn y vi
mdi quan he vdi ngtrng trao ddi chai dd lai rai khac nhau d mdi ngudi cu the sap
chei; nhung ngudi nay cam tha\' "dd than lhiei"ciia minh trong md'i quan he vdi cai
chei khae nhau. A.R. Luiia la'y thi du vO tir"than"t2], nghTa eiia nd la vat mau den,
cd nguon gd'c tir cay cdi, thanh phdn hoa hpc trong gdc cd ye'u id cac bon, nhung y
eiia ttr than lai khac nhau ddi vdi nhung ngudi khac nhau trong nhu'ng hoan canh
khac nhau: Vdi ngudi ndi tro, nd dting d^ dun bcp hay dc sudi. vdi nha nghiSn ciru

than, nd la ddi tupng nghien ciiu (can lao \a tfnh chai eiia nd); vdi hoa sy. nd la
dung cu phac thao so bd biife tranh; vdi ed gai hi than lam b^n chiec vay trdng, nd
la thir lam cho ed khd chju. Vii lai cii mpi ngucri deu c6 \h4 cam nhan duoc trong ttr
hai khia canh do- nghTa va y.
Nhu vay. d tir, ciing \'di nghTa. nghTa cu ihe (nghTa bicu vat) va nghTa rieng
(nghia khai quat. nghia pham trti). cdn ed y eii nhan; chfnh y ca nhan nay lam bien
doi nghia eiia tir. Y ca nhan mang tfnh chu quan. ehi gan vdi tinh hudng va hoan
canh cu the ciia ca nhan. nhung khi da xuat hien thi thudng duoc liru lai vdi mdi tir
dd. Thanh ra. sau n;i\ khi nghe hay diing tir dd. thi khong chi Ihay va diing nghTa
cu the hay nghTa thudn thuy cua tir dd, ma cdn dting ca y ca nhan nay nira. Va neu
dieu na\' ngay cang duoc sd ddng thira nhan thi se trd ihanh net nghTa mdi ciia tir.
Day la mdt qu> luai phat trien nghTa cua iir trong mpi ITnh vire. Thi du, ngudi ndi
tie'ng Viet, ai cung biet ttr "com" la mdn an chfnh trong bira an hang ngay va ttr
"phd" la mdn an dac san cua ngudi thanh thi. Nhimg mdi day. trong nhirng cau van
van. ngudi ta doc eho nhau khi vui ve thi cac ttr "com" va "phd" lai dupe hieu ra't
khac. lai la "vp" va "bd" vdi mdt y khae. Nhi?ng y ca nhan dupe dua vao cac ttr dd,
luc dau ehi la y ca nhan. nhung sau dd. nhiing y ea nhan dd ngay cang dupe ciing
cd trong tir lai trd thanh net nghTa mdi ciia tir. Dae biei, dieu nay dupe the hien ra't
rd trong ITnh vue tieng Idng. Chang han, khi ttr "co" dupe dting khdng phai chi eon
cd, ma la chi "boat ddng mdi gidi"; day la y ca nhan xuat phai lir tir "cd mdi" vd'n
van dupe diing lam mdi gidi de lira bat cac con co khac va sau nay da trd thanh
nghia ciia tir "ed" Irong co dat. co nha v v... Cd dat khdng phai la co lam bang dat.
hay sdng d da't. co nha khong phai la cd d nha hay cd ddng. ma la ngudi mdi gidi
dat, ngudi mdi gidi nha kicm Idi. Day co the' hieu la iir ddng nghTa hay tir nhieu
nghTa. Nhu vay. trd ve cpi ngudn, chinh y ca nhan lao ra cac ttr dong nghia hay
lam cho ttr ed nhieu nghia. Day la quy lual phat iricn nghia ciia tir dien ra d mpi
ngdn ngii. khdng irtr ngdn ngtr nao.
Khi giao tie'p ngdn ngir vdi nhau, con ngudi iruyen dat y eho nhau chu'
khdng phai nghTa. Nhung y khdng tu ton tai dupe, ma phai nuong nhd nghia eiia
tir, cai dupe cdng ddng hieu mdi each thdng nhai Cho nen. khi giao liep ngdn ngu

vdi nhau. chfnh xac, con ngudi iruyen dal y cho nhau nhd nghia cua lir. V ca nhan
ciia ttr lam cho nghia eiia tir phat trien, eon nghTa ciia ttr lai lam cho y nay ton tai
khach quan ea vdi chii the eiia y va dupe truyen den cac khach the mong mudn.
Hieu day dii ve lir phai gdm ta't ea nhfrng dieu nhu viiy.
TAP CHI TAM l y HOC, Sd 8 (161), 8 - 2012

23


7. Quii t r i n h iiilni vurng tir
Nam vfrng ttr lii liie'n dut.»e ttr va sir dung dupe lir trong boat dOng Idi ndi.
Hicu duoc lir va sii dung dupe Itr liinre lien hi hi^u dupe cdc nghTa ciia tir trong
boat tliing nghe hay tlot va sir dung dirire cac nghTa dii cda ttr trong boat dOng ndi
hay viot phti btip vdi linh huring liri ndi vi\ ngfr canh. Nhirng hieu va sir dung tir nhu
vay. thi mdi la hie'u \.i sir dung dirtrc nghTa hen ngoai eiia tir. Nhu tren da ndi, trong
tir cdn m y ca nhan, lire nghia giao liep - xii hoi va day mdi la cai chinh trong giao
tie'p ngfln ngO. Cho nen. hiCii dinrc ttr va sir dung dupe lit la phai bifit nhan ra va th^
hien y e;i nhan (nghi.i giao tie'p - ,\.i hiii) nhO ngfr nglihi (nghTa ben ngoai) ciia tti
phti hop vdi tinh liiiong Itri ndi v;i ngfr tiinh Bici d day la ky nang. Theo A.A.
Leonehiev [8] va nhiing ngudi khac, ban chai tam ly ciia nam viing ngOn ngu \i
nam vting ky nang sir dung ngOn ngfr, iiani vting ky n,ing hoat dOng Idi ndi bang
ngdn ngU cu thd. Nhu \'ay. ban chai lam 1^ ciia nam vfrng iir cung la va'n dc kv
nang (biei). Do dd, ve ban chat tam 1^ ciia nam vfrng tu lii phai hinh thanh dupe k\
nang hii^u ra y ea nhan tir nhiing nghia hen ngoin ciia lir va ky nang sir dung nghTa
ben ngoai ciia ttr dc the hicn y ca nhan trong giao tiep ngon ngii. Tiep dd, phai ren
luyen cac ky nang nay tie gtip pliiin viio hinh thanh va [>hat tncn nang luc ttr vung
phuc \'ii eho giao licp ngOn ngii.
Ttr cd nhieu nghia, nen hie'u ra y ttr nghTa cua ttr va sir dung nghTa ciia ttr dc
the' hien y la va'n de lua chpn duoc nghTa giin nhat ihi'eh hpp trong giao licp. Cho
nen, hieu \a sir dgng tir Irong giao Iiep ngOn ngii la lira chon dupe nghTa gan nhai

thi'ch hap vdi tinh hudng Idi noi va ngfr ciinh. Day la mOt ky nang rat can ban ciia
nam viing Itr,
Ve mat phat sinh loai. ttr diroc b.ii diu hinh thanh trong tinh hudng lao
dong. Ve mat phai sinh ca the. nam \'rrng ttr cung dupe b.il dau tCr tinh hudng.
nhung la tinh hudng Idi ndi trong gi.io tie'p \oi ngirdi Idn. d ca hai binh dien, nam
vting ttr deu la mOt qua trinh, bat tiaii bang hiCii tir trong tinh hudng Idi ndi \'a sau
dd mdi sir dung dupe tir tlo trong nhirng tinh hudng Idi ndi tuong tu. Vice nam
vihfig ttr d giai doan khdi dau nay. cd hai dieu kien quan trong
- Phai hie'u ttr, hieu nghia cila tir; hieu ttr, hiC-u nghi.i ciia tir la viec trudc
nen. sir dung ttr. sir dung nghia eiia tir la vice licp iheo. Logit n.iy khOng Ihe dao
nguoc.
- Tinh hudng loi ndi eiia ttr. Khtri dau, ph.ii d i i n ra Irong linh huong Idi ndi
cu the, tire hi phu Ihutic vim himg loat yen lo cu.i tinh hudng Idi ndi cu the- '
Vice nam vfrng tir, nam \iriig nghia eiia ttr Irong Idi ndi thu dting (nghe)
dien ra cung giong vice nam vung tir. nilm vung nghia eii.i ttr trong Idi noi chit
dpng (mil) Deu bat thiu bang hic-ii tir. hiC-u nghia ciia Itr. sau do mdi su dung dupe
lir. sir thing dirpc nghia cii.i lir,
Sau nay. khi co kicn Ihi'rc \ e ttr \irng. nam x-Ung Itr, n.lm vfrng nghia cua ttr
mdi ehuycn sang true licp liong nguciinh
Viec niim vfrng ttr, nam \'frng nghTa cila tir mang r5 dae d i i m phat tncn tam

24

TAP CHi TAM LV HOC, Sd 8 (161), 8 - 2012


ly ngdn ngir liia ludi ciia con ngudi. 6 giai doan ddu ddi cua ire. viee nam viing
dupe nghTa ey the ciia ttr nhin chung khdng viing chac; nghTa nay thudng chi gdn
vdi nhimg bieu hien de tha'y ciia vat, chir khdng phai bi^u hien ban cha't cua vat va
0 cac giai doan sau, khi nghTa eu the' dupe nam viing gan vdi bi^u hien ban ehai

eiia vat, thi nd eiing khdng bat bien, ma licp luc dupe phat iiicn khdng ngtrng. Thi
du, nghTa va y trong ten ngudi me chang han. luc d-lu ddi vdi dira ire chi la nghTa
ngudi phu nir cu the chain sdc nd, mang dam m-lu sac linh cam va tinh hudng; khi
Idn hon den trudng. nghTa v;i y irong ten ngudi me khdng chi la ngudi phu ntr sinh
ra nd. ma cdn la ngudi phu nU da hei Idng cham sdc. chiu dung khd khan, lo toan
mpi thir de nd dupe trudng thanh va den khi nhieu ludi hon niia, trong cai ten
ngudi me la ca mdt lieu sir dai lau v^ ngudi me gan vdi nhirng khiic quanh thay
ddi, nhung bien cd. sir kien khdng the' quen vii nhiing tinh cam sau dam trong
nhiing linh hudng. hoan canh sinh ddng ciia Uiuc lien da trai qua. Mdi ngudi deu
cd mot von tir x.ic dinh. irong dd. mdi lir di^u ehira dung nhu'ng ndi dung nghia va y
phong phu nhu \ay. chiing phat tri^n theo thdi gian, phu (liiioc v.io irai nghiem,
kinh nghiem. trinh do, van lida va hit:u biei ciia mdi ngudi.
8. Veu cau tiim l> ddi M»i day tir ngoai ngfr
Nhiing dieu da irinh bay d tren ve cac noi dung tam ly cua lir cd ra't nhieu y
nghia ddi vdi day hpc tir ngoai ngir. D:iy la co sd khoa hpc de dua ra cac yeu c^u
lam ly lam sang td wi \a\' dung cac nguycn tac giao hpc phap. ndi dung va phUPng
phap da\' hoe ttr ngoai ngir ttr binh dien tam ly hoc. Can cii vao cac ndi dung tam
ly ciia tir da trinh bay, dudi day xin dua ra moi so cac yeu can tam ly nhu vay.
Trudc he't, dc day hpc lir ngoai ngiT hay day ttr ndi chung, can khai thae eae
chiic nang tam ly ciia ttr. Nhu da trinh bay, lir cd riii nhieu chiic nang tam ly. Trudc
hel la chirc nang xac dinh vai. chinh xac. ehire nang xac dinh vat, tfnh chat, hanh
dpng hoac quan he. Da\ la chiic nang rat cP ban ciia ttr. Trong thuc te day hpc tir d
nha trudng. chirc nang nay da dupe dat ra ngay ttr dau, dupe quan tam dae biet, rat
Idn va nhieu khi la quan tam duy nhat. Viec quan tam sdm, dac biet, ra't Idn la
hoan loan can ihiel, vi day la chirc nang thay the ciia ngdn ngii ndi chung, ciia tii
ndi rieng. nhung la duy nha't, thi ndi dung day hoe lir lii ehira dii. vi iCr eon nhCrng
ehire nang khae va rat quan trong.
Mdt irong nhirng chirc nang quan trong khae dd la chue nang phan tfch vat.
di sau vao dac diem ciia nhirng trtru lUpng hoa va khai quat hoa nhirng da'u hieu
ciia chung, tim ra nhung dac diem ban chai chung ciia nhung vat va dua chiing vao

he thdng nhirng lien he, quan he phi'rc lap vao nhung Idp, nhung loai, nhung pham
irti xac dinh. Day hpc tir khdng the khong quan liim khai thae ehire nang nay. Nam
duoc chirc nang nay ciia tir mdi cd the dirng lir lam cdng cu ciia lu duy, ciia y thirc,
ciia luu giir, truydn dal kinh nghiem, eiia giao tie'p ngdn ngir vii eiia cdng eu xir ly
thdng tin. Khi ehiic nang nay dupe chii y trong day hoc tir, thi thudng lai chi chii y
khai ihac tir lam cdng cu ciia giao tiep vii xir ly ihdng lin. ma ft hoac khdng quan
tam diing mire de'n tir lam cdng eu ciia lu duy. ciia y thirc, ciia hai giir. truydn dat
kinh nghiem. Thanh la. nhieu khi sau khi da hoc tir. nguoi hoc cd the van dung

TAP CHi TAM Lt HOC, Sd 8 (161), 8 - 2012

25


duoc lot tir vao giao licp. nhimg v5n khOng sao trii Idi dupe nhQng cau hdi lien
quan de'n chiic nang nay eiia tir nhu "ci hi gi'.'". "chim li gi?". "ngudi la gi?" v.v...
tiic la v5n khOng niim dutie chic nang tam 1^ phan ti'ch vat, chua thSy dupe ban
chai eiia vat do Itr the hien. Dc Ira Idi dutrc nhiing cau hdi nhu vay, cSn khai thae
sau chirc nang phan tich niy ciia ttr Iiong diiy hpc ttr.
Ngoai la. ttr ciin co chi'rc nang quan Irpng khac niia la chiic nang tir vung.
tiic lii tham gia vim nhirng nhdm quan he ngii nghTa, niim Irong nhihig trudng ngii
nghTa. Tir nao cung ct'i ehiic nang ngfr nghTa niiy. cDng tham gia ciing nhihig ttr
khiic. Cling CO chung nhfrng Iruitng ngfr nghTa. 6 mire thap nhai la nhdm tir hay
trudng ngu nghTa theo am thanh. d miic kha hon la nhdm ttr hay trudng ngii nghia
theo hoan canh. 6 miic cao nhai la nhtim ttr hay Irudng ngfr nghTa theo ngu nghTa
thuSn thuy. Chinh nhd chi're nang nay, tir tao ra eo che' iicm iin cSn Ihiei ciia mdi
lien he gitr.i tir niiy v(ii nhfrng Itr khac lam thu.1n Ipi cho vice tim ra nghia gan phti
help nhat irong tinh hudng hii ndi hay Irong ngtr canh. Do la co chf tam ly ngOn
ngu rai quan trong dot wii vice hicu ttr va sir tlung ttr de nhan thiic va giao Hep ngon
ngfr 1 ).i\ hpc tir ciin hudng vao luyen tap eo che niiy d mire cao nhat.

Thu hai, day hpc ttr ndi chung va Itr ngoai ngii ndi licng thuOng chi chii y
den ban chSt xa hfli ciia ttr. ma i.ii ft chu y ilcii ban chit tam ly ciia tir. Day tir ehi
chU y de'n ban chat \.i hoi ciia ttr. cua nghia ciia ttr la chi tinh den phan nOi dung
khach quan ciia ttr. ciia nghia ciia ttr duoc sO dong thdng nhat thtra nhan. tire thdng
nhai hieu va thdng nhai sir dung trong nhiin thiic va trong giao iicp Dieu nay rai
cSn, nhung mdi la phan ndi, lOp ngoai cua ttr. Dang sau ttr, sau nclii.i khach quan
dd cua ttr cdn mot phan hei sire quan Irpng cua ttr; dd la nt>i dung tam ly cua ttr,
nhting qua trinh tam ly nhan thirc, cam .xiic, thai dp, hanh vi va ca nhiing d^u hieu
cua tinh hudng, hoan canh thuc lien sinh dOng dicm ra ddng thiri \t'ri phan nghia
khach quan kia cila ttr. Day lit phiin hen trong, phan chim, be s.iu ciia ttr. D.iy ttr,
phai khai Ihac dupe phSn uim ly nay. phan him nen ban chat tam ly hoat diMig ctia
ttr. (J ca the, ttr khong cd ban chai tam ly Inxii dOng thi khong the' cd dupe phSn
ban chai xa hc)i ciia ttr. Chinh phan ban th.it tam ly ho.ii dfing ciia tir lam cho chii
the eti dutre phan ban chai xii hfu cii.i ttr, Ttr khong eo ban chat tam ly, thi chi la ttr
ciui ni.iy,
Dtra tie va ngir(;(i hoc nam \'fnig (hicu \.i su dung) Itr. nghia ciia tir bao gid
cting lien ctr sir ciiii nhirng qu.i liinli liim ly x.ic ilinh. Cho nen. day hpc ttr can td
chiic eho dirtrc nhfrng qua trinh tam ly n.iy. id chuc c.ic qua trinh tam ly nhan thirc
(quii Iiinh In gi.ic. qua tilnh tu tiny) nghia eiia lir. dic'u khidn cam ,\uc, thai do,
hanh vi ciia chii llic linh hoi h.iy sir dung Itr v.i chii dong tao ra eae diic diem ciia
tinh huong loi noi, ngfr eiinh Ihuc Ic sinh tlong lam etr sd eho niim virng noi dung,
nam vfrng nghia khiieh t]iian ciia itr Noi eiieh khac, ban chai tam i\' ciia ttr. cua
nghi.i khiieh quan ciia ttr l.i ho.tl tlong Va\. ti.iy hoc ttr l.i day hpc etc boat ddng,
khai Ihiie siiu sac ban chat l.im ly hoat dong eiia ttr. I'hiii lam cho ngudi hpc hoat
dpng thuc su, khong chi l.i hoat diing nhan thi're t.ii tao lai Itr, boat dpng sit dung ttr,
ma ca nhfrng cam xiic, th.ii dt\ h.inh vi diCn ra trong eae boat dpng nay. cting vdi

26

TAP CHITAM If HOC. Sd 8 (161), 8 - 2012

nhimg dac die'm eua tinh hudng Idi noi hay ngti canh hpc tap cu the'. Day cung la
CO sd tam ly hpc d^ dua ra nguyen tac day hpc tir ngoai ngii va cfing lii nguyen tie
day hoc ngoai ngO la nguyen tde boat dOng, ndi day dii bon la nguyen tac hoat
dong - giao tiep,
Thd ba, trong day hpc ttr ndi chung va day Iir ngoai ngii ndi rieng, nhi^u khi
chi quan tam de'n nghia ciia ttr mt'ii each chung chung: iir cd nghia va can day hpc
nghTa ctia ttr, Dieu dd khOng sai, Ttr eti nghTa Ihi phai day nghTa, nhung nhu the' se
de thieu nhihig nOi dung can day hpc ttr, Nhir tren da trinh bay, lit khOng chi cd
mot loai nghTa, 6 day ndi de'n loai nghlii. chii khOng phai ndi de'n sd lucmg nghia
trong tir. TCr cd nhieu loai nghia. CSn nam that ro cac loai nghia nay ciia tit de dua
ra noi dung va phuong phap day hpc ttr cho phti hop.
Loai nghia dupe noi den dau lien cOa ttr la nghia bicu v.it. phan anh nhChig
thupc tinh be ngoai cua v,at. Loai nghia niiy Ihutlng dupe quan tam Uong day tit.
Nhimg neu day ttr chi dirng lai d nghia nay. thi ngirdi hpc mtit cd dirpc nhting tri
thi're ben ngoai eiiii vat. tiic mdi cd kha nang thay the phSn ben ngoai ciia vai trong
nhan thuc va giao tidp ngon ngfr, Phan ben Irong. ban chai va nhting dac ti'nh ban
chai \ii cac mdi lien he. quan he cila vat mdi cho phep xir ly thOng tin mOt each
chinh xac, tin ciiy, Phan nay thuOc loai nghia pham trti ciia ttr, Ro rang, thieu loai
nghia nay. con nguoi chua the' vupt qua dupe con vai. Con nguoi vuot qua va hon
han con vat la nho cd duoc loai nghia nay Nhu vay. vi mat ly luiin day hpc, day tur
khong chu y de'n loai nghia nay la cdn thieu ve noi dung day ttr, Ve mat tam ly
hpc, day hpc ttr thie'u loai nghia nay la chua tao ra dupe cong cii lam phat trie'n con
ngudi, Ro rang, day tir rat can chu y day loai nghia nay mot each thi'ch dang. Nam
duoc loai nghia nay, ngudi hpc mdi xir ly dupe thong tin Uong nhan thiic va giao tie'p
ngon ngu khach quan, hieu qua.
Day nghia pham trti cua tir la td chi'rc cac qua trinh nhan thuc ciia ngudi hpc
hudng vao tim ra ban chai, dac die'm va cac mdt quan he, lien he tang bac eiia vat
dupe ttr the hien, nham dua dupe vat dd vao mot pham trti xac dinh, ddng thdi

luyen tap cac ky nang sir dung nghia pham Irii nay ciia ttr trong nhting tinh hudng
Idi noi hay trong cac ngti canh xac dinh, Phuong phap quan trong thich hpp nhat
de.day hoc loai nghia nay ciia ttr la phuong phap day hpc duoc xay dirng tren co sd
khai thae eae diic diem ciia nhan thuc ly tinh. dac biet, cua tu duy trtru tuong vOi
cac thao tac nhu phan lich, long hop, khai quat hoa, he thdng hoii. eu the hoa, phan
loai, ma bat cii ai cd kie'n Ihiic tam ly hoc dai eirong cung ro,
Thu tu, day hoc ttr thucrng ehi chti y den ciic ca'u thiinh trong can iriic ngti
nghia cua ttr, ma ft quan tam den eae ca'u thanh ciia eau true lam ly ciui Itr, Cu the,
trong day hpc ttr thudng quan tam khai thae cac ciiu thanh ngir nghia ctia ttr nhu
nghia bieu viit, nghia pham trti, Cac ttr ddng nghia hay nhieu nghia. eae Itr trai
nghia va ca truOng nghia cua cac ttr do (thupc ciiu thiinh nghia bieu vat), cling mot
so cac khai niem, cac thuat ngii (thupc cau thiinh nghia pham trti) duoc dua vao
noi dung day hoc tir Nhirng nhting ca'u Ihanh ti'ong ciiu tnic tam ly lam co sd cho
nhiing nghia dd lai hiem khi duoc ti'nh den Ironit noi dung dav hoc ttr nhu nhu cau.

TAP CHI' TAM Lt HOC, Sd 8 (161), 8 - 2012

27


dang CO, y dinh, y mudn, eiich thiic, chicii lupc, bilJn phip thuc hien trong tri nhan
va sii dung tit lii giao tie'p. Chi gan day. nhting ca'u Ihanh nay ciia ciiii true tam ly
ciia tir mtii dupe noi den va dir.i viio day hoe itr,
Thu nam. day hpc lir Ilnritng coi nghia ciia Itr ba't hicn, khOng thay ddi va
chi cSn dirng lai mOI liln, I )o hi mftt nhiin Ihi'rc khOng cd co sd khoa hpc.
NghTa cua ttr khOng dirot hinh Ihanh chinh x^c ngay mdt liic, ma dupe hinh
Ihanh thin ilan va khi nghia cii Ihc da Ird nen vttng chac d cd the Ihi nd vSn Iicp luc
dupe phat tncn. Qua trinh phin irie'n dii. ttr cd nhting nghia mat di, co nhirng nghia
mdi xuat hien va nd tao ra mOI gia dinh, hi.i hang nha ttr, theo hudng phan anh vat
ngay cang chi'nh xac, in d.1m nhiing dac dicm ciia thuc Hen. cda thdi d.ii, Cho nen,

tliiy hoc ttr, day hpc nghia ciia ttr can tinh de'n sir phat trie'n nghia nhu vay cua lir,
TbuiTng ttr co ba muc phai ti leii trong qua trinh nam vfrng d ngudi hpc: miic
ngtr nghia Ihap nhai la Iheo am thanh (cac Itr tlong am, cac tir eo am thanh gin
nhau), miic ngti nghia khii htm la Iheo hoiin canh (tiit iir ihuting xu.ii hien Irong
cting hoan canh) va mttc ngfr nghia tao nhiit la ngii nghia Ihuan thuy (dting nghia
cLia tir). I).i\ hpc itr cm dal dupe muc cao nhai nay.
/ liirsdu. ti.iy hpc ttr khOng chi chii y de'n nghia, ma t.in quan tam de'n y ciia
ttr niia. Trong nhan thirc va giao Hep. Itr bao gid cung gdm ca nghia \'a y. trie
"nghia ben ngoai" ciia ttr (ycii Id co siV ciia ngOn ngti) va "nghia gi.io Hep - xa hoi"
(yen id co ban ciia giao tiep) Nghia ciui Itr mang tinh kh,ith quan, tinh xii hoi la de
chd y ciia ca nhan, de giao Iicp xa hoi Y eiia Itr mang tinh chii quan. tinh tam ly
cila ca nhan khong tu ton tai dupc. mil phai nuong nhO nghia ciia tir, nhd nghia cua
tit de the' hien cho ngutJi khae va cho ca chinh minh. Cho nen day ttr, day nghia
cua ttr la day each the hien y cii nhan nay. each the" hien nghia giao tiep - x,! hoi
nay trong nhan thire va Irong giao Iicp. Ngudi ta ntii c.ic phucmg thiic ngOn ngtt
truyen dat Ihong tin, truyen dat y la ntii den moi quan he nay. (j ttr la cac phuong
Ihii-c ciia nghia de Iruyen dat y. Day ttr chi to kcl qua khi tinh den mOi quan he ciia
nghia vtri y trong itr.
7'/i/r bdv. nam xung Itr la mot qua trinh, Dii day hpc tit theo phuong thiic
nam Ming nha Irutrng diroe soi s.ing irong irirtmg y Ihi'rc thi van can phai cd Ihdi
gian dc Ih.'iii hitii O moi gi.ii doan niim vfrng ttr. ehi ef) the' Ihau hieu den mOi mii:c
nhai tlinh. eho nen can co moi ke ho.ith ti.iv hoe ttr Ihich http va khoa hpc.
B.in chin tiia nam vfnig ngt'ai ngtr la n.im vfrng k\' nang sir dung ngon ngtr
dc gi.io Hep vii nhan thi're, lire la nam \ung e.ie ky n.ing ho.it dong liii ndi de nhan
Ihi'rc vii giao licp ngon ngfr Nhir \iiy. Ixln dial eini nam xung Itr eung la ndm vihig
ky nang sir dung ttr phuc vu cho nh.in Ihuc v.i gi.io tiep ngon ngfr. Ttr thu thay hien
nhien rang, day hoc nam \'i"rng ttr, nam vfrng nghia eua itr la mtit qua Irinh linh hoi
va luyen lap de clioi eting phiii d.it throe e.ie ky nang sir dung ttr dc' nhan Ihiic va
giao tiep ngon ngfr Ciao htK' phiip d.iy ngoai ngfr noi chung va day hpc ttr cua ngon
ngfr duoc tlay hoe ndi ncng d.ing pli.it tncn theo hirt'mg niiy

28

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC. Sd 8 (161), 8 - 2012


Ngudi hpc ngoai ngir thudng da nam vihig tie'ng me de, nen viec nam vihig
lii ngoai ngir cdn ehiu anh hudng sau sac eiia quy luat chuye'n di va can thiep ciia
ky nang hidu va .sir dung nghia va y ciia ttr tie'ng me de. Day cting la mdt ndi dung
tam ly, nhung khdng la ddi tupng quan tam ciia bai vie't nay.
Tren ddy la mot sd van 66 tam ly ve day hpc tir ngoai ngtr ndi rieng va day
hoc tir ndi chung. Ve mat tam ly hpc, cd th^ cdn nhting ndi dung lam ly khae eua
ttr, nhung day la nhting ndi dung tam ly ciia ttr rai can ban. Hy vpng, nhiing dieu
da trinh bay gdp dupc phSn nao dd v^o lam sang id va xay dung cac nguyen tac
giao hoc phap. ndi dung va phuong phap day hpc ttr ngoai ngii ttr binh dien tam ly
hoc Hoat ddng.
Tai lieu tham khao
[1] BbiroTeKHii Jl.C nciixonnins Jl.C. Bi.iroicKoro, B cepnn: Mnp ricHxojiorHH,
H3/1. Onpcnb flpecc ')kc-ro - 1 Ipccc. MocKna, 2000.
[2]. Jlypufl A.P.. 5l3biK 11 comamie, \hn. MV. MocKBa, 1998
[3]. Tran HCru Lu\cn, Ca sa tdm !v hoc day hoc ngoai ngu, KXB DI I QGHN, 2008
[4]. JleoHTbeB .'\ H., J^eaTejibiiocrb, Cosnaime, Jln'inocTb Msa 2, MocKBa, 1977.
[5]. JleoHTbCB .'X.A.. CJIOBO B peMeBoii aeflTcibHOCTH, H-iR. lla\Ka. MocKaa, 1969.
[6]. BbiroTCKHH J l . C . Mbiiujieniic H penb, B KU: MsdpauHbie ncnxoirorHMecKHe
HccjienoBaHHa. MocKBa. 1977.
[7] JleoHTbee A.H.. ripoo-ieNn.i paaenTHa UCHXHKH, HI;I M F V , \IocKBa.l981
[8]. JleoHTbee A. A.. HcKOTopbie npo6-ic\ibi odyHennH p\ccKOMy a3biK>' KaK
HHocTpaHHOMy, H3;i. M P y , \1ocKBa, 1970.

TAP CHI TAM Lt HOC, Sd 8 (161), 8 - 2 0 1 2

29