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Copyright © 2009, New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers
Published by New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers
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Dedicated
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The Lotus Feet
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Sri Mysore Chamundeshwari

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PREFACE
There are many excellent text books on Banking written by well known British and American
writers. However, none of these can claim to cover the entire course of study prescribed by
the Indian Universities. Moreover, most of these books are above the understanding of an
average Indian student of Commerce and Economics. The present book is a humble effort
in this direction.
On account of the growing importance of the banking industry, most of the Indian
Universities have introduced a special paper on Banking for their degree students. The
present volume has been made to cover the syllabi of B.Com., B.B.M., M.B.A., M.Com., M.A.,
L.L.B., etc. In addition, I hope, it will also be of benefit to candidates appearing for various
competitive examinations such as I.A.S., I.E.S., C.A., N.E.T., and I.I.B. examinations. The
present volume contains 19 chapters devoted mainly to the study of Commercial Banks,
Central Bank, Reserve Bank of India, State Bank of India, Money and Capital Markets,
Indian Banking Systems, Banker and Customer Relationship, Operation of Bank Accounts,
Collection and Payment of Cheques, Loans and Advances, Types of Securities, Modes of
Creating Charge, Guarantee, Letter of Credit, Accounts and Audit of Banks. The last chapter
contains multiple choice and short-type questions for the benefit of the candidates who want
a deeper insight into Banking.
While preparing this book, I have collected the relevant material from government
publications, published and unpublished sources, books, journals and articles by eminent
scholars. My Principal, colleagues and friends have offered me valuable suggestions in the
preparation of the manuscript. My sincere thanks are due to all of them.
I have a great pleasure in expressing my profound gratitude to my revered Research Supervisor
Dr. S. Mahendra Kumar M.A., Ph.D., Department of Economics, Manasagangothri, Mysore,

who has contributed a lot for improving the quality of this volume. He has always been a source
of constant inspiration to me as a friend, philosopher and guide. I also express my deep sense
of gratitude to Dr. Gopal Singh, Co-ordinator, DOS in Economics, Govt. Arts College, Hassan,
Dr. K. A. Rajanna, Prof. H.K. Lalithadavi, Sri. Mahalinga (Sapna Book House); Bangalore, H.S.
Ravindra, Channarayapattna, Prof. K.T. Krishnegowda, R. Radhakrishna Hassan; Sudharshan,


viii

Preface

Marketing Manager and Srinath, Branch Manager, New Age, Bangalore; Prof. T.N. Prabhakar,
Principal, Government Arts College, Hassan and my friends for rendering assistance in various
forms in preparing the manuscript of this book.
I also express my grateful thanks to New Age International Publishers, New Delhi for
bringing out this book in a record time. Thanks are also due to Madusudan, DATA LINK,
Bangalore for typing the manuscript with efficiency and patience.
Last, but not the least, I acknowledge with a sense of gratitude the services of my wife,
Smt. Sujatha Somashekar and my son, N.S. Swaroop, who not only left no stone unturned
in providing me a congenial atmosphere for studies at home, but also relieved me from a
number of family responsibilities and even more, at times, directly helped me in my work.
Any suggestion for enhancing the value of the book from students and teachers, would
be most welcome and would be kept in view at the time of bringing out the second edition.
With these words, I present this book to students, who alone will judge its worth.
Ne. Thi. Somashekar


CONTENTS
Preface

CHAPTER -1: COMMERCIAL BANKING
INTRODUCTION
Meaning
Definition of a Bank

vii

1-26
1
1
1

TYPES OF BANKS
FUNCTIONS OF COMMERCIAL BANKS
SOURCES OF BANK’S INCOME
INVESTMENT POLICY OF BANKS
BALANCE SHEET OF THE BANK

2
4
9
10
12

CREDIT CREATION

15

UNIT BANKING VS BRANCH BANKING

20

COMMERCIAL BANKS AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

24

Liabilities
Assets

Basis of Credit Creation
Process of Credit Creation
Leaf and Cannon Criticism
Limitation on Credit Creation
A. Unit Banking
B. Branch Banking System
Conclusion

CHAPTER-2: CENTRAL BANKING
INTRODUCTION
Meaning of Central Bank
Definition of Central Bank
Functions of the Central Bank

12
14
15
16
18
18
20

22
26

27-45
27
27
27
28


x

Contents

CREDIT CONTROL

Objectives of Credit Control
Methods of Credit Control
Meaning
Theory of Bank Rate
Working of Bank Rate
The Process of Bank Rate Influence
Bank Rate Under the Gold Standard
Conditions for the Success of the Bank Rate Policy
Limitations
Meaning
Theory of Open Market Operations
Objectives of Open Market Operations
Conditions for the Success of Open Market Operations
Popularity of Open Market Operations

A. Variable Cash Reserve Ratio
Meaning
B. Theory of Variable Reserve Ratio
Working of Variable Reserve Ratio
Limitations
Selective or Qualitative Methods
Objectives
Measures of Selective Credit Control
Conclusion

CHAPTER-3: RESERVE BANK OF INDIA
INTRODUCTION
Capital
Organisation
Offices of the Bank
Departments of the Reserve Bank
Functions of the Reserve Bank

31

32
32
33
33
34
34
34
34
35
36

36
37
37
38
39
39
39
40
41
41
42
42
45

47-75
47
48
48
49
50
51

CREDIT CONTROL

58

METHODS OF SELECTIVE CREDIT CONTROLS ADOPTED BY RESERVE BANK

61

MONETARY POLICY OF THE RESERVE BANK OF INDIA

64

Weapons of Credit Control
Limitations of Selective Controls in India

Reserve Bank of India and Monetary Controls
Limitations of Monetary Policy
Chakravarthy Report on the Working of the Monetary System
The Narasimham Committee Report (1991)
Recommendations of the Committee
The Goiporia Committee Report (1991)
Recommendations of Goiporia Committee
The Narasimham Committee Report (1998)

58
63
64
66
67
68
68
70
70
71


Contents

ROLE OF RBI IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Contribution to Economic Development
Conclusion

CHAPTER-4: STATE BANK OF INDIA
INTRODUCTION

Capital
Management
Functions
Role of the State Bank in Economic Development
Conclusion

CHAPTER-5: MONEY MARKET AND CAPITAL MARKET
INTRODUCTION
Money Market
Functions of Money Market
Composition of the Money Market
Financial Institutions of the Money Market
Characteristics of a Developed Money Market
Usefulness of a Developed Money Market
Structure of the Money Market
Characteristics of Indian Money Market
Defects of Indian Money Market
Measures for Improvement of the Money Market
Suggestions to Remove Defects in the Indian Money Market
The Repo Market
The Commercial Bill Market
The Certificate of Deposit (CD) Market
The Commercial Paper Market

Money Market Mutual Funds
Capital Market
Classification of Indian Capital Market
Importance of Capital Market
Functions of Capital Market
Structure of Indian Capital Market
Components of Indian Capital Market
Recent Trends in the Capital Market
Comparison of Money Market and Capital Market
Conclusion

CHAPTER-6: STRUCTURE OF BANKING IN INDIA
INTRODUCTION
1. INDIGENOUS BANKS
Meaning
Groups
Types

xi

71
72
75

77-81
77
77
77
78
79

80

83-105
83
83
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
89
91
93
95
96
97
98
98
99
99
100
100
101
101
102
104
105

107-137
107
107
109
109
109


xii

Contents

Functions of Indigenous Bankers
Defects of Indigenous Bankers
Indigenous Bankers and the Reserve Bank
Suggestions for Reform

2. MONEYLENDERS
Features of Moneylenders
Differences Between Moneylenders and Indigenous Bankers
Defects of Moneylenders
3. CO-OPERATIVE BANKS
Meaning
Structure of Co-operative Banks
Progress of PACS
Shortfalls PACS
Functions
Progress of CCBs
Defects of CCBs
Functions

Defects
Progress
Present Position of Co-operative Banks
Importance or Benefits of Co-operative Banks
Problems or Weaknesses of Co-operative Banks
Suggestions for the Improvement of the Co-operative Credit Structure
4. LAND DEVELOPMENT BANK
Sources of Funds
The Working of the LDBs
Progress
Defects
Suggestions for Improvement
5. REGIONAL RURAL BANKS
Objectives of Regional Rural Banks
Capital Structure
Features of Regional Rural Banks
Functions of Regional Rural Banks
Progress Achieved by Regional Rural Banks
Problems
Suggestions for Reorganisation and Improvement
6. NABARD
Objectives
NABARD’s Financial Resources
Management
Functions of NABARD
Achievements of NABARD
7. COMMERCIAL BANKS
Nationalisation of Banks
Achievements of Nationalised Banks

109
110
111
111
112
112
112
113
113
114
114
115
116
116
117
117
118
118
118
118
119
119
120
121
122
122
122
122
123
123

123
124
124
124
124
125
127
128
128
128
128
129
130
132
132
132


Contents

8. CREDIT CARDS
Advantages of Credit Cards
Limitations or Drawbacks of Credit Cards
Conclusion

CHAPTER-7: DEVELOPMENT BANKS
INTRODUCTION
Meaning
Features
Important Development Banks in India

1. INDUSTRIAL FINANCE CORPORATION OF INDIA LTD.
Functions of the IFCI
Financial Resources of IFCI
Lending Operations of IFCI
Appraisal of IFCI’s Performance
2. THE INDUSTRIAL CREDIT AND INVESTMENT CORPORATION OF INDIA LTD.
Financial Resources of ICICI
Lending Operations of ICICI
Appraisal of ICICI’s Performance
3. STATE FINANCIAL CORPORATIONS
4. THE INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT BANK OF INDIA
Financial Resources of IDBI
Cumulative Assistance by IDBI
Composition of Financial Assistance
Promotional Functions of the IDBI
Critical Appraisal
5. SMALL INDUSTRIES DEVELOPMENT BANK OF INDIA
Financial Resources of SIDBI
Financial Assistance by SIDBI
6. THE INDUSTRIAL RECONSTRUCTION BANK OF INDIA (IRBI)
7. THE STATE INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT CORPORATIONS (SIDCS) AND THE STATE
INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT CORPORATIONS (SIICS)

8. UNIT TRUST OF INDIA
Present Position
9. LIFE INSURANCE CORPORATION OF INDIA (LIC)
Present Position
10. THE EXPORT-IMPORT BANK OF INDIA (EXIM BANK)
Functions of the EXIM Bank

Present Position
Conclusion

CHAPTER-8: BANKER AND CUSTOMER
INTRODUCTION
Meaning and Definition of a Banker

xiii

136
136
136
136

139-158
139

139
139
140
140
141
141
142
142
143
143
143
144
145

148
148
148
149
150
150
151
151
151
151
151
152
153
153
154
155
156
156
156
157

159-184
159

159


xiv

Contents

Meaning and Definition of a Customer
Special Types of Customers
Legal Provisions Regarding Guardianship of a Minor
The Banker-Customer Relationship
A. General relationship, and B. Special relationship
1. Primary relationship
2. Secondary relationship
Obligations of Bankers
1. Obligation to Honour the Customer’s Cheques
2. Obligation to Maintain Secrecy of Customer’s Account
3. Obligation to Receive Cheques and Other Instruments for Collection
4. Obligation to Give Reasonable Notice before Closing the Account
Obligations of Customers
Conclusion

161
163
164
171
171
171
172
179
179
181
182
182
183
183

CHAPTER-9: OPENING AND OPERATING BANK ACCOUNTS
INTRODUCTION

185-196
185

CHAPTER-10: PASS BOOK
INTRODUCTION

197-202
197

CHAPTER-11: CHEQUES
INTRODUCTION

203-220
203

Types of Accounts
Procedure of Opening Current and Savings Accounts
Forms Used in Operation of Bank Account
Closing of a Bank Account
Insurance of Bank Deposit
Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation (DICGC)
Objectives
Credit Guarantee Function
Nomination Facility
Non-Resident Account
Recent Development

Conclusion

Meaning of Pass Book
Object or Purpose of Pass Book
Statement of Account
Examination of Entries
Legal Position of Entries in the Pass Book
Effect of Entries in the Pass Book
Precautions in Writing a Pass Book
Conclusion

Meaning

185
189
191
192
193
193
193
193
194
195
195
196

197
198
198
198

199
199
201
202

203


Contents

Definition
Essentials
Types of Cheques
Uses of a Cheque
Advantages of Using Printed Forms
Parties to a Cheque

xv

204
204
205
206
206
207

MATERIAL ALTERATIONS

207

CROSSING OF CHEQUES

209

ENDORSEMENT

213

HOLDER AND HOLDER IN DUE COURSE

217

Alteration
Material Alteration
Examples of Material Alterations
Examples of Authorised Alterations
Examples of Non-material Alterations
Effects of Material Alteration
Meaning of Crossing
Types of Crossing
Special Crossing
Other Types of Crossing
Significance of Crossing

Definition of Endorsement
Essentials of a Valid Endorsement
Kinds of Endorsement
Legal Effects of an Endorsement
Differences Between a Bill of Exchange and Cheque
Distinguish Between a Cheque and a Promissory Note

Holder
Holder in Due Course
Privileges of a Holder in Due Course
Distinction Between Holder and Holder in Due Course
Conclusion

CHAPTER-12: THE PAYING BANKER
INTRODUCTION

Meaning
Precautions for Payment of Cheques
Precautions
Statutory Protection
Protection Available Under the Negotiable Instruments Act
Dishonour of Cheques
When a Banker can Dishonour Cheques
Bank’s Remarks on Dishonoured Cheques
Conclusion

207
207
207
208
208
208
209
209
210
211
212

213
213
214
215
215
216
217
217
218
219
220

221-229
221

221
222
222
225
225
227
228
229
229


xvi

Contents

CHAPTER-13: COLLECTING BANKER
INTRODUCTION

231-238
231

CHAPTER-14: LOANS AND ADVANCES
INTRODUCTION

239-247
239

CHAPTER-15: TYPES OF SECURITIES
INTRODUCTION

249-268
249

Meaning
Collecting Banker as Holder for Value
Collecting Banker as an Agent of the Customer
Conversion
Statutory Protection to Collecting Banker
Duties and Responsibilities of a Collecting Banker
Marking of Cheque
Who Can Get the Cheque Marked?
Conclusion

General Rules of Sound Lending

Forms of Lending (Advances)
Merits of Granting Loans
Demerits
Merits of Cash Credit
Demerits
Distinction Between Loan and Cash Credit
Distinction Between Cash Credit and Overdraft
Types of Loans and Advances
Determining Creditworthiness
Sources of Credit Information
Conclusion

Characteristics of Good Security
General Principles of Secured Advances
Types of Securities on which Loans or Advances can be Granted
Precautions
Merits of Advances Against Stock Exchange Securities
Risks in Advancing Against Securities
Precautions to be Taken in Advancing Against Securities
Precautions in Advancing Against Real Estate
Merits of Life Insurance Policy as a Security
Demerits of Policies as Securities
Precautions in Advancing Against LIC Policies
Precautions in Advancing Against Fixed Deposit Receipt
Precautions in Advancing Against Book Debts
Conclusion

231
231
232

233
233
235
236
236
237

239
241
242
242
243
243
244
244
245
246
246
247

249
250
251
257
258
259
259
262
264
264

265
266
267
268


Contents

xvii

CHAPTER-16: MODES OF CREATING CHARGE
INTRODUCTION

269-280
269

CHAPTER-17: GUARANTEES
INTRODUCTION

281-291
281

Modes of Creating Charge
Difference Between Pledge and Lien
Who can Pledge the Goods?
Right and Obligations of Pledger
Rights
Obligations (Duties)
Right and Obligations of Pledgee or Pawnee
Obligation and Duties of Pledgee

Essential Features of a Mortgage
Types of Mortgages
Legal and Equitable Mortgage
Merits of Equitable Mortgage over the Legal Mortgage
Demerits of Equitable Mortgage over the Legal Mortgage
Rights of Mortgager
Rights of Mortgagee (Banker)
Precautions to be Taken by a Banker in Case of Lending Against Hypothecation
Conclusion

Meaning
Definition
Necessity for Bank Guarantee
Essentials of a Valid Guarantee
Kinds of Guarantees
Contract of Guarantee
Purpose of the Contract
Contract of Indemnity
Parties to Indemnity
Analysis of the Definition
Difference between Contract of Guarantee and a Contract of Indemnity
Rights of the Surety
Liability of the Surety
Rights of the Banker
Liabilities of the Banker (Obligation)
Merits and Demerits of Guarantee
Merits of Guarantee
Demerits of Guarantee
Precautions to be Taken by the Banker in a Contract of Guarantee
Conclusion

269
270
271
272
272
272
272
273
273
274
276
276
276
277
277
278
279

281
281
282
282
283
285
286
286
286
286
287

287
288
288
288
289
289
289
290
291


xviii

Contents

CHAPTER-18: LETTER OF CREDIT
INTRODUCTION
Definition
Types of Letters of Credit
I. Travellers’ Letter of Credit
II. Commercial Letter of Credit
Types of Letters of Commercial Credit
Opening a Letter of Credit

ADVANTAGES OF LETTER OF CREDIT
Advantages to the Exporter
Advantages to the Importer
Conclusion

293-300

293

293
294
295
296
296
298

299

299
299
300

CHAPTER-19: ACCOUNTS AND AUDIT OF BANKS
INTRODUCTION

301-309
301

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

311-358

Salient Features of Bank’s Accounts
Books of Account (Section 209)
Books shall Give a True and Fair View
Preservation of Books
Persons Responsible to Keep the Books

Penalty
Inspection of Books of Account
Books to be Maintained
Final Accounts
Preparation of Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss Account (Sec. 47)
Form of Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss Account
Signing of Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss Account
Audit of Bank Accounts
Audit of Accounts (Section 30)
Publication and Filing of Accounts (Section 30)
Penalty
Conclusion

301
302
302
302
302
302
303
303
306
306
306
306
306
306
307
309
309

1
COMMERCIAL BANKING
INTRODUCTION
Banking occupies one of the most important positions in the modern economic world.
It is necessary for trade and industry. Hence it is one of the great agencies of commerce.
Although banking in one form or another has been in existence from very early times,
modern banking is of recent origin. It is one of the results of the Industrial Revolution and
the child of economic necessity. Its presence is very helpful to the economic activity and
industrial progress of a country.
Meaning
A commercial bank is a profit-seeking business firm, dealing in money and credit. It is a
financial institution dealing in money in the sense that it accepts deposits of money from the
public to keep them in its custody for safety. So also, it deals in credit, i.e., it creates credit by
making advances out of the funds received as deposits to needy people. It thus, functions as a
mobiliser of saving in the economy. A bank is, therefore like a reservoir into which flow the
savings, the idle surplus money of households and from which loans are given on interest to
businessmen and others who need them for investment or productive uses.
Definition of a Bank
The term ‘Bank’ has been defined in different ways by different economists. A few definitions
are:
According to Walter Leaf “A bank is a person or corporation which holds itself out to
receive from the public, deposits payable on demand by cheque.” Horace White has defined
a bank, “as a manufacture of credit and a machine for facilitating exchange.”
According to Prof. Kinley, “A bank is an establishment which makes to individuals such
advances of money as may be required and safely made, and to which individuals entrust
money when not required by them for use.”

2

Banking

The Banking Companies Act of India defines Bank as “A Bank is a financial institution
which accepts money from the public for the purpose of lending or investment repayable on
demand or otherwise withdrawable by cheques, drafts or order or otherwise.”
Thus, we can say that a bank is a financial institution which deals in debts and credits.
It accepts deposits, lends money and also creates money. It bridges the gap between the
savers and borrowers. Banks are not merely traders in money but also in an important sense
manufacturers of money.
TYPES OF BANKS
Broadly speaking, banks can be classified into commercial banks and central bank.
Commercial banks are those which provide banking services for profit. The central bank has
the function of controlling commercial banks and various other economic activities. There
are many types of commercial banks such as deposit banks, industrial banks, savings banks,
agricultural banks, exchange banks, and miscellaneous banks.

Types of Commercial Banks

Deposit Banks: The most important type of deposit banks is the commercial banks.
They have connection with the commercial class of people. These banks accept
deposits from the public and lend them to needy parties. Since their deposits are
for short period only, these banks extend loans only for a short period. Ordinarily
these banks lend money for a period between 3 to 6 months. They do not like to lend
money for long periods or to invest their funds in any way in long term securities.
2. Industrial Banks: Industries require a huge capital for a long period to buy machinery
and equipment. Industrial banks help such industrialists. They provide long term loans
to industries. Besides, they buy shares and debentures of companies, and enable them
to have fixed capital. Sometimes, they even underwrite the debentures and shares of big

industrial concerns. The important functions of industrial banks are:

1.


Commercial Banking

3.

4.

5.

6.

3

1. They accept long term deposits.
2. They meet the credit requirements of industries by extending long term loans.
3. These banks advise the industrial firms regarding the sale and purchase of shares
and debentures.
The industrial banks play a vital role in accelerating industrial development. In
India, after attainment of independence, several industrial banks were started with
large paid up capital. They are, The Industrial Finance Corporation (I.F.C.), The
State Financial Corporations (S.F.C.), Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation
of India (ICICI) and Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI) etc.
Savings Banks: These banks were specially established to encourage thrift among
small savers and therefore, they were willing to accept small sums as deposits. They
encourage savings of the poor and middle class people. In India we do not have such
special institutions, but post offices perform such functions. After nationalisation

most of the nationalised banks accept the saving deposits.
Agricultural Banks: Agriculture has its own problems and hence there are separate
banks to finance it. These banks are organised on co-operative lines and therefore
do not work on the principle of maximum profit for the shareholders. These banks
meet the credit requirements of the farmers through term loans, viz., short, medium
and long term loans. There are two types of agricultural banks,
(a) Agricultural Co-operative Banks, and
(b) Land Mortgage Banks. Co-operative Banks are mainly for short periods. For long
periods there are Land Mortgage Banks. Both these types of banks are performing
useful functions in India.
Exchange Banks: These banks finance mostly for the foreign trade of a country.
Their main function is to discount, accept and collect foreign bills of exchange. They
buy and sell foreign currency and thus help businessmen in their transactions. They
also carry on the ordinary banking business.
In India, there are some commercial banks which are branches of foreign banks.
These banks facilitate for the conversion of Indian currency into foreign currency
to make payments to foreign exporters. They purchase bills from exporters and sell
their proceeds to importers. They purchase and sell “forward exchange” too and
thus minimise the difference in exchange rates between different periods, and also
protect merchants from losses arising out of exchange fluctuations by bearing the
risk. The industrial and commercial development of a country depends these days,
largely upon the efficiency of these institutions.
Miscellaneous Banks: There are certain kinds of banks which have arisen in due
course to meet the specialised needs of the people. In England and America, there are
investment banks whose object is to control the distribution of capital into several uses.
American Trade Unions have got labour banks, where the savings of the labourers are
pooled together. In London, there are the London Discount House whose business is “to
go about the city seeking for bills to discount.” There are numerous types of different
banks in the world, carrying on one or the other banking business.

4

Banking

FUNCTIONS OF COMMERCIAL BANKS
Commercial banks have to perform a variety of functions which are common to both
developed and developing countries. These are known as ‘General Banking’ functions of the
commercial banks. The modern banks perform a variety of functions. These can be broadly
divided into two categories: (a) Primary functions and (b) Secondary functions.

A. Primary Functions
Primary banking functions of the commercial banks include:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Acceptance of deposits
Advancing loans
Creation of credit
Clearing of cheques
Financing foreign trade
Remittance of funds

1.

Acceptance of Deposits: Accepting deposits is the primary function of a commercial

bank mobilise savings of the household sector. Banks generally accept three types of
deposits viz., (a) Current Deposits (b) Savings Deposits, and (c) Fixed Deposits.
(a) Current Deposits: These deposits are also known as demand deposits. These
deposits can be withdrawn at any time. Generally, no interest is allowed on
current deposits, and in case, the customer is required to leave a minimum
balance undrawn with the bank. Cheques are used to withdraw the amount.
These deposits are kept by businessmen and industrialists who receive and make


Commercial Banking

5

large payments through banks. The bank levies certain incidental charges on the
customer for the services rendered by it.
(b) Savings Deposits: This is meant mainly for professional men and middle class
people to help them deposit their small savings. It can be opened without any
introduction. Money can be deposited at any time but the maximum cannot go
beyond a certain limit. There is a restriction on the amount that can be withdrawn
at a particular time or during a week. If the customer wishes to withdraw more
than the specified amount at any one time, he has to give prior notice. Interest is
allowed on the credit balance of this account. The rate of interest is greater than
the rate of interest on the current deposits and less than that on fixed deposit.
This system greatly encourages the habit of thrift or savings.
(c) Fixed Deposits: These deposits are also known as time deposits. These deposits
cannot be withdrawn before the expiry of the period for which they are deposited
or without giving a prior notice for withdrawal. If the depositor is in need of
money, he has to borrow on the security of this account and pay a slightly higher
rate of interest to the bank. They are attracted by the payment of interest which
is usually higher for longer period. Fixed deposits are liked by depositors both for

their safety and as well as for their interest. In India, they are accepted between
three months and ten years.
2.

Advancing Loans: The second primary function of a commercial bank is to
make loans and advances to all types of persons, particularly to businessmen and
entrepreneurs. Loans are made against personal security, gold and silver, stocks of
goods and other assets. The most common way of lending is by:
(a) Overdraft Facilities: In this case, the depositor in a current account is allowed to draw
over and above his account up to a previously agreed limit. Suppose a businessman
has only Rs. 30,000/- in his current account in a bank but requires Rs. 60,000/- to
meet his expenses. He may approach his bank and borrow the additional amount
of Rs. 30,000/-. The bank allows the customer to overdraw his account through
cheques. The bank, however, charges interest only on the amount overdrawn from
the account. This type of loan is very popular with the Indian businessmen.
(b) Cash Credit: Under this account, the bank gives loans to the borrowers against
certain security. But the entire loan is not given at one particular time, instead the
amount is credited into his account in the bank; but under emergency cash will
be given. The borrower is required to pay interest only on the amount of credit
availed to him. He will be allowed to withdraw small sums of money according to
his requirements through cheques, but he cannot exceed the credit limit allowed
to him. Besides, the bank can also give specified loan to a person, for a firm
against some collateral security. The bank can recall such loans at its option.
(c) Discounting Bills of Exchange: This is another type of lending which is very
popular with the modern banks. The holder of a bill can get it discounted by the
bank, when he is in need of money. After deducting its commission, the bank


6

Banking

pays the present price of the bill to the holder. Such bills form good investment
for a bank. They provide a very liquid asset which can be quickly turned into
cash. The commercial banks can rediscount, the discounted bills with the central
banks when they are in need of money. These bills are safe and secured bills.
When the bill matures the bank can secure its payment from the party which had
accepted the bill.
(d) Money at Call: Bank also grant loans for a very short period, generally not
exceeding 7 days to the borrowers, usually dealers or brokers in stock exchange
markets against collateral securities like stock or equity shares, debentures, etc.,
offered by them. Such advances are repayable immediately at short notice hence,
they are described as money at call or call money.
(e) Term Loans: Banks give term loans to traders, industrialists and now to agriculturists
also against some collateral securities. Term loans are so-called because their maturity
period varies between 1 to 10 years. Term loans, as such provide intermediate or
working capital funds to the borrowers. Sometimes, two or more banks may jointly
provide large term loans to the borrower against a common security. Such loans are
called participation loans or consortium finance.
(f) Consumer Credit: Banks also grant credit to households in a limited amount to
buy some durable consumer goods such as television sets, refrigerators, etc., or
to meet some personal needs like payment of hospital bills etc. Such consumer
credit is made in a lump sum and is repayable in instalments in a short time. Under the 20-point programme, the scope of consumer credit has been extended to
cover expenses on marriage, funeral etc., as well.
(g) Miscellaneous Advances: Among other forms of bank advances there are packing
credits given to exporters for a short duration, export bills purchased/discounted,
import finance-advances against import bills, finance to the self employed, credit
to the public sector, credit to the cooperative sector and above all, credit to the
weaker sections of the community at concessional rates.
3. Creation of Credit: A unique function of the bank is to create credit. Banks supply

money to traders and manufacturers. They also create or manufacture money. Bank
deposits are regarded as money. They are as good as cash. The reason is they can be
used for the purchase of goods and services and also in payment of debts. When a
bank grants a loan to its customer, it does not pay cash. It simply credits the account
of the borrower. He can withdraw the amount whenever he wants by a cheque. In
this case, bank has created a deposit without receiving cash. That is, banks are said
to have created credit. Sayers says “banks are not merely purveyors of money, but
also in an important sense, manufacturers of money.”
4. Promote the Use of Cheques: The commercial banks render an important service by
providing to their customers a cheap medium of exchange like cheques. It is found much
more convenient to settle debts through cheques rather than through the use of cash.
The cheque is the most developed type of credit instrument in the money market.