phonlogy đầy dủ và hay nhất

I. vocal folds
Apart

Free passage

vibrating

voiceless : f

Narrow passage

voiced :v

II. Articulator : tongue & lips:
a. tongue : tip => blade=> front=> back
b. alveolar ridge=> hard palate( roof of mouth)=> velum ( soft palate): air can pass nose and
mouth
• alveolar ridge: shape with the tongue

ve
rai
lo
lu
se
w

Articulation : the=d=m passage > larynx=> vocal tract
>

air
es

ca
pe
fr
o
m
th
e
m
no
ou
se
th



1.
2.
3.
4.
•
•

III. Four stages of glottis
Open for normal breathy + voiceless sound
Close
Narrow: when “h” is produced
Tightly closed
: đóng chặt lại ( cause vibration) ( glottal stop is produced)
vo
na

or
U
L
ph
lar
gl
Voice sounds and voiceless sounds
ca
sa
al
opp
ar
yn
ott
Oral sounds and nasal sounds
l
ca
er
w
xyn
is
(soft palate is raised) and ( soft palate is lower)
tra
ca
vit
(u
er
x:
=

A.

ct
(nyvit
tu
>
vo
IV. Criteria
for consonant classification ( where , How, voicing)
y
(
m
be
vo
ca
l
Places of articulation ( where)
ip
ov
>
lic

bilabial, labiodentals,
interdental (dental), alveolar, alveolar –palate ( post- alveolar), velar
s
ab
elar
co
( velum)
=

le)
yn
bo
rd
sx>
uv
=
+
ul
>
vo
a)
ba
ca
lck
of
co
th
rd
se
m
ou
th


•

Consonant sounds & voiceless sounds

•
B.
•

Consonant sounds: blocking air partially or completely : through lung=> vocal tract.
Manner of articulation ( How)
Articulators may close off the oral tract for a relatively long period; narrow the space
considerably.
a. Stop (no escape the mouth)
a) Oral stop (non –nasal) ( plosives)( completely)
─ Soft palate raised =>nasal tract : blocked up+ air completely obstructed.
─ Oral stop consonants air are “explodes”=> âm bật
− Nasal stop /m/: bilabial nasal ; /n/, / ŋ/: velar nasal consonant
b. English fricative: blocking the air partially=> obstruction partially.
/f/ ,/v/, /θ/, /ð/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/,
− Alveolar palatal fricative consonants : /s/, /z/



/t/ /dʒ/: post +alve
c. Approximants /l/, /r/, /v/, also translated as /j/ in RP & /w/
− Approaches a certain place of articulation as for fricatives, but it
does not /r/ channeling air through the central part of the mouth.
− Approximants


−

/l

labiodental:
velar:
bilabial-alveolar ridge
palato
retroflex
alveolar:
interdental=dental:
palatal


/ each of the tongue => central approximant
− /l/ lateral approximant
b) The semi-vowels /j/ & /w/ : ½ bán nguyên âm.
 The way they are produced (phonetically) : no observation
 Phonological : distribution in English word ‘không có hai phụ âm đứng gần nhau”.
Bilabial
vds

stops

Labio-dental

Dental

Alveo-palatal

Palatal

ɡ

vd
fricatives

affricates

velar
k

vds

f

θ

ʃ

vd

v

ð

ʒ

vds

tʃ

vd

dʒ

Nasal
Retroflex
lateral

ŋ

Semi-vowels
y
d. The glottal fricatives /h/
• Phonological/h/ is consonants & almost always found before vowels.
• Phonetically:
− voiceless =>isolation
− Before vowels=>partial voice.
− Voiceless vowel=> follow=> quality.
c) Definition :
− Consonant : + blocking air; + obstruction
− Vowels: without obstruction of the air stream oral cavity.
d) Characteristics:
1) oral : produced by mouth (velum is raised)
2) voiced : vibration of vocal cords together / closed/
4 trạng thái: freely air

w

Consonant: vocal cords closed.
3) Syllabic : form a syllable.
Vowels is centre => at syllable

+ because it in isolation
+consonant not form a syllable.

Vowels vs. consonants


Vowels
Consonants
Vocoids: no obstruction in their production
Not vocoids , contoids is obstruction
Phonological: distribution
Consonants follow by vowels.
C. Classification of English vowels:
• No obstruction=> no place of articulation (where) + no manner of articulation
(how)
a) Tongue lips



b)

Tongue height.

fricative

stops

affricates

•
•
•

Frontness/ Backness: turn position ( turn part)
Tenseness/ Laxness :
Long vowels/ Short vowels
Lip Rounding : lips sharp



•
•
•

Open vowel= o
Half-close=e
Close vowel= i
Tongue position
ap
li
/se
j/
qpr
r/:
m

front
high

centre

iː ɪ

back
uː
ʊ

o
ui
ixi
vds
om
an
w

Tongue
height

mid

e

ts
el

ɔ

s

ɔː
ʌ
æ æ ɛ
low
æ ɛ ɪ/  ˌɔː
ʊ eɔ
ɪ/  ˌɔː
spread
ʊ e ɔ aː

ɒ
ɑː
æ ɛ
aː
ɪ/  ˌɔː
ʊ e ɔ aː round

neutral
 Not close near=> approximants
• /iː / tense=> long + spread vowel=> close front area
• / ɪ/
• /e/ short, lax, front, mid.
• / æ/ short
• /u:/ rounded, produced
• /ʊ/ short, lax
• /ə/: long neutral=> schwa => unstress.
 Resonance vowels
 Quality
 For: mạnh : phonological: đi chung với

 /ɜː/ short vowels=> relatively short=> không chính xác cho tất cả trường hợp.



Lengt
h

Long vowels
1) Context: fortis consonants ( âm mạnh)
Quality: tongue height , tongue position, lips
rounding

Short vowels
+voice : yếu
+ voiceless: mạnh
bet
bed
short long
palatal

2) Present or absence of stress
‘record & re’cord
c) Dithong: glide : trượt từ âm này sang âm khác.
centre

/ɪə/

/eə/

/ʊə/

closing
/aɪ/
/eɪ/
/ɔɪ/
ending
/ʊ/
/aʊ/
/əʊ/
d) Phoneme is the smallest unit of sound in the language which can distinguish two words
- Have to contrast in the same environment
- Minimal pair: when two words are identical in every way, except one segment
( phoneme) which is the same position
D. Major Class feature


1) Obstruents



2) Sonorous: nasal/approximant/vowels
=> không bị chặn ở đâu đó ex: o; a
=> continuent
• Phonetic => articulation
• Phonology=> distribution
a) Sibilants (hissing sound) huýt sáo


lrti
fl

li
paon
in
stw
esgh
reu
es
h
a
p
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
u
t
h


b) Syllabic
+ central part of syllable ; + vowel
liquids (unstressed syllable; /l/;/r/) & nasals => syllabic
 consonants are not syllabic
Allophones