Phát triển nông nghiệp hàng hóa ở vùng đồng bằng sông hồng TT TIENG ANH

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INTRODUCTION
1. Reason for choosing thesis topic
Agriculture is the basic material production of society. Under
any circumstances, Agriculture always plays the role of the
foundation, which is the support for the stable and sustainable socioeconomic development of the country. Agricultural economic
development has always been identified by the Party as one of the
strategic issues in the process of industrialization and modernization
and international economic integration. The 10th Congress of the
Party affirmed that: At present and in the coming years, the issue of
agriculture, farmers and rural areas is strategically important. It is
important to attach great importance to industrialization and
modernization of agriculture and rural areas in order to build a large,
diversified, fast and sustainable agriculture.
The Red River Delta is a large agricultural area of the country
with tradition, potential and strength in agricultural production. After more
than 30 years of innovation (from 1986 to present), the development of
commodity agriculture in the Red River Delta has achieved remarkable
achievements with revolutionary significance, greatly contributing to the
socio- Economic development of the region and the whole country.
However, comparing with the requirements and potential strengths of the
region, this development exist many limitations: small scale, scattered
production; The productivity, quality and competitiveness of agricultural
commodities are low; The structure of agricultural economy is still
traditional, moving toward commodities slowly and unsustainablely; At
the same time, it also sets out the urgent issues that need to be addressed:
expanding the scale of production of agricultural commodities business;
further improving the productivity, quality and competitiveness of
agricultural commodities; reorganizing the production of commodity
farm in a global, effective and sustainable value chain; Searching and
expanding the output markets for agricultural commodities and creating a

favorable business environment to promote the agricultural commodities
in the region to develope.


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Given the strong impact of the fourth industrial revolution, the
globalization trend, international economic integration, trade liberalization
and the need to accelerate the industrialization and modernization of the
country, and the development of the socialist-oriented market economy
makes the objective, relationship and mode of agricultural development
change that requires to research both theoretical and practical aspects, then
proposing ideas and solutions to develop the commodity agriculture of the
comprehensive, modern and sustainable region, actively and effectively
participate in the global agro-product value chain.
The development of commodity agriculture in the Red River Delta
has important implications both in theory and practice, but has not been
thoroughly and systematically studied, in terms of political scientific
economy. This is a science relevant to the subject that the researcher has
studied, researched and taught; At the same time, with the experience
gained through practical activities in some regions in the Red River
Delta, together with the guidance and assistance of scientists to allow
PhD students to deploy successful thesis.
From the bases above, the PhD student selected the topic
"Agricultural commodity development in the Red River Delta" as a
doctoral thesis on Political Economy.
2. Purposes and research tasks
Purpose: To clarify the theoretical and practical base of
agricultural commodity development in the Red River Delta, thus
proposing ideas and solutions to promote commodity agriculture in
this region in the coming time.

Research tasks:
Overview of research related to thesis topic;
Building the theoretical foundation for the development of
agricultural commodity in the Red River Delta; surveying experiences in
some countries, the socio-economic region in the country on the
development of agricultural commodity, drawing lessons for the Red
River Delta;
Assessing the current situation, pointing out the causes and
issues that need to be addressed under the current situation of
agricultural commodity development in the Red River Delta from
2010 to 2017;
Proposing ideas and solutions for developing agricultural


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commodity in the Red River Delta in the following years.
3. Subjects and scope of research
Subjects: Agricultural commodity development.
Scope of research:
Content: The thesis on access to agriculture includes: agriculture,
forestry and fishery; Focus on clarifying the increase in size and
quantity; improve the quality and complete the structure of commodity
economy from a scientific and political viewpoint and place it in close
relation with the process of agricultural restructuring of the with the
process of agricultural restructuring of the whole country.
Space: The thesis studied in the Red River Delta of Vietnam,
covering 11 provinces / cities: Hanoi, Vinh Phuc, Bac Ninh, Quang
Ninh, Hai Duong, Hai Phong, Hung Yen, Thai Binh, Ha Nam, Nam
Dinh and Ninh Binh.
Time: Time to survey the development of agricultural

commodity in the Red River Delta from 2010 to 2017 and propose
directions for development in the following years.
4. Theoretical, practical bases and research methods
Theoretical bases: The thesis is based on the basic principles of
Marxism-Leninism; Ho Chi Minh’s ideology; The viewpoints and
lines of the Communist Party of Vietnam on the development of
commodity economy and agricultural commodity in the socialistoriented market economy and international economic integration.
Practical bases: Basing on the factual surveys in some countries,
the socio-economic region and the realities of developing the
agricultural commodity in the Red River delta through the published
data and materials of state agencies and 11 provinces and cities in the
Red River Delta.
Research methods
Basing on the methodology of dialectical materialism of
Marxism-Leninism, the thesis uses the following methods: scientific
abstract method, logical and historical combining, analysis and
synthesis, statistics, comparison and expert methods.
5. New contributions of the thesis
The dissertation proposed and clarified the concept and
interpretation of the three basic contents and criteria for each item of


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agricultural commodity development in the Red River Delta;
The thesis analyzed, assessesed the real situation, identified the
causes and pointed out the five critical issues that need to be
addressed in the development of agricultural commodity in the Red
River Delta;
From theoretical , practical base and issues that need solving, the
thesis proposed four viewpoints and six solutions to develop

agriculture commodity in the Red River Delta in the coming time.
6. Theoretical and practical meanings of the thesis
Contributing to clear explaination about the theory and practice
development of agricultural commodity in the Red River Delta. The
results of the thesis are theoretical and practical basis for the local
authorities to guide development of agricultural commodity at present.
The thesis can be used as learning materials, teaching and scientific
research on agriculture and agricultural commodity development
7. The structure of the thesis
The dissertation includes: Introduction, 4 chapters (10 periods),
list of published works, list of references and appendix
Chapter 1
OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCHES RELATED TO THE
THESIS
1.1. Foreign researches related to the topic
1.1.1. Researches on agricultural development
Park Sung Sang (1977), “Growth and Development: A Physical
Output and Employment Strategy”; Harry T.Oshima (1987), “Economic
Growth in Monsoon: A Comparative Servey”; Michael Paul Todaro
(1989), “Economic Development in the Third World ; Zhen Zhong (2014),
“Increasing Subsidies for China's Agriculture ; Mekdum Winai (2015),
“New Farmer Development in Agricultural Land Reform Area in Thailand
”; Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
(2015), “Agricultural development policy of Vietnam in 2015 ”
1.1.2. Reseaches on agricultural commodity development
M. Ataman Aksoy, John C.Beghin (2005), “Global agricultural


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trade and developing countries”; Food and Agriculture Organization of

the United Nations (2015), “The State of Agricultural Commodity
Markets 2015 - 2016”; Borrown Tanrattanaphong (2015), “Successful
Cases of Agricultural Cooperatives Marketing Activities for Improving
Marketing”; The World Bank (WB) (2016), “Transforming Vietnamese
agriculture : gaining more from less”; Zhen Zhong (2016),
“Development of Agricultural Product Market System ”; Zhen Zhong
(2017), “Recent Development of Agricultural Products Market System
in China ”.
1.2. Research works in the country related to the
Tran Thanh (2010), "Mekong Delta Agricultural Development
and Its Impact on Strengthening of the Provincial Defense Region
(City) in Military Zone 9 at present"; Doan Xuan Thuy (2011),
"Policy for supporting agricultural development in Vietnam today";
Nguyen Tran Trong (2011), "Vietnamese agricultural development in
the integrated market economy in the period of 2011-2020"; Doan
Tranh (2012), "Quang Nam agricultural development in the period
2011 – 2020; Vu Trong Binh (2013), "Characteristics of new
agriculture in the context of industrialization, modernization,
globalization"; Dang Kim Son (2014), "Renovating Vietnam
Agricultural Policy - Context, Needs and Prospects"; Southwest
Steering Committee, the Ministry of Planning and Investment and the
Ministry of Industry and Trade (2014), "Trade promotion,
agricultural investment and rural areas in the Mekong Delta"; Vo
Xuan Tien (2015), "Promoting the restructuring of Vietnamese
agriculture" Institute of Economics and Policy, Universiry of
Economics - Hanoi National University (2015), "Development of
link forms to overcome the limitations of household economy in the
context of integration"; Vietnam Economic News, Central Economic
Commission, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (2016),
"Safe Agriculture: Solutions to Promote Responsibility in

Management of Agricultural Value Chain"; Nguyen Quoc Dung
(2016), "Economic, social and environmental benefits of the" big field
model "in the Mekong Delta; Tran Quang Trung (2017), "Linking


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business production in agriculture - Theory and practice in processing
farm product of raw materials for animal feed"; Luong Trung Thanh,
Thinh Van Khang, Nguyen Thi Lan Huong (2017), "Development of
cooperative economy in agriculture in Thanh Hoa province"; Pham Thi
Thanh Binh (2018), "Comparative Study of Agricultural Policy in
China, Thailand, Israel and lessons learned for Vietnam".
1.2.2. Reseaches on the development of commodity economy in
agriculture and rural areas
Pham Van Huynh (1993), "Development of Agricultural
commodity following to socialist orientation in Vietnam"; Le Minh
Department (1995), "Developing the rural economy of goods and its
impact on the task of building the armed forces of Vietnam today";
Mai Van Bao (2000), "Agricultural commodity development in the
process of industrialization and modernization in our country"; Bui
Van Can (2001), "Developing commodity economy in the process of
industrialization and modernization of agriculture and rural areas in
the Red River Delta"; Tran Xuan Chau (2002), "Accelerating the
development of commodity agriculture in Vietnam today".
Nguyen Thanh Long (2001), "Factors influencing the development of
commodity agriculture in the Red River Delta provinces in the period of
industrialization and modernization"; Lai Ngoc Thanh (2010), "The Impact
of Land fragmentation on the development of commodity production in the
Red River Delta"; Do Thi Thanh Loan (2015), "Restructuring agricultural
economy in the Red River Delta in the context of international economic

integration"; Phi Van Hanh (2016), "Sustainable agricultural development in
the Red River Delta"; Pham Van Hien (2017), "Development of science and
technology for agriculture in the Red River Delta".
1.3. The main results of the related works and posed issues
need solving in the thesis
1.3.1. The main results of the published works
related to thesis topic
Studying published scientific works related to thesis that the
researcher have conditions to consult shows that:
Firstly, about theory of agricultural commodity and development


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of Agricultural commodity, The works presented the concept and
characteristics of agricultural commodity, pointing out the law of
development of agricultural commodity, especially some doctoral
dissertations have brought the concept, content, clarification of
characteristics, roles and conditions for developing agricultural
commodity in Vietnam. With these contents, the researcher will be
studied, inherited and clarified when building the basis for the
development of agricultural commodity in the Red River Delta.
Secondly, about experience on developing agricultural
commodity. A number of reference books, theses have summarized
the results, achievements, experiences in agricultural development,
agricultural commodity of Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, Philippines,
Malaysia, Thailand, China and Israel… . From that, drawing lessons
for development subject. These generalizations are the basis for the
study of the practical experience of agricultural commodity
development in the Red River Delta closely to reality.
Thirdly, about the real situation of agricultural commodity

development. Scientific studies have shown the achievements and
limitations of agricultural commodity development in our country in
recent years. Evaluation results in these works are the basis for the
dissertation review, objective and comprehensive evaluation about
the development of agricultural commodity in the Red River Delta.
Fourthly, about the viewpoints, solutions on the development
agricultural commodity . Most of the works have proposed a system of
viewpoints and solutions on the development of agricultural commodity
quite comprehensively, closely to reality in Vietnam. The above
proposals, will be studied by the author of the thesis, applied in the
general direction, proposed solutions to develop agricultural commodity
in the Red River Delta.
1.3.2. Posed issues need solving in the thesis
From the general results of the scientific works related to the
thesis topic, posing problems that continues solving in the thesis:
Firstly, what is the development of agricultural commodity in
the Red River Delta, what is the content and criteria for evaluating
this development? Secondly, how is the situation of agricultural
commodity development in the Red River delta, the problems that


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need to be solved? Thirdly, to promote agricultural commodity in the
Red River Delta to develop in the near future what viewpoints and
solutions should be implemented?
To answer the above questions, the dissertation focuses on
clarifying the following issues:
Firstly, building concept, identifying content, and concretizing
the development criteria for agricultural commodity development in
the Red River Delta. Secondly, researching the practical experiences

of agricultural commodity development in a number of countries and
socio-economic regions in the country, drawing lessons for localities
in the Red River delta in developing the agricultural commodity.
Thirdly, objectively surveying and evaluating the situation of
agricultural commodity development in the Red River Delta over the
past time and pointing out the really urgent issues that need to focus
onl efforts to solve in the coming time. Fourthly, proposing
viewpoints, practical and feasible solutions, to develop agricultural
commodity in the Red River Delta in the coming time.
Summary of chapter 1
In chapter 1, the author has reviewed 12 foreign scientific
works, 28 scientific works in the country are monographs, doctoral
dissertations, summaries, yearbook and related scientific articles
related to the topic of group works from far to close, from the general
to the private, outline the main results of the works, from which
drawing the problems need to address in the thesis
Chapter 2
THEORITICAL BASE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF
AGRICULTURAL COMMODITY IN THE RED RIVER
DELTA AND PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE
2.1. General issues in agriculture and agricultural agriculture
2.1.1. Agriculture
2.1.1.1. The concept of agriculture
Agriculture is the basic material production of the society: using


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land for cultivation and animal husbandry, harvesting plants and
animals as raw materials and labor to produce food and some raw
materials for the industry. It is a large manufacturing industry,

covering many fields: cultivation, animal husbandry, preliminary
processing of agricultural products; In broad terms, it also includes
forestry and fisheries
2.1.1.2. Characteristics of agriculture
In agricultural production, land is the main production material in
agriculture associating with geographic location, can not move. Agricultural
production is seasonal. The objects of agricultural production are crops and
livestock. Agricultural production í on a large space with clear area.
From its inception to the present, agriculture has developed in two
forms: self-sufficient agriculture and agricultural commodity.
2.1.2. Agricultural commodity
2.1.2.1. Concept of agricultural commodity
Basing on the research and inhering some scientists in and out
country, it can be conceived: Agricultural commodity is part of the
type of socio-economic organization that produces agricultural and
forestry products, fisheries to meet the social needs through
exchanging and trading on the market, bringing benefits to business
owners, helping them to carry out the process of reproduction and
expansion in production. goods
2.1.2.2. The role of agricultural commodity in socio-economic development.
Agricultural commodity allows to exploit and effectively use
resources to create commodity yields that better meet social needs; To
make the subjects sharp and creative, improve the quality and
efficiency of production and business in commodity yields, and expand
the economic and cultural exchanges, break the conservative and
closed nature of the region, branch and manufacturing subject.
2.2. Concepts, content and factors affecting the development
of agricultural commodity in the Red River Delta
2.2.1. Concepts on the development of agricultural
commodity in the Red River Delta

2.2.1.1. Concepts on the development of agricultural commodity


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Basing on the principle of development, economic development
and inheritance of previous concepts, it is possible to understand the
development of agricultural commodity in which there are
development of agricultural commodity in Vietnam on the following
specific aspects:
Firstly, the development of agricultural commodity is the
process of increasing the scale of production, the rate of commodity
farm product; improving productivity, quality, efficiency,
competitiveness of agricultural commodity and completing the
structure of the components of the agricultural commodity ;
Secondly, this development is through the practical activity of the
leaders, managers, supporters, producers and businessmen to create,
mobilize, exploit and use resources efficiently for the development. . In
which, state agencies at all levels shall guide, support and mange the
state with the development process; Farmers and enterprises are the
dirrect persons deciding on the results of production and trading of
commodity farm product; Domestic and foreign investors play an
important supporting role and are indispensable.
Thirdly, development of agricultural commodity aims at stablely
developing both social economic and environment in each country and
territory;
Thứ tư, sự phát triển này nhanh hay chậm phụ thuộc rất lớn vào
điều kiện tự nhiên, kinh tế, chính trị, văn hóa, xã hội của mỗi quốc
gia, vùng lãnh thổ trong từng thời kỳ nhất định.
Fourthly, the development of this fast or slow depends greatly on
the natural, economic, political, cultural and social conditions of each

country and territory in each period.
2.2.1.2. Conception of agricultural commodity
development in the Red River Delta.
From the above approaches, associating with the research
scope of the thesis, the author’s conception on the development of
agricultural commodity in the Red River Delta as follows:
Development of agricultural commodity in the Red River Delta is the
process of increasing in scale and quantity, improving quality and


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completing the structure of the agricultural commodity economy
through leadership, management, production and business activities
that the subjects in the region create, mobilize and manage to
efficiently use resources for development to ensure food security and
contribute to realize the socio-economic development objectives of
the region and the whole country.
The conception above has clearly stated purpose, content, subject,
form of development of agricultural commodity in the Red River Delta
2.2.2. Contents of agricultural commodity development in the
Red River Delta
Associating with the process of agricultural restructuring of the
country, development of agricultural commodity in the Red River
Delta focuses on the following contents:
2.2.2.1. To expand the scale of production, increase the volume
and proportion of agricultural products to meet the market demand
and export.
This is an important content that reflect the development of
agricultural commodity in the Red River Delta in width and focus on
the following specific contents: increasing the size and number of

agricultural commodity producers and traders in the localities;
increasing the volume and proportion of productivity commodity to
meet domestic consumption and export demands.
2.2.2.2. Improving the productivity, quality, efficiency and
competitiveness of agricultural commodity in the Red River Delta
This is the main content, reflecting the development of
agricultural commodity in the Red River Delta in depth. The content is
reflected in the following issues: Improving the quality and
competitiveness of productivity commodity to meet market demand.
Improving the quality and efficiency of production and business
activities of agricultural production subjects in the localities in the
region. Making progressive changes in the socio-economic life and
rural and agricultural environment in the Red River delta,
2.2.2.3. Completing the agricultural structure in the
Red River delta in the direction of producing goods in a


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suitable, modern and sustainable manner
This is an important content, reflecting the quality and efficiency
of agricultural commodity development in the Red River Delta. The
specific content of completing the structure of agricultural
commodity economy is: to complete the agricultural economic
structure by economic sector and agricultural products. To
complete the agricultural economic structure in the direction of
specializing the regions and sub-regions specializing in
commodity farm product, bringing into play the advantages of
each locality. To complete the agricultural economic structure in
the direction of efficiently exploiting the contribution of various
economic sectors to the development ofagricultural commodity.

2.2.3. Factors affecting the development of agricultural
commodity in the Red River Delta
The development process of agricultural commodity in the
Red River Delta is influenced by two factors: natural conditions in
the Red River Delta; level of social labor division in the region;
the development of the market for agricultural commodity
development; the level of international integration of the
agricultural sector in the region; the Party's policies and the state’s
management capacity for the development of agricultural
commodity in region; human resources, traditional history, culture
of the region and infrastructure and science and technology in the
region's agriculture
2.3. Experience in developing agricultural commodity in some
countries, socio-economic region of Vietnam and lessons for the Red River Delta
2.3.1. Experience in developing agricultural commodity in some countries,
2.3.1.1. Experience in China
In order to develop the agricultural commodity, the Chinese
government has planned a strategy for developing agricultural products
associated with each sub-region of commodity production; considering to
apply science and technology into production; building the brand,
expanding the market of agricultural products; Linking the forms of
organizing agricultural production in the value chain and implement ing
policies to support farmers
2.3.1.2. Experience in Thailand


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Experience in the development of agricultural commodity in Thailand
included: development of processing industries, rural trades; promoting
research and application of science and technology and agricultural

mechanization; improving the quality of farmers; renovating the mode of
operation for agricultural cooperatives and implementing the policy of
agricultural price subsidies and agricultural insurance for farmers.
2.3.2. Experience in developing agricultural commodity some socioeconomic region of Vietnam
2.3.2.1.Experience in Mekong Delta
The experience in development of agricultural commodity in the
Mekong Delta is: selecting agricultural commodities with potential
advantages; strengthening to research and apply science and technology
into production; developing forms of linking and cooperating in
production along the value chain; organizing investment promotion,
agricultural trade; supporting ang training farmers. However, the
production has not attached to the demand of agricultural products, has not
paid attention to quality and value.
2.3.2.2. Experience in the Central Highlands
The development of agricultural commodity, the localities in the
Central Highlands of Vietnam has been: Strengthening to link agricultural
production along the value chain; studying and applying advanced
technologies into production; Organizing investment promotion activities,
promoting agricultural products. However, the planning and organizing to
implement the plan for the development of agricultural commodity is
not good
2.3.3. Lessons learned for the Red River Delta in developing
agricultural commodity
2.3.3.1. Successful lessons
Firsly, needing to build strategy for products at national, regional
and local levels in association with productive regions.
Secondly, focusing on agricultural mechanization and application
of science ans technology into production so as to raise productivity
and quality of goods
Thirdly, developing cooperative economy in the form of linking and

cooperating with production subjects to raise the quality of products and


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production and business efficiency.
Fourthly, promoting trade promotion activities, expanding market
to motivate th development of agricultural commodity .
Fifthly, focusing on policies to support farmers in production
development to meet the requirements of developing modern and
sustainable agricultural commodity .
2.3.3.2.Unsuccessful lessons
Firstly, the planning and implementing the plan for
development of agricultural commodity is not good, therefore it led
to the imbalance of demand for agricultural products.
Secondly, production is not linked to the market, not properly
evaluated the market leading to failure of agricultural exports.
Thirdly, the management of agricultural products quality is not
tight, leading to increasing agricultural products at low level and
environmental pollution.
Fourthly, the policy for developing agricultural commodity is
unsustainable; it will increase the differentiation of farmers
Summary of chapter 2
In chapter 2, the author of the thesis has developed a theoretical
framework, focused on clarifying concepts, contents and criteria for
evaluating the development of agricultural commodity in the Red
River delta; Studying the experiences of the development of
agricultural commodity in China, Thailand, the Mekong Delta and
the Central Highlands of Vietnam, drawing five successful lessons,
four unsuccessful lessons for the Red River Delta
Chapter 3

REAL SITUATION OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF
AGRICULTURAL COMMODITY IN RED RIVER DELTA IN
THE PAST PERIOD
3.1. Achievement and limitation about the development of
agricultural commodity in the Red River Delta in the past period
3.1.1. Major achievements in the development of agricultural
commodity in the Red River Delta


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3.1.1.1. The scale of agricultural commodity production has been
expanded, the volume of agricultural commodities has increased to meet
the needs of the domestic market and export.
Firstly, the agricultural production in the localities in the region has
expanded toward the direction of that commodity production is concentrated,
and scale is larger.
Secondly, the volume and the proportion of agricultural products have
increased
3.1.1.2. The productivity, quality, efficiency and competitiveness of the
Agricultural Commodity are focused and raised to meet market demand.
Firstly, the productivity, quality and competitiveness of the
products has improved to better meet the market demand.
Secondly, the level and efficiency of production and business
activities of agricultural production subjects in the region has raised.
Thirdly, the economic, social and rural life of the Red River
Delta has improved significantly.
3.1.1.3. The structure of agricultural economy has been
gradually improved in the direction of commodity production,
Firstly, the structure of agricultural products and services has
been improved in the direction of industrialization and

modernization, meeting the needs of the market, exploiting the
potentials of each locality, bringing about high economic efficiency.
Secondly, the structure of agricultural economy shifted towards
increasing the proportion of specialized zones, exploiting the
potentials of each locality.
Thirdly, the structure of the economic component has been
improved in the direction of efficiently exploiting the economic
components and forms of organizing production and business in
agriculture.
3.1.2. Some limitations in the development of agricultural
commodity in the Red River Delta
3.1.2.1. Scale of agricultural commodity production in region is
small, and scattered
The number of households using land for rice cultivation under 0.5
ha still accounts for 90.7%, the number of pig households from 1 to 5


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accounts for 58.21%, chicken households under 50 accounts for 82.96%
The More than 50% of the microenterprises (less than 10 employees) are
microenterprises. Average land area of a farm is only 2.0 ha; the average
capital of a cooperative fảming is very low: 1,160 million / co-operative
fảming. Large field models account for only 8.8% of the agricultural land
area and 18% of the total number of agricultural, forestry and fishery
households in the region.
3.1.2.2. The productivity, quality and efficiency of agricultural
commodities are low. Many forms of agricultural production are still
weak and the competitiveness of agriculture is low.
Firstly, the rate, quality and competitiveness of productivity are low.
Kinds, product size is not uniformity, model is not beautiful; the rate of

productivity of disposable goods is large, the percentage of exported agricultural
products is about 10%. Disodium, excess of chemicals, preservatives. The
number of productivity is still low, until February 2018, there are 137 new
products in the whole region. The price of productivity is unstable, especially in
the main season. Value of agricultural exports of the region is low, heavily
depend on the Chinese market (70% of export turnover).
,Secondly, the level of trading agricultural products is low, many models
of agricultural production has not escaped from the state of weakness, low
efficiency. Number of agricultural laborers has not trained in the region in
2016, accounting for 91 , 07% of total labor in agriculture. The highest rate of
mechanization in rice production was only 2.9 HP / ha. The number of good
agricultural practice units (VietGap) accounted for 0.85% of the total
agricultural production units in the region. The number of rural households
with the largest income from agriculture, forestry and fishery in 2016
decreased by 10.5% compared to 2011, about 70.5% of cooperative farming
operated inefficiently; The rate of return on capital for production and business
of many foreign enterprises is low. Production linkages between foreign
enterprises and cooperative farming, farmers are lax, unsustainable.
Thirdly, agricultural commodity production hasn’t brought
economic, social and environmental effects, and not really
sustainable. The proportion of households with the highest income
from agriculture, forestry and fishery in 2016 decreased by 10.5%
compared to 2011. The difference in income between the highest
income group and the lowest income group in 2010 is 8.8 times, in


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2016 is 7.9 times. Farmers use fertilizer, pesticide improperly and
cause loss, waste, affecting the quality of agricultural products. The
discharge of untreated waste from livestock farms, slaughterhouses

and processing areas pollute the environment. Forest cover in 2016 is
only 6.08% of the total area,
3.1.2.3. The structure of agricultural economy is shifted
towards commodity, modern, sustainable are slow and still
imbalance.
Firstly, the economic structure of agriculture, forestry and
fishery is shifted towards production cômdity is still slow,
unbalanced and unsustainable. In 2016, the proportion of agriculture
decreased by 5.3%, compared with 2010, but still accounted for
82.98%; aquatic products increased 5.43%, but only accounted for
16.73%; forestry increased 0.01% compared with 2014, but only
accounted for 0.29% of the total production value
Secondly, the structure of agricultural areas that is shifted
towards the formation of specialized zones for intensive cultivation is
still inadequate, small scale and lack of close linkage. The regions
and sub-zones of production are concentrated in small-scale localities
(villages and communes), and are still heavy in terms of
administrative boundaries but do not pay much attention to the
expansion of economic space. Many areas of production have formed
but the infrastructure is not synchronized, not suitable with the
development level of the production and social division and the
practical conditions of each locality.
Thirdly, the structure of economic components is still unbalanced,
ineffective. The state economy tends to decrease in both quantity and
size, but still accounts for a large proportion. The non-state economy has
developed strongly, but most of them are small-scale, with a low
proportion. Foreign enterprises account for only 0.06%, household
economy accounts for 98.9%; farm economy is 0.69% and agriculture
cooperative farming accounts for 0.27% of the total agricultural
production units in the region.

3.2. Reasons for achievements, limitations and problems arising from
the development of agricultural commodity in the Red River Delta
3.2.1. Reasons for achievements


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3.2.1.1. Objective reasons
Firstly, due to the concern of the Party leadership and the
management of the State, the coordination and guidance of the central
ministries and branches.
Secondly, the requirements of economic integration and liberalization
of international trade have created motivation for agricultural commodity
of the region to develope.
Thirdly, The Red River Delta has potential and strengths to develop
the agricultural commodity.
3.2.1.2. Subjective reasons
Firstly, the determination of the Party and local authorities and
promoting the role of the head of Hanoi City for the task of developing
agricultural commodity in the Red River Delta.
Secondly, promoting the role of economic sectors and economic
organizations in producing and trading productivity.
Thirdly, the application of advanced science and technology to
production has made certain contributions to the development of
agricultural commodity .
3.2.2. Reason for the limitations
3.2.2.1. Objective reasons
Firstly, the development of agricultural commodity in the Red
River Delta is dominated by historical and traditional factors.
Secondly, the agricultural commodity of the region in recent years
has faced with many disadvantages in natural disasters and diseases.

Thirdly, the policy of agricultural protection in importing countries
are more or less affecting the export of agricultural products in the region
Fourly, the system of infrastructure and services of the region has not
met the requirement of the agricultural commodity development. .
3.2.2.2. Subjective reasons
Firstly, the leadership and management of agricultural commodity
development at some Party committees, local authorities in the region
has not been fully promoted. Secondly, the mechanisms and policies for
agricultural commodity
development at local are lacking in
synchronism, inadequate and slow to come into practice. Thirdly, the
quality of human resources in agriculture has not met the requirements
of developing the agricultural commodity of the region. Fourthly,


19
investment in agricultural commodity development of the region is not
commensurate with the position, role and potential of agriculture.
Fifthly, the application of science and technology into production and
business but lack of synchronism, level of science and technology is not
high. Sixthly, the market for development of agricultural commodity is
slow, unstable; information, market orientation is not focused.
3.2.3.Problems arising from the development of agricultural
commodity in the Red River Delta
Firstly, expanding the scale of production to maximize the
advantage of scale in the market economy, integration.
Secondly, concentrating to the application of science and
technology to improve the quality and competitiveness of
productivity.
Thirdly, building a system of appropriate mechanisms and

policies to create breakthroughs for agricultural commodity
to
develope.
Fourthly, expanding the market for agricultural products to
create motivation for agricultural commodity of the region to develop.
Fifthly, developing a global value chain linking production with
processing and consumption of agricultural products, increasing
value and quality of agricultural products
Summary of chapter 3
In chapter 3, the author has conducted an analysis and evaluation
of achievements and limitations, pointing out the causes and issues
raised in the development of agricultural commodity in the Red
River Delta in the past period. The research results in this chapter
will be the basis for the author to continue studying and
implementing the contents in chapter 4.
Chapter 4
vVIEWPOINTS AND SOLUTIONS FOR AGRICULTURAL
COMMODITY DEVELOPMENT IN THE RED RIVER DELTA IN
THE PAS T PERIOD
4.1. Viewpoints for agricultural commodity development in
the Red River Delta in the coming time
4.1.1. Developing commodity agriculture in the Red River


20
Delta in the direction of modernity and sustainability
The viewpoints set out the following requirements: Firstly,
developing agricultural commodity needs to create a high-tech
agriculture; high manpower; high added value; with large production
scale; Large production and markets. Secondly, agricultural

commodity development ensures simultaneous and thorough
development of three economic, social and environmental goals.
Thirdly, focusing on science and technology, considered as a pillar,
the key motivation for developing agricultural commodity fast and
sustainablely.
4.1.2. The development of commodity agriculture in the Red River
Delta is the responsibility of the political system and economic sectors in the
region
The requirement of the viewpoint is: Firstly, promoting the role
of local political and social organizations in the development of
agricultural commodity. Secondly, considering farmers to be the most
direct and subjective subject of agricultural commodity
development; The economic sectors are encouraged to develop.
Agribusinesses are motivation to make value chain of agricultural
products. Thirdly, state agencies at all levels in the region play a
supporting role, creating a favorable environment for effective
production and business owners.
4.1.3. Comprehensive development of agricultural commodityin the Red
River Delta, focusing on improving the quality, efficiency and competitiveness of
commodity agricultural products.
This viewpoints require: Firstly, it is necessary to develop strategies
and standards for quality of agricultural products at the level associated with
the planning of intensive farming zones in commodity agricultural products
with large and modern scale. Secondly, thoroughly understanding and
concretizing the policy of agricultural restructuring in the direction of raising
the added value and sustainable development of the Party in restructuring
agriculture of the region. Thirdly, promoting trade, marketing agricultural
products in the domestic and international markets.

21
4.1.4. Developing agricultural commodity in the Red River Delta must be
based on internal resources, coupled with the efficient mobilization of external
resources.
Requirements of the viewpoint: Firstly, localities in the
Region consider internal resources to play a decisive role for the
development of agricultural commodity of the region. Secondly,
localities should consider external sources as important to increase
local resources for the agricultural commodity development of the
region. Thirdly, combining key investment with socialization of
resources for agricultural commodity development in localities in
the region.
4.2. Solutions for agricultural commodity development in the
Red River Delta in the coming time
4.2.1. Completing the planning of specializing area in agricultural
commodity products and promoting the division of social labor in agriculture
and rural areas
Firstly, continuosly completing and implementing the plan
of specialized production zones with agricultural commodity in
the region.
Secondly, promoting the division of social labor in agriculture
and rural areas
4.2.2. Continously completig the system of machenism, policy to create good
environment for agricultural commodity in localities in the region to develop
Firstly, completing the policy of land.
Secondly, completing the policy of tax, credit and investment in
agriculture
Thirdly,completing the policy of trade and market
Fourthly, completing the support policy on science and
technology

Fifthly, completing the support policy on training human
resources, governing, providing market information.
Sixthly, completing the agricultural insurance policy
4.2.3. Reorganizing agricultural commodity production in the region on the
basis of promoting strength and linking production forms in the global value chain


22
Firstly, continuously supporting the household economy to
develop into a unit production of agricultural commodity with largescale, high quality and efficiency.
Secondly, continuously innovating and improving the efficiency
of producing and trading agricultural commodity of agribusinesses.
Thirdly, reviewing and replicating new and effective models of
cooperative economy in agriculture.
Fourthly, strengthening the linkage of agricultural subjects in the
global agricultural commodity value chain.
4.2.4. Developing agricultural services, markets and processing
industries to motivate agricultural commodity production in the region to
develop
Firstly, diversifying the service activities for production,
processing and consumption of agricultural products
Secondly, market development of inputs for agricultural
commodity production in localities.
Thirdly, developing output markets for agricultural products to
motive production development.
Fourthly, strongly developing the agricultural, forestry and
aquatic product processing industry in order to diversify products and
increase the value of agricultural commodities
4.2.5. Promoting the application of advanced sciences and
technologies to improve productivity, quality and competitiveness of

agricultural commodity
Firstly, strengthening to research science and technology in all fields, stages and
processes of agricultural production, giving priority to high-tech agricultural
research.
Secondly, reorganizing the technology transfer system in localities,
encouraging the subjects to apply science and technology into production and
business.
Thirdly, enhancing the effectiveness and efficiency of state management of
scientific and technological activities in service of agricultural production and
business in localities in the region.


23
4.2.6. Consolidating, strengthening and building new
infrastructure systems to serve the development of agricultural
commodity development in the region
Firstly, continuously reviewing, supplementing, completing and
properly implementing the approved regional planning on infrastructure.
Secondly, mobilizing resources for development of agricultural and
rural infrastructure for the development of agricultural commodity.
Thirdly, enhancing the effectiveness of state management and
strengthening regional connectivity in the development of infrastructure
systems for agricultural commodity development.
Summary of chapter 4
Basing on theoretical studies, practical experiences and the real
situation of development of agricultural commodity in the Red River
Delta in the past period, in Chapter 4, the author has proposed four
viewpoints and six solutions for agricultural commodity development.
the Red River Delta in the coming time.
CONCLUSION

1. Developing agricultural commodity in the Red River Delta in
the socialist-oriented market economy is inevitable. However, in the
face of globalization, international economic integration, the
development of the fourth industrial revolution, the high demands of
the cause of building and protecting the country, the development of
agricultural commodity in the Red River Delta is posing a number of
theoretical and practical issues that need to be systematically studied.
2. Developing agricultural commodity in the Red River Delta
has focused on transforming and rapidly increasing the production
scale and quantity; Improving the quality and completing progressive
agricultural commodity structure. This development requires the
active and creative participation of the subjects in the region, under
the effective support of the Central Government; With the forms of
development that are synchronous, feasible and aimed at improving
the living standards of citizens, contributing to socio-economic
development, strengthening and consolidating the national defense


24
and security of the region and the whole country.
3. Studying the experiences of agricultural commodity
development in China, Thailand and the Mekong River Delta,
Vietnam's Central Highlands, the thesis draws on the successful and
unsuccessful lessons that localities in the Red River Delta need to
study, inherit and apply creatively, in accordance with reality.
4. On the basis of evaluating and clarifying the achievements,
limitations and reasons for the development of agricultural commodity
in the Red River Delta in the period of 2010 - 2017, the thesis has pointed
out the following issues which need to be solved: broadening the scale of
producing agricultural goods; improving the productivity, quality and

competitiveness of agricultural products; expanding the market to create
motivation for production; re-organizing the production according to the
value chain on the basis of linking the production bases and completing
the planning, mechanisms and policies to create a favorable legal
environment for the development of agricultural commodity .
5.In the coming time, development of agricultural commodity
in the Red River delta will be in line with the orientations for modern
and sustainable development. Comprehensive development focuses on
improving productivity, quality, efficiency and competitiveness of the
agricultural products. Development is the responsibility of the subjects,
in which farmers are the foundation, agribusinesses are motivational
and state agencies at all levels have the role of creating and integrating
internal and external sources of power too promote agricultural
commodity in the region to develope. At the same time, the
implementation of solutions: Continuously improving the planning,
promoting division of social labor in agriculture, rural areas;
completing the mechanism and policy on development of
agricultural commodity; reorganizing the production of agricultural
commodity on the basis of bringing into full play the strength and
strengthening cooperation between production subjects according
to the global value chain; accelerating the transfer and application
of advanced science and technology into production and business;
Developing the activities of agricultural services, market and


25
development of agricultural and rural socio-economic infrastructure
for the development of agricultural commodity.
6. . K. Marx believed that "social life is practical in nature" [59,
p. 20]. Therefore, the results of this research will contribute more to

the development of agricultural commodity in the Red River Delta, to
improve farmer livelihoods and to elicit scientific issues that need to be
tested and followed up in the future