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VAI TRO CUA VAN HOA TON GIAO
DOI v o l DOI SONG TINH THAN VIET NAIM HIEN NAY
Va Dire Chinli (Hba thuang Thicli Thanh Nliieu)

van boa tdn giao thudc ITnh vyc van hda tam linh, la mot Ihanh to cua van hda
finh than ndi chung, xep ben eanh cac ITnh vyc van hda chinh tri, van hda tu tudng.
van hda khoa hge, van hda nghe thuat, van hda giao due, van hda tham my...
Ddi sdng linh than cua xa hdi va ddi sdng vat chat la hai boat ddng sdng coban eiia con ngudi. Khai niem ddi sdng linh than xa hdi bao gdm loan bg hien lb ye
tinh than eiia xa hdi gdm ca y Ihiie ea nhan, y Ihuc ciia cac tap doan ngudi. Ddi
sdng tinh than bao ham loan bg qua Irinh san xuat, phan phdi, tieu diing cac gia tri
tinh than; la tdng hda tat ca cac hien tugng tinh than, trong do ed nhung hien tugng
da trd thanh phd bien, ed hien tugng mcVi phdi thai dang trong qua Irinh hinh Ihanh,
ddng thai ed ca nhiing hien tugng cG tdn tai vdi tu each la tan du eiia xa hdi.
Van hda ton giao ddng vai trd het sue quan trgng trong ddi sdng van hda tinh
than Viet Nam. VcVi tu each la mot thanh Id cua kien triic Ihugng tang, van hda ton
giao ludn ed sy tac ddng trd lai hien Ihyc, cai da san sinh ra no, dap ung nhiing khat
vgng eiia eon ngudi. Van hda tdn giao tao nen nhiing gia tri, thiie day va lam phong
phii ddi sdng van hda tinh than ciia xa hdi; song ddi khi ciing ed nhung can trd ddi
vdi xa hdi.
La mot qude gia da tdn giao, ben canh nhiing tdn giao n()i sinh nhu dao Cao
Dai, Hda Hao, Viet Nam eon ed nhinig ton giao du nhap tu ben ngoai vao nhu Phal
giao, Cong giao. Tin Lanh, Hdi giao... Cac tdn giao d Viet Nam ludn tdn tai song
hanh cung lich su dan toe, da ed nhung ddng gdp tich eye nhal dinh cho nen van
hda, gdp phan tao nen ban sac van hda ddc dao eiia dan tdc Viet Nam.
Bude sang thdi ky hdi nhap, Dang, Nha nude la da nhin nhan lai vai ird cua tdn
giao ddi vdi ddi sdng xa hc)i, nhat la ddi vdi ddi sdng finh than: "Tdn giao la van de
con tdn tai lau dai. Tin nguang, tdn giao la nhu eau tinh than eiia mot be) phan nhan
dan. Dao due tdn giao ed nhieu dieu phu hgp vdi edng cude xay dung xa hdi mdi"'.
ThS., Pho Chu tich Thudng true Hoi dong trj sir Trung uang Giao hoi Phal giao Viet Nam.
1. Nghi quyet 24- NQ/TW ngay 16 - 10 - 1990 cua Bo Chinh tri ve Tdng cuang cdng tdc tdn
giao trong tinh hinh mdi.

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VAI TRQ CUA VAN H 6 A TCN GIAO.

Tix nhung ly do Iren, nghien eiiu Vai trd cua van hda ton giao ddi vdi ddi
sdng tinh than Viet Nam hien nay la mot vin dl ed y nghia thill thye va mang tinh
thdi sy. Tuy nhien, trong khudn khd ban tham luan, ehiing tdi chi dl cap din vai trd
cua van hda Phal giao va Cdng giao, hai tdn giao thi gidi lai Viet Nam, ed anh
hudng Idn ddi vdi ddi sdng tinh thin Viet Nam hien nay.
Sy du nhap ciia Phal giao, Cdng giao vao Viet Nam da gdp phin lam phong
phii va "nang elp" ddi sdng van hda tinh thin xa hdi, duge thI hien tren hai phuong
dien ehii yen: thu nhdt, van hda tin ngudng va luan ly dao due ngudi Viet; thir hai,
van hge va nghe thuat. Day ciing la vIn dl Idn, nhung bai vilt nay chi gidi ban lap
trung fiinh bay vai trd eiia Phal giao va Cdng giao ddi vdi van hda tin ngudng va
luan ly dao due cua ngudi Viet.
1. Vai tro ciia van hoa Phat giao ddi vdi van hoa tin ngncrng va luan ly dao
du-c nguoi Viet
Vdi sy du nhap va phal triln ciia tin nguang lam linh, Phal giao da tao ra
vdng trdn ddng tam hdi tu cac tin ngudng khae nhau ciia ngudi Viet lir Ijch su
den hien tai.
Cac trilu dai phong kiln Viet Nam (thdi Ly, Trin) da dya vao uy thin, phep
Phal dl tri nude an dan, muu eau mot dai sy cho nude nha. Phat giao gin bd va ed
anh hudng rit Idn ddi vdi Nha nude. Nhilu bae cao tang da ed vj tri quan trgng nhu
nhung ed van chinh tri thye sy ciia fiieu dinh. Trude khi quylt dinh mot vIn dl he
trgng nao dd, trieu dinh thudng thanh tam thinh y cac bae cao tang'.
Trong ddi sdng van hda tin ngudng cua ngudi dan, mai chua than thuang da in
dam diu an trong tu tudng, tinh cam mdi ngudi, mdi cdng ddng lang xa vdi hinh
anh "Mdi chua che chd hdn dan tdc'".

Dan dyng ehiia thd Phat, Thanh Mau, Td fien khdng chi ed mue dich giai
thoat, thI hien dao due "udng nude nhd ngudn" ma ca mue dich nhd Phat "che chd"
cho nhung liic thit ca Id van, dm dau, clu mong am phu mua thuan gid hda, thuan
Igi cho san xult ndng nghiep, ngu dan ra khai danh ca duge hinh an, thuyin be di
lai tren sdng thuan budm xudi gid...
Anh hudng ciia Phat giao edn the hien rd qua clu Iriic ciia nhilu ngdi ehiia va
qua viec sap xep dien thd trong ehiia. Sy dung hgp Phat giao vdi tin ngudng truyin
thdng va cac tdn giao khae trong each thd ly tai chiia, da khiln cho tinh chit Phat
giao d ddng bang Bae Bg khae vdi cdi ngudn d An Do.
1. Nguyen Khic Thuan (2006), Tiin trinh van hda Viet Nam tir khai thiiy din thi ky XTX, Nxb
Giao due, tr. 345.

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VIET NAM HOC - KY YEU HOI THAO QUOC TE LAN THU TU
Trong ehiia, tai chinh dien (Tam Bao) la trung tam eiia sy thd ciing. O day ed
nhieu ban thd; ban thd chinh duge dai d giiia, thudng duge lam thanh nhiing bae tu
cao xudng thap. Khdng ed mot cdng thue chung cho sy bai tri tugng d cac ehiia Viet
Nam. Vi tri cua cac tugng thay ddi mot each linh boat tuy theo tirng ngdi ehiia. Tuy
nhien, nhin chung tai chinh dien d cac chua theo phai Bae tdng vung ddng bang Bae
Bg, thudng duge bai tri thd theo nam Idp the hien chu Phat trong ba ddi: qua khu,
hien tai, tuong lai. Ben canh cac chu Phal ludn ed cac Thanh Tang theo hau. Ben
eanh dd, chua edn thd ca cac vi vua, nhiing ngudi ed edng vdi chua, nhiing nha tu
hanh (su id), Tu vi Phap vuong Phal (Van, Vii, Ldi, Dien) ... Khi van hda Viet Nam
ehiu anh hudng cua Nho giao, Lao giao, trong khdng gian chua thd them Than,
Thanh, Tien, ngudi, trdi, dat...
Nhu vay, ehiia khdng chi la noi thye hanh tin ngudng cua rieng Phal giao ma
edn la noi thye hanh nhieu loai tin ngudng khae nhau. Nd la cai true eo ban, la nen
tang tin ngudng de hdi tu cac loai hinh tin ngudng ed mat trong euc)e sdng tin

ngudng ciia ngudi Viet. Chiia khdng ehi la noi hudng Ihien "tir, bi, hy, xa" ma edn
la noi triing tu cdng dixc, eau xin de dat duge cac sd nguyen ddi thudng va ea khi ve
cdi vTnh hlng (ndi rgng ra, ca vdng ddi con ngudi gan vdi chiia) . Va chinh sy hdi
tu cua Phat giao dd ma khach hanh huong khi din chua bi choang nggp inrde cac
tugng phap, cac ban, cac cung.
Tap quan di le chua da trd thanh net dep IrOng van hda lam linh ciia nhan dan
la. Xua kia khi ban ban keo dai, quan lai va ky hao din chua thd Tti Phap dc lam ll
dao vii, clu cho dan cd nude cay cay, cho cd cay tuai lot, miia mang bdi thu ; cac
bae cao nien trong lang lai lo lam le eau an dau nam, le eau mat vao he, le dang sao
giai ban, Irir on dich, sau bg pha hoai mua mang... cho dan chung.
Ngay nay, tir thanh Ihi den ndng thdn, vao cac ngay Sdc, Vc?ng, ngudi dan
thudng din chua ll Phat. Ddi vdi Phat giao, ngay Sdc, ngay Vong la ngay "trudng
tinh ", luc la ngay irong sach nhlt. Ngay ma ngudi xuat gia phai lam le Bd tat, tuc
dgc lung Gidi luat va kilm diem lai hanh vi cua minh. Ddi vdi nhung fin dd Phat
giao, nhijng ngudi khdng xult gia tu hanh thi ngay nay se lam le "Sam hdi". Chinh
vi vay, ngay Sdc, Vgng duge ggi la ngay sam hdi.
Chiia ludn gan lien vdi lang va hdi chua ciing chinh la hdi lang:
"Dii ai budn dau ban dau
Den ngay Phat dan nam chdu ciing ve

1. Con ngudi mdi sinh ra thi ban khoan cho Que 6ng d chua, liic trudng thanh thi lam le to
hlng d chua, khi chet di lam le eau sieu d chCia.
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VAI T R Q CUA VAN H 6 A T O N GIAO..

Dii at budn ban tram be.
Den ngay Phat dan ta ve chiia ta ".
Dau nam thudng ed cac ll hdi chua Idn nhu ll hdi chua Huong Tich, duge Id

chuc tu mdng 6 Ihang Gieng va keo dai din 25 thang Ba. Ca dao cd eau:
"Chang dl thi nhd, thi thuang
Dl thi men canh chiia Huang chdng ve
Mot Id vul thu San Khe
Hal Id dd trot Idl the ciing al".
Tuc di ehiia van eanh, eau ly, eau may, da trd thanh mot net dep van hda, mot
phong tuc eiia ngudi dan Viet. Chiia Huong d My Due (Ha Ndi), la mot trong
nhiing dja danh noi tieng linh thieng trong dan gian vl viec clu ly. Trong ddng
Huong Tich, thudc quan Ihl chua Huong, dan gian edn dat ten cho nhirng nhii da ly
nhien la Dun Vang, Dun Bae, Dun Cd, Dyn Cau, Nong Tim, Nong Gao... Tir xa
xua ngudi Viet tin rang, ai mong ude duge giau cd thi sd Dun Vang, Dim Bae; ai
cau cd con, cd chau thi sd Dun Cd, Dun Cau, ai mudn miia mang bdi thu thi sd vao
Nong ram, Nong Gao...
Ll hoi chua Thay dien ra tir ngay mdng 5 din mdng 7 thang Ba qua ca dao:
"Tral chua vgf nhd hgl chiia Thay
Gdi chua chong nhd hang Cac Ca".
Ll hdi chua Dau (tuc le hdi chiia Dien Vfng) a tinh BIC Ninh, Id chuc vao
mdng 8 thang Tu. Net dac biet ciia ll hdi la viec to chuc rude cac nir thin Phap
Van, Phap Vii, Phap Ldi, Phap Dien... Trong ll hdi edn cd cac trd choi nhu miia
gay, miia su tu, miia trdng... Ngoai ra cd rIt nhilu ll hdi chua khae nhu: chua Keo,
chua Am, chiia Dau, chiia Lim...
Ll hdi chua duge td chuc quanh nam va thudng gin vdi nhiing clu mong,
nguyen ude vl vat chit, tinh thin eiia ngudi dan neu tren la minh chung cho sy gin
bd chat che giiia nha chua va cdng ddng dan eu. Vi thi ed y kiln cho ring, hien nay
chua thye sy la nhiing trung tam van hda xa hdi. Ngudi dan din chua dl fim sy
thanh than eiia coi long, giii d do tat ea due fin va hda vao dd vdi bao sinh boat edng
ddng bd ich. Nha tu hanh den vdi dan bang tit ea long thanh, uu ddi min thi. Qua
do ciing the hien vai trd ciia Phat giao ddi vdi ddi sdng tinh thin etia ngudi dan.
Hien nay, tin ngudng Phat giao edn anh hudng din mot sd gia dinh. Ngudi
dan mdc Phat vl thd tai nha bing anh Phat, tugng Phat, tugng cac ngai Bd Tat

Quan Am... Nhieu bai van khan, van cau cudi nam, dIu nam, gid tit, ma chay...
trong gia dinh cd noi dung the hien tinh tin ngudng Phat giao rd net; dac biet eau
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VIET NAM HOC - KY YEU HOI THAO QUOC TE L A N THU TU

md dIu thudng blng viec tdn xung danh hieu "Nam md A Di Da Phal". Phal giao
da di vao Idng dan, vao ddi sdng tinh than cua ddng dao nhan dan nhu mot niem tin.
Qua nhirng phan tich tren day cho thay sy ket hgp giira Phat giao vdi tin
ngudng dan gian ban dia eiia eu dan ndng nghiep liia nude, da tao nen net dac sic
va sy ddc dao trong ddi sdng van hda linh than Viet Nam. Nd the hien nhirng mong
ude, khat vgng vuon len eiia con ngudi.
Ben eanh viec len chua le Phat vao ngay Ram, mdng Mot hang thang, dai da
sd cac gia dinh ngudi Viet hien nay deu sam le de thap huong Id lien, gia tdc d
trong gia dinh minh. Ngay Ram thang Gieng va Ram thang Bay trd thanh mdi trong
nhiing ngay le quan trgng nhat trong nam. Ngudi dan quan niem "Cling quanh nam
khdng bang Ram thang Gieng", hay "Ciing quanh nam khdng bang Ram thang
Bay". Ngay Ram thang Bay, gidi Tang Ni, Phat tu ggi ngay nay la ngay ll Vu Lan
Bdn. Day la ngay le Ty tu - tuc ngay Chu Tang man ha, cac Phat tu nhan ngay nay
Cling dang Chu Tang nham mue dich bao hieu cho cha me, Id lien. Vao ngay nay,
tat ca con chau trong cac gia dinh thudng len ehiia le Phat. Nhiing ai edn me edn
cha thi cai hoa hdng no xanh, mat me edn cha thi cai hoa Irang no xanh, mat cha
edn me thi cai hoa hdng no trang, mat ea cha lan me thi cai hoa trang no Irang. Viec
cai hoa nham tham nhae nhd bdn phan ciia con cai ddi vdi cha me, dd la sy tdn kinh
va hieu thao.
Le Vu Lan lir lau da trd thanh ngay le de eon cai td long hieu thao vdi cha
me. Cd le, tmdc khi Phat giao vao Viet Nam, ngudi Viet khdng cd mot le hdi nao
nhae nhd dao lam con cu the va sinh ddng nhu le hdi nay. Cd the ndi, ngay hdi Vu
Lan eiia Phal giao da cd anh hudng rat kVn, mang y ngliTa giao due dao due cho

nhirng ngudi lam con trong bdi canh dao due xa hdi dang cd sy suy thoai, xudng
cap nghiem trgng ; hien tugng eon cai hdn lao, bae dai, tham ehi danh dap cha me
dang dien ra trong xa hdi Viet Nam hien nay.
Ngoai ra, Phat giao edn hdi nhap vdi tin ngudng ban dia, tao ra mot tin
nguang chung ciia cdng ddng qude gia - dan tdc. Phat giao da tham gia vao viec Id
chuc cac ngay le Idn ciia dat nude nhu ngay mdng 1 thang 5, ngay 27 thang 7, ngay
Qude khanh mdng 2 thang 9... ; dac biet trong cac ngay gid Td Hung Vuong, Dai ll
ky niem 1000 nam Thang Long - Ha Ndi... Vdi nhOng boat ddng thye tiln do, Phal
giao da khang dinh nhiing gia tri luan ly dao due, nhan ban d lam nhan loai. Ngudi
dan den vdi tin ngudng Phat giao khdng chi eau Phal phii hd cho ban than, cho gia
dinh, ban be ma edn cau cho "Qude thai dan an", dat nude thinh vuong, thi gdi
binh an.
Nhu vay, tin ngudng Phat giao da trd thanh mot phong tuc an sau vao rep
sdng cua ngudi dan Viet. Phong tuc nay da va dang gdp phan duy tri, chuyen tai va
460


VAI TRQ CUA VAN HQATON GIAO...

phat buy nhirng gia tri van hda, dao due Iruyin thdng eiia dan tdc. Net dep trong ddi
sdng van hda finh than nay chae chan se duge chit Ige, phat buy trong qua trinh xay
dyng nep sdng mdi d nude la trong thdi ky cdng nghiep hda - hien dai hda hien nay.
Van hda Phat gldo con cd anh hudng ddi vdi ludn ly vd dao due cua ngudi
Viet Nam.
Trude het do la tinh cam va bdn phan thay - trd. Trong Phal giao, ehir "Su"
trong tu nha su, nguyen nghia la Thay, Phan ngir vilt la Guru hay Sasta. Mot trong
nhirng boat ddng chinh ciia nha su la day dao ly lam ngudi, day giao ly, nghi thue
ciia nha Phat va day viec tu hanh... Hai chii "Hda Ihugng" Phan ngir vilt la
Upadhyaya, ciing duge dich la "Than giao su". Dilu nay ciing ed nghia la Phal giao
ludn gan bd vdi sy nghiep giao due.

Phal giao rat quan tam den viec xay dyng va ciing ed mdi quan he thiy - trd.
Klnh Trung A Ham ed viel: Thay trd nen lay dao tuong cam ty nhien, tin kinh nhau,
coi ngudi nhu minh..., thay nen theo nhu Phap ma day trd, nen day trd nhiing dilu
trd chua biet, nen giang cho trd nhirng dieu minh da nghe, nen ehi cho bg bill each
ehgn ban than, nen dem het nhirng chd minh bill day bao hg. Cach hay nhlt dh lam
rang danh ngudi thay chinh la ddc Idng dao tao cho duge nhirng hge trd gidi ban
minh. Cdn ve phan trd thi: nen cung kinh thIy, nen ll kinh ciing dang thIy, nen tdn
trong va qui ngudng thay, nen vang thuan ldi thIy, nen ghi nhd ldi thIy'.
Nhiing ldi khuyen etia Phat vl bdn phan ciia hge trd ddi vdi thIy va ct!ia thIy
dc^i vdi hge trd neu tren, din nay vIn edn nguyen gia tri. Dilu dd cung la minh
chung khang dinh, Phat giao la mot bg phan clu thanh truyin thdng tdn su trgng
dao eiia ngudi Viet Nam.
Ben canh mdi quan he thay trd, mdi quan he giOa nhiing ngudi lanh dao ddi
vcn nhan dan ciing duge Phat giao dl cap tdi. Theo Klnh Bd Tat Dieu Tir thi, lanh
dao xa hdi phai biet thuang dan, gan dan, can dan va ehi bao cho dan. Ngudi dan
phai biet luan theo luat le va kinh ngudi lanh dao. Lanh dao va ngudi dan phai sdng
theo nguyen tac luc hda: cung nhau chung sdng, khdng cai eg nhau, vui ve vdi nhau,
ciing luan theo va sua chiia cho nhau, cung giang giai cho nhau hilu bill, cung chia
quyen Igi cho nhau.
Ngoai ra, Phat giao edn de cap den bdn phan vg chdng, bdn phan hg hang, bdn
phan chiing sinh... duge ghi trong Klnh A Ham, Klnh Hoa Nghiem rIt rd.
Mot trong nhiing hoc thuyet quan trgng nhat ciia Phat giao, cd anh hudng Idn
den suy nghT, hanh vi ciia con ngudi trong xa hdi la thuylt Nhan - Qua. Ndi dung
Giao hoi Phat giao Viet Nam (1992), Kinh Trung A Hdm.
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VIET NAM HOC - KY YEU HOI THAO QUOC TE LAN THU TU
chinh ciia hge thuyet la, tat ea nhiing vat thi vd tri, thye vat, ddng vat, loai ngudi,
deu ehiu lac ddng trye tiep, thudng xuyen va vd tan ciia Luat Nhan - Qua. Kiep nay

chinh la Qua ciia kiep trude va la Nhan ciia kiep sau. Neu gay Nhan xau tat phai
nhan Qua xau. Phat giao rat ehii trgng hau qua do boat ddng cua con ngudi mang
lai. Theo Phat giao, con ngudi phai ty ehiu Iraeh nhiem trude hanh ddng cua minh.
Thuyet Nhan - Qua, Nghiep bao eiia Phal giao tuy cdn ed mot sd dilm mang
finh chat duy lam than bi nhu, quan niem eon ngudi hien tai la Nghiep bao cua con
ngudi qua khu. Nhung xel ve mat luan ly dao due, thuyet Nhan - Qua de cao \ ai trd
ciia ca nhan eon ngudi. Ngudi gieo Nhan lanh se duge Qua tdi, ke gieo Nhan ac se
duge Qua xau. Song hdn thdn mdi con ngudi, khi nd luc cd gang thi cd the cdi thien
dirac Nghiep dc sang Nghiep thien. Tda an de xu phat tdi, xau d day la Ida an cua
luat Nhan - Qua va la tda an luong tam. Chinh vi vay, nd cd lac dung rat Idn trong
viec ren luyen dao due ciia mdi ea nhan.
Nhirng ndi dung ciia thuyet Nhan - Qua tren day cho thay, cd sy triing hgp
giua tu tudng Phat vdi quan niem sdng ciia ngudi Viet, dd la : "d hiln gap lanh",
"ae gia ac bao", "ddi cha an man ddi con khat nude", "cha me hien lanh dh phiie cho
con", "thien gia thien bao"... Day ciing la Iriel ly, luan ly, dao due, ldi sdng d eon
ngudi Viet Nam.
Nhung anh hudng ve tin ngudng, luan ly, dao due cua Phat giao ddi vdi ngudi
Viet ndi rieng va ngudi Viet Nam ndi chung den nay van giu nguyen gia tri. Con
ngudi trong thdi dai xay dyng Chii nghTa xa hdi van can cd finh thuang yeu, Idng
bao dung, sy do lugng. Dae biet, the gidi ngay nay, khi ma cac cude chien tranh
giiia cac sac toe va tdn giao dang dien ra, finh yeu thuang giOa ngudi vdi ngudi
cang phai duge phal buy, day cao them mot bude mdi. Tinh yeu ihucyng ddng loai
chinh la ddng lye thiic day sy hy sinh quen minh cho ngucri khae, cho dan U)c va
cho nhan loai; nd hudng con ngudi den hanh vi thien, tranh xa cai ae.
Ngoai ra cac "gidi luat" trong Phat giao, dac biet la "ngu gidi" cd tac dung
khuyen ran giiip tin dd cd duge cude sdng due do, lam dieu thien, tranh xa cai ac.
Nhiing tieu chuan dao due nay ciing cd tac dcjng den cac ea nhan, gia dinh va xa hoi.
Chii tmcrng bao ve cude sdng eiia con ngudi va cac tao vat thien nhien ciia Phal giao
ed sy lac ddng nhat dinh vdi ehii truong keu ggi bao ve mdi trudng sinh thai cua Nha
nude ta hien nay. Viec nhan manh "Gidi sat" cua nha Phat trong thdi gian gan day

cung la gdp phan vao viec eanh tinh, nhae nhd nhan loai hay doan kel bao ve nen hoa
binh chung, tdn trgng quyen duge sdng va quyen ty chii ciia mdi qude gia.
Nhu vay, ed the thay trai qua qua trinh lieh su lau dai tdn tai va phal Iricn d
Viet Nam, Phat giao da duge bd sung, lam mdi bang nhieu gia tri van hda ciia dan
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VAI TRQ CUA VAN H6A TON GIAO. ..

tdc Viet Nam. Phat giao cQng da gdp phan ciing ed, duy tri va chuyen lai cac gia tri
van hda Iruyen thdng Viet Nam. Nhirng gia tri van hda tmyen thdng ay chinh la mot
phan quan trgng trong nen lang van hda linh than Viet Nam, de dan tdc la lien hanh
xay dyng mot nen van hda lien lien, dam da ban sac dan tdc trong thdi dai mdi va
xay dung mot dat nude Viet Nam dan giau, nude manh, xa hdi dan chu, van minh.
Mue dich eiia nude ta hien nay la dao tao duge nhiing eon ngudi ed day du
ea lai lan due. Chii tich Hd Chi Minh da ndi: neu ehi ehii y den "cai tai" ma quen di
"cai due" thi ehi la ke pha hoai. Nguge lai, ed due ma khdng cd tai thi lam viec gi
ciing khd. Cho nen, edng viec dao tao ngudi tai gidi phai gan lien vdi viec giao due
luan ly dao due. Vi the, theo tdi, khdng ed gi tdi ban la bao tdn, phal buy cac gia tri
luan ly, dao due Iruyen thdng. Trong dd, nhiing ddng gdp ciia Phat giao cho nen
luan ly dao due eiia ngudi Viet ndi rieng, eiia dan tdc Viet Nam ndi chung, trong
lich su va hien tai dang duge Iran trgng, ty hao va can phai gin giir.
2. Anh hudng ciia van hoa Cdng giao den van hoa tin nguong va luan ly
dao diic nguoi Viet
Cu dan ngudi Viet d ddng bang Bae Bd vdn trong tang sau cua nd ed chua
dyng van hoa tin ngudng, tdn giao vdi tinh chii dao la tam giao (Nho giao, Phat
giao, Dao giao). Cho den the ky XVI, trong tang van hoa Viet chua ehiu sy anh
hudng ciia Cdng giao. Tu the ky XVll, Cdng giao dan dan ben re vao van hoa ciia
eu dan ngudi Viet. Do nhieu nguyen nhan, trong thdi ky dau, boat ddng Iruyen giao
vao Viet Nam het sue cham chap, sue lan tda khdng Idn va chi phat trien ehii yeu

trong edng ddng cu dan ngheo ddi d vung ven bien, ven sdng. Hon the, cac tin dd
gia nhap dao lai khdng bat dau bang niem tin tdn giao ma tir nhu cau eiia cude sdng
"Di dao lay gao ma an". Nguyen nhan chinh khdng chi do thai do phan ung eiia
ngudi Viet ddi vdi sy ap dat van hda Cdng giao theo tinh than Vatican I, ma thye
chat edn vi hai nen van hda, hai ldi sdng Ddng - Tay rat khae nhau va rat xa la vdi
ngudi Viet Nam. Nhung cudi cung ngudi Viet, vdi nang lye thich nghi rieng biet
eiia minh da va se xay dyng cho minh mot nen van hda dan tdc hien dai.
Sy hdi nhap trude het la d tam thue (hay tam linh) sdng dao ciia ngudi Cdng
giao Viet Nam. Tuy la nhirng tin dd thye thy, ed niem tin vao Thien Chiia Ba Ngdi,
vao nhirng fin ly ciia Cdng giao; song trong hg, van ludn tiem an mot tam linh da
than lir sau tham. Hg quan niem Thanh Quan thay eiia lang - xu - hg dao nhu mot vi
Thanh hoang lang, vdi chuc nang chd che, phii giiip cho edng ddng. Vi vay, ngay
ky niem Thanh Quan thay duge td chuc nhu mot ngay hdi lang vdi nhirng cude di
kieu, rude xaeh. Id bg, cd quat, y phuc va ea tau nhae, hanh van luu thiiy eiia cu dan
ndng nghiep trdng liia nude, cau cho mua thuan, gid hda.
463


VIET NAM HOC - KY YEU HOI THAO QUOC TE LAN THU TU
Huong ude nhieu lang Cdng giao d ddng blng BIC Bd edn cho thIy, d nhung
lang nay vIn duy tri tap tuc xudng ddng, tuc an com mdi. Khdng it lang Cdng giao
edn giu tuc eau mua, cau cho phong dang hda ede. Sau mua gat, ndng dan cdn dang
ndng san gao, dau, trai cay len chan tugng Chiia dl la on.
Mot sd vi Thanh khae duge ngudi dan tin dd chuc nghiep hoa "quan phdng".
Ong thanh Pherd lo viec chira dm dau, dich bach; 6ng thanh Antdn lo viec euu giiip
ngudi ngheo; Ong thanh Maetin giiip viec bat trdm cudp, tim ra cua cai bi mil Irgm.
Om dau, ngheo ddi, trdm cudp la nhirng lai hoa ma ngudi dan - tin dd d cac king
que thdi phong kien, thye dan ludn phai hung ehiu. Khi nao xa hdi khdng euu giiip
hg thi hg phai fim den cac vi Thanh.
Diem ndi bat nhat la viec tdn siing Due Maria. Due Maria duge tdn sung theo

lam thue thd Mau, mot loai hinh fin ngudng dan gian ed tu lau ddi va la hinh lluic
tin ngudng dan gian sdm nhat, cd sue sdng nhat va tdn lai lau dai nhlt trong tin
ngudng Iruyen thdng cua ngudi Viet.
Nhu tren da trinh bay, Phat giao budi dau Iruyen ba vao Viet Nam da sdm hc)i
nhap vdi tin ngudng Mlu dh rdi hinh thanh nen Phat Tu Phap: Van, Vii, Ldi, Dien.
Vl vay, khdng cd gl ngac nhien khi Due Maria duge ngudi dan, tin do ton siing theo
lam thue thd Mau. Giao dan ggi Due Me Maria la Mau, Thanh MIU. NhCrng liic gap
khd khan gian khd, hoan nan, cac giao sT ciing nhu tin do den cau xin Due Me
Maria che chd, euu khd. Trong quan niem etia tin dd Cdng giao, Chiia Giesu la
ngudi cd nhieu quyen nang ban nhung lai khdng gan gGi nhu Due Me Maria. Diic
Me Maria ludn quan lam den cude sdng hang ngay ciia fin dd. Tin do Cdng giao fim
den Due Me Maria de xin duge ban on nhiing thu bet sue binh di trong cude sdng
hang ngay nhu: sue khde, no dii, budn ban dat hang, binh an, di lai an loan... Due
Me Maria edn duge tin do Cdng giao tdn thd la hien than cua sy sinh sdi nay nd.
"Nhung ngudi mudn man ve dudng eon cai fim den Due Me Maria - Me - clu xin
cho duge sinh de con cai"'.
Nhu vay, trong tam thue cua giao dan Viet Nam, Due Maria va eac Thanh da
khdng edn giu nguyen vai trd theo nhu quan niem tin ly eiia Giao hdi Cdng giao
(Due Maria va cac Thanh chi duge tdn kinh, khdng duge ban on cho tin dd. Ba va
cae Thanh thdng edng ehi ddng vai trd trung gian "cau bau ma xin an Due Chiia
Trdi" cho tin huu).
Vdi tin ngudng thd ciing td lien, ngay lir budi dau du nhap, Cdng giao da vap
phai sy phan khang eiia van hda, tin ngudng ban dia. Mot thdi gian dai trude Cdng

1. Nguyen Hong Duong (2001), Nghi le vd loi sdng Cdng giao trong van hoa Viet Nam, N
Khoa hoc xa hoi, Ha Noi, tr. 314.
464


VAI TRQ CUA VAN H6A TON GIAO...

ddng Vatican II, nghi le Cdng giao xung dot vdi fin ngudng thd eiing Id lien eiia
nguc/i Viet. Trude sy "phan ung" dd, den Cdng ddng Vatican II (1962-1965), luc
thd Cling Id lien eiia ngudi Viet da duge Tda Thanh Rdma huge phai edng nhan.
Theo tinh than cua Cdng ddng thu XXI, ngay 14-1-1974, cac Giam mue Viet Nam
ra thdng bao, quy dinh cho ngudi Cdng gldo Viet Nam duac td chirc vd tham du ede
nghi le tdn kinh ong bd td tlen theo phong tuc Viet Nam. Ban thdng bao gdm 5
dieiTi: "Quy dinh cho giao dan duge dat ban thd td lien nhung phai thap hon ban thd
Chiia (dieu 1); duge ddi den, nhang, vai lay tmdc ban thd td lien (dieu 2); duge
Cling gid trong gia dinh theo phong tuc td lien (dieu 3); ed dau, chii re duge lam le
Id, Ic gia lien (dieu 4); trong lang le duge vai lay tmdc thi hai ngudi qua cd, duge
lam mot sd nghi le ddi vdi ngudi qua ddi (dieu 5)" .
Ngudi Cdng giao khi qua ddi van duge tudng niem theo nghi thue Iruyen
thdng cua ngudi Viet vdi tuc ciing 3 ngay, 49 ngay, 100 ngay, gid dau (lieu
tudng), gid bet (dai tudng), md ma van duge cham lo du rang van than hieu chet
la ve vdi Chiia.
Cae hinh thue tudng niem trong cac ngay ndi tren, da ed sy dan xen eiia nghi
le Cdng giao. Nguge lai, khi dgc kinh va cau nguyen, nghi le Cdng giao ciing ehiu
anh hudng eiia tin ngudng thd ciing td lien. Dd la viec dung huong trong phung vu,
Cdng giao ciing danh ban thang 11 trong nam phung vu dl lam viec kinh nhd td
lien. Day duge ggi la thang cac linh hdn. Ngudi Cdng giao thye hanh nghi le vdi td
tien khdng chi la tdn kinh ma dd cdn la nghi le cua sy thd cung to fien truyin thdng
eiia ngudi Viet.
Mot anh hudng khae cua van hda Cdng giao den van hda tmyen thdng ciia
ngudi Viet phai ke den dd la le hdi. Nd da tao nen sy phong phii trong kho tang van
hda Viet Nam. Ngudi Cdng giao khdng ggi nhirng ngay le Idn dien ra d xu hg dao
la le hdi, song tren thye te, mot sd le nhu le Thanh Quan thay d xu, le Chau lugt, le
San ti... la nhirng le cd quy md nhu mot le hdi. Ngoai phan le, edn cd phan hdi nhu
mdc kieu Cdng ddng, miia trdng ea rdng, mda hat dang hoa va dien kich.
Le hdi Cdng giao ciing ed tat ea cac yeu td: le, hdi, tin nguang, phong lye, cac

thanh td nghe thuat, vat pham dang ciing... nhu cac le hdi dan gian khae nhung
cQng cd nhirng net rieng biet. Le hdi Cdng giao lay le ia edt ldi, vi vay thdi gian
dien ra le hdi ngan (ciing ed ky tam nhat hay euu nhat nhung it xay ra) va le hdi Idn
hay nhd liiy thudc vao quy md td chuc giao phan, giao tinh hay qude gia vdi sd
lugng giao sT tham gia nhieu hay it. Le hdi nao ed nhieu Giam mue, Hdng y dang le
Nguyen Hong Duong (1999), "Bude dudng hoi nhap van hoa dan toe eiia Cong giao Viet
Nam", Tap chi Nghien cim Tdn gldo, so 1 va 2, tr. 58.
465


VIET NAM HOC - KY YEU HOI THAO QUOC TE LAN THlT T U

thi giao dan nd nue di dy. Vi du, ll hdi hi mac nam Thanh La Vang 15 thang 8 nam
1999 duge coi la mot trong nhung le hdi Cdng giao Idn nhat d Viet Nam vi duge to
chuc tren binh dien qude gia, vdi sy tham gia cua 16 Hdng y, Tdng Giam mue,
Giam mue; 260 Linh mue va khoang 15 van giao dan.
Trong le hdi cdn cd vdn, mot hinh thue dien xudng dan ca ed tir lau ddi. Trong
Thang Hoa - Thang Nam - Thang Due Ba nhiing van hoa eo duge trinh dien bang
nhirng ldi duge dat, nggi ca tam Idng ciia Due Maria. Ciing vdi cae van hoa la eac
lan dieu hat dan ca khae nhu trdng quan, ed la, hat xoan, hd mai nhi mai day. hat
phuong vai, hat vi dam..., duge cai bien vdi nhiing ca tu mdi; tham ehi, hat ca tru,
hat ndi ciing duge dung de trinh dien. Ciing vdi hat la miia vdi nhirng vii dieu dan
gian, xep hinh, keo ehir, la hinh thue dien xudng cua hdi lang Iruyen thdng (xip
hinh md neo vdi y nghia Due Me la niem trdng dgi; hinh ngdi sao - Due Me la ngdi
sao bien; keo ehii A, V, ehii dau cua Ave Maria - kinh mirng Due Maria...).
Nhae dieu cho nhiing bai hat, gigng ngam, gigng dgc Mua Vgng, Mua Phuc
sinh, Mua Giang sinh la bat am (dan, sao, nhi, trdng...), cung ngG am dugm hdn
Viet. Di theo kieu Thanh Quan thay, kieu Due Ba (Maria), ben eanh ban nhae Tay
la ban nhae Nam vdi phudng bat am tmyen thdng, mua md, miia trae, miia trdng,
miia senh lien am vang rdn ra; trdng, ken, hdi bat am, cd ngii sac; ehii lim di kheo,

miia trdng... di theo dam rude; dan dng mac ao the, khan xep; dan ba mac ao dai tu
than, ndn la...
Ngudi Cdng giao duge thap huong, bay hoa qua tnrde di anh ngudi qua cd. Tai
nha thd, tin huu cdn viet ldi khan nguyen ra giay va ddt tmdc tugng anh. Do vay, mot
dam mdc cua ngudi Cdng giao khdng khae nhieu so vdi dam mdc hdi lang.
Cd the thay, sue manh cua nen van hda Viet Nam cd Ijch su phat trien lau ddi,
nhieu ngi dung nghi le Cdng giao da duge chuyen hda cho phu hgp vdi nen van hda
Viet Nam, nhat la tir sau Cdng ddng Vatican 11. Nha thd Cdng giao da treo ehudng
Nam, nhirng ngay le Idn da rude kieu bang nhiing cd kieu cua ngudi Viet Nam
(kieu vang), nhirng nghi thue tudng niem le Phuc sinh ciing duge td ehiie theo nghi
thue Viet Nam; mua hat dang hoa trong thang Nam, ldi ca duge cai bien tir dieu
cheo, dieu dan ea ngudi Viet; cac vu dao duge lay tir vu dao dan gian... Cdng giao
mudn "loai bd" thd eiing td tien nhung ngudi Cdng giao van cd nhung hinh thue the
hien Dao Hieu nhu xin le d ban thd, td chuc le cau nguyen cho dng ba Id lien va
nhiing ngudi da khuat... Dd chinh la sy hdi tu giira hai ddng chay van hda: van hda
Cdng giao va van hda tmyen thdng ngudi Viet Nam.
Ben canh do, vdn hoa Cdng gldo cdn cd anh hudng den vdn hoa tin ngudng vd
ludn ly dao due ngudi Viet Nam.
466


VAI TRQ CUA VAN HQATON GIAO...

Chu tich Hd Chi Minh da ndi: "Tdn giao ciia ehiia Giesu cd uu diem la Idng
bae ai cao ca". Chinh Idng bae ai dd da tao mot luan ly dao due sdng nhan ban.
Nhiing ngudi theo Cdng giao cd le sau giao thira, mgi ngudi keo nhau ra nha
thd "mung tudi Due Me", tieng ehao, chiie nhau nam mdi xdn xao trong xdm ngd.
Sau khi dy le dau nam, mgi ngudi deu dang len ldi cau cho Td qude Viet Nam duge
hda binh va thinh vugng, vi ngay mdng Mot let la ngay cau nguyen cho dat nude.
Sau khi le xong, eac giao dan trong xu vao ehiic tudi Cha xu. Cha xu eiing vui ve

chiic lai giao dan, mung tudi cac em nhd. Sau dd, tat ea ciing ra Uy ban xa dy le
ehao cd, thap huong, vieng md liet sT eiing nhan dan dia phuong.
Ngay mdng Hai, giao dan eau nguyen cho td lien, lang xdm, xu hg. Trong
ngay nay nhan dip di chiic let, cac phu lao hay nhiing ngudi cd uy fin trong xu
Ihucmg den cae gia dinh cd chuyen bat hda, luc due de dan xep. Khdng it gia dinh
"com chlng lanh, canh chang nggt" da lay lai duge hda khi yen vui giiia vg chdng,
cha me va con cai. Hanh phiic eiia nhiing gia dinh nay da duge ban gan va hanh
phiie cdn den ca vdi lang xdm eiia hg.
Ngay mdng Ba, theo lich Cdng giao la ngay Thanh hda edng viec lam an.
Ngudi Cdng giao biet rang, lao ddng, lam an chan chinh la vat va, nhung hg hieu,
chinh Chiia Giesu cGng phai lao ddng eye nhgc de kiem sdng, nudi ca cha va me.
Tam guong eiia Ngai dem lai nhan thue cho giao dan mong mudn cd viec lam chan
chinh. Do vay vao ngay mdng Ba, cae gia dinh thudng tu tap eiing nhau ben mam
e(mi de riit kinh nghiem lam an trong nam qua va dinh hudng cho nam mdi; eiing
nhau hat bai "Clu xin Chiia Thanh Thin", dgc kinh "Xin chiia sang soi" dl xin
Chiia hudng dan cho edng an viec lam nam tdi thuan Igi va lien trien.
Nhiing trinh bay tren day cho thIy, tinh thin "dao", "ddi", tmyin thdng va
hien tai da cd sy hda nhap, gan bd. Ba ngay let cd tmyen la dip de ngudi Cdng giao
thye hien nhiing viec lam mang "finh" dao ly, dao due. Nhung dao ly tren ciia Cdng
giao phu hgp vdi dao ly cua ngudi Viet Nam the hien qua phong tuc: "Mdng Mot
let cha, mdng Hai let me, mdng Ba let thay".
Ngoai ra, trong ngay tit, nhilu gia dinh Cdng giao eiing dyng cay neu (tren
cay neu cd hinh Thanh gia) tmdc ciia nha. Ngudi Cdng giao khdng tin cd ma ta
nhung hg tin ring, cung vdi viec dyng Thanh gia va vay nude phep vao dem Ba
niuoi, gia dinh hg duge yen vui, tranh duge sy cam dd ciia ma quy. Tren ban thd
eac gia dinh vao nhiing ngay let cdn thap den, thap huong, ddng thdi ciing vang len
tieng kinh cau deu dan ea sang va tdi...
Tiiy thudc d mdi miln, mdi xu dao, mdi giao phan, ngudi Cdng giao deu cd
nhCmg sinh boat let cd Iruyen khae nhau, nhung tat ea deu ddng gdp vao nen van
hda dan tdc tao ra mot ban sac Viet Nam nhan van va tinh te.

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VIET NAM HOC - KY YEU HOI THAO QUOC TE LAN THlT TU

Nhiing tu tudng ve Idng tmng hieu, ve mdi quan he giira cha me vdi con cai
ciia ngudi Cdng giao ciing duge ehi rd trong "Thap gidi". Dd la, mgi tin dcd phai
thao kinh vdi cha me; ve phan cha me phai ed nghia vu giao due eon cai "cho din
khi luat Chiia duge khae ghi trong tam hdn". Cha me phai sdng sao dh trd thanh tIm
guong tdi cho con cai noi theo. Day cung la net dep tuong ddng vdi van hda tinh
than tmyen thdng Viet Nam:
"Cong cha nhu nul Thai San,
NghTa me nhu nude trong ngudn chay ra.
Mot long thd me kinh cha,
Cho trdn chu hieu mdi Id dao con".
Tu tudng ve eu xu trong quan he vg chdng, Kinh Thanh cGng ran da>': ngudi
chdng la chu, mau myc eiia yeu thuang va trung thanh, ngudi vg phai ed nghia vu
dap lai tinh cam dd. Trong "Thap gidi" cung ed hai dieu ran ngan cam cae hanh vi
tdi ldi trong quan he nam nu de bao ve hdn nhan: "khdng duge gian dam" (dilu ran
6); "khdng duge ham mudn vg (chdng) ciia ngudi khae" (dieu ran 9)...
Nhiing chuan myc trong ddi sdng hdn nhan cua Cdng giao ndi tren cho thay
phu hgp vdi luat phap ciia Nha nude ta. Luat Hdn nhan va Gia dinh nam 2000 ciia
Viet Nam ghi rd: "Vg chdng chung thiiy, Ihucmg yeu, quy trgng, cham sdc, giiij) do
nhau, eiing nhau xay dyng gia dinh no am, binh dang, lien bd, hanh phiie, ben vQ"ng"
[Dieu 18, ehuong 3]. "Vg chdng binh dang vdi nhau, ed nghia vu va quyira ngang
nhau ve mgi mat trong gia dinh" [dieu 19, ehuong 3].
Nhirng quy dinh nay gdp phan trong viec xay dyng tu tudng mdi vl quan he
hdn nhan lanh manh, ban che ran niit trong gia dinh tin dd, gdp phan dn dinh ddi
sdng xa hdi trong giao dan.
Nhu vay, trai qua thdi gian, Cdng giao d Viet Nam dan dan tao ra duge mc)t he

gia tri xa hdi, da anh hudng khdng nhd den van hda tin nguang eiia ngudi Viet d
ddng bang Bae Bd. Gia tri Idn nhat anh hudng den van hda tin ngudng ngudi Viet la
tao nen nep sdng dao eiia ngudi Cdng giao Viet Nam, the hien qua nep sdng ca
nhan, nep sdng gia dinh, nep sdng cdng ddng xir, hg dao. Nep sdng dao ciia ngudi
Cdng giao duge dya tren nen tang Phiie am va sy giao Ihoa ciia nep sdng Iruyen
thdng dan tdc. Phucmg chain sdng "kinh Chiia, yeu Ngudi" chinh la the hien ciia
nep sdng nay.
Vdi tu each la yeu td eau thanh he thdng cac gia trj tinh than ciia xa hdi, gia tri
luan ly dao due la nhirng nguyen ly, dao ly, nhOng nguyen tac ling xu cua mot cdng
ddng. Qua qua trinh cung chung sdng, cung trai nghiem da duge edng ddng thira
468


VAI T R Q CUA VAN H Q A T O N GIAO.

nhan va dem van dung trong ddi sdng nham dieu chinh, danh gia hanh vi ea nhan va
ciia ca edng ddng. Neu xel tren binh dien nhu vay thi day chinh la nhiing luan ly
dao diic ma Cdng giao da anh hudng den edng ddng ngudi Viet, gdp phan quang ba
tieng ndi dao due theo nhan thue va bien phap lien hanh rieng ciia minh.
Van hda Cdng giao ndi chung, luan ly dao diic Cdng giao ndi rieng xel ve mat
ban che trong mot ehirng myc nhat dinh nao dd (pham vi bai nay khdng de cap tdi),
nhung khi nghien euu ve anh hudng ciia van hda Cdng giao den tin ngudng Iruyen
thdng va luan ly dao due ngudi Viet ehiing ta khdng chi cam nhan duge nhiing ve
dep ben ngoai ciia van hda phuong Tay hien dien trong Idng van hda phuong Ddng
ma edn duge "dam minh" trong van hda phuong Tay khi nd tham than vao hdn dan
toe mot dac linh ciia van hda mdi mang sac thai van hda rieng - van hda Cdng giao
Viet Nam.
Tom lai: van hda tdn giao ndi chung va van hda Phat giao, Cdng giao ndi
rieng, ed tac ddng het sue to Idn den ddi sdng tinh than Viet Nam. Tu tudng khoan
dung, hda binh, khuyen thien, ngira ae... eiia Phat giao cung tu tudng bae ai eiia

Cdng giao da ed tac dung thue finh luong tri eon ngudi, dieu chinh hanh vi ciia cac
ea nhan va edng ddng de xay dyng mot cude sdng tdi dep hon. Tren eo sd dd, con
ngudi se duge sdng trong mdi trudng hda binh, nhan ai, khdng ed chien tranh hiiy
diet, khiing bd qude te va xung dot tdn giao.
Tir nhiing nghien euu tren, cung cd the khang dinh rang, nhung anh hudng
trong ddi sdng van hda tinh than, khdng ed anh hudng nao manh hon ton giao va
eiing khdng cd sy "quyen hi" nao bang sy "quyen ru" ciia tdn giao, mot khi nd da di
vao Idng ngudi. Tdn giao, tuy ed mot sd mat ban che nhat dinh (bai viet khdng de
cap tdi), nhung xel ve mat ban chat, tdn giao chinh la van hda, la mot trong nhirng
ngudn gde ciia van hda. Va nhu vay, sy du nhap eiia Phat giao hay Cdng giao vao
Viet Nam chinh la sy du nhap van hda tu ben ngoai vao, hda quyen vdi van hda
truyin thdng de tao ra mot ludng van hda mdi lien tien nhung dam da ban sac dan
tdc Viet Nam.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Dao Duy Anh (2002), Viet Nam vdn hod sir cuang, Nxb.Van hoa thong fin. Ha Ngi.
2. Toan Anh (1996), Phong tuc thd ciing td tien trong gia dinh Viet Nam, Nxb. Van hoa
thong tin. Ha Ngi.
3. Ban Tu tudng - Van hoa Tmng uang (2002), Vdn de ve tdn gido vd chinh sdch tdn gldo
ciia Ddng Cdng Sdn Viet Nam, Nxb. Chinh tri qude gia. Ha Ngi.
4. Bg Gido lugt (1983), Nxb.Tdn giao, Ha Noi.
5. Giuse Maria Trinh Van Can (1985), Kinh Thdnh Tdn Ude, Toa Tdng Giam mue, Ha Ngi.
469


VIET NAM HQC - KY YEU HOI THAO QUOC TE LAN THlT TU

6. Linh mue Thien Cam (1987), Ddc tin vd vdn hod, Uy ban Doan kit Cong giao Viet
Nam, TP.H6 Chi Minh.
7. Nguyin Hue Chi (1998), "Ve hien tugng dung hgp trong van hoa Viet Nam". Tap ehi
Xua & Nay, so 57.

8. Leopold Cadiere (1997), Ve vdn hod vd tin ngudng truyen thong ngudi Viet, Nxb.Van
hoa thong tin. Ha Ngi.
9. Nguyen Hong Duong (1993), "Hoi nhap van hoa tniyin thong Viet Nam trong lich su",
Tap ehi Nghien cim Ddng Nam A, Sd 1, thang 10.
10. Nguyen Hong Duong (1999), "Bude dudng hoi nhap van hoa dan toe cua Cong giao
Viet Nam", Tap chi Nghien euu Tdn gido, sd 1 va sd 2.
11. Nguyen Hdng Duong (2001), Nghi li vd ldi sdng Cdng gido trong van hod Viet Nam,
Nxb. Khoa hge xa hoi, Ha Ngi.
12. Nguyen Hdng Ducmg (2004), Ton gido trong mdi quan he vdn hod vd phdi irien van
hod a Viet Nam, Nxb. Khoa hge xa hoi, Ha Noi.
13. Dang Cong san Viet Nam (1991), Vdn kien Dgi hoi dgi bleu toan qude lan thir VU,
Nxb. Sy that. Ha Ngi.
14. Dang Cong san Viet Nam (1996), Vdn kien Dgi hoi dgi biiu todn qude Idn thir VUI,
Nxb. Chinh tri qude gia, Ha Ngi.
15. Dang Cong san Viet Nam (2003), Vdn kien Dgi hdi dgi bieu todn qude lan thirX, Nxb.
Chinh tri qude gia. Ha Ngi.
16. Giao hoi Phat giao Viet Nam (1990), Thien uyen tap anh, Nxb.Van hoc, Ha Noi.
17. Giao hoi Phat giao Viet Nam (1992), Kinh Trung A Hdm, Vien Nghien euu Phat hoc In
hanh, Ha Ngi.
18. Giao hoi Phat giao Viet Nam (1996), Kinh Phdp Cu, Thanh hdi Phat giao TP.Hd Chi
Minh xuat ban.
19. Giao hoi Phat giao Viet Nam (1992), Kinh Dia Tang, Vien Nghien eiiu Phat hoc In
hanh, Ha Noi.
20. Giao hoi Cdng giao (1992), Gido lugt gidi thich vd dp dung (quyen 4), Nhiem vu thanh
hoa ciia Giao hoi Rdma.
21. Tran Van Giau (1980), Gid tri tinh thdn truyen thdng ciia dan tdc Viet Nam, Nxb. Khoa
hoc xa hoi. Ha Ngi.
22. Ch. Haichelin (1965), Les origines de la religion, Paris, France.
23. Hd Trgng Hoai (1995), Vai trd xd hdi cua tdn gido a Viet Nam hien nay - Mot sd vdn
de ly ludn vd thue tien, Tap san ciia Dai hoc Tdng hgp. Ha Ndi.

24.Dd Quang Hung (1991), Mot sd vdn de lich sir Thien Chiia gido a Viet Nam, lap san
ciia Dai hge Tdng hgp, Fla Ngi.
25. Nguyen Lang (2000), Viet Nam Phat gido su ludn, 2 tap, Nxb.Van hge. Ha Ngi.
26. Tda Tdng Giam mue TP. Hd Chi Minh (1998), Kinh Thdnh trgn bg Cuu Ude vd Tdn
Ude, Nxb. TP. Hd Chi Minh.
27. Tda Tdng Giam mue TP. Hd Chi Minh (2002), Kinh nghiem hdi nhap vdn hda trong
nep sdng Ki td gido tai Viet Nam, Tai lieu luu hanh ngi bd.
28. Le Manh That (1999), Nghien ciru ve Thien uyen tap anh, Nxb. TP. Hd Chi Minh.

470


VAI TRQ CUA VAN H Q A T O N GIAO...

29.
30.
31.
32.

Le Manh That (1999), Lich .su Phdi gido Viet Nam, tap 1, Nxb. Thuan Hoa, Hul.
Le Manh That (2001), Lich .sir Phat gido Viet Nam, tap 2, Nxb. TP. Ho Chi Minh.
Le Manh That (2002), Lich .su Phat gido Viet Nam, tap 3, Nxb. TP. Ho Chi Minh.
Ngo Due Thinh (chu bien, 2001), Tin ngudng vd vdn hod tin ngudng d Viet Nam, Nxb.
Khoa hge xa hdi, Ha Ngi.
33. Tnin Ngge Them (1999), Casdvdn hda Viet Nam, Nxb. Giao due, TP. Hd Chi Minh.
34. Nguyen Khae Thuan (2006), Tien trinh vdn hda Viet Nam tit khai thiiy den the ky XIX,
Nxb. Giao due.
35. Dang Nghiem Van (2005), Ly ludn ve tdn gido vd tinh hinh tdn gido a Viet Nam, Nxb.
Chinh tri qude gia, Ha Ndi.
36. Van phdng Tdng thu ky Hdi ddng Giam mue Viet Nam (2004), Gido hdi Cdng gido

Viet Nam, Nien gidm 2004, Nxb. Tdn giao. Ha Ndi.
37. Iran Qude Vugng (1989), "Tdn giao va van hoa", Bao Ngudi Cdng gido Viet Nam, sd
Xuan Ky Ty.
38. Tran Qude Vugng chu bien (2008), Ca sd vdn hda Viet Nam, Nxb.Giao due. Ha Ngi.

471