FOCUS ON PHYSICAL SCIENCE (2)

Introduction to Investigation
and Experimentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

9.a, 9.b, 9.c, 9.e, 9.f, 9.g

What is science? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

9.b

Tools of the Physical Scientist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

9.a, 9.b, 9.c, 9.e, 9.f, 9.g

Case Study: Wind Turbines for the Birds . . . .34

9.a, 9.c, 9.f

Unit 1 Motion and Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
Chapter 1

California Standards

Motion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Lesson 1 Determining Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

1.a

Lesson 2 Speed, Velocity, and Acceleration . . . . . . . . 56

1.b, 1.c, 1.d, 1.e, 9.b, 9.f

Lesson 3 Graphing Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

1.f, 9.d, 9.e

Standards Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82–83

Chapter 2
Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Lesson 1 Combining Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

2.a, 2.b, 2.c, 9.g

Lesson 2 Types of Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

2.d

Lesson 3 Unbalanced Forces and Acceleration . . . . 106

2.d, 2.e, 2.f, 9.a, 9.d

Standards Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124–125

Chapter 3
Density and Buoyancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Lesson 1 Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

8.a, 8.b, 9.f

Lesson 2 Pressure and the Buoyant Force . . . . . . . . 140

8.c

Lesson 3 Sinking and Floating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

8.d, 9.f

Standards Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164–165

Read on Your Own . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Unit Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Spiny box fish
vii


Unit 2 Structure of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168
Chapter 4

California Standards

Understanding the Atom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Lesson 1 Atoms—Basic Units of Matter . . . . . . . . . 174

3.a

Lesson 2 Discovering Parts of the Atom . . . . . . . . . 182

3.a

Lesson 3 Elements, Isotopes, and Ions—How
Atoms Differ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

3.f, 7.b, 9.e

Standards Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212–213

Chapter 5
Combining Atoms and Molecules . . . . . . . . .214
Lesson 1 How Atoms Form Compounds . . . . . . . . 218

3.a, 3.b, 3.f

Lesson 2 Forming Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230

3.b, 3.c, 7.c, 9.a, 9.e

Standards Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248–249

Atomic force micrograph of yttrium oxide molecules

viii


Chapter 6

California Standards

States of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Lesson 1 Solids, Liquids, and Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254

3.d, 3.e

Lesson 2 Changes in States of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . 261

3.d, 3.e, 9.e, 9.g

Standards Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284–285

Chapter 7
The Periodic Table and Physical
Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Lesson 1 Organization of the Periodic Table . . . . . 290

3.f, 7.a

Lesson 2 Isotopes and Radioactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . 301

7.a, 7.b, 9.e

Lesson 3 Physical Properties and Changes . . . . . . . 313

5.d, 7.c, 9.a

Standards Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328–329

Read on Your Own . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
Unit Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331

Unit 3 Chemical Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .332
Chapter 8
Chemical Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334

Lesson 1 Chemical Properties and Changes . . . . . . 338

3.f, 5.a, 7.c

Lesson 2 Chemical Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346

3.b, 3.f, 5.b

Lesson 3 Energy and Chemical Changes . . . . . . . . . 358

5.c, 9.a, 9.e

Standards Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374–375

Dry ice
sublimating


Chapter 9

California Standards

Acids and Bases in Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
Lesson 1 Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380

7.c, 9.e

Lesson 2 Acidic, Basic, and Neutral Solutions . . . . 394

5.e, 9.a, 9.b, 9.e

Standards Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416–417

Chapter 10
Chemistry of Living Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . .418
Lesson 1 Chemistry of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422

6.b, 6.c

Lesson 2 Carbon Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428

3.c, 6.a, 6.b

Lesson 3 Compounds of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438

6.c, 9.c

Standards Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452–453

Read on Your Own . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
Unit Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455

Unit 4 Earth in Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456
Chapter 11
Our Solar System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458
Lesson 1 Structures of the Solar System . . . . . . . . . 462

2.g, 4.c, 4.d, 4.e

Lesson 2 The Sun-Earth-Moon System . . . . . . . . . . 472

4.d

Lesson 3 The Planets and Their Moons . . . . . . . . . 478

4.d, 4.e, 9.e

Lesson 4 Asteroids, Comets, and Meteoroids . . . . . 489

4.c, 4.e, 9.a

Standards Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502–503

The Sun

x


Chapter 12

California Standards

Stars and Galaxies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504
Lesson 1 Stars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508

4.b, 4.c, 4.d

Lesson 2 How Stars Shine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519

2.g, 4.d

Lesson 3 Galaxies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528

4.a, 4.b, 4.c, 9.d

Standards Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544–545

Read on Your Own . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546
Unit Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547

At-Home Standards Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548

Galaxy NGC 3310 as viewed through the Hubble telescope.
xi


Student Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570
Science Safety Skill Handbook . . . . 572
Technology Skill Handbook . . . . . . . 575
Math Skill Handbook
Math Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .579
Science Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .589
Reference Handbook
Using a Calculator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .594

Understanding Scientific Terms . . . . . . . . . .595
Science Reference Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .597
Physical Science Reference Tables . . . . . . . .598
Periodic Table of the Elements . . . . . . . . . . .600
English/Spanish Glossary . . . . . . . . .602

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614
Credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .624

The Japanese bullet train can travel at speeds up to 260 km/h.
xii


To view BrainPOP Movies go to ca8.msscience.com. The features listed here
correlate to their respective chapter’s science content.

BrainPOP Movies
Title

Chapter-Lesson

Acceleration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2
Newton’s Laws of Motion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
Atomic Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2
Isotopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3
Matter Changing State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1
States of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2
Property Changes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1
Acids and Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2
Tides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-2
Solar System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-3

xiii


The features listed here correlate to their respective chapter’s science content.

Chapter/ Science &
Page
Career

Science &
Technology

Science &
History

Science &
Society

Automobile Designer

GPS Shows the Way

Galileo and Scientific
Theories

Henry Ford and the
Assembly Line

Rocket Scientist

Hi-Tech Roller
Coasters

Isaac Newton:
Bestselling Author?

What keeps a bridge
from falling down?

Can ice cubes sink in
water?

Biodiesel

Cannery Row

Los Angeles Smog

Chien-Shiung Wu

Nuclear Power

Three Mile Island
Accident

Dropping the Atomic
Bomb

CFCs and the Ozone
Layer

Sweeter Than Sugar

242–243

Discovering DNA’s
Structure

The Human Genome
Project

6

New and Improved

World Record Holder

Statistical Matters

A Cool Way To Go

The Chemistry of
Color

Superconductors

Uses of Lead in
History

Fluoridation of
Drinking Water

Hazardous Materials
Specialist

Green Chemistry at
Work

Soft Drinks, Erasers,
and More

The Nose Knows

Yuan T. Lee

Acid Rain Prevention

Gilbert N. Lewis

Acetylsalicylic Acid

Something in the
Air...

Now, Spit!

What do you mean
by that?

Labeling Trans Fat

Designing the New
Generation of
Spacecraft

The Search for ExtraSolar Planets

Johannes Kepler’s
Revolutionary Laws

Deadly Impact

Kepler’s Supernova

Watching the Heat

1
76–77

2
118–119

3
158–159

4
206–207

5

278–279

7
322–323

8
368–369

9
410–411

10
446–447

11
496–497

12
538–539

xiv

Stephen Hawking: An Adaptive Optics
Extraordinary Mind


Labs

California Standards

Chapter 3 A Homemade Hydrometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156–157
Chapter 5 Growing Crystals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .240–241
Chapter 6 Does change of state take longer for
some liquids? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .276–277
Chapter 7 Investigating Physical Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .320–321

Chapter 10 Polarity and Living Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444–445
Chapter 11 Model the Solar System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494–495

8.d, 9.f
3.c, 9.a
9.e
7.c, 9.a
6.c, 9.c
4.c, 9.a

Design Your Own Labs
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 4
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 12

Graphing Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74–75
Comparing Mass and Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116–117
Build an Atom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204–205
Dirty Jewelry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366–367
Solubility and pH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408–409
A Star is Born . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536–537

1.f, 9.e
2.d, 9.a, 9.d
3.a
5.a, 9.a
5.e, 9.a, 9.e

4.b, 4.d

xv


California Standards

Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12

How do you get there from here? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Can you feel the force? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Can you push the beach ball under water? . . . . . . . . . . . 127
What’s in the box? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
What do structures made of atoms look like? . . . . . . . . 215
Model for Particle Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Which element are you? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Can you see a chemical reaction taking place? . . . . . . . 335
Where’s that bubble?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
What is a life chemical? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419

How do you measure distance? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
How far away are the stars and how many
are there? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505

1.a, 9.b
2.c
8.c
3.a
3.b
3.e
3.f
5.a
5.e
6.b
9.b
2.g, 4.a, 4.b, 4.c
California Standards

Chapter 1 Negative Positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Can you measure average speed? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Chapter 2 Can you measure the force of friction? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Does water exert a force? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Chapter 3 Can you feel the buoyant force? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Do cold things float? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Chapter 4 How big are the particles in an atom?
. . . . . . . 181
How do electrons move? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Chapter 5 How can you model molecules?
. . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Chapter 6 Observing Fluid Motion

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Sensing Evaporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Chapter 7 Can you guess the element? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Which parachute will drop first? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Chapter 8 How can you tell a chemical change
from a physical change? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Can you model the burning of methane? . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
xvi

1.a
1.b, 9.b
2.a, 2.d
2.e
8.c
8.d
3.a
3.a
3.b
3.e
3.e
3.f
7.c, 9.a
5.a
3.b, 5.b


(continued)
Chapter 9 How can you determine pH? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
Chapter 10 How much water is in celery?
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425

Modeling Organic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
Chapter 11 How do planets move? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
How does the Moon change its shape
in the sky?
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
How do craters appear?
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492

California Standards

5.e, 9.b
6.c
6.a
4.d
4.d
4.e

California Standards

Chapter 1 How can a graph show relative positions?
. . . . 55
What can you learn from a graph?
. . . . . . . . . . . 73
Chapter 2 Can you add vertical forces? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Chapter 3 Can you calculate the density? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Chapter 4 How do atoms differ?
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Chapter 5 How are ionic radii and lattice energies of
salts related?
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239

Chapter 6 How are boiling point and atmospheric
pressure related?
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
Chapter 7 How can you show a visual explanation of
half-life?
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
Chapter 8 Where does the tablet go? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
How does temperature change as
chemicals react?
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
Chapter 9 How do solubilities differ?
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
Chapter 10 Which fat is healthy for you?
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
Chapter 11 How large are the planets?
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
Chapter 12 Can you identify elements in a star? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
How fast is the universe expanding?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535

1.a
1.f, 9.d
2.c, 9.g
8.b, 9.f
3.a, 3.f, 9.e
3.b, 9.e
3.d, 9.g
7.b, 9.e
5.b
5.c, 9.e
7.c, 9.e

6.c, 9.e
4.e, 9.e
4.d
4.c

This lab might be performed at home.
xvii


The California Science, Math and Language Arts correlations
for these features can be found on the referenced page.

Get Ready to Read

Applying Math

Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12

Chapter 1 Using the Speed Equation to Find

Distance and Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Chapter 2 Finding Force and Acceleration . . . . . . 115
Chapter 3 Solve for Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Using the Density Equation to Find
Mass and Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Solve for Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Chapter 4 Mass of Subatomic Particles . . . . . . . . 180
Chapter 5 Formula Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Chapter 6 Packing Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Chapter 7 Isotope Half-Life Conversions . . . . . . . 311
Chapter 8 Calculate Change in Heat
of a Reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Chapter 9 Comparing pH Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
Chapter 10 Bond Angles in Organic Chemistry . . . 437
Chapter 11 Parts of an Elliptical Orbit . . . . . . . . . . 471
Chapter 12 Brightness of Stars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518

Preview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Identify the Main Idea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
New Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Monitor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Visualize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Questioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Make Predictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Identify Cause and Effect . . . . . . . . . . . 336
Make Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
Summarize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
Compare and Contrast . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
Make Inferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506

Target Your Reading
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12

xviii

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507