环境安全健康
手册
ESH
环境安全健康
手册
2002 年版
本手册所包含的内容仅供参考并仅为 Nike 合约商和雇主提供环
境、安全和健康方面的帮助。本手册的内容并非等同于与之相关
的操作或情形的法定符合性。不应当认为本手册已经权威性地列
出了所有的规章,也不应当认为它就是环境、安全及健康方面的
所有问题的绝对的解决方案。耐克公司对于本手册所包含的实
施、管理或者程序方面的内容不承担任何责任。
美国俄勒冈州 97005 – 6453
比法顿,温鲍尔曼地拉夫
耐克有限公司
版权©2002 耐克有限公司
版权所有
用酱油墨水和循环再生纸张印刷
目录
1.
环境安全健康管理················································································· 1-1
A.管理体系 ························································································ 1-1
B.环境安全与健康委员会 ································································· 1-12
C.工伤/疾病系统管理 ······································································· 1-15
i 未遂事件/事故调查 ·································································· 1-16
i 危害报告 ··················································································· 1-17
i 危害评估 ··················································································· 1-17
i 危害纠正 ··················································································· 1-18
2.
环境保护 ································································································· 2-1
A.废气排放 ························································································ 2-1
B.有害废物 ························································································ 2-9
C.多氯联苯(PCBs) ······································································· 2-14
D.废水 ································································································ 2-16
E.固体废物 ························································································ 2-20
F.地下储罐 ························································································· 2-22
G.地面储罐 ························································································ 2-26
H.泄漏处理 ························································································ 2-29
3.
化学品管理 ····························································································· 3-1
A.化学品危害信息交流 ···································································· 3-1
B.化学品标签 ···················································································· 3-1
C.限制性生产材料(RMS) ···························································· 3-9
D.化学品储存、搬运、配送、分发 ················································· 3-11
4.
设施及维护 ····························································································· 4-1
A.一般工作环境 ················································································ 4-1
i 整理工作 ··················································································· 4-1
i 墙与地面 ··················································································· 4-2
i 楼梯及梯道 ··············································································· 4-3
i 出口 ··························································································· 4-7
i 照明 ··························································································· 4-9
ii ESH 手册
nike
B.通风 ································································································ 4-14
i 排气通风 ··················································································· 4-14
i 排烟罩 ······················································································· 4-18
C.意外事故预防标识和标签 ····························································· 4-21
D.机械加工车间安全 ········································································ 4-23
i 总则 ··························································································· 4-23
i 台式和立式磨床 ······································································· 4-24
i 废气软管、工具和压缩机························································ 4-26
i 风防护 ······················································································· 4-28
i 便携式及电动手工工具 ··························································· 4-28
i 工具及设备维护 ······································································· 4-32
i 梯子安全 ··················································································· 4-45
i 压缩气瓶 ··················································································· 4-48
E.合约商及下一级合约商安全守则 ················································· 4-52
F.密闭空间保护 ················································································· 4-53
G.焊接、切割及铜焊 ········································································ 4-55
5.
工业健康 ································································································· 5-1
A.高温预防 ························································································ 5-1
B.低温预防 ························································································ 5-4
C.职业性噪声暴露 ············································································ 5-7
D.人机工效学/人机工程 ··································································· 5-15
E.非-电离辐射(紫外线(UV)和射频(RF)辐射) ·················· 5-23
F.血媒传染病 ····················································································· 5-32
G.石棉 ································································································ 5-35
H.职业暴露限值 ················································································ 5-39
6. 应急准备及响应····················································································· 6-1
A.应急行动 ························································································ 6-1
B.消防 ································································································ 6-4
i 消防计划 ··················································································· 6-4
i 消防措施 ··················································································· 6-7
i 消防队 ······················································································· 6-7
i 灭火器 ······················································································· 6-10
目录 iii
C.医疗服务和急救 ············································································ 6-18
i 一般要求 ··················································································· 6-18
i 急救和包箱 ··············································································· 6-20
i 洗眼和喷淋设备 ······································································· 6-22
7.
个体防护用品 ····················· 7-1
i 工作服 ······················································································· 7-1
i 头部防护 ··················································································· 7-2
i 眼和脸面的防护 ······································································· 7-3
i 手的防护 ··················································································· 7-6
i 脚的防护 ··················································································· 7-11
i 呼吸防护 ··················································································· 7-11
i 听力防护 ··················································································· 7-17
i 坠落防护 ··················································································· 7-19
8. 机器及设备安全····················································································· 8-1
A.叉车及机动车操作 ········································································ 8-1
B.能量控制(标定/锁定)································································ 8-10
C.机器防护 ························································································ 8-16
D.粉碎机和砑光机 ············································································ 8-27
E.电气安全 ························································································ 8-31
F.起重机、提升机、链和吊索 ························································· 8-43
9. 健康 ········································································································· 9-1
A.宿舍 ································································································ 9-1
B.诊所 ································································································ 9-6
C.食堂 ································································································ 9-11
D.卫生 ································································································ 9-15
E.饮用水 ···························································································· 9-18
F.育儿设施管理 ················································································· 9-21
10 取样设备/仪器使用指南········································································ 10-1
A.3M 有机物蒸气监测器(OVM) ················································· 10-1
B.声级计指南 ···················································································· 10-5
11 一般信息、重量和量度········································································· 11-1
1. 环境、安全与健康管理
A. 管理体系
1. 环境、安全与健康方针
合约商应建立并保持环境、安全与健康方针,形成文件、
加以执行、并且对全体雇员进行通报。这一承诺应包括:
a.
合约商本身的活动与产品、服务的性质、规模和影响
相适应;
b.
对持续改进和污染防止的承诺;
c.
对遵守与之适用的有关的环境、安全与健康的法律法
规以及其他要求的承诺;
d.
建立和检查环境、安全与健康的目标和指标的框架;
e.
可为公众所获取。
2. 环境、安全与健康因素
a.
本节的目的是要定义合约商识别与其活动、产品或者
服务的相关的重大的环境、安全与健康因素过程和步
骤;
b.
这一过程应考虑成本,执行时间和数据来源的可靠
性;
c.
已用作程序或其他类似目的信息适用于此程序。
d.
本节应说明该组织可能对所考虑到的环境、安全与健
康因素可进行控制的程度。
nike
1-2 ESH 手册
e.
在制定环境、安全与健康因素/影响的识别程序的文件
时,应说明下列内容:
1) 在判断重要性时所采用的标准;
2) 需要对其进行评估的所应用的工艺流程和操作
(即工艺流程图);
3) 因素/影响识别责任的界定;
4) 考虑在正常和异常运行条件下的因素/影响;
5) 如何对新的或者计划执行的活动和工艺过程进行
评估。
3. 法律法规及其他要求
a.
本节的目的是确定识别和获取合约商所需遵守的法律
法规及其他要求过程;
b.
本节还应说明如何评估合约商对所需遵守的法律法规
及其他要求的符合情况;
c.
需要注意的问题:
1)
合约商应特别列明适用于合约商的环境、安全与
健康的法律法规以及相关要求(如法律法规清单
及负责更新人);
2)
合约商应明确由谁负责对草稿和最终法律法规及
其他要求进行评估和分析,以及如何记录其适用
性(例如程序参考);
环境、安全与健康管理 1-3
3)
合约商程序还应说明如何把这些要求及其变更传
达给员工及管理层。
4. 目标和指标
a. 合约商的目的是确定合约商建立环境、安全与健康的
目标和指标的过程和步骤;
b. 合约商应清晰地规定环境、安全与健康因素/影响,环
境、安全与健康方针,以及合约商对环境方面所作的
承诺与目标指标之间的关系。
c. 需要注意的问题:
1) 合约商应特别说明如何建立和批准目标/指标,
如何记录、评估、审核和修改;
2) 合约商在建立与评审 ESH 目标时,应考虑法律
与其他要求,其自身的重大 ESH 因素,可选择
的技术方案,财务、运行和经营要求,以及相关
方观点。
5. 环境、安全与健康管理方案
a.
本节目的是明确合约商将要用旨在实现其 ESH 目标和
指标的管理方案;
b.
需要注意的问题:
1-4 ESH 手册
nike
1) 合约商应规定各级职能部门和管理层对达到目标
和指标所承担的责任;
2) 合约商还应包括达到这些目标和指标的办法和时
间表。
6. 机构和职责
a.
本节的目的是要确定合约商为了方便进行有效的环
境、安全与健康管理体系而建立的各个部门的作用、
职责和权限;
b.
合约商应清晰地界定贯彻执行管理体系的职责;
c.
合约商应指定资深管理者代表,明确其在下列方面的
作用、职责和权限:
1) 确保管理体系得到建立、实施和保持;
2) 向最高管理层报告管理体系的执行情况和效果。
合约商/雇主还应论证 ESH 管理体系所需必要资
源(人力、财力及专项技能)的提供及充分性。
7. 培训、意识和能力
a.
本节的目的是确定合约商如何识别培训需求以及贯彻
培训计划;
b.
培训计划应确保其工作内容有可能对环境、安全、健
康产生造成显著的影响的员工了解其作用和职责,确
保他们胜任工作,满足管理体系中所规定的要求;
环境、安全与健康管理 1-5
c.
需要注意的问题:
1) 合约商应明确阐述其所制定的确保其员工了解下
列事项的(与培训有关的)步骤:
a) 遵守环境、安全与健康方针的重要性;
b) 他们的工作活动的重大影响(实际的和潜在
的);
c) 偏离规定的运行程序的潜在后果。
8. 信息交流
a.
本节的目的是规定对贯彻执行管理体系的内外部信息
交流的总体要求。
b.
合约商应建立并保持内部各级管理层和职能部门之间
的沟通程序,以及对外部相关方意见进行归档和回复
处理的程序。
c.
合约商应向内部员工和外部相关方阐述或提供与信息
交流有关的体系或程序:
1-6 ESH 手册
nike
1) 传达合约商的环境、安全与健康方针、目标、指
标和计划;
2) 传达合约商重大的环境、安全与健康因素、变
化、评估程序;
3) 传 达 法 律 法 规 和 其 他 要 求 ( 即 耐 克 公 司 的 要
求);
4) 传达重大 EHS 因素有关的程序操作程序;
5) 传达应急准备及响应步骤;
6) 传达对运行和活动关键特性进行监测和测量的程
序;
7) 答复员工所关心的主要问题和疑问;
8) 接收外部相关方(例如公众和顾客)意见并进行
归档和回应;
9) 对外公布合约商的环境、安全与健康方针,使
EHS 方针易于为公众所获取;
10) 将环境、安全与健康的要求传达给供应商、合约
商及雇主。
9. 文件编制
a.
本节的目的是要说明合约商如何用书面或电子文档的
形式建立和保存管理体系核心要素的档案资料,这些
资料说明了管理体系的核心要素及其相互关系,查询
路径。
环境、安全与健康管理 1-7
b.
管理体系的 17 个要素应在本章节中加以说明,或提
供对照参考。
10. 文件管理
a.
本节的目的是要说明合约商如何建立文件管理系统。
b.
合约商应说明管理体系对文件处理的要求:
1) 文件能够定位(也就是说,文件要由授权人员定
期进行评估、修改和审核);
2) 在所有进行对管理体系的有效运作起到关键作用
的工作的场所能够获得相关文件;
3) 及时从所有地使用地点移走失效文件,或者打上
“失效”标记;
4) 因法律或资料参考的需要,应保存相关失效文
件。
11. 运作控制
a.
本节的目的是说明合约商如何针对已经识别的重大
EHS 因素找寻出与其相联系的运作和活动。
b.
合约商应说明如何计划这些活动,如维修保养,以便
确保这些活动能够按照环境、安全与健康的方针、目
标和指标进行。
c.
需要注意的问题:
1) 合约商应清楚地说明如何建立保持程序以管理有
可能偏离环境、健康与安全方针,目标和指标的
情况;
1-8 ESH 手册
nike
2) 合约商应说明如何建立操作程序标准,以及具体
负责执行这些操作活动的人员;
3) 合约商应建立与其所使用的物料、服务相关的重
大因素管理程序,以及将这些程序和要求传达给
供货商、合约商的流程。
12. 应急准备和响应
a.
本节的目的是说明合约商应当维持一个体系(操作程
序)来确保其能够发现潜在的事故隐患或者紧急情况
并制定对策,同时预防或减少可能伴随的环境、安全
与健康的影响。
b.
本节可以一般性地用作对某项操作已经建立的应急准
备和响应的参照。
c.
需要注意的问题:
1) 应急准备和响应程序的评估和修订;
2) 如何定期对这些程序进行检验(包括演习);
3) 由谁负责制订和维持这些程序。
13. 监测与测量
a.
本节的目的是明确合约商如何以书面程序的形成建立
并保持对有可能对环境、安全、健康带来重大的影响
的操作与活动的主要特性参数进行监测和测量。
环境、安全与健康管理 1-9
b.
合约商应讨论如何依据环境、安全与健康的目标和指
标对相关参数进行记录和跟踪,并确保测量仪器/设备
按照有关程序得到有效的计量标准和维护。
c.
需要注意的问题:
1) 本节应包括实施监测与测量的具体程序,包括定
期评估与有关的环境、安全与健康的法律和法规
的符合性的程序。
2) 本节应讨论对监测和测量程序的特性的要求,包
括对负责执行这些计划的人员的要求。
14. 不符合以及纠正与预防措施
a.
本节的目的是确定合约商如何辨别、调查和解决环
境、安全与健康系统中所存在的不符合项。
b.
合约商应说明如何分配进行这些活动的职责和权限,
如何记录由于执行纠正和预防措施所引起的文件程序
的更改。
nike
1-10 ESH 手册
c.
需要注意的问题:
1) 本节应包括进行测量、监测、审核、自检等各种
手段以及其他检查制度,并利用这些手段和制度
为纠正预防系统提供信息。
2) 本节应说明管理层如何确保纠正预防措施已经得
到实施,确保有系统化的跟进程序来保障效果。
15. 记录
a.
本节的目的是说明合约商辨别、保存和处置环境、安
全与健康记录的程序。
b.
本节说明对环境、安全与健康的记录的制作、维持和
保存的最低要求。
c.
合约商还应找出作为其目标管理符合管理体系要求的
证据性的记录。
d.
需要注意的问题:
1) 本节应包括:
a) 由谁来决定哪些记录是必要的。
b) 由谁负责归档和保存。
c) 记录管理程序。
d) 综合环境、安全与健康记录表的存放地点。
环境、安全与健康管理 1-11
16. 管理体系内审
a.
本节的目的是说明合约商评估环境、安全与健康系统
的效果及相关程序。
b.
本节应包括如何进行管理体系评估以及向高层管理部
门汇报的程序。
c.
合约商应清楚地说明管理体系内审程序的责任分工,
包括:
1) 审核时间表的制定;
2) 审核范围的确定;
3) 不符合报告;
4) 对审核员的要求。
17. 管理评审
a.
本节的目的是说明合约商最高管理层如何对环境、安
全与健康系统进行评审,以确保其持续的适用性、充
分性和有效性。
b.
本节试图描述高层资深管理层如何根据管理体系内审
的结果或者是相关变化而有可能影响到持续改进的过
程而对方针、目标和指标以及管理体系的其他要素进
行相应的修改。
c.
本节应清楚说明:
1) 管理评审的周期;
2) 发起管理评审的责任人;
1-12 ESH 手册
nike
3) 管理评审的范围(例如内部和外部审核结果、投
诉和问询、纠正措施总结、目标和指标)。
4) 如何和在何处记录文件记录评审结果。
5) 评审小组的成员。
B. 环境、安全与健康委员会
1. 架构和成员
a.
在工厂内要建立由雇员和管理层代表组成的委员会。
b.
所有轮班应当有代表参加。
c.
代表的任期最少为 1 年。
d.
委员会要选出主席。
2. 责任和职能
a.
环境、安全与健康委员会的职能是协助管理层发展和
维持环境、安全与健康计划的关键要素。委员会将要
提升管理层和雇员对环境、安全与健康意识,在雇员
和管理层之间提供对环境、安全与健康方面所关心的
问题进行沟通的渠道。环境、安全与健康委员会受到
总经理的全力支持。
b.
委员会将会准备一份书面的议事日程,说明委员会在
会议期间所处理的问题及其顺序。
c.
委员会将会评估工厂的环境、安全与健康方针和程
序,并且提出书面的修改或更新建议。应提出合理的
时限让管理层对环境、安全与健康委员会所提出的建
议作出回应。
环境、安全与健康管理 1-13
3. 雇员参与
a.
环境、安全与健康委员会的会议至少每月一次。会议
内容要用会议记录的形式保存。会议记录将会:
1) 公开张贴让雇员阅读得到;
2) 保存 3 年。
b.
环境、安全与健康委员会的代表也可以与他所属的部
门一起对会议记录进行评估。
4. “意外”事件/事故分析
a.
委员会将要对过去一个月所发生的“意外”事件/事故
进行评估,委员会还要确定事故发生的趋势。
b.
若有需要,则邀请负责调查事故的主管出席会议,澄
清有关问题。
5. 危害评估与控制
a.
环境、安全与健康委员会每个季度至少对工厂,包括
办公室和车间进行一次环境、安全与健康检查。
b.
检查结果要用环境、安全与健康系统环境、安全与健
康检查清单形式记录存档。
1-14 ESH 手册
nike
6. 培训
应就下列各个方面对环境、安全与健康委员会成员进行适
当的培训:
a.
环境、安全与健康委员会的职责和功能;
b.
工作场所危害识别;
c.
与工厂适用的法律法规及耐克准则领导标准环境、安
全与健康;
d.
有关“意外”事件/事故分析和执行纠正措施的技术措
施。
7. 会议记录要求
a.
会议记录应:
1) 输出打印;
2) 简明扼要,有条理;
3) 在 3 个工作日之内进行分发。(委员会应制定分
发名单。)
b.
内容应包括:
1) 标题;
2) 会议日期;
3) 会议开始或者宣布开始的时间;
4) 出席会议的成员姓名和部门;
5) 缺席会议的成员姓名和部门;
6) 来宾的姓名、职务和机构;
7) 前一次会议记录已被宣读或受到认可的声明;
8) 未完成的任务,包括报告、未采取行动的建议;
环境、安全与健康管理 1-15
9) 上一次会议以后已完成的建议;
10) 新的任务;
11) 新的建议;
12) 备注/意见;
13) 休会时间;
14) 下一次会议召开的日期和时间;
15) 主席签名。
c.
会议记录的形式和格式要适合需要,或者使用提供的
表格。
C. 工伤/疾病管理
1.
2.
总体原则
a.
合约商/雇主应准备和保持工伤/疾病的记录。
b.
合约商应对其雇员所受到的与其雇佣有关的伤害或者
疾病进行调查并采取有效措施,以确定防止再次发
生。
c.
合约商/雇主应遵循本小册子第 1 – 20 页到第 1 – 22 页
所列出的报告程序。
工伤/疾病调查和记录
a.
合约商应在每一间工厂保持发生在该工厂所有工伤和
疾病(死亡、留医、损失工作日、工作变更或者合约
中止、或者失去知觉)记录,并且要在收到信息后 7
个工作日之内把每一件事件记录在案。
1-16 ESH 手册
3.
nike
b.
合约商应建立书面补充记录,把造成伤害或者疾病的
因素(意外事件/事故报告表)记录在案。
c.
合约商应张贴年度工伤/疾病总结。所张贴的总结表包
括该年度发生的工伤/疾病的总计,所统计的年份,公
司/工厂名称,管理层签名、职务和日期。统计表应在
每年的二月一日之前张贴,并且一直保持到同年的四
月三十日。假如国家规定的日期要求与上述日期有冲
突,则以国家要求的日期为准。
d.
记录本和总结、书面补充记录以及年度总结应在每家
工厂从与其有关的年份结束以后算起保存 5 年。
e.
该标准同样适用于雇员、现场供应商和访客所发生的
工伤/疾病。
f.
合约商应对所有雇员进行报告程序的培训。
g.
合约商应对本计划进行年度评论,以便确认雇员熟识
意外事件/事故报告要求,同时本计划得到适当的管
理。
“意外”事件/事故调查制度
a.
主管人员应在意外事件发生后尽快对意外事件/事故进
行调查,保留实际证据,在印象仍然清晰的时候录取
见证人的陈述。主管人员应确定和记录意外事件周围
的所有真实情况。应对原因和后果进行分析以便发现
意外事件的根本原因。应尽快采取必要的措施防止意
外事件再度发生。
环境、安全与健康管理 1-17
4.
5.
b.
主管人员应在雇员的帮助下完成“主管人员意外事件/
事故调查报告”。报告的每一部分都应全部完成。要
由雇员用自己的话来描述意外事件的发生经过,并且
让雇员在适当的字行上签名,这是非常重要的。
c.
对于所有的意外事故,即使是没有导致伤害或者疾病
索赔的未遂事件,都应完成“意外事件/事故调查报
告”。
d.
应把完成的报表的一份副本发送到耐克公司。正本由
人力资源部或者诊所保存。若事故导致工伤索赔,则
保险公司会要求取得一份报告表格的副本。
危害报告
a.
我们期望并且鼓励雇员对于他们认为在工作场所存在
的危害进行报告。雇员不会因报告不安全因素而遭受
任何报复行动。
b.
雇员应向主管人员,环境、安全与健康委员会代表,
或者总经理的一名成员报告危害。雇员应使用所提供
的表格报告危害。
危害评估
工厂应采取下列方法和步骤来识别和评估工作场所的危
害:
1-18 ESH 手册
6.
nike
a.
环境、安全与健康委员会每季度进行一次环境、安全
与健康检查;
b.
雇员报告不安全和不健康的工作条件,并随后进行调
查并采取措施;
c.
雇员在工作期间遭受职业性的未遂事件/事故以后进行
调查;
d.
当地保险公司雇用的环境、安全与健康委员会环境、
安全与健康顾问进行定期的环境、安全与健康调查。
危害纠正
a.
严重的危害(会对雇员造成死亡或者严重身体伤害的
潜在危害)应马上纠正。所有面对这一危害的雇员要
立刻从该地区撤离。要向被分配去纠正该危害的雇员
提供所有应的安全用品,包括个人防护用品和设备。
b.
所有其它的危害都要及时加以纠正,纠正期限要经过
总经理和部门主管同意。保护措施包括临时的工作程
序或者个人劳保设备。
c.
对于上述 a、b 两点,要在进行纠正前对受威胁的环
境和人员采取行政保护措施。
d.
一旦找寻到危害所在,最好的方法就是马上排除有危
险性和不安全的情况。但是这一点并不是总是可以马
上做到的,因此,管理者或其代表应衡量所找到的危
害的潜在的破坏性后果。其潜在的发生频率(事故次
数)和严重性较高的危害应首先加以处理。
环境、安全与健康管理 1-19
7.
•
高危性——任何需要马上采取行动进行纠正的情
况;
•
潜在性——任何如果不加以处理就可能会造成危
害的情况。
“合约商”事件/事故报告程序
a.
在启动耐克公司的报告程序之前,工厂应认识和遵循当
地的法规及相关要求。
b.
所有造成雇员死亡和伤害或者疾病的事故(包括未遂
事件)都应进行报告,以便:
1) 对造成伤害和疾病以及几乎造成死亡、伤害和疾
病的未遂事件的原因建立书面的记录。
2) 维持迅速调查未遂事件和事故的能力,以便提出
和支持纠正措施、预防措施。
3) 提供用于分析各个阶段的事故和未遂事件的统计
资料。
c.
本报告制度适用于所有牵涉到合约商的雇员、现场设
备供应商、第三方合约商雇员以及来访人员的造成
(或者几乎造成)人员死亡、伤害或者疾病的意外事
件。