Lời nói giới thiệu và tự giới thiệu trong tiếng việt (có liên hệ với tiếng anh) tt tieng anh

NAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES GRADUATE

ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

TUONG THI PHUONG LIEN

VERBAL INTRODUCTION AND SELF-INTRODUCTION
EXPRESSIONS IN VIETNAMESE (WITH REFERENCE TO
ENGLISH)

Major: Linguistics
Major code: 9 22 90 20

SUMMARY OF THE PhD DISSERTATION IN
LINGUISTICS

HA NOI - 2019


The dissertation has been completed at:

GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

Supervisor: Assoc.Prof.Dr. Ngo Huu Hoang

Examiner 1: Prof. Dr. Le Quang Thiem

Examiner 2: Assoc.Prof.Dr. Vu Kim Bang
Examiner 3: Assoc.Prof. Dr. Nguyen Hong Con

The dissertation will be defended before the doctoral

disertation Examining Committee at Graduate Academy Of Social
Sciences on................2019

This disertation is available found
at: National library of Viet Nam
Library of Graduate Academy of Social Sciences


LIST OF AUTHOR’S SCIENTIFIC WORKS RELATED TO
THE DISSERTATION
1. Tuong Thi Phuong Lien (2015), “A Case study: Characteristics of
language-culture introduction etiquette in American English”,
Journal of Language and Life - Issue 8 (238) – 2015.
2. Tuong Thi Phuong Lien (2016), “ Verbal introduction in Price is
right”, Yearbook of the Reserving Vietnamese transparance in
schools national Conference – Issue 2 – 2016.
3. Tuong Thi Phuong Lien (2018), “The formulae of verbal
introduction at the meetings and anniversaries according to national
etiquete”, Journal of Language and Life - Issue 3 (270) – 2018.
4. Tuong Thi Phuong Lien (2018), “The formulae of English verbal

introduction at the ceremonies in the United States armed forces”,
Journal of Language and Life - Issue 8 (275) – 2018.
5. Tuong Thi Phuong Lien (2018), “Introduction etiquete used for
People’s Public Security”, Journal of Humanities and Social
Sciences - Issue 8(63)-2018
6. Tuong Thi Phuong Lien (2019), “The formulae of Vietnamese
verbal introduction in daily conversation (with reference to
American English)”, Yearbook of National linguistics Conference,
Issue 1 – 2019.

1
INTRODUCTION
1. Rationale

Researching the characteristics of verbal introduction and selfintroduction contributes to the study of the selection of language
expressions in the use of Vietnamese people to suit the languagecultural-social characteristics. At each communication area, the
informal and non-formal communication context of introductory
speech and self-introduction have different expressions. Therefore, this
is an issue of concern in Vietnam in the context of the impact of
increasingly strong intercultural and linguistic factors from abroad.
Words of introduction and self-introduction appear regularly in all
areas of life and become a research content of learning. Studying
Vietnamese language of communication in specific areas will shed
light on the characteristics of Vietnamese language introduction and
introduction. At the same time the survey results related to English data
in similar contexts will help reinforce the research results. So far,
according to our initial understanding, there have been almost no indepth, systematic studies of these spoken behaviors. Therefore, we
conducted a research project entitled "Verbal introduction and selfintroduction in Vietnamese (with reference to English) to fill this gap.
2. Aims and tasks of the study
2.1. Aims of the study
Through studying verbal introduction and self-introduction in Vietnamese
(with reference to English) in formal and informal communication, the
thesis contributes to prove the theory of pragmatics about speech acts, the
theory of social linguistics on speech, and at the same time contributes to
the study of the characteristics of Vietnamese and English communication
in general, from the range of politics and society , scope of entertainment
and daily activities in particular.
2.2. Tasks of the study

On the basis of the overview of the research situation, the
dessertation introduces some basic contents on the problem of communication
theory from the perspective of social learning applications. Identify
characteristics of verbal introduction and self-introduction in Vietnamese and
English in particular by analyzing communication factors,


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surveying and pointing out speech expressions, components of verbal
introduction and self-introduction and other ones in the scope of politics
and society, the scope of entertainment and daily communication. Identify
socio-cultural and political factors affecting verbal introduction and selfintroduction in Vietnamese with reference to English.
3. Subject, scope and materials of the study
3.1. Subject of the study
The subject of the dissertation is verbal introduction and selfintroduction expressions in Vietnamese with reference to English.
3.3. Materials of the study
The research materials are collected from two main sources namely films
(American films and Vietnamese films) and the record of daily conversation.
4. Research methods and suportting methods
The dissertation employs some research methods such as description
method, conversation analysis method and contrastive method. In addition,
other methods are used such as modeling method, statistics and classification
method.
5. Theoretical and practical significance of the dissertation
5.1. Theoretical significance

The research results of the dessertation will contribute to the study
of speech in Vietnamese communication. From the study of verbal
introduction and self-introduction in Vietnamese with reference to
English, the communication strategy of each ethnic group and

community is associated with the cultural-linguistic-social
characteristics of ethnic groups and its community.
5.2. Practical significance
The research results can be used as a reference for studying, researching
or teaching English for Vietnamese people and teaching Vietnamese for
foreigners. In addition, the research results will also contribute to translation
from English into Vietnamese and vice versa.
6. Structure of the dissertation

In addition to the Introduction, Conclusion, References and
Appendices, the main content of the dessertation is structured into three
chapters:
Chapter 1. Overview of research situation and theoretical basis.
Chapter 2. Characteristics of verbal introduction and self-introduction
expressions in Vietnamese language in formal communication with
reference to English.


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Chapter 3. Characteristics of verbal introduction and self-introduction
expressions in Vietnamese language in informal communication with
reference to English.
CHAPTER 1
LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
1.1. Literature review
1.1.1. Previous studies in the world

There are no specialized works on verbal introduction and
self-introduction expressions , only some authors such as Emily
Post, Nagesh Belludi, John Corcoran, Jo Bryant, Pamela Martin, etc.

write about introducing and self-introducing of some common
communication situations. Nguyen Quang (2017), in "Ways of
expression", the author gives quite specific expressions of specific
language behaviors by groups such as greeting and sharing (greeting
and taking leave), showing affection and attitude feeling (showing
feeling and attitude) ... in which, introduction and asking for
introduction is in the greeting and taking leave. Nguyen Quang gave
85 introductory speech expressions (introduction, self-introduction)
in the formal and non-formal context. These are very useful
expressions, high school use, which helps us make comparisons and
suggestions in our research process. About self-introduction, besides
some expressions of Nguyen Quang, self-introduction expressions
are only on some online newspapers at a simple level with only
specific expressions.
1.1.2. Previous studies in Vietnam
In Vietnam, there are three research directions of verbal introduction
and self-introduction but there are only a few studies in a narrow range.
The first, some studies in the direction of pointing out speech patterns,
corresponding to the expressions of verbal introduction and selfintroduction in Vietnamese and English as Thai Duy Bao (1988); Nguyen
Van Lap (1989); The second, applying the theory of linguistic behavior of
Austin and Searle, a number of studies on introductory behavior are
conducted within a dissertation such as Do Thi Mai Huong (2009), Hoang
Minh Hang (2011). The third, some studies in social linguistics like the
reseach of Khuc Thi Hanh (2015).


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1.2. Theoretical bases
1.2.1. Some issues of communication

Communication is a process of exchanging information,
ideas, thoughts, feelings and emotions through words, signals,
writing, or attitudes. During communication, the sender (encoder)
encrypts a message and then uses an intermediate channel to send it
to the recipient (decoder) that decodes that message and after the
information is processed Then send feedback / reply using
intermediate channel.
In communication there are forms: Based on communication means
there are two types of communication in words and nonverbal
communication. Verbal communication (verbal communication)
including verbal communication and written communication;
nonverbal
communication
includes
oral
communication
(paralanguage) and extralanguage communication.
In communication, users constantly choose language
(language choice) in any aspect of language such as phonetics,
grammar, vocabulary, etc. Each small change in a certain dimension
will create a profound meaning. Language choice takes place
subjectively by the communicator (strategic choice) but can also
happen unconsciously (contextual choice). Three outstanding
features of language selection are variability, negotiation and
adaptability.
Communication factors play an important role in creating
speeches in each communication event. The views of pragmatics
and linguistics of communication factors mentioned by the authors
such as Do Huu Chau point to three factors in communication:
context, language and discourse. According to the school research

perspective of social linguistics, Saville-Troike (1986) offers twelve
factors. Nguyen Quang (2002) offers fourteen factors to suit cultural
linguistic communities that tend to be group-oriented and highly
religious.
Speech event has developed a model to promote discourse
analysis as a series of communication and linguistic behaviors in a
cultural context. The structure of the first letters of these terms
consists of 8 elements that are abbreviated in 8 letters to


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SPEAKING, namly 1/Setting and scence (S) : context of
communication including scene and school voice. The setting shows
the time and place of a linguistic behavior that takes place, speaking in
general, specific physical situations. "Setting points to the time and
place of an act and, in general, to the physical cirumstances ”. The field
voice (Scene) refers to the psychological situation "psychological
setting" or the "culture definition" cultural limit of this communication
activity (such as the formal-informal field); 2 / Communication
participant / participants (participants, P): Participants hold four roles
as addressor, speaker (speaker), speaker (addressee), listener (hearer); 3
/ End (E): The purpose of communication is the outcome achieved
according to the expected expectations of the participants' personal
communication and purpose, derived from two aspects, that is the
results include predictable results and unpredictable results; Goals,
goals in general and personal goals; 4 / Acts sequence (A): Sequence of
behavior indicating form (form) and sequence (order) of
communication ; 5 / Key(K): The method of expressing only intonation
(tone), manner (spirit) (spirit) contained in such information as: lighthearted; serious; clear, precise; pedantic; mocking (mocking); sarcastic
(sarcastic); pompous, etc. Expressions can use language to express, can

also use non-verbal behavior, such as posture, emotional expression,
etc. As can be seen, the same content, but using different
communication styles, the implication of communication may be
different; 6 / Instrumentalities (I): Means of communication channels
such as speaking, writing, telegraphy, etc. or forms (common language,
dialect, language); 7 / Norms (N): Norm of interaction belongs to the
speaker, and norm of interpretation belongs to the listener. To be more
specific, the speaker must choose the appropriate language to
communicate with, but the listener must try to explain the speech in the
same common framework.; 8 / Genre (G): the genre refers to the type
of linguistic forms such as monologue, conversation, poetry, proverbs,
idioms, riddles, sermons
/ presentations, prayer cards, lessons lecture, editorial. Each

category will suit each specific communication case. In each
communication community, each ethnic group has its own language


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rules for each type. This classification is very effective and really
powerful in analyzing different types of discourse when using
expressions
1.2.2. Speech acts
1.2.2.1.Definition of speech acts
People use language to perform many different activities in
communication. As can be seen, the behaviors shown are extremely
diverse and they are collectively referred to as labor contracts.
The theory of linguistic behavior was initiated and supplemented
by Austin (1962), developed by Searl (1969) in the direction of
learning (pragmatics). Austin's core idea of linguistic behavior is

when I say, (...) I do. Speech is like other human behaviors, except
that this is the kind of behavior that is done in words, "it causes
some change in reality and affects the receiving object".
1.2.2.2.Kinds of speech acts
Austin thinks that, in a certain context, a specific sentence is said to
carry out three actions simultaneously:
(i) Locutionary act: is the act of using linguistic elements such as
words, phonetics and structure in a certain way to create a onefinished product both in form and content.
In the introduction and self-introduction in Vietnamese and English,
the iilocutionary act is expressed as follows:
(ii) illocutionary act is “a performance of an act in saying
something” [42, p. 99]. When we say that we have exhibited
behaviors such as announcements, orders, warnings, commitments,
etc., there is a certain conventional force (informing, ordering,
warning, undertaking ... utterances) which has a certain force .
For example: When first meeting and getting to know the three
people:
(1) I would like to introduce myself, my name is Nguyen Van A.
(2) Please introduce me, this is Mr. Nguyen Van B.


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When the speaker's speech ends, it is also time for the speaker to
complete the introduction and self-introduction. In the three types of
behavior mentioned above, behavior in words is the object of
grammar and the introduction and self-introduction behavior in this
dessertation belongs to the word behavior.
The verbal behaviors when spoken have a certain effect, ie they
cause a language response corresponding to them at the recipient.
Considering (1), the listener can respond with a statement: "Yes,

hello. I am Nguyen Van B ”or “ Thank you for your introduction ”.
Considering (2), the listener can respond with a statement: "Yes, I
greet you, my name is Nguyen Van B". According to Austin, speech
acts includes:
(1) direct speech acts are appropriate behavior between the effect of
behavior in words and the form of words used to represent them.
Thus, direct referral behavior is a statement that uses the verb
"introduction" to express information to the listener about someone.
For example:
We would like to introduce Mr. Truong Thi Mai, Member of the
Politburo, Secretary of the Party Central Committee, Head of the
Central Committee for Public Relations.
(2) Indirect behavior (indirect speech) is an act done indirectly by
following the word of an act at another direct word. Thus, the
indirect referral behavior is the act of providing basic information
about someone who does not have the introductory grammatical
verb, but by other acts. For example:
Attending the inaugural event today were leaders, ministries, central
agencies, Quang Tri and Thua Thien Hue provinces.
Behavior in words with its validity has become the subject of major
interest in pragmatics. Introducing behavior belongs to the
behavioral group in words.
(iii) Perlocutionary act: is the behavior when the speaker wants to
make an effect outside the language of the listener when the speaker
deliberately creates information, psychological effects, emotions,
and attention. comments from listeners / readers. For example:
MC: And the 3rd person let's get acquainted with the television
audience.

8
TS: Yes, hello, my audience is Pham Minh Hieu from the General
Department of Customs, I am currently 25 years old, not yet married.
Thank you.
MC: I don't understand why Mr. Hieu introduced me without a
family here. Yes, thank you for taking the time to come and choose
the right price. [Price is right, 2015]
1.2.3. Performative utterance, performative expression and
performative verb
a. Performative utterance
According to Nguyen Duc Dan, "micro-speeches are
statements that express linguistic behaviors. Micro-linguistic
statements are also called micro-expressions. "
According to Do Huu Chau, "Micro-language development
is a product of a word-for-word behavior when this behavior is done
directly. Thanks to the grammatical expression we can recognize the
vi language. ”. Play the vi language heterogeneous with the micro
expressions. The minimum micro-language development is a
statement that only has a phonetic expression.
b. Grammatical expressions
Grammatical expressions are the speech patterns that
characterize a behavior in words. Grammatical expression is a
grammatical sign of the semantics of a species behavior and is
marked by a sentence structure, by word, by intonation of the
relations between elements in the predicate structure - can be
collectively referred to as phonetic signs.
c. Performative verb
The phonetic verb is the verb that holds the function of
expressing a linguistic behavior, when the verb verb is finished, the
linguistic behavior has been carried out and the content of the

behavior is shown in the next part of the dynamic. from that.
Each behavior at the word, in addition to the verb, also has
other grammatical signs. These are grammatical structures and
logical words - certain semantics. Example: When introducing
people to family members
Middle-aged male 2: This is my wife named Lien, my name is
Huyen.


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Middle-aged male 1: Looks like two sisters.
Although there is no introductory verb, the listener still
understands this is an introduction.
1.2.4. Introduction and self-introduction
1.2.4.1. Definition of speech
Edward defines: "speech is a sound system of linguistic badges, a
spoken word".
In the human society using language to communicate, the
birth of language binds people together more closely and so the
conventions of language also change drastically. This is reflected in
conventions and patterns of communication rituals which are more
sophisticated and complex according to the development of human
society. The factor that governs these conventions is not only by the
laws of words but also by the customs and habits of each nation.
The speech produced in the communicative activity speaks to the
social characteristics that it is used in conjunction with the
individual characteristics inherent in each individual.
Formal speech is a tool that is used in an instrumental
manner, according to the authority, according to an institutional
process such as meeting, meeting, negotiating .. common

communication problems that are predetermined , the information is
also considered by the subjects (who know little or each other), high
accuracy information. In communicating the rules of the rules of
polite principles, conventions and principles are attached when
giving messages to ensure solemnity and objectivity. The language
used ensures accuracy, correct pronunciation, no slang and slang
language. Outside of society, this type of communication often takes
place in meetings (businesses, unions), conferences, meetings at
public places or in the media and newspapers according to authority
for authority levels; at the celebration, awarded and received the
honor of the State, Government, State diplomatic aspects. Scope and
objects are state agencies, political organizations, political - social
organizations, social organizations, social - professional
organizations, economic organizations, armed forces units. people
operating in the country territory; always show consistency,


10
solemnity, science and efficiency. The scope of family, family and
formal communication is also used in rituals, rituals such as happy
life, marriage, funerals, family meetings, family names, birthdays,
etc.
Informal speech is not social, stylish but requires ordinary,
simple and just ordinary conversations that are natural and
comfortable; can be used for every role of communication, with all
kinds of relationships from strange, friendly to humble.
Communicating in this way is often family members (know each
other, have close relationships), friends (know each other intimate or
unfriendly) are both out-of-society and in the family in life activities.
Words of use are varied according to the level of government.

Language and gestures using diverse levels of government and
communication will help build relationships in society.
1.2.4.2. Definition of introduction and selfintroduction a. Definition of introduction
"Introduction" is a common behavior and plays an important role in
human communication. From a study perspective, the introduction
is a micro-verb. In Vietnamese and English, introductory behavior
can be expressed by linguistic expressions containing the phonetic
verb and the expression without the verb verb.
In Vietnamese and English introduced (introduction) is defined with
many different levels and with many objects (people, things, things).
We would like to introduce the introductory definitions of people and
introduce them to what they will do in the scope of their research.
According to the Oxford dictionary, the introduction is referred to
as "introducing the names of those who first met, introduced
themselves".
According to the Cambridge dictionary, the introduction means:
1 / tell the listener about the name of someone who first met 2 / tell
the listener about someone who will do something like speak, sing ..
In the popular Vietnamese dictionary (Nguyen Nhu Y, 1998)
defines the introductory behavior as "showing some characteristics
for people to recognize. Example: introduce guests ... ”


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According to the Vietnamese dictionary (Hoang Phe, Bien, 2010),
the introduction is to know some things to know such as their name,
occupation, position, etc. About someone to start getting to know
each other. Example: Introduce you. Please introduce yourself.
Thai Duy Bao (1989) defines an introduction as "Behavior of
telling people new things about a certain object (person) or about

the speaker himself (introducing himself)".
From the definitions in English and Vietnamese, the introduction
includes introduction and self-introduction. In the thesis, we study
separate introductory and self-introduction words to show the
specific characteristics of each behavior.
Thus, introductory speech is an act in which people use words to
introduce someone (one person to one person, one person to many
people, many people to one person, many people come to many
people) in the first meeting or introduction based on a specific
purpose (introduction to inform, introduction to do something, etc.)
based on common uses, according to the common language
standards of society.
b. Definition of self-introduction
According to Vietnamese Dictionary (Nguyen Nhu Y editor), selfproclaimed also has 3 meanings: 1 / Introduce your name and
background. 2 / Assign yourself a title, a certain personality. 3 /
Self-proclaimed and declared to everyone his noble title.
From the above definition, it is understandable that the selfintroduction is a verbal act (behavior in words) where people
introduce themselves to others when they first meet in common
ways. It is considered to be the standard of society, sometimes there
are specific characteristics of each individual communicating.
Summary of Chapter 1

Chapter 1 has studied the situation of research on introduction
and self-introduction, at the same time identifying and presenting the
theoretical basis of the dessertation topic.


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CHAPTER 2
CHARACTERISTICS OF FORMAL VERBAL INTRODUCTION AND

SELF-INTRODUCTION IN VIETNAMESE (WITH REFERENCE TO
ENGLISH)
2.1. Introduction

In Vietnamese and English: collected from 814 dialogues /
dialogues introducing the rules in 122 events in the range of social
politics and entertainment scope.
2.2. Characteristics of formal introduction and self-introduction in the
scope of socio-politics (with reference to English)
2.2.1. The formulae of formal introduction and self-introduction
expressions in the scope of socio-politics

In Vietnamese: Mainly using direct expressions, accounting for
82.5%. In particular, the expression lacks subject, communication
object has the highest utilization rate (60%). In the scope of this
study, Vietnamese does not have a complete expression. Contact
with English: the survey shows conflicting trends. There is no
missing expression that lacks subject and communication object.
The rate of using indirect expressions accounted for the highest of
91.5%.

100

80
60
40
20
0

77

60


Chart 2.1. The formulae of formal introduction and self-introduction
expressions in the scope of socio-politics in Vietnamese and English


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2.1.2. The components of formal verbal introduction and selfintroduction expressions in the scope of socio-politics
In Vietnamese: With 4 main components, introducing the name (surname
+ middle name + name) accounts for the highest percentage, 92.5%,
followed by the position in which the former position is mentioned and
accounts for 12.9 % It is very special when introducing positions as Party
and government positions, their frequency is very high, 68.3% and 77.5%,
respectively. Contact English: Content introduction often incomplete only
(name + surname), more diversified introduction (name + surname,
surname, first and last name according to job title). The former position
occupies very modestly, only 1.7%
Chart 2.1. The components of formal verbal introduction and selfintroduction expressions in the scope of socio-politics
1 Full name

Position
2

3 Hometown
4 Others
2.1.3. Other components of fomal introduction expression
In Vietnamese: Diversified vocative factor, the vocative group according
to the social title comes from comrades with the highest percentage (81%);
The words grandfather and grandmother are only 10%. The words

indicating the rank of the rank used for the armed forces 5.5%;
Strengthening factors such as application (79.6%), respect (77.8%) both
account for a high proportion and make additional sense, increase the
etiquette for events.
Refering to English: No “đồng chí” (comrade), Ladies and gentlemen with
a high frequency of 64.8%, only after vocative words of the professional
title group. The Honorable (44.3%) is considered a special vocative word,
only in communicating the new superstructure protocol. Enhanced
elements are more diverse than Vietnamese with 11 words, pleasure


14
appeared most 19.8%, followed by delighted and delighted.
2.3. The characteristics of formal verbal introduction in the scope of
entertainment (with fererenct to English)
2.3.1. The formulae of formal verbal self-introduction in the scope of
entertainment

BT1
1/Full form

3/Missing SP1, SP2

5/Missing SP1, SP2, perfomative verb
7/Special form

Chart 2.7. The formulae of formal verbal self-introduction in the scope
of entertainment
In Vietnamese: there are 7 expressions including: / Full form; 2 / Missing
SP2; 3 / Missing SP1, SP2; 4 / Missing performative verb, SP2; 5 / Mising

SP1, SP2, performative verb. 6 /suggested verbal self-introduction 7 /
Special form. In which the expression of the phonetic verb and
communication object has the highest rate of 70.3%,
Refering to English: Only use indirect micro expressions, that is 1 /
Defective SP2, MSV; 2 / Missing SP1, SP2, MSV; 3 / Self-introduction
with suggestions. Self-introduction expressions have suggestions that
reach the highest frequency, 53.3%.


80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

097.
7%47.

7%99.

Chart 2.7. The formulae of formal verbal self-introduction in the scope of
entertainment
2.3.2. The components of the content of verbal introduction in the scope
of entertainment
In Vietnamese: self-introduction of diverse names (surname + buffer +
name, buffer + name, name, group name, name, nickname), the highest

name in all remaining information, 99.7%, after that's the name (31.2%)
Referting to English: 97% self-introduction (name + surname). No full
introduction (enough them + buffer + name); no common names,
nicknames. There are information about gender and education level, these
two components are not in Vietnamese.


16
Chart 2.10. Components of the contents of formal verbal self-introduction
in the scope of entertainment
2.3.3. Other components of formal verbal introduction in the scope of
entertainment
In Vietnamese: The vocative element: the way of professing with the
pronoun "I", dominant is (38.4%). The group of kinship pronouns used is
also relatively high, including pronouns for children (39.7%); Greetings
like: hello, hi, hey, how are you, howdy ... or greetings-wishes: good
evening, while Vietnamese language accounts for 46.4%; Demonstration
components: These are the verbs such as “xin”, “thưa”, “kính thưa”
“dạ”, “vâng”, “dạ vâng”, “đi”; the sub-characters from the state“à” “ạ”
“lắm”, “thế” “quá”, “nhé” ,“một chút”. “Xin” with the outstanding
frequency of 223 turns (accounting for 73.8%), 18.5%), sir (60.3%).
Refering to English: The vocative factor: the ratio of inverse to
Vietnamese, in English shows that participants use 92.1% of pronouns
pronounced I, we, the ratio is not use only 7.9%; Greetings (cordial
greetings: hello, hi, hey, how are you, howdy ... or greetings: good evening
..) English has a higher usage rate 55.2%; There is no expression, only
interjection: wow (3%).
2.4. Summary of Chapter 2
The communicating factors (context, participants, purpose,
sequence of behaviors, modalities, means, standards and genres) are

described and analyzed, showing the corresponding results of the verbal
introduction and expressions. Verbal self-introduction, however, under the
influence of communication culture, the political and social factors of
Vietnam and the United States have created different and similar
introductions of the two languages. In general, Vietnamese people have
more ways of introduction and self-introduction expressions than
American. Specifically, about verbal introduction, Vietnamese has 5 types
(3 direct forms, 2 indirect ones); English has 4 types (2 direct forms, 2
indirect ones). In term of self-introduction, Vietnamese has 7 types (3
direct forms, 4 indirect forms); English has 3 types (1 direct, 2 indirect).
Thus, the difference is that in the context of socio-politics at Vietnamese
ceremonies or using direct introduction, Americans are the opposite; The
similarity is that Vietnamese and Americans prefer using indirect
introduction than direct introduction in the scope of entertainment.


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CHAPTER 3
CHARACTERISTICS OF INFORMAL VERBAL INTRODUCTION
AND SELF-INTRODUCTION IN VIETNAMESE (WITH
REFERENCE TO ENGLISH)

3.1. The formulae of informal verbal introduction and selfintroduction in Vietnamese (with reference to English)
3.1.1. The formulae of informal verbal introduction
In Vietnamese: There are 8 types including: 1 / Full form; 2 / Defective
SP1; 3 / Defective SP2; 4 / Missing SP1, SP2; 5 / Form of notice introduction; 6 / Introduction with suggestions; 7 / Ask - introduction; 8 /
Other forms; Communication subject selects Notification type - most
introduced, 47.3%, the least used form, only 4.1%. The models are used at
approximately the same rate, ranging at less than 20%.
Refering to English: There are 4 types: 1 / Full form; 2 / Notice introduction; 3 / Introduction with suggestions; 4 / Ask - introduce

yourself. Specifically, most Americans prefer to introduce by indirect
expressions. The highest percentage of 44.4% notification expressions referrals, 38.9% of expressions are questions - referrals.

50
40
30
20

10
0

Vietnamese

Chart 3.1. The formulae of informal introduction in Vietnamese
and English in the scope of daily conversation


3.1.2. The formulae of informal self-introduction
In Vietnamese: There are eight types, including direct and indirect selfintroduction expressions: 1 / Full form; 2 / Defective SP1; 3 / Defective


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SP2; 4 / Missing SP1, SP2; 5 / Notice - self-introduction; 6 / Selfintroduction with suggestions; 7 / Asking - introduce yourself; 8 / Other
expressions. Participants in television entertainment programs primarily
use indirect expressions to introduce themselves, the highest of 50.6% of
self-suggested self-expression. Direct self-referrals appear relatively low,
below 12%. Surveys show that Vietnamese people tend to use brief
introduction on television.
Refering to English: Use only indirect self-introduction expressions, this
is 1 / Notice - self-introduction; 2 / Self-introduction with suggestions.

Suggested self-introduction expressions have a very high rate (92.9%)
100
80
60
40

20
0

Vietnamese

Chart 3.2. The formulae of informal self- introduction in Vietnamese
and English in the scope of daily conversation
3.2. Components of informal self- introduction in Vietnamese
and English in the scope of daily conversation
3.2.1. Components of informal self- introduction
In Vietnamese: According to the survey, SP1 (friends, colleagues,
family members, etc.) introduced SP2 to know about object X, which is
about 1 / Name; 2 years old; 3 / Occupation; 4 / Position; 5 / Country; 6 /
Accommodation; 7 / Marital status; 8 / kinship / social relationship; 9 /
Ethnicity; 10 / General introduction 11 / Other information. Specifically,
introduce the name with the highest frequency of use 76%. Participants


often introduce names. Introduction of positions and occupations is
relatively high, approximately 50%. The remaining components are low,
just under 6%. A very few introduce the marital status of the introduced
character, 1.3%.

19
Refering to English: Content is not as diverse as in Vietnamese, only
4 components include 1 / name; 2 / career; 3 / kinship relationship; 4 /
other information (compliments, health inquiries, work situation, study ...).
100% of Americans introduced names and very few of them introduced
other people to careers.
100

100
80

60
40

20
0

Vietnamese

Chart 3.3. Components of content of informal self- introduction in
Vietnamese and English in the scope of daily conversation
3.2.1. Components of content of informal self- introduction
In Vietnamese: There are 9 components: including information about 1 /
Name; 2/ Age; 3 / Occupation; 4 / Position; 5 / Country; 6 /
Accommodation; 7 / Marital status; 8 / Ethnic / social relationship; 9 /
Other information. In particular, the highest rate of introduction of names,
accounting for 70.5%, 41% and 28.2% is the proportion of Vietnamese
people introducing their careers and their age. The remaining content is
mentioned but not popular, the rate only fluctuates below 20%.