FOCUS ON EARTH SCIENCE (1)

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Focus On Earth Science
Yosemite National Park contains lakes,
ponds, granite domes, valleys, and polished
granites. These features are evidence of the
processes that formed the Sierra Nevada.

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Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under
the United States Copyright Act, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any
form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without prior written permission
of the publisher.
The National Geographic features were designed and developed by National Geographic’s Children’s
Books and Education Division. Copyright © National Geographic. The name “National Geographic”
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written permission, is strictly prohibited.

Send all inquiries to:
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
8787 Orion Place
Columbus, OH 43240-4027
ISBN-13: 978-0-07-879428-5

ISBN-10: 0-07-879428-5
Printed in the United States of America.
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 079/043 11 10 09 08 07


Introduction to Investigation and
Experimentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

7.a, 7.b, 7.c, 7.d, 7.e, 7.f, 7.g, 7.h

Unit 1
Earth’s Structure and Plate Tectonics . . . . .42
Chapter 1 Mapping Earth’s Surface . . . . . . . . . . 44

7.b, 7.c, 7.f, 7.h

Chapter 2 Earth’s Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

1.b, 1.e, 1.f, 2.a, 2.c, 4.c,
6.b, 6.c, 7.c, 7.e, 7.f, 7.g

Chapter 3 Thermal Energy and Heat . . . . . . . . 120

3.a, 3.b, 3.c, 3.d, 7.a, 7.c

Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

1.a, 1.b, 1.c, 4.c, 7.a, 7.e, 7.g

Chapter 5 Plate Boundaries and California . . 206

1.c, 1.d, 1.e, 1.f, 7.a, 7.b, 7.e, 7.g

Unit 2
Shaping Earth’s Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .240
Chapter 6 Earthquakes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242

1.d, 1.e, 1.g, 2.d, 7.a, 7.b,
7.d, 7.e, 7.g

Chapter 7 Volcanoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290

1.d, 1.e, 1.f, 2.d, 7.a, 7.b,
7.d, 7.g, 7.h

Chapter 8 Weathering and Erosion. . . . . . . . . . 330

1.f, 2.a, 2.b, 2.c, 2.d, 7.d, 7.e, 7.g

Unit 3
Energy in the Earth System . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
Chapter 9 Earth’s Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378

3.c, 3.d, 4.a, 4.b, 4.d, 4.e, 7.c

Chapter 10 Oceans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420

1.e, 2.c, 4.a, 4.d, 7.c, 7.f

Chapter 11 Weather and Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . 464

2.d, 4.a, 4.d, 4.e

Unit 4
Ecology and Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .510
Chapter 12 Ecological Roles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512

4.a, 5.c, 5.d, 5.e, 7.a, 7.b, 7.c, 7.d

Chapter 13 Energy and Matter in Ecosystems . 548

5.a, 5.b, 5.c, 7.a, 7.b, 7.d, 7.e, 7.g

Chapter 14 Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584

6.a, 6.b, 6.c, 7.a, 7.b, 7.c, 7.d, 7.e

iii


The California Science Teacher Advisory Board provided valuable input in the
development of the 2007 edition of Focus On Earth Science. They helped create
the scope and sequence of the Student Edition, provided content and pedagogical
comments, and provided feedback for the Teacher Wraparound Edition.

iv

Charles Beecroft
8th Grade Science
Teacher

Columbia School District
Redding, CA

Douglas Fisher
Director of Professional
Development
City Heights Educational
Collaborative
San Diego, CA

Patricia Juárez
Coordinator III
Sacramento City Unified
School District
Sacramento, CA

Tom Castro
Science Teacher
Martinez JHS/
Martinez USD
Martinez, CA

Mindi Fisher
Leadership Team
Administrator
Peninsula Union School
District
Samoa, CA

Kathy Molnar

Professional
Development Mentor
Etiwanda School District
Etiwanda, CA

Lisa L. Cordes
Science Department
Chair
Rivera Middle School/
El Rancho USD
Pico Rivera, CA

Frederick W. Freking
Faculty Advisor
University of California,
Los Angeles
Los Angeles, CA

Carol Orton
Teacher
Bernardo Heights
Middle School
San Diego, CA

Justin Cunningham
EdD
Coordinator, Small
School District Services
San Diego, County Office
of Education

San Diego, CA

Nancy Frey
Associate Professor of
Literacy
San Diego State
University
San Diego, CA

Joycalyn Peoples
Science Specialist
Riverside Unified School
District
Riverside, CA

Richard Filson
Science Department
Chair
Edison High School,
Stockton Unified
School District
Stockton, CA

Maria C. Grant
Teacher
Hoover High School/
San Diego City School
and San Diego State
University
San Diego, CA

Wendi L. Rodriguez
Teacher
Heritage/Snowline JUSD
Phelan, CA

Bruce Fisher
Distinguished Teacher
in Residence
Humboldt State
University
Arcata, CA

Patrick Horton
Science Teacher
Day Creek Intermediate
School
Etiwanda, CA

Gladys Sorensen
Science Department
Chair
Patrick Henry Middle
School
Grenada Hills, CA

Patty Horton
Professional
Development Provider
Etiwanda School District

Etiwanda, CA

Granger B. Ward
California State Director
AVID Center
San Diego, CA


Authors
Juli Berwald, PhD
Science Writer
Austin, TX
Sergio A. Guazzotti,
PhD
Teaching Faculty
Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry
UC, San Diego
La Jolla, CA
Douglas Fisher, PhD
Director of Professional
Development and Professor, City Heights
Educational Collaborative, San Diego State
University
San Diego, CA

Science

nline Learn more about the authors at ca6.msscience.com.

Joseph J. Kerski, PhD
Geographer
University of Denver
Denver, CO

Julie Meyer Sheets,
PhD
Science Writer
Columbus, OH

Elizabeth A. NagyShadman, PhD
Assistant Professor
Department of Geological
Sciences
California State University, Northridge
Northridge, CA

Nancy Trautmann,
PhD
Director of Environmental Inquiry Program
Cornell University
Ithaca, NY

Donna L. Ross, PhD
Associate Professor of
Science Education
San Diego State University
San Diego, CA

Dinah Zike

Educational Consultant
Dinah-Might Activities,
Inc.
San Antonio, TX

National Geographic
Education Division
Washington, D.C.

Jan Vermilye, PhD
Assistant Professor
Whittier College
Whittier, CA

Series Consultants
Content consultants reviewed the chapters in their area of expertise and
provided suggestions for improving the effectiveness of the science instruction.
Science
Consultants
Richard Allen, PhD
University of California,
Berkeley
Berkeley, CA
Karamjeet Arya, PhD
San Jose State University
San Jose, CA
Teaster Baird, PhD
San Francisco State
University
San Francisco, CA

Natalie Batalha, PhD
San Jose State University
San Jose, CA
Robin Bennett
University of Washington
Seattle, WA

William B. N. Berry,
PhD
University of California,
Berkeley
Berkeley, CA

Alan Gishlick
National Center for
Science Education
Oakland, CA

Diane Clayton, PhD
NASA
Santa Barbara, CA

Juno Hsu, PhD
University of California,
Irvine
Irvine, CA

Susan Crawford, PhD
California State University
Sacramento, CA

Martha Jagucki
Geologist
Columbus, OH

Jennifer Anne Dever,
Lee Kats, PhD
Pepperdine University
PhD
University of San Francisco Malibu, CA
San Francisco, CA
Christopher Kim, PhD
Alejandro Garcia, PhD Chapman University
San Jose State University
Orange, CA
San Jose, CA

Monika Kress, PhD
San Jose State University
San Jose, CA
Steve Lund, PhD
University of Southern
California
Los Angeles, CA
Michael Manga, PhD
University of California,
Berkeley
Berkeley, CA
Kate Schafer
Aquamarine Research

Mountain View, CA
Julio G. Soto, PhD
San Jose State University
San Jose, CA

v


Dr. Edward Walton
California Polytechnical
Institute
Pomona, CA
VivianLee Ward
National Health Museum
Washington, DC

Math
Consultant

Reading
Consultant

Safety
Consultant

Grant Fraser, PhD
California State
University
Los Angeles, CA

ReLeah Cossett Lent
Author/Educational
Consultant
Alford, FL

Jeff Vogt, MEd
Federal Hocking Middle
School
Stewart, OH

Series Teacher Reviewers
Each Teacher Reviewer reviewed at least two chapters, providing feedback and
suggestions for improving the effectiveness of the science instruction.
Joel Austin
Roosevelt Middle School
San Francisco, CA

Bret Harrison
Frank Ledesma Elementary
Soledad, CA

Lori Poublon-Ramirez
Herman Intermediate School
San Jose, CA

Nicole Belong
Coronado Middle School
Coronado, CA

Rick Hoffman

Kastner Intermediate School
Fresno, CA

Martha Romero
E. O. Green Junior High School
Oxnard, CA

Patrick Brickey
Lakeview Junior High School
Santa Maria, CA

Kimberly Klein
Barstow Intermediate School
Barstow, CA

Arlene Sackman
Earlimart Middle School
Earlimart, CA

Mary Pilles Bryant
Henry J. Kaiser High School
Fontana, CA

David Kulka
South Peninsula Hebrew Day
School
Sunnyvale, CA

Rex Scates
Herman Intermediate School

San Jose, CA

Edward Case
Washington Academic Middle
School
Sanger, CA

Robert Sherriff
Winston Churchill Middle School
Carmichael, CA

Monaliza Chian
E. O. Green Junior High School
Oxnard, CA

Kathleen Magnani
Center Junior High School
Antelope, CA

Maria Mendez Simpson
School Programs Coordinator/
Birch Aquarium
La Jolla, CA

Valesca Lopez Dwyer
Park View Middle School
Yucaipa, CA

Tara McGuigan
Monroe Clark Middle School

San Diego, CA

Lorre Stange
Laytonville Elementary School
Laytonville, CA

Kathryn Froman
North Davis Elementary School
Davis, CA

Shelia Patterson
K–12 Alliance-California
Oceano, CA

Louann Talbert
Laytonville Middle School
Laytonville, CA

Brian Gary
Margaret Landell Elementary
Cypress, CA

Sharon Pendola
St. Albans Country Day School
Roseville, CA

Gina Marie Turcketta
St. Joan of Arc School
Los Angeles, CA

Jeanette George-Becker
Roosevelt Elementary School
San Gabriel, CA

vi

Christina Lambie
Highland Elementary School
Richmond, CA