FOCUS ON EARTH SCIENCE (2)

7.a, 7.b, 7.c, 7.d, 7.e, 7.f, 7.g, 7.h

What is science? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

7.d, 7.e

Tools of the Earth Scientist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

7.a, 7.b, 7.c, 7.d, 7.e, 7.f, 7.h

Case Study: The Next Big Tsunami . . . . . . . . .34

7.a, 7.b, 7.d, 7.e, 7.g, 7.h

Contents

Introduction to Investigation
and Experimentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Unit 1 Earth’s Structure and Plate Tectonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
Chapter 1

California Standards

Mapping Earth’s Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Lesson 1 Reading Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

7.f

Lesson 2 Topographic and Geologic Maps . . . . . . . . 54

7.b, 7.c, 7.f, 7.h

Standards Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72–73

Chapter 2
Earth’s Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
Lesson 1 Landforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

1.e, 1.f, 2.a, 7.c

Lesson 2 Minerals and Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

2.c, 6.b, 6.c,
7.e
1.b, 4.c, 7.e,
7.f, 7.g

Lesson 3 Earth’s Interior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Standards Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118–119

Chapter 3
Thermal Energy and Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Lesson 1 Forms of Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

3.a

Lesson 2 Energy Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

3.a, 3.b

Lesson 3 Temperature, Thermal Energy,
and Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

3.a, 7.c

Lesson 4 Conduction, Convection, and
Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

3.c, 3.d, 7.a

Standards Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160–161
A view of Earth
from space
vii
NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center


Chapter 4

California Standards

Plate Tectonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Lesson 1 Continental Drift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

1.a, 7.e

Lesson 2 Seafloor Spreading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

1.a, 7.g

Lesson 3 Theory of Plate Tectonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

1.b, 1.c, 4.c, 7.a, 7.e

Standards Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204–205

Chapter 5
Plate Boundaries and California . . . . . . . . . 206
Lesson 1 Interactions at Plate Boundaries . . . . . . . . 210

1.c, 1.d, 1.e, 7.g

Lesson 2 California Geology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

1.e, 1.f, 7.a, 7.b, 7.e

Standards Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236–237

Read on Your Own . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Unit Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239

Satellite image colored to
show temperatures of land
and water

viii
NASA/SPL/Photo Researchers


Unit 2 Shaping Earth’s Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240

Chapter 6

California Standards

Earthquakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Lesson 1 Earthquakes and Plate Boundaries . . . . . . 246

1.d, 1.e, 1.g

Lesson 2 Earthquakes and Seismic Waves . . . . . . . . 252

1.g, 7.e

Lesson 3 Measuring Earthquakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260

1.g, 7.b, 7.g

Lesson 4 Earthquake Hazards and Safety . . . . . . . . . 270

1.g, 2.d, 7.a, 7.b, 7.d

Standards Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288–289

Chapter 7
Volcanoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Lesson 1 Volcanoes and Plate Boundaries . . . . . . . . 294

1.d, 1.e, 7.b

Lesson 2 Volcanic Eruptions and Features . . . . . . . . 301

1.d, 1.f, 7.g, 7.h

Lesson 3 Hazards of Volcanic Eruptions . . . . . . . . . 313

2.d, 7.a, 7.b, 7.d

Standards Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328–329

Chapter 8
Weathering and Erosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
Lesson 1 Weathering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334

2.a, 7.e

Lesson 2 Erosion and Deposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342

2.a, 2.b, 2.c, 2.d, 7.g

Lesson 3 Reshaping the California Landscape . . . . . 355

1.f, 2.a, 2.b, 2.c, 7.d

Standards Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372–373

Read on Your Own . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
Unit Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375

Lassen Peak is
an active volcano

Jim Corwin/Index Stock


Unit 3 Energy in the Earth System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .376
Chapter 9

California Standards

Earth’s Atmosphere. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
Lesson 1 Energy from the Sun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382

4.a, 4.b

Lesson 2 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere . . . . . 393

3.c, 3.d, 4.d

Lesson 3 Air Currents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401

3.d, 4.a, 4.b, 4.d, 4.e, 7.c

Standards Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418–419

Chapter 10
Oceans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
Lesson 1 Earth’s Oceans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424

7.c, 7.f

Lesson 2 Ocean Currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430

4.a, 4.d

Lesson 3 The Ocean Shore. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438

2.c

Lesson 4 Living on the California Coast . . . . . . . . . 446

1.e, 4.d, 7.c, 7.f

Standards Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462–463

Chapter 11
Weather and Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
Lesson 1 Weather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468

4.a, 4.e

Lesson 2 Weather Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475

2.d, 4.e

Lesson 3 Climate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483

4.d, 4.e

Lesson 4 California Climate and Local
Weather Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490

4.d, 4.e, 7.d, 7.h

Standards Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506–507

Read on Your Own . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508
Unit Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509

x
Jeff Greenberg/Omni-Photo Communications

Wind energy farm
Palm Springs,
California


FogStock LLC/Index Stock Imagery

Unit 4 Ecology and Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .510
Chapter 12

California Standards

Ecological Roles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .512
Lesson 1 Abiotic and Biotic Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516

4.a, 5.e, 7.c

Lesson 2 Organisms and Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . 532

5.c, 5.d, 5.e, 7.a, 7.b, 7.d

Standards Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546–547

Chapter 13
Energy and Matter in Ecosystems . . . . . . . . 548
Lesson 1 Producers and Consumers . . . . . . . . . . . . 552

5.a, 5.c, 7.a, 7.g

Lesson 2 Energy in Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560

5.a, 5.b, 5.c, 7.b, 7.d, 7.e

Lesson 3 Matter in Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568

5.a, 5.b, 5.c, 7.a, 7.b, 7.d, 7.g

Standards Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582–583

Chapter 14
Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584
Lesson 1 Natural Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588

6.b, 6.c, 7.c

Lesson 2 Energy Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595

6.a, 6.b, 7.b, 7.e

Lesson 3 Using Energy Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607

6.a, 6.b, 6.c, 7.a, 7.d, 7.e

Standards Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624–625

Read on Your Own . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626
Unit Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627
At-Home Standards Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . 628

Black-tailed prairie dogs
xi


Student Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 646

Math Skill Handbook
Math Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .655
Science Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .665

Topographic Map Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . .673
Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .674
Minerals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .675
Weather Map Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .677
Periodic Table of the Elements . . . . . . . . . . .678

Reference Handbook
Using a Calculator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .670
Understanding Scientific Terms . . . . . . . . . .671

English/Spanish Glossary . . . . . . . . .680
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .694
Credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .708

Science Safety Skill Handbook . . . .648
Technology Skill Handbook . . . . . . . 651

Laguna Beach, California
xii
CORBIS


To view BrainPOP Movies go to ca6.msscience.com. The features listed here
correlate to their respective chapter’s science content.

Brain POP Movies
Title

Chapter-Lesson

Mineral Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
Forms of Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
Glaciers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
Mountain Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1
Weathering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1
Water Cycle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1
Global Warming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2
Ocean Floor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1
Ocean Currents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-2

Clouds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1
Humidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-2
Air Pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1

xiii


The features listed here correlate to their respective chapter’s science content.
Chapter/
Page

Science &
Career

Science &
Technology

Science &
History

Science &
Society

You can map Earth’s
surface.

Finding Your Exact
Location

The Importance of

Mapping in Early
America

GIS as a Tool to
Understanding Earth
Changes

112–113

Studying the Earth’s
Magnetic Field

Ways of Measuring the
Earth’s Magnetic Field

The History of
Geomagnetism

How the Changing
Magnetic Field Affects
Us

3

Heating and Cooling

Hybrid Cars

From the Caloric Theory
to Kinetic Theory

Steam Engines in the
Industrial Revolution

Paleontologists
Validate Wegener in
Dinosaur Cove

Defining Plate
Boundaries

Behind a Revolutionary
Theory

Hole 504B

Studying Earth’s Plate
Boundaries

Finding Faults

Earthquake of 1906

Preparing for the Next
Tsunami

Designing Safer
Structures

Measuring Major

Earthquakes

The Great Earthquake
of 1906

Preparing for the Next
Tsunami

Predicing Volcanic
Eruptions

From Blast to Blast

“The Year Without a
Summer”

Making the Most of
Volcanoes

You can build dams!

Preventing Beach
Erosion

Fossils at Lyme Regis

Acid Rain

Managing Atmospheric
Expeditions

Wind Machines

Sailing in the Jet
Stream

The Santa Ana Winds

Shipboard Instructor

OTEC

Marie Tharp

Overfishing the Oceans

Mediterranean Climate

Super Scooper

Chaparral

Fire’s Role

You can help save
wildlife!

Tracking Animals

Prairie Dogs—Friend

or Foe?

Recovering Threatened
Species

You could be an
oceanographer!

Tracing Mercury

California’s First
Oceanographers

The California Sea
Otter

You could dig up coal,
gold, or gravel!

Burning ice as fuel?

Burning Biomass for
Fuel

Using Geothermal
Energy

1
66–67

2

154–155

4
198–199

5
230–231

6
282–283

7
322–323

8
366–367

9
412–413

10
456–457

11
500–501

12
540–541

13
576–577

14
618–619

xiv


Labs

California Standards

Chapter 3
Chapter 6
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11

Create a Thermos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152–153
Preparing for an Earthquake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280–281
Stream Sediment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364–365
Experiment: Water and Sand Temperatures . . . . .410–411
Mapping the Ocean Floor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454–455
How diverse is the natural landscape
of California? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498–499
Chapter 12 Counting Species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538–539

3.c, 7.a
1.g, 2.d, 7.a, 7.d
7.b
3.b, 4.b, 7.c
7.f
4.e, 7.d
5.c, 5.e, 7.a

Design Your Own Labs
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 13
Chapter 14

Mapping a Race Route . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64–65
Earth’s Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110–111
Is it primary, secondary, or tertiary? . . . . . . . . . . . .574–575
Become an Energy Expert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .616–617

7.b, 7.f
1.b, 7.e, 7.f
5.a, 5.b, 5.c, 7.a, 7.b, 7.d
6.a, 7.a, 7.d

Use the Internet Labs
Chapter 4 Inferring Tectonic Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196–197
Chapter 5 Earthquake Depths and Plate Boundaries. . . . . . . 228–229
Chapter 7 The Ring of Fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .320–321

1.c, 7.a, 7.e

1.e, 7.a, 7.b, 7.e
1.d, 1.e, 7.a, 7.d

California Standards

Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7

How might you map your neighborhood? . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
How can you model landscapes? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
How cold is it? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Can you put it back together? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
How do objects deform?
Rocks Stretch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
How did these rocks form? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

7.f
1.a, 7.e
3.a
1.a, 7.e
1.d, 7.e
1.d, 7.e
1.d, 7.e

xv


(continued)
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14

Set in Stone? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Does temperature affect air density? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
Will hot water sink? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
How does water move in the atmosphere? . . . . . . . . . . 465
How tangled is the life web? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513
Can you eat energy? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549
Where did that come from? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585

California Standards

2.a, 7.a
4.d
4.d
4.a
5.c, 7.h
5.a, 7.g
6.c

California Standards

Chapter 1 Can you map a classroom? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Chapter 2 How can you describe what you cannot see? . . . . . . . . . 103
Chapter 3 How deep is the crater? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Heating by Friction
Is metal a good conductor?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Observing a Convection Current. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Chapter 4 Drifting Continents! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
How can you observe convection in water?
. . 194
. . . 214
Chapter 5 How can you model movement of a fault?
Chapter 6 Modeling Earthquakes and Plate Boundaries . . . . . . . . 250

7.f

Modeling P- and S-Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Chapter 7 How do volcanoes form? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300

1.g, 7.e

. . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
How does lava affect habitats?
Will it slump, or will it creep? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
Why is the sky blue?
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
How do clouds form from convection currents? . . . . . . 395
Different Densities?

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
Isn’t all sand the same? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
How do you interpret a satellite image?
. . . . . 477
How does latitude affect the angle of
sunlight?
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
How do Santa Ana winds move? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497

2.d, 7.b

Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11

xvi

7.e, 7.g
3.a
3.b
3.c
3.c
1.a, 7.e
4.c, 7.e
1.d, 7.g
1.e, 7.e
1.d, 7.b
2.a, 2.d
4.b

4.d
4.d
2.c
4.e
4.b
4.e


(continued)
Chapter 12 How many organisms live here? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534
Chapter 13 Can you classify animals by diet?
. . . . . . . . . . . 557
What do they eat if they live in that biome?
. . 564
How much energy flows through an
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567
ecosystem?
Is your soil rich in nitrogen? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
Chapter 14 How old is that tree? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590
How can you make the Sun work for you?
. . . 606
Is it made from plants or plastic? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608

California Standards

5.d, 7.b
5.c, 7.a, 7.g
5.b, 7.b, 7.d
5.a, 7.b, 7.e
5.b, 7.a, 7.b, 7.g

6.b, 7.c
6.a, 7.b, 7.e
6.b, 7.e

California Standards

Chapter 1 How does a landscape change over time? . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Chapter 2 How do mountains vary in shape?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Mineral Identification by Property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Chapter 3 How are temperature scales related?
. . . . . . . . 144
Chapter 4 How fast does seafloor spread?
. . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Chapter 5 How do landforms define Earth’s plate boundaries? . . . 227
Chapter 6 Can you locate an earthquake’s epicenter?
. . . 268
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 14

Can you locate areas at risk for earthquakes?
. . 279
Model Structures of Volcanoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
Sorting It Out
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
Is it windy here?

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
How do you read a bathymetric map?
. . . . . . . 428
How many whales are in the ocean?
. . . . . . . . 450
When will dew form? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470
Graphing Monthly Abiotic Factors
. . . . . . . . . . 530
Do all vehicles require fuels from oil?
. . . . . . . 614

7.c, 7.f, 7.h
7.c
7.e
7.c
1.a, 7.g
1.e, 7.e
1.g, 7.b, 7.g
1.g, 7.b
1.d, 7.g, 7.h
2.c, 7.g
7.c
7.c, 7.f
4.d, 7.c
4.e
5.e, 7.c
6.a, 7.d

This lab might be performed at home.
xvii

The California Science, Math and Language Arts correlations
for these features can be found on the referenced page.

Get Ready to Read

Applying Math

Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14

Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4

Preview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Identify the Main Idea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
New Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Monitor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Visualize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Questioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Make Predictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
Identify Cause and Effect . . . . . . . . . . . 332
Make Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
Summarize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
Compare and Contrast . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
Make Inferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514
Take Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550
Questions and Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . 586

Target Your Reading
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14

xviii

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587

Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14

Using Ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Seismic Wave Velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Thermal Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Percentage of Minerals in Rocks
in the Lithosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Speed of Lithospheric Plates . . . . . . . . 222
Speeds of Seismic Waves . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Finding Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Erosion Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Making a Scale Model of
Earth’s Atmosphere. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
Sediment Deposition Rates . . . . . . . . . 445
Finding Precipitation Averages . . . . . . 489
Changing Soil pH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531
Percent of Nitrogen in Soil . . . . . . . . . . 573
Energy Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615