Hơn một phần tư thế kỷ nhận thức về “Nhà Mạc và thời đại nhà Mạc”

TRAOofilfKllN

HON mdi PHAN Tir THC'KV NHRN THI/C VC
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"/w/t MUC vH ndi
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DHI NH^ MUC
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TRAN THI VINH"

N

hfi Mac kdo dfii 150 nflm (15271677), trong dd cd 65 nflm t i n tpi
vdi tfl cflch Ifi mOt vfldng trilu (1527-1592),
so vdi cac trilu dai \jf (1009-1225), Trfin
(1225-1400) vfl Ld Sd (1428-1627), trilu
M^c t i n tai ngfin hdn, nhitng hdn nfla t h i
ky chfnh thflc ddng dd d Thfing Long, trieu
M^c da d l lpi dfi'u fi'n kha dfim ndt trong
ljch sii Trung dpi Vidt Nam. Nhting trflde
kia, cfic svt gia phong kiln cung nhfl mdt sd
nhfi nghidn cflu ljch sii d thfip ky 70 cua t h i
ky XX trd v l trflde da vilt, da nhin nhfln vfi
danh gia v l nhfl Mpc ciing nhfl vfldng trilu
Mac chfla that dfiy du vfi chfla thfit cdng

bfing so vdi nhflng trieu dpi khflc, thflm chi
con ha thfi'p nha Mpc, khdng coi nhfl Mac lfl
VUdng trilu chfnh thflc. Trong thdi gian
qua, nha Mac ndi chung vfl vfldng trieu
Mac ndi ridng da dfin dfin dfldc gidi nghien
cflu nhin nhfin vfl dflnh gifi lai theo tinh
thfin mdi, khach quan hdn, khoa hpc hdn,
do dd vide nhdn thflc v l nha Mac da cd
nhflng tien trien tot dep vfl nhfi Mac dfin
dfin dflpc trd v l dflng vdi vi tri cua minh.
Nhcm thiJfc v l "Nhd Mac vd thdi dai
nhd Mac** trvtdc t h S p k y 80 c u a t h ^ k y
XX
•PGS.TS. Vidn S^ hpc

Qua trinh nhfln thflc v l nhfl Mpc diln ra
trong mdt thdi gian dai, lflc dfiu khdng mfiy
kha quan do nhflng djnh kiln cd s i n dupc
ghi trong nhiing bd sii cu. Dudi ngdi but cua
cac sfl gia phong kiln thi nhfi Mac bi coi lfl
"nhudn trieu" nen nha Mac da bi xep 5
phfin phu chfldng va cac vua nha Mac bi coi
lfl nhflng ke "nghjch thfin" hofic nhflng ke
"thoan doat"... nen nha Mac nhin chung hi
coi lfl cd tdi vfi bj lich sfl Idn fin. Chinh tfl
nhflng thidn kiln nhfl v^y nen nha Mac
khd Idng cd dfldc nhflng nhfln xdt t i t dep tfl
cflc sfl gia xfla.
Bat dfiu tfl nhflng thfip ky 40-50 ciia the
ky XX, da cd mdt so tac gia (1) d l c§ip den

thdi dai nha Mac trong nghien ciiu ve lich
sb dfln tdc vfl xufit hien nhflng quan diem
hofin tofin trai ngfldc nhau khi nhin nhfln
ve trieu dai nay. Cu the cd hai khuynh
hfldng: benh vUc vfi tin dn nha Mac.
Khuynh hfldng bdnh vpc, than oan cho
nhfl Mac, cu the thfin oan cho M^-c Dang
Dung, ding thdi d l cao tfnh tfch cflc nhfi't
djnh cua vfldng trilu Mac trong bdi canh xa
hdi Vidt Nam b the ky XVI, dai dien Ifi cfic
tac gia Le Vfln Hod vfi Pham Vfin Sdn trong


Rghian cflu Lleh sit, stf 5.2012
hai tac phfim "Hd" Qui Ly - M^e
Dung" \k "Vi$t sd tdn biin".

Ddng

Khuynh hfldng Idn fln nhfl Mpc vfi phd
phan cfl nhfln Mac Dflng Dung, dpi bilu Ifi
Trfin Trpng Kim (2) vfi Phan Xufln Hofl (3).
Cfic tfic gia nfiy nhin nhfin nhfl Mpc hofln
tofln dpa theo quan dilm ciia cflc sii thfin
thdi Ld-Trjnh vfi thdi Nguyin trong cutfn
"Dai viit sd ky todn thi/", "Dai Vi^t thdng
sd" vfi "Vi^/ sii" thdng gidm cdOng mi^e".
Nhflng, bdn cpnh nhflng ddng chii Iflu
Idn fin nhfi Mpc trong nhflng bd sii cfl do
chfnh cfic sfl thfin thdi phong kiln bidn

soan trdn dfiy, ngfldi dpc vfin tim thfi'y
nhflng ddng vilt dflng Iflu f thfla nhfln vl
didn mao ciia mdt thdi k^ thjnh trj vl m^t
trilu dai dfi tflng bj coi lfl "nguy trilu" nhfl
trilu Mac mfi khi nhfic tdi xfi hdi Vidt Nam
thdi Mac khdng ai lfl khdng bd qua chi tilt
nfiy. Dd lfl sfl ki^n dfldc ghi vfio nidn hi^u
Dai Chinh (thdi Mac Dflng Doanh): "ngddi
budn bdn vd ngddi di dddng diu di tay
khdng, ban dim khdng eo trpm cddp, trdu
bb thd chdn khdng phdi dem vi, chi mdi
thdng diem sodt mpt lan, hoac cd sinh de
cdng khdng thi bidt Id vdt cua nhd minh.
Trong khodng vdi ndm, dddng sd khdng
nhat cua rOi, cdng ngodi khdng ddng,
thddng ddOc mila to, trong coi tam yin" (4).
Hoflc trong aflch "Dai Viet thdng sd" ciia Le
Qu^ Ddn, sii thfin thdi Ld-Trinh vfi bd "Vi^t
sd thdng gidm cdOng muc" ciia Quoc sii
quan trilu Nguyin ciing da ghi lai m^t thi^c
te v l Mac Dfing Dung trflde khi Idn ngdi Ifi
"Idng ngddi diu hddng
viDdngDun^'.
Chfnh tfl thpc t l nfiy cflng vdi nhflng
thfinh tflu khdng thfi phii nh^n mfi nhfi
Mac da di lai trong sfl nghidp gifio ^V^
khoa cfl Vidt Nam thdi phong k i l n lfl t l
chflc thfinh cdng 22 khoa thi Tiln si chpn
ngfldi tai vdi nhilu gfldng mflt sang gifi nhfl
Nguyin Binh Khidm, Giflp Hai... trong dd

cd ca gfldng m$t ciia phu nfl, da khiln cho
h$u t h i phai suy ngfim khi dpc v l m^t thdi
"ngpy Mac" vfl hflu t h i khdng t h i khdng
xem xdt lpi vfi nhin nhfin lpi cfli gpi Ifi
"ngpy trilu" mfl nhflng sfl gia phong kiln
xfla kia da gfln ghdp cho nhfl Mac.
Dd lfl 1^ do tfl thflp ky 80 cua t h i ky
trflde, cflng vdi cdng cu^c dli mdi dfi^t nfldc,
n l n sii hpc Vi^t Nam cujig cd nhfling doi
mdi v l tfl duy trong vide nhin nhfln lai,
dflnh gifl lpi ljch sii, trong dd Iflu f nhilu tdi
nhflng trilu dpi vfl nhflng nhfln vdt ljch sfl
mfi trflde kia chfla dflpc nhin nhfin vfi dfinh
gifi m | t cfich thoa dflng. Trong bii canh
chung dd, nhfi Mac vfi ngfldi khai sfing
vfldng trilu Mac lfl Mac Dflng Dung lfin
Iflpt dflpc nhfin thflc theo tinh thfin mdi, cdi
md hdn vfl khflch quan hdn.
N h a n thufc v l '*Nha Mac v& thdi dai
nha Mac" tit nkm 1985 d e n n a m 2000
Moc md dfiu cho sfl doi mdi nhfln thflc vl
nhfl Mac Ifi tfl cuoi thang 12 nflm 1985
bfing eudc "Hdi thdo khoa hoc nhdn ky niem
400 ndm ngdy mdt cua danh nhdn vdn hod
Nguyin Binh Khiim" t l chflc tai Hai Phdng
- que hfldng cua nhfl Mac. Tai dien dfln nfiy,
cfic nhfi khoa hpc da danh gia, khfing djnh
v l cdng lao cua Trpng Trinh NguySn Binh
Khidm vfl ghi nhfln nhiSng ddng gdp ciia

Nguyin Binh Khidm vdi thdi dai dng dang
sdng vfl trilu dai mfi dng gfin bd lfl thdi dai
nhd Mac vk triiu dai nhd Mac. Tfl vi$c
dflnh gifi v l nhflng ddng gdp ciia NguySn
Binh Khidm vdi thdi dai dng dang sing vfl
trilu dai dng gfin bd, H^i thao cung ghi
nh4n nhdng ddng gdp tich cde cua thdi d^i
nhd Mae vd vdang triiu Mae trong lich sH
ddn tpc giai docin thdky XVI (5).
Nhfl v$y, bfit dfiu tfl cude Hpi thao khoa
hpc nflm 1985, gidi khoa hpc da cd cai nhin
cdi md han, khdch quan hOn khi xem xet
vdn di nhd Mac. Ho da gpt bd dfldc nhflng


Htm mpi pnan nr me Ry..,
fin tfldng khdng tdt dli vdi nhfi Mac do bj
chi phoi bdi quan dilm cua nhflng ngfldi
nghidn cflu Idp trflde vfi dfi td ra cdng bdng
han khi ddnh gid vi nhd Mac. Vfl bfit dfiu
tfl cude Hdi thao khoa hpc nfly, vai trb cua
nhd Mac ddn ddn ddOc khai ddy dung vi tri
dich thdc cua nd. Tfl dfly, mdi quan tfim v l
nhfi Mac mang tfnh rdng rai hdn, tofin didn
hdn va sau sfic hdn.

phat hidn vfl tilp c§n vdi chfln 1^ ljch sii.
Lflc nfly "Nhfl Mac vfl thdi dai nhfl Mac"
dflpc ddnh ddu nhd mpt sU chuydn tiep
quan trgng trong ddi sd'ng chinh tri, kinh te,

vdn hod ud xd hpi cua ddt nude ta d thdky
XVI.

Trong hai nflm tilp theo (1991-1992) vfin
d l "Nhd Mac vd thdi dai nhd Mac" vfin dfit
trong chfldng trinh nghidn cflu cua Ban
Nam 1989, tac gia Nguyin Duy Hinh Ljch sfl Co Trung dai - Vi$n Sfl hoc. Kit
cung da phat bieu trdn Tap chf Nghiin cdu qua cua chfldng trinh nghidn cflu vl "Nhfl
lich sd rfing: "Chung ta dd khdng coi nhd Mac vfi thdi dpi nhfl Mac" dfi dfl^c Nhfi xufit
Mac tidm ngdi nhd Li, nhdng ddnh gid cho ban Khoa hpc xfi hdi cho fi'n hfinh cuin sflch
dung vi nhd Mae tht chda du" (6).
"Vuang triiu Mac (1527-1592)" (9). Vdi cuIn
Vi vfiy, tilp theo hfldng nghidn cflu tfch sfich nfiy, ngofii nhflng ddng gdp vl kinh tl^,
cpc vl nhfi Mac, vfio nflm 1991 tai Thfinh van hofi - xa hdi ciia nhfl Mac vfla dflpc
phi Hi Chf Minh, Vidn Khoa hpc Xfi hdi vfi thfla nhfln thi vfldng trieu Mac cung da
Sd Vftn hofl Thdng tm Thfinh pho Ho Chf dflpc ihiia nhdn Id mpt vdOng tridu chinh
Minh da to chflc mot cupc "Hdi thdo khoa thdc ton tai 65 ndm (1527-1592) trong lich
hpc ky niem 500 ndm sinh Danh nhdn Vdn sd Trung dai Viet Nam. Vfl sfl kidn Mac
hod Nguyin Binh Khiim". Ket qua cupc Hdi Dang Dung phe bd trilu Ld - mdt trilu dai
thao dflpc in thfinh ky ylu (7), trong dd cd md Mac Dang Dung tflng gfli gfim ba phfin
mot loat bfli vilt ciia cac nhfi nghien cflu tfl quang ddi d l lap ra trieu dai mdi cua
cung dfl nhin nhdn nhd Mac theo hddng tich ddng hp Mac khdng phai lfl mdt dieu nghjch
cUc gidng nhd tinh than cua eudc Hpi thdo ly nhfl nhilu sfl thfin thdi phong kiln gfin
cho Mac Dflng Dung. Den dfiy, cuIn sfich
khoa hoc cudi ndm 1985 tai Hdi Phbng.
Cling thdi dilm nfly, Ban Ljch sfl Co khdng dinh them vi Mac Ddng Dung (ding
Trung dai thudc Vidn Sfl hpc cung triln f kiln vdi nhflng quan dilm cua gidi sii hpc
khai chfldng trinh nghien cflu ridng v l nhfi tpi hai qjidc Hdi thao khoa hoc nflm 1985 vfl
Mac. Kit qua nghidn cflu bfldc dfiu dfldc 1991) la nhin nhdn Mac Bdng Dung khdng
cfing b l trdn mdt s i chuyen san ciia Tap chf phdi nhd mdt ke "nghieh thdn", dd ddn lue

Nghien cdu Lich sd vfio nfim 1991 (8), bao Mac Ddng Dung vd vdOng triiu Mae phdi
gIm nhflng lufin vfln vl: Thd chd chinh tri, ddOe trd vi dung vi tri cda minh. Nlu coi
Bang giao, Lang xd, Kinh tdnSng nghiip vd Mac Dfing Dung lfl ke "thofin dopt", lfl
rupng ddt, Vdn hod gido difc... trong dd mdt "nghjch thfin" vfi coi nhfi Mac lfl "ngpy
so ddng gdp v l kinh tl^ cung nhfl mdt s i trilu" tflc Ifi da phu nhfin nhflng ddng gdp
thflnh tflu v l vfln hoa nghd thu^t thdi Mac chung cua nhfl Mac trdn cflc linh vpc kinh
tM, vfin hofi, giao due vfi nghd thufit mfl nhfi
bfldc dfiu da dflpc d l c|ip tdi.
Mac da Iflm dfldc cho dfl't nfldc vflo t h i ky
Nhfl vfly, chi trong vdng 5 nfim, vi$c XVI (10).
nghien cflu, tim hiiu, k i t lufln vfl dflnh gifi
Tilp theo chfldng trinh nghien cflu ciia
vl "Nhd Mac vd thdi dai nhd M^e" da dpt
dfldc nhiJng thfinh tflu mdi trong qufl trinh Vidn S i hpc, Hdi Khoa hpc Ljch sul Vidt


Rghlto elifu Ljch aJr. atf 5.2012
Nam phli hpp v6i Vi^n Sii hpc vfi H^i d i n g
Ljch sii Thflnh phtf Hai Phdng dfi t i l n
hflnh thdm mdt cu$c hdi thao khoa hpc nfla
v l nhfi Mpc tai huy^n Kiln Thuy (Hfii
Phdng) vflo thflng 7 nflm 1994. K i t qufi
ciia cude H^i thao dflpc cdng bl^ trong cu^n
sfich "Nhd Mg.c vd ddng ho A/pc trong Ifch
sd" xua't ban vfio thfing 6 nflm 1996 (eau
cuIn Vuang triiu M^c 1527-1592 ciia Vi$n
Sii hpc niia nfim). Nhflng vflTn d l d^t ra vfi
giai quydt ciia c u | c H^i thao khoa hpc v l
nhfi Mpc lfin nfly vfin lfl sp tilp tuc ciia
ddng mpch dfl vfi dang thu hut si^ quan

tflm ciia gidi nghidn cflu v l nhfl Mpc lflc
dd. D$c bidt cude Hdi thao nfly dfl t^p hpp
dflpc khfl ddng dao vfl khfl rdng rfii cflc nhfl
khoa hpc d i n tfl nhilu cd quan vfl cflc
trfldng dpi hpc (11) nhflng lai cd chung m^t
tieng ndi trong vi^c dfinh gifi vfi nhin nhfln
v l "Nhd Mac vd vdOng triiu Mac". Cude
Hdi thao da thu dfldc k i t qua lfl di tdi
nhdn thdc mdt cdch ddy du han vd ddnh
gid mdt cdch xdc ddng hOn v l m|t giai
doan ljch sut trong t i l n trinh phfit t r i l n
cua dan t^c Vi$t Nam 5 nfla cuoi t h i ky
XVI vdi nhflng k i t lufin h i t sflc khflch
quan (12) la:
- Ndn xofl bd thfinh kiln vfl djnh k i l n v l
nhfl Mac. Nen doi xii vdi nhfl Mae mpt cflch
cdng bfing nhfl cflc trilu dpi khac. Da din
lflc chflng ta phai thay doi v l each dfinh gifi
cflc chfnh sach d^i n^i vfl dm ngopi ciia nhfl
Mac. Khdng ndn dflnh gia n^ng n l v l nhfl
Mae nhfl trflde dfiy do nhfin thflc ciia mdt stf
ngfldi nghidn eflu cdn hpn chC
- Nhfi Mpe lfl vfldng trilu ra ddi vfi t i n
tai sau nhfi Ld. Vi^c nhfl Ld spp d l , nhfi
Mae Idn thay lfl m^t hi$n tflpng cd f nghia
t i l n bd, dfldc nhilu ngfldi ting h0. Khdng
nen coi sfl vide nfly lfl cfldp ngdi. Sau khi ra
ddi vfl ton tai, nhfi Mpc da cd ddng gdp nh^t
djnh v l mflt vfln hoa, v l mfit tfl tfldng vfl

mdt phfin nflo dd v l kinh t l . Hay tra lai cho
nhfi Mpc nhflng ddng gdp khflch quan fiy.
V l chfnh sflch dli ngoai, d gdc d | nflo
dd cd hpn chi. Nhflng khdng ndn dflnh gifl
nha Mpc lfl phfin qu6c. Dii sao dd cfing ehi
lfl flp tfnh tofln trong sfich Iflpe flng phd mfi
thdi. Phfii d$t nhfl Mpc trong hofin canh
ljch flii lflc bfi'y gid. Nhfi Mpc phfii dSi phd
vdi nhilu thtf li^e phong kiln, ddi hdi phai
cd sfich Iflpc mIm mdng d l trfinh chiln
tranh vfl d l bao vd chii quyln cua dtft nfldc.
Ngofii cflc cude Hdi thfio, cac chUdng
trinh nghidn cflu trong m | t th|ip ky (19861994) dfi giflp cho nhfln thflc v l nhfi Mpc
tiln gfin tdi chfin 1^ khfich quan cua ljch siSt
thl vide nghidn cflu v l nhfl Mac cdn dflpc sp
hd trp thdm bdi hfing lopt nhiing chflng tfch
v l v4t ehfi't ciia thdi dai mfi trflde kia ft
ngfldi quan tfim tdi. Dd lfl nhiing kiln true
dflc sfic v l ngdi dinh Tfly Dfing d nhfi^t Vi$t
Nam dfldc xfiy d\fng dfldi thdi Mac (13), rli
hd t h i n g thflnh quflch ciia nhfl Mpc hay cdn
hi$n hflu tpi n h i l u dja phfldng cflng nhfl
nhflng do gIm sfl hoa lam tuydt dpp san
xu^t vflo thdi Mpc da vflbidn gidi (14) dflpc tim thfi'y trdn viing dfi't
Dfldng Kinh thdi Mpc tai di chi Chu Dfiu vfl
dfic bift hdn Ifi vdi hdn trflm tfi'm bia Mpc
(16) dfldc tim thiLy trdn khfip dfit nfldc
trong dd c6 nhilu tfi'm cdn hi^n hOu tpi
viltng Dfldng Kinh da thdng tin cho chflng

ta v6 stf nhflng dilu cfin t h i l t d l nh$n thflc
lpi v l "Nhd Mac vd thdi d^i nhd Mad'.
Nhfin thflc lpi, nh$n thflc mdi. nh|ji
thflc khflch quan v l "Nhd Mac vd thdi (fiai
nhd iligc" dtfn dfly tuy chfla k i t thflc,
nhflng tam thdi l&ng xutfng do chfla cd
thdm nguIn sii li$u mdi. Mfic dft v^y,
nhflng con chfiu hflu dud ciia ddng ho M^c
da rtft tfch ci^c hfldng v l c^i nguIn, thu
th$p dfldc kha nhilu pha h$ v l cfic chi hp
Mpc d nhilu ndi k l ca nhfling chi hp da "cai


tfnh" sau khi nhfl Mpc bj nhfi Trjnh dfinh
bai. D I cung cfl'p cho ngiidi dpc cd thdm
bilu bilt v l "Nhd Mac vd thdi dai nhd
Mac", nfim 2000, Hdi Khoa hpc Ljch sii Vi^t
Nam cflng Hdi Sfl hpe Hai Phdng da fin
hflnh thdm culh "Mac Ddng Dung vd
Vuang triiu Mac" (16). Ngofli nhflng bfli
vilt ban v l Mac Dfing Dung vfl Vfldng trilu
Mac ciia mdt stf nhfl nghidn cflu thu^c cfic
thihd khfic nhau vfi ngofli nhihig tfl li^u v l
hdp pha hp Mac do con ehflu hfiu dud nhfl
Mac cung cfi'p thi cutfn sfich dfi tuyln chpn
cfic nguon sut lidu trong chfnh sii vfl nhflng
f kiln ciia t h l hd nghien cflu Idp dfiu tidn
dfinh gifl, nhfln thflc khflch quan v l nhfi
Mac dl cd y nhfi'n manh thdm vide nhin
ohfin dflng dfin v l nhfl Mpc.

Nhan thvfc v l "Nha Mac vd thdi
nhd Mac" tii n a m 2000 d i n n a y

dai

Mfldi Iflm nflm trdi qua, tuy khdng cd
them nhiing dpt nghidn cflu Idn va nhflng
cude hdi thao rieng v l nha Mac nhfl 5 giai
doan trflde, nhflng rai rflc ciing cd nhiing
bfii vilt, nhiing cutfn sfich (17) v l nhfl Mpc,
nhiing lufln vfin Cao hpe (18) v l nhfl Mpc,
dfic bi§t tfl sau khi khu Hoflng thflnh
Thang Long dfldc phflt Id (nam 2002),
nhiing ddng gdp ciia nhfi Mac vdi Kinh dd
Thang Long eung dfldc nhilu nhfi nghidn
cflu dl tfim tdi. Dfi'u fi'n eiia vfldng trilu
Mac da dl lai trong nhflng tfing vfln hoa
dflpc Khao co hpc tim thfi'y dfldi long dfi't,
chflng to nhfi Mac cung lfl mdt trong nhiing
viidng trilu da gdp nhilu cdng sflc xfiy d i ^ g
Kmh dd Thflng Long thdi k^ 65 nflm trj vi.
Xufl't phflt tfl tinh thfin dd vfi cung d l
khfing djnh them mdt lfin nfla v l vj trf, vai
trd cua "Nhd Mac vd thdi d^i nhd Mgd*
trong Ueh sii dfin tdc, vflo thfing 9 nflm
2010, trflde t h i m Dai l l ky ni$m 1000 nflm
Thfing Long - Hfl Ndi, tly ban Nhan dfln
Thflnh phtf Hfl Ndi, Vfln phdng Ban ehi dpo

Quoc gia ky ni^m 1000 nflm Thflng Long Hfi Ndi, Trung tfim Bao t i n khu di tfch C l

Loa-Thfinh c l Hfl Ndi vfi Hpi Sfl hpc Hfl Ndi
da phffi hpp t l chflc mdt cupc Hdi thao khoa
hpc "Vuang triiu Mae trong lich sd Vi^t
Nam" ngay trdn thIm di^n Kfnh Thien xfla,
d l td Idng tri fln m^t vfldng trilu cd nhilu
ddng gdp cho lich sul dfin t^c vd cho Thang
Long - Hfi Npi. Chfnh tidu d l ciia cu^c H^i
thao da khfing djnh mdt lfin nfla sfl ton tg,i
chinh thdc cua vdang triiu Mac trong ljch
sii dfln tdc Vidt Nam, mdt giai doan quan
trpng trong tiln trinh Ijeh sii dfin t^c. Gidi
khoa hpe tfl mpi miln dfit nflde t l tflu v l dfiy
da cflng dem tdi m^t tiing ndi chung xdc
ddng hOn, cdng bang hdn khi nhin nhdn,
ddnh gid vi vdang tridu Mae, thi hidn cdch
ihig xd cdng bang cda gidi sd hoc ngdy nay
vdi nhd Mac, coi triiu Mac gidng nhd ede
Vdang triiu khde trong lick sdddt nddc (19).
Sau dd, vfio thang 6 nfim 2011 tai Cao
Bfing mpt cupc Hdi thao khoa hpe nOa v l
"Vddng triiu Mac thdi ky d Cao Bang* da
dflpc tiln hflnh do Trung tdm Bdo tra vdn
hod, ky thuat truyin thdng vfi Hdi khoa hoc
Lich sd Viit Nam ket hpp vdi Uy ban nhdn
ddn vfi Sd Khoa hoe Cdng ngh4 tinh Cao
Bang to chflc. Vdi gfin 30 ban tham lufin,
eudc Hdi thao da tfip trung dfinh gia mpt
cflch khfinh quan v l vai trd lich sfl vfl
nhiing ddng gdp cua nhfi Mac trong cdng
cupc bao v$ dfl't nfldc, md mang bd eoi thdi

kf nhfl Mac ddng 5 Cao Bfing tfl nfim 1592
d i n nfim 1677.
Tilp n i l nhflng nhfln thflc dung dfin
khfich quan ciia cude Hpi thao khoa hpc v l
"VdOng triiu Mac trong lich sd Viit Nam"
(thang 9 nfim 2010) vfi cude Hdi thao v l
"Vdang tridu Mac thdi ky d Cao Bang"
(thang 6 nfim 2011), trong nflm 2011 da cd
thdm nhflng xufl't ban phfim mdi v l nhfl
Mac, gdp phfin vflo nhiing nhfin thflc mdi


Rghlftn eihi L|eh silr. 80 B.801Z
vfla dflpc gidi Sii hpc khfing djnh tpi hai
cude Hdi thao. Dd Ifi cutfn "Nhd Afgc yd Ap
Mpc, y ehi vd muc tiiu chii'n Idpc" (20) ciia
nhfi xufi't ban Dfin Trf (nflm 2011). Dflc bi0t
trdn Tpp chf "Xda vd Nay", cd quan ngdn
lufin ciia Hdi Khoa hpc Ljch sii Vi^t Nam,
so 385 (thflng 8 nflm 2011) dfi gifinh rifing
mdt php trfldng vilt v l "Nhd Mpc vd tidp
c(in Sd hpc" nhfin djp ky nifim 470 nfim
ngfiy Thfii t l Mpc Dfing Dung bflng hfi
(1541-2011). Php trfldng da dflng tai 16
lu^n vfln cua nhflng tflc gia dfl nhilu nflm
quan tflm nghidn cflu v l nhfi Mpc, dflpc tfip
trung dflnh gifl v l nhflng ddng gdp cua Mpc
Dflng Dung vfl vfldng trilu Mac trdn cfie
Iinh vpc chfnh trj, kinh t l , vfln hofi vfl xa
hdi theo tinh thfin cua nhiing nhan thflc

mdi. Tilp theo, vfio stf 392 (thflng 11 nflm
2011), Tap chf "XtAi vd Nay" lai cdng bo
thdm mdt bfli nghien cflu nfla v l "Hoat
ddng sdch phong vd triiu cdng thdi Mae, hi
qud vd thdc ehdf. Vdi bfli nghien cflu nfly
vfl'n d l ngoai giao ciia nhfl Mae cung da
dflpc nhin nhfin theo tinh thfin mdi, cdi md
hdn (21).
Ciing trong nfim 2011, da cd them nhilu
lu^n vfln Thac si lich sfl nghidn cflu v l
"Nhd Mac vd thdi dai nhd Mae" dflpc bao v$

thfinh cdng. Dd lfl nhiing lufln vfin nghidn
cflu v l Thdnh luy, Gido due khoa cil vfl
Kinh td thdi M^ic, nhfl: "Thdnh Bdu vd
thdnh nhd M(f.c d Tuyin Quang thdi phong
kidn", "Gido due, khoa cd thdi Mac td ndm
1527 di'n ndm 1592" vfi "Kinh td Dai Viit
thdi M(;ie (1527-1592)" (22). Chfic chfin
trong thdi gian tdi sd titfp tpc cd thdm
nhflng lufln vfin Thpc sT vfl Tiln si ljch sii
dflpc bao v$ v l thdi dpi nhfl Mac.
Nhin lai eh$ng dfldng hdn m^t phfin tfl
t h l ky qua (1985-2011), vi^c nghidn cflu,
nhfln thflc v l "Nhd Mifx: vd thdi dai nhd
Mg,c" da cd nhflng bfldc tiln triln ttft d^p,
vfldng trilu Mac dfi dfldc trd v l dung vdi vj
tri dich thflc ciia minh, mdt vdOng triiu ton
(pi chinh thdc vfi cd nhiiu ddng gdp trong
tien trinh lich sd ddn tpc. Chfnh vi thl, cho

d i n ngfly hdm nay, vide nghien cflu vl nhfl
Mac chfla thfi'y cd dfl'u hidu dCtng lpi, cd Id
cflc nhfl nghien cflu vfin cdn nhilu dilu
chfla khfim phfi h i t v l trilu dpi ljch sii nfiy.
Hy vpng, trong tfldng lai "Nhd Mac vd thdi
d^i nhd Mac" se tilp tpc dflpc nghidn cflu,
dflpc nhfin thflc vfl dflpc dflnh gia sflu sfic
hdn, xflc dflng hdn cua gidi khoa hpc khi cd
thdm nhiing nguIn sii h^u mdi.

CHU THtCH
(1). Trfin Tr^ng Kim vdi tflc phfim "Vi4t Nam sd
lu^' (nflm 1949): Phan Xufln Hda vdi tflc phfim
"Lich »i? ViSt Nam' (1952); Lfi Vfln H6e vdi tflc
phfim "Hi Qui Ly-Mqx Ddng Dung" (nflm 1952),
Ph^m Vfln Sdn vdi tflc phfim "Vi^t BVC tdn biin"
(nflm 1959)...
(2). Xem: Trfin Trpng Kim. Vi4t Nam «i> tU^.
1949.
(3). Xem: Phan Xufln Hda. Lich sd Vi4t Nam,
Nxb. \^nh Thjnh, 1952.

(4). Xem: Dgi vift ad ky todn thU. Tflp IV,
Ban djch Nxb. Khoa h^c xfi h$i. Hi N$i, 1970, tr.
126.
(6). Xem: Phan Huy Lfl. "Nguyin Binh KhiSm
vfl thdi d9i ciia dng" vfl Trfin Qufic Viidng Tr^ng
Trtnh Nguyfin Binh KhiSm trong bfii canh vfin hofl
Yi^t Nam thfi ky XVT, trong sflch "7>vn* TritUi
Nguyin Binh Khiim", Hfii dfing ljch sut Hai Phdng,

Vi^n Vfln hoc (Ky yfiu H^i thao khoa h9c nhfin 400
mfit), Hai Phdng, 1991.


mm m y i y u a n r u mis n y . .

73

(6). Xem: Nguyin Duy Hinh. "Suy nghi vfi nhfl
Tfly Sdn", Tiip chf Nghiin

cdu Ifch sd, sfi" I (244),

nflm1989.

Hai Phdng, "Mt;ic Ddng Dung vd vUOng triiu M^c".
Hfl Nfii, 2000.
(17). Xem: M^c Dudng. "Gdp phdn dii mdi quan

(7). Tfin cuS'n Ky yfi'u lfl "Hpi thdo khoa Ape ky
ni^m 500 ndm sinh danh nhdn vdn hod

Nguyin

Binh Khiim", Tp. Ho Chf Minh, 1991.
(8). T^p chi Nghiin

cdlu Ifch ad, stf 6 (259), nflm

diim ddnh gid ViMng triiu A/pc", Nxb. TrS, Tp. Hfi

Chf Minh, 2006.
(18). Xem: Ttfng Thanh Binh. "Nhd Mtfx vdi
cdng cupc in dfnh xd hpi D^i Vi^t tit ndm 1527 dSh
ndm 154ff', Lufin vfln Th^c si Ljch sii, bao vfi t^i

1991.
(9). Trung tfim khoa hpc Xfl hfii vfl Nhfln vfln,
Vi^n Sii hoc: "Vutfng triiu Mifc (2527-1592), Nxb.

Khoa Ljch ad, TrUdng D^i hpc Vinh, nflm 2009.
(19). Xem: Ky yfiu Hfii thao khoa hpc "Vuong
triiu Mfic trong lich ail Vi^t Nam", Trung tflm bao

Khoa hpc xfl hfii, Hfl Nfii, 1996.
(10). Xem: "ViAmg triiu Mgc (1527-1692)', sdd,

tfin khu di tfch C l Loa-Thflnh c l H i Nfii, Vfln
phdng Ban Chi dpo Qufic gia 1000 nflm Thflng

tr. 26-27,48.

Long, Hfii Sd hpc Hfl Nfii, Hfl Nfii, 9-2010.

(11). Cflc tflc gia dfin tit Vifin Sfl bpc, Vifin
Ngbifln cflu Hfln Nfim, Vi$n Vfln hofl Dfln gian,
>fi$n M^ thuflt, Khoa Ljch sii ciia Tniclng Dfu hpc
Tfing h ^ , Tnidng D^i hpc Sii ph^m Hfl N$i, cflc
nhfl nghifin ciiu ciia Thflnh phtf Hai Phdng...

Mfit sfi kfit qua ciia Hfii thao dfl d u ^ dflng

trfin T^p chf Khoa hpc chuyfin ngflnh, nhU bfli:
"Kinh ti c6ng thUOng thdi Mac" cua Nguyin Vfln
Kim, atf 12 (416) nflm 2010, Tap chf NghiSn ci2u
lich ad

(12). Xem: P h a n Huy U . "Tong kfit Hfii thao",
trong sflch "Nhd Mgc vd ddng hg Mqc troTig lich

(20). Xem: Phan Dflng Nhflt: "Nhd Mac vd ho
Mac. y chi vd mvc tieu chidn li^if, Nxb. Dan Tri,

sit, Hfl Nfii, 1996.

Hfl Nfii, 2011.
(13). Xem: "My thudt

thdi Mac" ciia Nguygn

Tifin Canh, Nguyin Du Chi, Trfin Lflm, Nguyin Bfl
Vfln, Vifin My thuflt xufit ban, Hfl Nfii, 1993.
Xem: "Dt tich thdi Mac vttng DUOng Kinh" (Hai
Phong) (Lufln fln Tifin si Khao c l hpc ciia Nguyin
Vfln Sdn, bao v$ nflm 1996 tai Vifln Khao d hpc).
(14). Dfi g^m silt thdi Mac dfl dupc trUng bfly tai
Bao tflng Istambus ( T h l Nhi 10).

(21). Xem; Nguyin Thi My H^nh. "Hoat d^ng
Bach phong vd triiu cdng thdi Mac, h4 qua va thUc
chdf. Tap chf "XUa vd Nay", sd 392 (thflng 112011).
(22). D6 lfl: Lufln vfln v l "7%anft Bdu vd thdnh

nhd Mifc d Tuyin

Quang thdi phong kidn" ciia

Hoflng Mai Lan, bao vfi tai Khoa Ljch oil TrUdng
D ^ hpc S u ph^m Hfl Ndi, thflng 11 nflm 2011;

(15). Xem: "Vdn bia thdi Mgc" (Dinh Khfic

"Nhfl M^c vdi cfing cufic fin dinh xa hfii Dai Vifit tit

Thufin silu tflp, khao cihi vfl djch chu), Nxb. Khoa

1527 dfin 1546" ciia TS'ng Thanh binh, Khoa Ljch

hpc xa hfii, Hfl Nfii, 1996; 'Vdn bia thdi mt^ vd

sii, TrUdng D^i hoc Vinh, thflng 1 nflm 2011; "Gido

dong gop cda no trong nghiin

cdu Lich aH Viit

due, khoa cd thdi Mac tU ndm 1527 ddn ndm 159Z'

XVI" (Lufln fln Tifin si Ngii vfln ciia

ciia Tfi Ngoc Hfing, bao vfi t^i Khoa Ljch s i Tnfdng

Dinh Khfic Thufin, bao vfi nflm 1997 vfl ""Lich si>

D ^ hpc Viak, thfing 12 nflm 2011. Lufln vfln ve

Nam thdky

triiu Mgc qua thU tich vd v&n bia" ciia Dinh Khfic

"Kinh tdD^i Vi^t thdi Mgc (1527-1592/' ciia Phan

Thufln, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hfii, Hfl Nfii, 2001.

Dflng T h i 4 n , bfio vfi t^l Khoa Ljch sd trUdng Dai

(16). Hdi khoa hpc Ijch sfl Vifit Nam, Hfii sii hpc

hpc Vinh, thflng 12 nftm 2011.