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VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

NGUYEN THI PHUONG NGOC

RESEARCH ON FACTORS AFFECTING ENTREPRENEURIAL
INTENTION OF STUDENTS IN THE REGIONAL UNIVERSITIES
OF QUANG NGAI PROVINCE

Major: Business Administration
Major Code: 9.34.01.01

THESIS SUMMARY

HA NOI - 2019


The work was completed at
GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

Supervisors: 1. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nguyen An Ha
2. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mai Ha

Reviewer 1: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Phan Chi Anh

Reviewer 2: Prof. Dr. Ngo Thang Loi

Reviewer 3: Prof. Dr. Ngo Xuan Binh

The dissertation will be defended before the thesis review council of the

Academy at the Graduate Academy of Social Sciences at
day month

hour

year.

The thesis can be found at:
- National Library of Vietnam
- Library of Graduate Academy of Social Sciences.

minute,


INTRODUCTION
1. The importance of the topic
Apparently, starting a business has been a news story of the country.
It is regarded as an important key to economic growth. The development of
enterprises in general and the system of small and medium-sized enterprises
in particular is an important driving force for the country's economic
development. In fact, newly established enterprises not only contribute to
the country's GDP growth but also create many new jobs, contributing to
solving social problems. In Vietnam, the contribution of new businesses,
especially small and medium enterprises from the private sector accounts
for nearly 50% of GDP and annually attracts about 90% of new employees
to work [14]. Therefore, in order to solve employment problems, reduce
unemployment and increase the dynamism of the economy, it is necessary
to promote the activity of starting a business.
Over the past years, the Government has launched many programs
and policies to encourage and promote the establishment of businesses,

support the development of small and medium-sized businesses with the
goal of having at least 1 million enterprises operating by 2020. To promote
the activity of starting a business, a wide range of projects, programs and
policies to support and encourage people, young people and students to
execute this activity have been developed and organized such as VCCI's
start-up program, Vietnam Young Entrepreneurs Association, the contest
"Light up young business talent", and so on. With many efforts from all
levels, sectors and mass organizations, the entrepreneurial spirit of Vietnam
has also achieved some encouraging results. Specifically, according to the
GEM report (Global Entreprenuership Monitor), the percentage of adults in
Vietnam intending to start a business has increased from 18.2% in 2014 to
25% in 2017. and will continue to increase over the next 3 years. However,
this increase is still lower than the average of 30.3% in resource-based
developed countries and Vietnam ranks only 19 out of 54 economies [15].
On the other hand, according to the latest press release on business
development index for provinces and centrally-run cities in 2016, the
number of newly established enterprises nationwide in 2016 reached a
record with 110,100 enterprises, an increase of 16.2% compared to 2015.
1


Areas with high growth rate of newly established enterprises compared to
the whole country include: Northern Midlands and Mountains, 20.2%, Red
River Delta 18.3%, The Southeast increased by 15.4%; However, Quang
Ngai is among the provinces and cities with the lowest growth rate of newly
established enterprises and one of the provinces and cities with high
business dissolution rates of enterprises in 2016 which were 285 enterprises
increased by 154.5% compared to 2015. Furthermore, based on the Vietnam
Macroeconomic Report 2018 of the Institute for Economic and Policy
Research (VEPR), in the whole year of 2018, there were 131,275 newly

established enterprises nationwide, a slight increase of 3.5% in comparision
with 2017. In 2018, the total number of enterprises which were temporarily
suspended operation was 99,885 enterprises, up to 51% compared to the
whole year of 2017. As a result, VEPR Director assessed that "the target of
having 1 million enterprises in 2020 is extremely difficult and even
impossible when at the present time Vietnam only has about 600,000
businesses "
In addition, interstingly, the Ministry of Labor, Invalids and Social
Affairs said that by the end of 2017, the whole country had about 215,000
unemployed people with bachelor or higher degree (Dan Dan newspaper,
2018). Hence, in the situation of having an increasing number of
unemployed undergraduate students, graduate students, and college
graduates together with a low start-up rate and a modest number of
enterprises like nowadays, carrying out in reality the methods to improve
entrepreneurship spirit, promote entrepreneurship activity among students is
very important and increasingly urgent to reduce the pressure on
employment in society and enhance the nation’s economic growth.
In many countries around the world as well as Vietnam, the problem
of starting a business in general and starting a business of students in
particular are always a matter of the Government and universities’ special
concern. Furthermore, over the past several decades, various studies by
Luthje and Franke (2003); Linan (2004); Linan and Chen (2009) recognized
the important role of universities in developing and developing business
ideas. Luthje and Franke (2003) stated that: "Universities do have an impact
on business success". Meanwhile, Linan's research results (2004); Tam
(2009); Ooi et al. (2011) asserted that business education plays an important
2


role in inspiring students towards business and pointed out that universities

and higher education institutions are the solid foundations in developing
and exploiting potential business people. The reality in Vietnam shows that
the business start-up education activity is currently happening vigorously
but only stopped in some localities since it is organized by separate units
and enterprises. In fact, many programs do not yet have a consensus on the
content, and implementation to carry out business start-up education
activities in a formal and regular way at the university level. They seem to
be open and are encapsulated in some elective subjects at some
international and private schools such as RMIT University, Kent
University, FPT University, Hoa Sen University, etc.
At universities in the Central region, entrepreneurship-oriented
education as well as business start-up activities in students have not been
focused and strongly developed. Sadly, students have not bravely to apply
and execute their ideas in reality. After graduation, most students tend to
apply for recruitment in active businesses rather than starting their own
businesses. In order to encourage and promote business start-up activity
among students after graduation or even while studying in universities, it is
necessary to know the reasons or factors affecting the formation of
students’ entrepreneurial intention. Additionally, through the review of
studies on this issue, it can be said that the past decade has been a booming
period of studies based on the theory of entrepreneurial intention with many
different perspectives (see the summary table of studies in foreign countries
in Annex 1).
These studies are mainly concentrated in countries with developed
market economies. In reality, systems of market economy are formed
synchronously and operate effectively, and business environment is
favorable for business development. However, the quantity of researches on
business performance, potentials and plans for conducting business
activities in transitioning economies in general and in Vietnam in particular
are still small (see Summary of domestic research works in Appendix 2).

Most studies have focused on one or a few aspects affecting students'
intention to conduct business activities. Moreover, very few studies have
combined analysis, synthesis and discovery of factors that influence
entrepreneurial intention under the simultaneous impact of elements related
3


to start-up environment, directional educational factors towards business
and factors related to personal characteristics towards students of different
majors. Besides, regional culture and business environment of different
regions also have different influences on the spirit of starting a business
From the above reasons, the study "Research factors affecting
entrepreneurial intention of students in the regional universities of
Quang Ngai province" aims to lay a scientific principle for the planning of
policies to create environment and identify solutions to stimulate students'
entrepreneurial spirit and mobilize the young and intellectual resources of
students for building up the socio-economic development of the country. In
fact, this issue is urgent and particularly important in the present context.
2. Research objectives and reseach mission of the thesis
2.1. Reseach objectives
The purpose of the study is to discover and measure the factors
affecting the entrepreneurial intention of students from universities in
Quang Ngai province; thereby proposing solutions to increase awareness,
improve entrepreneurship spirit and promote activity of starting a business
among students in the current context.
2.2. Research mission
- Systematize and develop theoretical and practical issues about the
intention to start a business.
- Develop research models and hypotheses to study the factors
affecting entrepreneurial intention of students from universities in Quang

Ngai province.
- Conducting field surveys, using and analyzing the results of actual
survey data to determine the influencing factors as well as the level of the
impact of these factors on students' intention to start a business. in Quang
Ngai province.
- From the results of this research, the author proposes some
implications and solutions for students, universities and macro management
agencies in the planning and implementation of programs and policies to
increase awareness, knowledge, improve entrepreneurship and promote
activity of starting a business among students.

4


3. Research subjects and research scope of the thesis
3.1. Research subjects
The study examines theoretical and practical issues of entrepreneurial
intention, and factors affecting the entrepreneurial intention of students.
3.2. Research scope
- Scope of the research: The thesis focuses on researching issues
directly related to business planning, the main factors affecting students'
intention to start a business.
- Scope of research space: the thesis is limited to researching
universities in Quang Ngai province.
- Scope of study time: The entire study including theoretical research
and fieldwork was conducted in 3 years from June 2016 to June 2019.
However, the commune survey activities towards students to collect
primary data was conducted from January 2018 to May 2018. This is to
ensure topicality for the research results.
- Scope of the research object: The dissertation studied students from

the first years to the fourth year of two majors: Economics - Business
Administration and Engineering - Technology.
4. Research methodology of the thesis
- Chapters 1 and 2 of the thesis use the method of document research,
analysis and synthesis methods to collect information about previous
research works, the theoretical basis of the intention to start a business, and
factors affecting entrepreneurial intention, etc.
- In Chapter 3, the author implements qualitative methods by
carrying out focus group discussion and in-depth interviews (interviews
about the appropriateness of influencing factors, sufficiency of observed
variables, etc). At the same time, the author conducted a small quantitative
study (150 students) which were used as statistic to adjust the observed
variables and measure the factors affecting students' entrepreneurial
intention. Thereby model will be built and checked in terms of the original
suitability before conducting formal research on large samples. In chapter 3,
the author also uses descriptive statistical methods, using absolute numbers,
relative numbers, average numbers, etc to analyze the real situation
5


students’ opinions from universities in Quang Ngai province abou factors
affecting entrepreneurial intention.
- Chapter 4, based on the official quantitative research data
conducted through distributing the questionnaire survey o students. The
author uses SPSS 22 software to to analyze data and assess reliability and
value of a scale of factors affecting students' entrepreneurial intention; test
models and research hypotheses; test whether or not there is a difference in
factors affecting students' entrepreneurial intention according to the
demographic characteristics of students through the sample.
- Chapter 5, the thesis uses the method of document research,

analysis and synthesis methods to collect information about the
government’s mechanisms and policies on encouraging entrepreneurship
activities in general and entrepreneurship activities of students in particular.
They are seen as the base for the author to make policy implications and
solutions for promoting entrepreneurship spirit among students.
5. New contribution to the science of the thesis
- Firstly, the thesis has proposed a research process on factors
affecting students' intention to start a business, contributing to enriching
and clarifying ways to identify the factors that affect entrepreneurial
intention in general and students in particular.
- Secondly, the research has developed a "Business Education" scale
through the implementation to the scale to collect student information. At
the same time, the thesis also develops the scale "Intending to start a
business" of students. The results of these two new scales have been tested
for reliability and significance in the research model. Other studies related
to the field of entrepreneurship of students can reuse this scale to study.
- Thirdly, the research has identified some main factors affecting as
well as the level of the impact of factors related to students' intention to
start a business including "personality characteristics", "Attitudes towards
business behavior "," Business education "," Awareness of behavior control
"," Social status of business owners "and" Capital sources ". The results of
this research can be used to continue research in other similar studies.
- Fourthly, the research results show that the factor "Opinion /
Subjective standard" has no statistical significance in the research model.
This empirical research result of the thesis differs from previous studies,
6


because in most of the studies in the world when applying this factor to the
research model, the results are significant and positively affect the student's

intention to start a business. In Vietnam, previous studies in Can Tho, Ho
Chi Minh City, Binh Duong or in Hanoi have shown that this factor has a
significant impact on students’ entrepreneurial intention. However, for
students in Quang Ngai province in particular and in the Central region, this
factor does not have the decisive significance to the formation of
entrepreneurial intention. Through qualitative research results (group
discussions, in-depth interviews), this can explain the different influences of
national culture or regional culture on personality or independence in the
decision of an individual,or particularly, the matter of starting a business.
The result suggests that other studies should retest this factor in a similar
context in the future
- Fifthly, the study proposes a feasible and scientific-based solution
system to promote entrepreneurial spirit of students from universities in
Quang Ngai in particular and can be expanded in the Central region and the
whole country in general.
6. Theoretical and practical meanings of the thesis
- Theoretically, the thesis provides a scientific basis in the field of
research on the intention to start a business, summarizing the theory of
concepts related to the research topic; developing scales system, testing
theoretical models and research hypotheses on the main factors affecting
the entrepreneurial intention of students in Quang Ngai province.
- Practically, the thesis has assessed and analyzed the status of
awareness about the problem of starting up a business and entrepreneurial
intention of studnts; discovered and measured the factors and the impact
level of factors affecting the entrepreneurial intention of students from
universities in Quang Ngai province. The results of the study provide
policymakers and universities with a comprehensive view about the factors
influencing students' entrepreneurial intentions. Moreover, they help to lay
a scientific basis for the planning of training strategies in universities,
creating a learning environment that stimulates the development of creative

business ideas and entrepreneurship spirit among students.

7


7. Research structure
In addition to the Introduction, Conclusion, References and
Appendix, the thesis is divided into 5 chapters:
Chapter 1: Overview on the factors affecting entrepreneurial
intention
Chapter 2: Theoretical and practical basis for entrepreneurial
intention, models and research hypotheses
Chapter 3: Research design
Chapter 4: Analysis of factors affecting entrepreneurial intention of
students from universities in Quang Ngai province
Chapter 5: Orientations and solutions to promote entrepreneurial
intention of students from universities in Quang Ngai province
Chapter 1
OVERVIEW ON THE FACTORS AFFECTING
ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTION
1.1. Overview of research abroad and domestically on the factors
affecting entrepreneurial intention
1.1.1. Overview of abroad researches
For many years, the field of business start-up research (MEET),
entrepreneurial intention have been extremely interested by researchers
around the world, especially researches on the factors affecting
entrepreneurial intention of the youth, students. The researches have
illustrated factors that influence on the purpose of entrepreneurial intention
as varied from environment, culture, institution, personality, personal
characteristics and other factors. By examining various documents and

studies, the author realized that there are some main approaches including:
(1) personal characteristics / learners' personality (personality, attitudes,
perceptions, gender, etc), (2) educational program (entrepreneurship
education program or support from universities, etc), (3) environmental
impact (culture, politics - society, economy, lawetc and (4) combination of
the above directions (personal characteristics, environment, education, etc).

8


1.1.2. Overview of the research works of local authors
In Vietnam, research on the business start-up of young people and
students has been interested in various researches in recent years. Through
the research, analysis and synthesis of research works related to starting a
business, the author summarizes into the following approaches:
 First approach: personal factors / personal characteristics with
intention to start a business or potential for starting a business.
 Second approach: factor analysis of personal characteristics,
entrepreneurship education / support of academic environment to potential,
entrepreneurial intention
 Third
approach:
combining
personal
characteristics,
entrepreneurship education / support of academic environment, start-up
environment and entrepreneurial intention
1.2. General assessment of the overview of the research situation
and research gaps
It can be said that the past decade has been a booming period of

studies based on the theory of entrepreneurial intention with many different
perspectives. However, these studies mainly concentrated in countries with
favorable business environment for business development, developed
market economies, systems of market economy which are formed
synchronously and operate effectively. Vietnam is viewed as a new
economy transformed into a market economy mechanism, and financial
resources for new businesses are not plentiful and difficult to access. In
addition, the social and cultural conditions of Vietnam are also different
from developed countries and other countries in the region.
In Vietnam, research on starting a business is still in its infancy and
has been interested to carry out research only in recent years. Although
there have been a number of studies based on the theory of entrepreneurial
intention, but only research on the impact of individual personality on
entrepreneurial intention,planning or research on some subjects such as
women, the youth, ...
In a nutshell, although there have been many domestic and foreign
studies on the field of starting a business, potential as well as
entrepreneurial intention, these studies have focused on only one or a few
aspects affecting entrepreneurial intention of students such as personal
9


characteristics or some emotional environment factors combined with
factors of personal experience to the potential of starting a business; or
research only on an individual subject, women, the youth in general, or
students majoring in economics or engineering in particular. In fact, there
are very few studies analyzing the role and impact of business education
orientation of universities on students' starting a business as well as the
entrepreneurial intention of students studying different majors from
different universities.

Furthermore, according to the overview of the research situation,
there are still no studies in Vietnam in general and in in the Central region
in particular having the combination of analysis, synthesis and exploration
of factors affecting entrepreneurial intention under the simultaneous impact
of elements related to start-up environment, business-oriented education
and personal characteristics of students studying different majors. And
because regional culture and business environment conditions of different
regions have an influence on entrepreneurial spirit, I found that the research
conducted looked at a combination of factors affecting the entrepreneurial
intention of students from universities in Quang Ngai in particular and in
the Central region in general based on three aspects of personal
characteristics, business education and necessary entrepreneurship
environment.
The results of the study will lay a scientific basis for giving practical
solutions that are suitable to the local situation to further promote
entrepreneurship of students from universities in Quang Ngai. At the same
time, the research’s author also wants to discover new factors, compare the
research results with the previous studies and contribute to the enrichment
of research projects on starting a business generally, and entrepreneurial
intention of students particularly.

10


Chapter 2
THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL BASIS FOR
ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTION, MODELS AND RESEARCH
HYPOTHESES
2.1. Rationale for entrepreneurial intention
2.1.1. Starting a business

Starting a business in this research will be understood as an
individual (alone or with others) who dares to take risks, and creatively take
advantage of market opportunities to create a new business with many
values for society.
2.1.2. Entrepreneurial intention
2.1.2.1. Students and some basic characteristics related to starting a business
2.1.2.2. Entrepreneurial intentions of students
The student's intention to start a business is the premise, the
willingness of students to conduct business intentionally with the desire to
create valuable products and services to meet society’s needs.
2.1.2.2. Some theoretical background models about the entrepreneurial
intention
 Theory of Reasoned Action - TRA
 Theory of Planned Behavior - TPB
 Shapero – Krueger Model of intentions 2000
 Luthje và Franke model of entrepreneurial intentions 2003
2.2. Factors affecting entrepreneurial intention of students
Summary of theories about behavioral intentions, intention to start a
business as well as the factors affecting the intention to start a business in
the above studies show that, although there is no consistent homogeneity in
researchers’ points about factors affecting students' intention to start a
business, even their names, they can be divided into two following ways:
- The first direction, in terms of the impact method, it consists of 3
groups: (1) group of direct influencing factors; (2) group of indirect
influencing factors; (3) group of factors that directly and indirectly affect.
- The second direction, as regards of grouping individual factors into
general factors affecting students' business plan, they can be divided as
11

follows: (1) group of individual impact factors (self-capacity) ) and (2)
group of environmental impact factors. Specifically:
+ Group of personal factors: Attitude towards business behavior,
Perception of behavior control or Perception of feasibility when conducting
business, characteristics of personality traits, Demographic characteristics.
+ Group of environmental factors: Social status of business owners,
Educational environment of universities, Economic environment and
supporting policies of the State on start-up, Subjective standard or
comments and opinions from surrounding people like family, friends,
colleagues,etc, on startup issues.
2.3. Proposing models and hypotheses for research on factors
affecting entrepreneurial intention of students
2.3.1. Research model
In order to increase the predictive capability of planned behavioral
theory, in this research the author proposes to study the factors influencing
students' intention to start a business, including:
(1) Personal factors include Personal characteristics, Attitude towards
business behavior, Awareness of behavior control.
(2) Factors belonging to universities are Business Education (learning
environment, training programs / Support for business education at
universities).
(3) Factors of start-up environment include Subjective Standards /
Opinions of surrounding people (opinions of family, friends, relatives about
supporting or hindering students' intention to start a business. ), Social
status of business owners (recognition of the role and position of
entrepreneurs in society), other external factors (regimes, policies to
encourage start-up of the government, government local,…).
In addition, the study also proposes to consider some demographic
characteristics such as gender, field of study, school year (the first, second,
third and fourth-year students), career of parents influencing on

entrepreneurial intention of students.
2.3.2. Research hypotheses
 Personality Characteristics
H1: Character traits that positively affect students' intention to start a
business. That means students who aspire to have a high position in society
12


or want to be respected and known by people or the higher the willingness
they will accept to take risks in doing business, the higher entrepreneurial
intention they will have to start a business.
 Attitudes towards business behavior
H2: Attitudes toward business behavior have a positive influence on
students' intention to start a business. That means the more students are
interested in starting a business and realize that becoming an entrepreneur is
more beneficial than doing other jobs, the higher entrepreneurial intention
they will have to start a business.
 Awareness of behavior control
H3: Perception of behavioral control / Perception of feasibility has a
positive influence on students' intention to start a business. That means
when students find it easy to be self-employed, and feel confident that they
will succeed when starting a business or feel that they can completely
control their business activities when starting a business, etc, there will be a
higher chance of students’ intention to start a business.
 Factors Business education / Educational support
H4: Business education / Perception of the educational support of
entrepreneurship has a positive effect on students' intention to start a
business. That means when universities provide students with more
knowledge about starting a business, there are many activities to encourage
students to be entrepreneurial, and the school learning environment inspires

students to start a business, there will be a higher chance of students’
intention to start a business.
 Factors Opinion of surrounding people / Subjective standards
H5: Opinions of surrounding people have a positive influence on
students' intention to start a business. That means the more support students
have from their family, friends, as well as the people who are important to
them in terms of starting a business, the higher entrepreneurial intention
they will have to start a business.
 Social status of business owners
H6: Social status of business owners positively affects students'
intention to start a business. That means when becoming an entrepreneur,
students are perceived positively and highly appreciated by the society,
which helps to increase the students' intention to start a business.
13


2.4 Experience on promoting the entrepreneurial spirit of
students at universities around the world
2.4.1. Experience from US universities
2.4.2. Experience from Finnish universities
2.4.3. Experience from German universities
2.4.4. Experience from the university of Taiwan
2.4.5. Experience from Thai Lan’s universities
Chapter 3
RESEARCH DESIGN
3.1. Research process
 Step 1: Overview research
 Step 2: Preliminary research
 Step 3: Official quantitative research
 Step 4: Discuss research results, interview case studies

 Step 5: Conclusion and propose solutions
3.2. Preliminary research
3.2.1. Set up the survey (questionnaire)
3.2.3. Preliminary research results
The members of the discussion group agreed that:
+ The factors affecting students' intention to start a business which
are proposed by the author in the theoretical model in chapter 2 (Figure 2.5)
are the main factors influencing intention of students from universities in
Quang Ngai to start a business.
+ The observed variables which measure the factors influencing
students' intention to start a business and are proposed by the author
reflected the basic properties of these factors.
+ On the other hand, the discussion group also has opinions, in
addition to the factors proposed by the author, there is another factor that
also affects the intention of students who want to start a business, which is
the issue of capital to start a business.
As a result, the theoretical model of factors affecting students'
intention to start a business is amended and added the factor "Business
capital" and hypothesis H7.

14


Hypothesis H7: Business capital has a positive influence on students'
intention to start a business. That means when students can easily raise
capital for business or can accumulate capital to implement their ideas to
start a business, the intention to start a business of them will increase.
(Figure 3.2)
3.3. Official quantitative research
3.3.1. Data collection

3.3.1.1. Determine the sample size
Applying the recommended minimum sample size calculations
suggested by different researchers in this study, to ensure reliability of data
to perform analyses such as Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) as well as
multivariate regression analysis, the author carried out with a minimum
sample (ntt) of 850 observations.
3.3.1.2. Data collection
895 questionnaires were sent to students of 03 universities in Quang
Ngai Province. The division of the number of each school’s questionnaires
is based on the actual number of students at the time of the survey,
specifically: 560 surveys were sent to students majoring in Economics Business Administration of Finance - Accounting University and Industrial
university of Ho Chi Minh city - Quang Ngai campus (equivalent to about
10% of students in the field of Economics - Business Administration of
these two schools); 335 surveys were sent to students majoring in
Engineering - Technology of Industrial university of Ho Chi Minh city Quang Ngai Campus and Pham Van Dong University (respectively taking
about 10% of students in the field of Engineering - Technology of these two
schools).
3.3.2. Data processing method
3.3.2.1. Descriptive statistics
3.3.2.2. Evaluate the scale of factors by analyzing Cronbach’s alpha
coefficient of reliability and analyzing EFA discovery factor
3.3.3.3. Testing hypotheses
3.3.3.4. Testing differences in students’ intention to start a business

15


Chapter 4
ANALYSIS OF FACTORS AFFECTING THE INTENTION TO
START A BUSINESS OF STUDENTS FROM UNIVERSITIES IN

QUANG NGAI PROVINCE
4.1. Situation on building and developing a startup ecosystem in
Quang Ngai province in recent years
4.2. Analyze current situation of factors affecting entrepreneurial
intention of students from universities in Quang Ngai province
4.3. Test the reliability of the scale and analyze the exploratory
factors affecting entrepreneurial intention of students
4.3.1. Testing the reliability of the scale with Cronbach’s alpha
* Test the reliability of the scale by the first Cronbach’s alpha
* Testing the reliability of the scale with the second Cronbach’s
alpha
The results of the second Cronbach's alpha test for the scale
Characteristics (Appendix 3) show that all the scales have reliability
(Cronbach's alpha> 0.6 and the total correlation coefficient> 0.3).
Thus, after testing the reliability of the scales by Cronbach’s alpha,
except for observed variable ĐTC6 which was eliminated, all observed
variables are retained. In particular, the remains of the total scale for factors
affecting entrepreneurial intention of students from universities in Quang
Ngai province are 27 observed variables and the scale to meassure the
intention to start a business (or entrepreneurial intention) includes 5
observed variables (Table 4.9).
Table 4.9: The results of the reliabiliy testing of scales using
Cronbach’s alpha

No.

1
2

Scale

Symbol

Attitude toward
business behavior
Opinions of

TĐHĐH
VKD
YKNXQ

Number of
observed
variables

Coefficient
of
Cronbach’s
alpha

4

0,846

3

0,867

16

The smallest
coefficient of the
sum-variables
0,600
(TĐHĐHVKD1)
0,698


surrounding
people
Cognitive
behavioral
control
Social status of
business owners

NTKSH
V

4

0,759

ĐVXH

3

0,901

5

Capital

NV

3

0,794

6

Education

GD

5

0,914

Characteristics,
personality traits
Entrepreneurial
intention

ĐĐTC

5

0,896

DĐKN

5

0,890

3

4

7
8

(YKNXQ1)

0,474
(NTKSHV3)
0,777
(ĐVXH1)
0,579
(NV1)
0,737
(GD1)
0,611
(ĐĐTC4)
0,656
(DĐKN5)

(Source: Author’s analysis results of research data)
4.3.2. Exploratory Factor Analysis

* A scale of factors affecting the student's intention to start a
business
After checking the reliability of the scales by Cronbach's Alpha
analysis, the scale of the factors affecting the entrepreneurial intention of
students from universities in Quang Ngai province was measured by 27
observed variables for the seven components of the scale which are:
"Attitudes toward business behavior", "Opinions of people around",
"Awareness of behavior control", "Social status of business owners ","
Capital source "," Business education "and" Characteristics, personal trait
". Actually, factor analysis is used to assess the convergent degree of
observed variables according to these components.
* Scale intended to start a business by students
The factor analysis results for the scale of students' intention to start a
business with one factor drawn and identified as the factor of Starting a
business (including 5 observed variables).
4.4. Testing models and hypotheses about factors influencing
entrepreneurial intention of students from universities in Quang Ngai
province
17


4.4.1. Verify the relationship among variables (Pearson correlation
coefficient)
4.4.2. Linear regression analysis
Table 4.11: Regression analysis results
Impact
factors
Regression
constant
Characteristics,

personality
traits
Attitudes
towards
business
behavior
Business
education
Cognitive
behavioral
control
Social status
Business
capital

Standardized
regression
coefficient
(B)

Standard
deviation

Standardized
regression
coefficient (β)

t

Sig.

-.358

.115

-

-3.102

.002

.374

.032

.363

11.871

.000

1.937

.220

.028

.217

7.842

.000

1.597

.163

.022

.185

7.299

.000

1.334

.179

.027

.171

6.509

.000

1.440

.090

.059

.028
.025

.093
.064

3.215
2.397

.001
.017

1.737
1.490

R2
R2 calibration
Significance level (Sig. In
ANOVA)
Statistical value F (F in
ANOVA)
Durbin-Watson coefficient

.594
.591
0.000
205.501
1.789

(Source: Author’s analysis results of research data)
18

VIF


The analytical results in Table 4.11 show that, with 7 independent
variables included in the analysis, only 6 variables directly and positively
affect students' intention to start a business were found in this study and
they are organized according to the degree of influence from big to small
level as follows: (1) "Characteristics", (2) "Attitudes toward business
behavior", (3) "Business education", ( 4) "Awareness of behavior control",
(5) "Social status of business owners", (6) "Capital" with Sig. = 0,000
<0.05. The variable "opinions of people around" has been removed from the
model because it has no meaning to explain the model or in other words, the
independent variable "opinions of people around" has no linear relationship
to the dependent variable "Intention to start a business" of students in this
research model.
The model test results (Appendix 7) show that the given regression
model given is relatively consistent, with the adjusted R2 coefficient of
0.591 (Table 4.11). It means that the linear regression model has been built
appropriately with the data sets up to 59.1%. Furthermore, it can be
understood that the independent variables in the model help to explain the
variation’s meaning of 59.1% of "Starting a business", the remaining 40.9%
is explained by other factors which are not mentioned in the model yet.
Regression analysis produces regression coefficients as illustrated in Table
4.11.
In order for the regression model of the sample to use estimates for
the regression coefficients of the population, the study continues to examine

the hypothetical violations in the analysis of the linear regression model.
4.4.3. Test the assumptions of the regression model
 Testing multi-collinear phenomenon
The result of testing the multiple linear regression model has no
multicollinearity phenomenon, the relationship between the independent
variables does not affect the interpretation results of the model.
 Verify linear contact
The test result of assuming linear relation is satisfied.
 Check the variance of the standard distribution residuals
Test results assume the normal distribution of residuals is not
violated.
 Check the independence of the remainder
19


Assuming test results demonstrate no correlation among noninfringing residuals.
4.4.4. Test hypotheses of the model
Based on the results of the correlation analysis and multiple linear
regression, it is possible to draw conclusions for the assumptions of the
research model as follows:
Table 4.12: Conclusion about research hypotheses
Hypothesis
Statement
Conclusion
Character traits have a positive influence
H1
Accept
on students' intention to start a business.
Attitudes toward business behavior that
Accept

H2
have a positive influence on students'
intention to start a business.
Perception of behavioral control /
Accept
Perception of feasibility that has a positive
H3
influence on students' intention to start a
business.
Business
education/
Perception
of
Accept
educational support to entrepreneurship has
H4
a positive, positive effect on students'
intention to start a business.
The opinions of people around have a
Accept
H5
positive influence on the students' intention
to start a business.
The social status of business owners
Accept
H6
positively affects students' intention to start
a business.
Capital has a positive influence on students'
Accept

H7
intention to start a business.
(Source: Analytical results of the author)

20


Charateristics

0,363

Attitude towards
business behavior

0,217

Business education

0,185

Awareness of
behavior control

0,171

Social status of
business owners

Charateristics of
demographiy

+ Gender
+ Majors
+ School year (1,2,3,4)
+
Occupation
of
parents

Entrepreneurial
intention

0,093
0,064

Capital
Firgure 4.1: Results of linear correlation of components in the research
model (Source: Author’s results)
4.5. Test the differences in students’ intention to start a business
according to some specific characteristics
4.5.1. Test the difference according to the "Gender" of students
In this study, there is no difference in the intention to start a
business between male and female students in Quang Ngai University.
4.5.2. Testing differences according to students' "majors"
Students in the field of Economics - Business Administration at the
Regional University of Quang Ngai have a higher degree of intention to
start a business than students from the Faculty of Engineering Technology.
4.5.3. Testing differences by "School year"
The intention to start a business in the thrid and fourth-year
students is higher than the intention of the first and second-year students.
21

4.5.4. Testing differences by "Occupation of father and / or
mother"
The intention of starting a business of students whose fathers and /
or mothers are self-employed is higher than that of students with parents
doing other jobs (0.06145 levels).
4.6. Discuss the results of the research model on the factors
affecting entrepreneurial intention of students in Quang Ngai Regional
Universities
Chapter 5
ORIENTATIONS AND SOLUTIONS TO PROMOTE
ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTION OF STUDENTS IN THE
REGIONAL UNIVERSITIES OF QUANG NGAI PROVINCE
5.1. The Party and State’s views and orientations on encouraging
the spirit and promoting activities of starting a business
5.2. The author’s perspective on orientation to promote
entrepreneurial spirit of students
Based on research on the current situation, international experience
and adherence to the guidelines of the Party and the State, the directing and
operating documents of the Vietnamese Government as well as the local
authorities in Quang Ngai, it can be seen that the above viewpoints and
orientations need to be more concretized so that big undertakings can really
be applied in reality.
Students are regarded as an important source of society, possessing
great intellectual potentials, the ability to create, innovate and improve the
way of working. As regards of the age of college students, the higher
education environment is considered an important means to prepare for
future careers. In fact, higher education has the main task of providing basic
knowledge, skills to enhance students 'self-capacity and also helps shape

students' thinking and view of life preparing for future career. In reality,
students are increasingly in need of starting a business. However, the
conditions for supporting students to start a business are still limited. In
order to have a potential young entrepreneur force graduating from
universities, a generation of young entrepreneurs with high entrepreneurial
spirit and are ready to face the risks for business performance, the higher
education institutions must become core forces in creating an enabling
environment for personal capacity development, effective student learning,
stimulating the entrepreneurial spirit of young people. Furthermore, they
need to organize helpful, interesting programs to promote the activity of
starting a business.
22


Moreover, promoting the spirit of starting a business in students
from universities is the work of the whole society when the awareness and
actions of students are greatly affected by environmental factors. Therefore,
in addition to the activities of higher education to drive entrepreneurship,
the government and the macro-regulatory agencies also need to support
policies and measures to create a new entrepreneurial generation who are
abundant with confidence and enthusiasm. Actually, the encouragement for
activity of starting a business is done on the basis of implementing specific
policies on establishing new businesses, policies to encourage innovation,
take risks, especially to form the culture of accepting defeat to attain
success. Activities to promote entrepreneurship should be carried out
sequentially and sustainably step by step.
On the other hand, the startup ecosystem with external support is
very important. Nevertheless the determinant of the success of the start-up
innovation process depends on enterprises and entrepreneurs themselves .
[16 ]. Therefore, in addition to the institutional environment and business

and entrepreneurship education and training programs, students themselves
need to improve their common intellectual capital as well as improve their
business and entrepreneurial knowledge in particular through all learning
channels, from schools to society.
Therefore, in order to strongly promote the spirit and activities
related to starting up a business of students, the solutions need to be focused
on the three main factors affecting students' entrepreneurial intention, which
are the students themselves, the role of universities and the mechanism and
policies of the government.
5.3. Some solutions to raise awareness and promote
entrepreneurial spirit of students from regional universities in Quang
Ngai province
5.3.1. Solutions towards students
- Students (especially students in the field of Engineering Technology) should proactively cultivate and improve necessary knowledge
and skills to start a business.
- Students need to be proactive and actively participate in business
experience activities organized by the school, clubs, mass organizations to
foster their self-confidence.
5.3.2. Solutions towards universities
Specific solutions:
Firstly, increasing the entrepreneurial among students,
encouraging students to start their career through educational support
from the universitiez.
23