Thiết Kế Và Sử Dụng Các Hoạt Động Khám Phá Để Dạy Học Phần Sinh Thái Học Sinh Học 12 THPT

iii

0Ө&/Ө&
LӡLFDPÿRDQ...................................................................................................... i
LӡL cҧPѫQ ........................................................................................................ii
Mөc lөc.............................................................................................................iii
Danh mөc các chӳ viӃt tҳW................................................................................ vi
Danh mөc bҧng................................................................................................vii
Danh mөFFiFKuQKVѫÿӗ, biӇXÿӗ .................................................................vii
0ӢĈҪ8 .......................................................................................................... 1
/êGRFKӑQÿӅWjL....................................................................................... 1
0өFÿtFKQJKLrQFӭX................................................................................. 2
1KLӋPYөQJKLrQFӭX ................................................................................ 2
ĈӕLWѭӧQJYjNKiFKWKӇQJKLrQFӭX .......................................................... 2
3KҥPYLQJKLrQFӭX................................................................................... 2
3KѭѫQJSKiSQJKLrQFӭX........................................................................... 3
*LҧWKX\ӃWNKRDKӑF .................................................................................. 5
1KӳQJÿyQJJySPӟLFӫDOXұQYăQ ........................................................... 5
&ҩXWU~FFӫDOXұQYăQ................................................................................ 5
&+ѬѪ1*&Ѫ6Ӣ/é/8Ұ19¬7+Ӵ&7,ӈ1&Ӫ$Ĉӄ7¬, ............. 6
1.1. Cѫsӣlý luұn cӫDÿӅ tài.......................................................................... 6
/ӏFKVӱQJKLrQFӭXYҩQÿӅ .............................................................. 6
7UrQWKӃJLӟL ............................................................................. 6
7URQJQѭӟF............................................................................... 8
.KiLQLӋPKRҥWÿӝQJYjKRҥWÿӝQJNKiPSKiWURQJKӑFWұS .......... 9
+RҥWÿӝQJOjJu" ....................................................................... 9
1+RҥWÿӝQJNKiPSKiWURQJKӑFWұS ........................................ 10
ĈһFÿLӇPFӫDGҥ\KӑFEҵQJFiFKRҥWÿӝQJNKiPSKi .................. 11
ѬXQKѭӧFÿLӇPFӫD Gҥ\KӑFEҵQJFiFKRҥWÿӝQJNKiPSKi ....... 11
ѬXÿLӇP.................................................................................. 11
1KѭӧFÿLӇP............................................................................ 12

1KӳQJ\rXFҫXNKLWKLӃWNӃYjVӱGөQJFiFKRҥWÿӝQJNKiPSKi. 12
&iFGҥQJKRҥWÿӝQJYjFiFKuQKWKӭFWәFKӭFKRҥWÿӝQJNKiPSKi
................................................................................................................. 13


iv

1.2. CѫVӣthӵc tiӉn cӫDÿӅ tài..................................................................... 15
7KӵFWUҥQJGҥ\- KӑF6LQKKӑFFӫDJLiRYLrQYjKӑFVLQKӣPӝWVӕ
WUѭӡQJ7UXQJKӑFSKәWK{QJWURQJWӍQK7k\1LQK........................ 15
3KѭѫQJSKiSGҥ\KӑFFӫDJLiRYLrQ ..................................... 15
éNLӃQFӫDKӑFVLQKYӅSKѭѫQJSKiSGҥ\KӑFFӫDJLiRYLrQ. 16
1.2.2. ĈһFÿLӇPQӝLGXQJNLӃQWKӭFSKҫQ³6LQKWKiL´EұF7+37........... 17
.ӃWOXұQFKѭѫQJ ........................................................................................... 19
&+ѬѪ1* 2. 7+,ӂ7.ӂ9¬6Ӱ'Ө1*&È&+2Ҥ7ĈӜ1*.+È0
3+ÈĈӆ'Ҥ<+Ӑ&3+Ҫ16,1+7+È,+Ӑ&– 6,1++Ӑ&12 .......... 20
 ĈһF ÿLӇm cҩu trúc, nӝi dung phҫQVLQKWKiLKӑFE ұc trung hӑc
phә thông..................................................................................................... 20
2.1.1. &ҩX WU~F QӝL GXQJ FKѭѫQJ WUuQK 6LQK KӑF EұF 7UXQJ KӑF
SKәWK{QJ ...................................................................................... 20
2.1.2. &ҩXWU~FYjQӝLGXQJSKҫQ6LQKWKi
L OӟS  EұF 7UXQJ KӑF
SKәWK{QJ ...................................................................................... 21
2.1.3. 1KұQ[pWYӅFҩXWU~FQӝLGXQJFKXQJFӫDFiFEjLWURQJSKҫQ6LQK
WKiLOӟS7UXQJKӑFSKәWK{QJ .................................................. 25
2.1.4. ĈiQKJLiYӅFҩXWU~FQӝLGXQJYjWKjQKSKҫQNLӃQWKӭFSKҫQSinh
thái EұF7UXQJKӑFSKәWK{QJ ........................................................ 26
2.2. ThiӃt kӃ các hoҥWÿӝQJNKiPSKiÿӇ dҥy – hӑc phҫn sinh thái............ 28
4XLWUuQKWKLӃWNӃFiFKRҥWÿӝQJNKiPSKiWURQJGҥ\KӑF ............. 28
+ӋWKӕQJFiFKRҥWÿӝQJNKiPSKiÿӇGҥ\KӑFSKҫQ6LQKWKiL: .... 29

'ҥQJKRҥWÿӝQJWUҧOӡLFkXKӓL............................................... 29
'ҥQJKRҥWÿӝQJGҥQJÿLӅQWӯÿLӅQEҧQJÿLӅQVѫÿӗFkP....... 32
'ҥQJKRҥWÿӝQJSKkQWtFKEҧQJELӇXVѫÿӗÿӗWKӏ................ 39
2.2.2.4. 'ҥQJKRҥWÿӝQJWUDQKOXұQYӅPӝWYҩQÿӅ............................... 43
'ҥQJKRҥWÿӝQJ[ӱOtWuQKKXӕQJ ........................................... 46
2.3. Quy trình sӱ dөng hoҥWÿӝQJNKiPSKiÿӇ dҥy – hӑc phҫn sinh thái bұc
trung hӑc phә thông .................................................................................... 51
2.3.1. Quy trình chung............................................................................. 51
2.3.2. 6ӱ GөQJ KRҥW ÿӝQJ NKiP SKi ÿӇ Gҥ\ - KӑF SKҫQ 6LQK WKiL
EұF7+37 ...................................................................................... 52


v

+RҥWÿӝQJGҥQJWUҧOӡLFkXKӓL............................................... 52
2.3.2.2. +RҥWÿӝQJGҥQJÿLӅQWӯÿLӅQEҧQJÿLӅQVѫÿӗFkP .............. 54
2.3.2.3. +RҥWÿӝQJGҥQJSKkQWtFKELӇXEҧQJVѫÿӗÿӗWKӏ ............... 56
2.3.2.4. +RҥWÿӝQJGҥQJWUDQKOXұQYӅPӝWYҩQÿӅ............................... 57
2.3.2.5. +RҥWÿӝQJGҥQJ[ӱOtWuQKKXӕQJ ........................................... 58
.ӃWOXұQFKѭѫQJ ........................................................................................... 59
&+ѬѪ1*7+Ӵ&1*+,ӊ06Ѭ3+Ҥ0................................................ 60
3.1. MөFÿtFKWKӵc nghiӋm ......................................................................... 60
3.2. Nӝi dung thӵc nghiӋm.......................................................................... 60
3.3. PKѭѫQJSKiSWKӵc nghiӋm ................................................................... 60
&KӑQWUѭӡQJWKӵFQJKLӋP ............................................................. 60
&iFEѭӟFWKӵFQJKLӋP .................................................................. 60
7KӵFQJKLӋPWKăPGz ............................................................ 60
7KӵFQJKLӋPFKtQKWKӭF ........................................................ 60
.LӇPWUD......................................................................................... 61
;ӱOêVӕOLӋX .................................................................................. 63

3.4. KӃt quҧ thӵc nghiӋm ............................................................................ 63
.ӃWTXҧWKӵFQJKLӋPWҥLWUѭӡQJ7+37/r4XtĈ{Q ..................... 63
.ӃWTXҧWKӵFQJKLӋPWҥLWUѭӡQJ7+371JX\ӉQ+XӋ.................... 65
3.5. NhұQ[pWÿiQKJLiKLӋu quҧ cӫa viӋc sӱ dөng hoҥWÿӝQJNKiPSKiÿӇ
dҥy hӑc phҫn sinh thái sinh hӑc 12 trung hӑc phә thông............................ 67
3KkQWtFKÿӏQKOѭӧQJ ..................................................................... 67
9ӅPһWÿӏQKWtQK............................................................................ 68
.ӃWOXұQFKѭѫQJ ........................................................................................... 70
.ӂ7/8Ұ19¬.+8<ӂ11*+ӎ............................................................... 71
1. KӃt luұn ................................................................................................... 71
2. KhuyӃn nghӏ ............................................................................................ 72
7¬,/,ӊ87+$0.+Ҧ2 ............................................................................ 73
3+Ө/Ө&


vi

'$1+0Ө&&È&&+Ӳ9,ӂ77Ҳ7
-------H
HuI------9LӃWWҳW

ĈӑFOj

Ĉ&

ĈӕLFKӭQJ

TN

7KӵFQJKLӋP

GV

Giáo viên

HS

+ӑFVLQK

HSTT

+ӑFVLQKWUXQJWkP

STH

6LQKWKiLKӑF

SVSX

6LQKYұWVҧQ[XҩW

SVTT

6LQKYұWWLrXWKө

KT

.LӇPWUD

PPDH

3KѭѫQJSKiSGҥ\KӑF

DHKP

'ҥ\KӑFNKiPSKi

+Ĉ.3

+RҥWÿӝQJNKiPSKi

CH

&kXKӓL

BT

%jLWұS

PHT

3KLӃXKӑFWұS

TLCH

7UҧOӡLFkXKӓL

SGK

Sách giáo khoa

SGV

Sách giáo viên

STT

6ӕWKӭWӵ

THPT

7UXQJKӑFSKәWK{QJ

TB

Trung bình

TW

7UXQJѬѫQJ

VD

9tGө


vii

'$1+0Ө&%Ҧ1*
Trang

%ҧQJ .ӃWTXҧÿLӅXWUDYӅSKѭѫQJSKiSGҥ\KӑFFӫDJLiRYLrQ.......................15
BҧQJ .ӃWTXҧÿLӅXWUDWKӵFWUҥQJWKLӃWNӃYjVӱGөQJKRҥWÿӝQJNKiPSKi
WURQJGҥ\KӑF6LQKKӑF ..........................................................................16
%ҧQJ .ӃW TXҧ ÿLӅX WUD ê NLӃQ FӫD JLiR YLrQ YӅ Vӵ FҫQ WKLӃW FӫD YLӋF
WKLӃWNӃKRҥWÿӝQJNKiPSKiÿӇWәFKӭFKӑFVLQKKӑFWұS.....................16
%ҧQJ .ӃWTXҧÿLӅXWUD êNLӃQFӫD KӑFVLQK YӅSKѭѫQJSKiSGҥ\ KӑFFӫD
JLiRYLrQ6LQKKӑF .................................................................................17
%ҧQJ &iFKRҥWÿӝQJNKiPSKiNLӃQWKӭFSKҫQ6LQKWKiLFyWURQJ6*.
6LQKKӑFFѫEҧQ ................................................................................18
%ҧQJ &ҩXWU~FFKѭѫQJWUuQK6LQKKӑF7+37..................................................20
%ҧQJ &ҩXWU~FYjQӝLGXQJSKҫQ6LQKWKiLOӟSEұF7+37 ........................21
%ҧQJ 4XLWUuQKWKLӃWNӃFiF+Ĉ.3 .................................................................28
%ҧQJ %ҧQJVRViQKKDLJLiWUӏNtFKWKѭӟFWӕLWKLӇXYjNtFKWKѭӟFWӕLÿDFӫD
TXҫQWKӇVLQKYұW ....................................................................................33
%ҧQJ %ҧQJVRViQKELӃQÿӝQJWKHRFKX NuYjELӃQÿӝQJNK{QJWKHRFKXNu ..35
%ҧQJ &iFNLӇXKӋVLQKWKiLFKӫ\ӃXWUrQ7UiLĈҩW ..........................................37
%ҧQJ %ҧQJSKkQELӋWFiFORҥLWKiSVLQKWKiL...................................................38
%ҧQJ 6ӕOLӋX YӅWuQKWUҥQJÿiQKEҳWWKHRQKyPWXәLFӫDTXҫQWKӇ Fiӣ
PӭFÿӝÿiQKEҳWNKiFQKDX ...................................................................39
%ҧQJ &iFPӕLTXDQKӋÿӕLNKiQJJLӳDFiFORjLWURQJTXҫQ[m.......................44
%ҧQJ %ҧQJSKkQELӋWWăQJWUѭӣQJWKHRWLӅPQăQJVLQKKӑFYӟLWăQJWUѭӣQJ
WKӵFWӃ ....................................................................................................48
%ҧQJ%ҧQJVRViQKELӃQÿӝQJWKHRFKXNuYjELӃQÿӝQJNK{QJWKHRFKXNu ..54
%ҧQJ%ҧQJVRViQKELӃQÿӝQJWKHRFKXNuYjELӃQÿӝQJNK{QJWKHRFKXNu ..55
%ҧQJ &iFNLӇXKӋVLQKWKiLFKӫ\ӃXWUrQ7UiLĈҩW ..........................................61
%ҧQJ %ҧQJSKkQSKӕLWҫQVXҩWÿLӇPFiFOҫQNLӇPWUD.....................................63
%ҧQJ %ҧQJWҫQVXҩWKӝLWөÿLӇPNLӇPWUDӣWUѭӡQJ7+37/r4XtĈ{Q..........64
%ҧQJ %ҧQJWәQJKӧSFiFWKDPVӕÿһFWUѭQJ ...................................................65
%ҧQJ %ҧQJSKkQSKӕLWҫQVXҩWÿLӇPFiFOҫQNLӇPWUD.....................................65
%ҧQJ %ҧQJWҫQVXҩWKӝLWөÿLӇPNLӇPWUDӣWUѭӡQJ7+371JX\ӉQ+XӋ ........66

%ҧQJ %ҧQJWәQJKӧSFiFWKDPVӕÿһFWUѭQJ ...................................................67


viii

'$1+0Ө&&È&+Î1+6ѪĈӖ%,ӆ8ĈӖ
Hình 2.1.
Hình 2.2.
Hình 2.3.
Hình 2.4.
Hình 2.5.
Hình 2.6.
Hình 2.7.
Hình 2.8.
Hình 2.9.
Hình 2.10.
Hình 2.11.
Hình 2.12.
Hình 2. 13.
Hình 2.14.
Hình 2.15.
Hình 2.16.

Trang
0ұWÿӝ FiWKӇFӫDPӝWVӕTXҫQWKӇVLQKYұW...........................................29
0ӝWVӕORjLVLQKYұWWURQJPӝWTXҫQ[mUӯQJ ........................................30
7KiSVLQKWKiLWKiSVӕOѭӧQJD
WKiSVLQKNKӕLE
WKiSQăQJOѭӧQJF
....31

3KLP&KXWUuQK1LWѫ .............................................................................31
3KLP9zQJWXҫQKRjQFӫDQѭӟF ...........................................................32
6ѫÿӗP{WҧKDLJLiWUӏNtFKWKѭӟFWӕLWKLӇXYjNtFKWKѭӟFWӕLÿDFӫD
TXҫQWKӇVLQKYұW ....................................................................................33
A - 0qRUӯQJ VăQEҳWWKӓ%- ĈӗWKӏELӃQÿӝQJVӕOѭӧQJWKӓYjPqR
UӯQJ&DQDÿDWKHRFKXNu- QăP.....................................................34
ĈӗWKӏELӃQÿӝQJVӕOѭӧQJFKyVyLYjQDLVӯQJWҩP%ҳF0ӻWKHRFKX
NuQăP ................................................................................................34
ĈӗWKӏELӃQÿӝQJVӕOѭӧQJFiWKӇWKӓNK{QJWKHRFKXNuӣÐ[WUk\OLD ..35
ĈӗWKӏELӃQÿӝQJVӕOѭӧQJNK{QJWKHRFKXNuFӫD TXҫQWKӇGLӋW[iP
ӣ$QK .....................................................................................................35
6ѫÿӗPӕLTXDQKӋJLӳDFiFWKjQKSKҫQFKӫ\ӃXFӫDPӝWKӋVLQKWKiL 36
6ѫÿӗFiFWKjQKSKҫQFҩXWU~FFKӫ\ӃXFӫDKӋVLQKWKiL .......................36
&iFNLӇXKӋVLQKWKiLWUrQ7UiLĈҩW........................................................37
7KiSVLQKWKiLWKiSVӕOѭӧQJD
WKiSVLQKNKӕLE
WKiSQăQJOѭӧQJF
....38
ĈӗWKӏWăQJWUѭӣQJGkQVӕWKӃJLӟL.........................................................40
6ѫÿӗNKiLQLӋPYӅKӋVLQKWKiL.............................................................41

Hình 2.17. 6ѫÿӗWәQJTXiWYӅFKXWUuQKWUDRÿәLYұWFKҩWWURQJWӵQKLrQ ...............41
Hình 2.18. .KXVLQKKӑFEL{P
WUrQFҥQSKkQEӕWKHRYƭÿӝYjPӭFÿӝNK{KҥQ
FӫDFiFYQJWUrQ7UiLĈҩW.....................................................................42
Hình 2.19. ĈѭӡQJFRQJWăQJWUѭӣQJFӫDTXҫQWKӇVLQKYұW.....................................47
Hình 2.20. 6ѫÿӗFѫFKӃÿLӅXFKӍQKVӕOѭӧQJFiWKӇFӫDTXҫQWKӇ..........................49
Hình 2.21. Chu trình Cacbon...................................................................................49
Hình 2.22. &KXWUuQKQLWѫ.........................................................................................50
Hình 2.23. 6ѫÿӗTX\WUuQKVӱGөQJ+Ĉ.3.............................................................51

Hình 2.24. 6ѫÿӗNKiLQLӋPYӅKӋVLQKWKiL.............................................................56
Hình 2.25. 6ѫÿӗFѫFKӃÿLӅXFKӍQKVӕOѭӧQJFiWKӇFӫDTXҫQWKӇ..........................58
Hình 2.26. 6ѫÿӗFѫFKӃÿLӅXFKӍQKVӕOѭӧQJFiWKӇFӫDTXҫQWKӇ..........................59


ix

Hình 3.1.
Hình 3.2.
Hình 3.3.
Hình 3.4.
Hình 3.5.
Hình 3.6.
Hình 3.7.

+ӗ'ҫX7LӃQJ(Tây Ninh)......................................................................62
6ѫÿӗKuQKWKiSQăQJOѭӧQJFӫDPӝWFKXӛLWKӭFăQ ..............................62
6ѫÿӗPLQKKӑDGzQJQăQJOѭӧQJWURQJPӝWKӋVLQKWKiLÿӗQJFӓ .......63
ĈӗWKӏWҫQVXҩWÿLӇPFiFOҫQNLӇPWUDWURQJWKӵFQJKLӋP......................64
ĈӗWKӏWҫQVXҩWKӝLWөWLӃQFӫDFiFOҫQNLӇPWUD- 7UѭӡQJ7+37/r
4XtĈ{Q .................................................................................................64
ĈӗWKӏWҫQVXҩWÿLӇPFiFOҫQNLӇPWUDWURQJWKӵFQJKLӋP......................66
Ĉӗ WKӏ WҫQ VXҩW KӝL Wө WLӃQ FӫD FiF OҫQ NLӇP WUD - 7UѭӡQJ 7+37
1JX\ӉQ+XӋ...........................................................................................66


1

0ӢĈҪ8
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0өFWLrXÿjRWҥRFӫDEұFKӑFSKәWK{QJWURQJJLDLÿRҥQKLӋQQD\OjÿjRWҥRUD
QKӳQJFRQQJѭӡLQăQJÿӝQJViQJWҥRJySSKҫQWtFKFӵFYjRVӵSKiWWULӇQFӫDFӝQJ
ÿӗQJ FKӫ ÿӝQJ SKiW KLӋQ Yj JLҧL TX\ӃW NӏS WKӡL QKӳQJ YҩQ ÿӅ Qҧ\ VLQK WURQJ ÿӡL
VӕQJ Yj VҧQ [XҩW [33] ĈӇ WKӵF KLӋQ ÿѭӧF PөF WLrX Qj\ WURQJ TXi WUuQK Gҥ\ KӑF
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WK~QLӅPVD\PrKӑFWұSYjNKѫLGұ\WLӅPQăQJKӑFFӫDKӑFVLQKEҵQJFiFKWәFKӭF
EjLKӑFWUrQFѫVӣPӝWFKXӛLKRҥWÿӝQJSKKӧSYӟLQăQJOӵFFӫDWӯQJORҥLKӑFVLQK
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ÿLӇP ÿDQJ ÿѭӧF QJKLrQ FӭX Yj iS GөQJ WURQJ Gҥ\ KӑF ӣ WUѭӡQJ WUXQJ KӑF SKә
thông.
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