Ebook Những nội dung cơ bản của Luật sở hữu trí tuệ: Phần 2

KEY ISSUES IN THE LAW ON
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

249



IN T R O D U C T IO N
To dissem inate the m ain contents o f enacted im portant
codes and ỉauis, such as the Civil Code, the Law on Investment,
the Laiv on Inteỉlectual Property a n d the L aw on Enterprise
to the business com m unity, Vietnamese a n d foreign read'
ers, the Ju d ìcia l P ublishing House, in coordination with
the International Law D epartment, the M inistry o fJu stice,
pubỉishes some books in both Vietnamese a n d E nglish to
introduce the code a n d law s sa id above.
It is our hope that the publicatìons o f the Judicial Publishing House iviỉl be useful for those dom estic a n d (oreign
individuaỉs a n d organũations w ko are interested in learning about the Vietnamese laivs. Vỉe also hope that these books
w ill contribute to ensuring transparency o f the Vietnamese
legal system ■ one o f the requirem ents fo r this country to
become a m em ber o f the World Trade O rganixation CWTO).
We, therefore, have the honor to introduce this book to
readers!
A p r iỉ 2007
T H E JU D IC IA L P U B L ISH IN G HO U SE
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4 . .

'V

I

ị 1
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P art one
IN T R O D U C T IO N T O T H E LAW ON
IN T E L L E C T U A L P R O P E R T Y

253



Part one. Introduction to the Law on Intellectual Property

I.

STRU CTU RE 0 F

THE LAW ON IN TELLEC TU A L

PR O PER TY

The Law on Intellectual Property w as passed by the XI
L egislature of the N ational Assembly at its 8th Session on
29 November 2006: and comes into effect on 01 Ju ly 2006.
The Law comprises ổ Parts, 18 Chapters a n d 222 Articles
as follows:

P a r t one: G e n e ra l p ro vision s, comprising 12 Articles
(Articles 1 ■ 12).
P a r t twcomprising of 6 C hapters (Chapters I - VI) and 45 Articles
(Articles 13 • 57).
C h a p ter I ■ C o n d itio n s fo r p r o te c tio n o f c o p y rig h ts
a n d C opyright • r e la te d rig h ts , comprising of ỗ Articỉes
(Articles 13 - 17).
C h a p te r / / - C o n te n ts, lim ita tio n s a n d tỉm e lim its
for p r o te c tio n o f c o p y r ig h ts a n d C opyright - re la te d
r ig h ts , comprising 18 Articles (Articles 18 - 35).
C h a p te r / / / ■ O w n e rs o f c o p y rig h ts a n d C opyright •
r e la t e d rìg h ts, com prising 9 Articles (Articles 36 • 44).
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Key issues in the Law on Intellectual Property

C h a p te r I V ■ T r a n s f e r o f c o p y r ig h ts a n d co p v rig h tr e la t e d rig h ts , comprising 4 Articles (Articles -15 ■ t8).
C h a p te r V - R c g is tr a tio n c e r tìf ic a te s o f c o p v rig h ts
a n d c o p y r ig h t- r e la te d r ig h ts , com prising 7 Articles
(Articles 49 ■ 55).
C h a p ter VI • R ep resen tativ e, c o n su lta n c y a n d Service
o r g a n i z a t io n s in tho Helds o f c o p y rig h ts a n d Copyright r e la t e d rig h ts, comprising 2 Articles (Articles Õ6 ■57).
P a r t th re e : I n d u s tr ia l p r o p e r ty r ig h t, comprising 5
Chapters (Chapters Vll ■XI) and 99 Ai'ticles (Articles 58 ■156).
C h a p ter V II - C o n đ itio n s for p r o te c tio n o f in d u stria l
p r o p e r ty rig h ts, comprising 28 Articles (Ariícles 58 - 85)
C h a p te r V III • E s ta b lis h m e n t o f in d u s t r i a l p r o p e rty
r ig h ts to in v e n tio n s, in d u s tr ia l d esig n s, la y o u t d esign s,

m a rk s a n d geographical indication. Comprising 35 Articles
(Articles 86 - 120).
C h a p te r IX - Ovvners, c o n te n ts a n d lim ita tio n s of
ỉ n d u s t r i a l p r o p e r t y r i g h t s , co m p risin g 17 A rticles
(Articles 121 - 137).
C h a p te r X - T ra n s f e r o f i n d u s t r ia l p r o p e r t y rig h ts.
com prising 13 Articles (Articles 138 • 150).
C h a p te r X I - I n d u s tr ia l p r o p e r ty r e p r e s e n ta tiv e s ,
com prising 6 Arlicles (Atticles 151 • 156).
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Part one. Introduction to the Law on Intellectual Property

P a r t í o i u ^ R ig h ts to p la n t v a r ie tie s , com prising 4
C hapters (C hapters XII-XV) and 41 Articles (Articles 157 •
197).
C h a p te r X I I - C o n d itio n s for p r o te c tio n o f r ig h ts to
p la n t v a rie tie s , comprising 7 Articles (Articles 157 • 163).
C h a p te r X II I - E s ta b lis h m e n t o f r ig h ts to p la n t v arie tie s, com prising 21 Articles (Articles 164 • 184).
C h a p te r X JV ■ C o n te n ts a n d lim ita tỉo n s o f r ig h ts to
p la n t v a r ie tie s , comprising 7 Articles (Articles 184 - 191).
C h a p te r X V - T r a n s f e r o f r ìg h ts to p la n t v a r ie tie s ,
comprising 6 Articles (Articles 192 • 197).
P a r t five: P ro te c tio n of in te lle c tu a l p ro p e rty r ig h ts ,
comprising 3 Chapters (Chapters XVI - XVIII) and 22 Articles
(Articles 198 - 219).
C h a p te r X V I • G e n e ra l p ro v is io n s o n p r o te c tio n o f
in te l l e c t u a l p r o p e r t y r ig h ts , com prising 4 A rticles
(Articles 198 - 201).

C h a p te r X V IỈ • H a n d lin g o f v io ỉa tio n s o f in tellectu *
al p r o p e r ty r ỉg h ts b y civil m e a s u re s , com prising 9
Articles (Articles 202 - 210).
C h a p ter X V III • H a n d lín g o f v io la tio n s o f in te lle ctu al p r o p e r ty r ig h ts b y a d m in ìs tr a tiv e a n d c r ím in a l
m e a s u re s ; c o n tro ) o f im p o r t a n d e x p o r t g oods r e la t in g
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Key issues in the Law on Intellectual Property

to in te ỉle c tu a l p r o p e r ty , com prising 9 A rticles (Articles
211 - 219).
P a r t s ỉ x : Im p le m e n ta tio n p ro v isio n s, comprising 3
Articles (Articles 220 • 222)
II. KEYISSUES IN THE LAW ON IN TELLECTU AL PRO PERTY
1. General issu e s on intellectual property rights

1.1.

Intellectual property and protectíon of intelỉectual property

ríghts

Intellectual property can be understood as achievements
resulting from Creative activities of h u m a n beings in the
process of vvorking, m anuíacturing and conducting business. Intellectual property is created by h u m a n intellect.
This property is invisible b u t very valuable because it is
able to create spiritual and m aterial values, an d bring about
competitive advantages to its owners, possessors or users.
Intellectual property rights are recognized and protected

by law. Intellectual property rights are the rig h ts of organizations, indìviduals to their intellectual property, including
copyrights and C o p y r i g h t • related rights, inđustrial pr0Ị>erty
rights and rights to p la n t varieties.
Protection of intellectual property rig hts m eans th a t
the law provides for and ensures conditions for right holders
to carry out their rights, an d a t th e sam e tim e prevents
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Part one. Introduction to the Law on Intellectual Property

and handles anv act using such rights by a third party without
permission from th e right holders, The effective protection
of íntellectual propertv rights shall encourage Creative
activities an d enhance living standards.
1.2.

Objects o f intellectual property rights and bases o f

appearance an d establishm ent o f intellectual property rights

Objects of intellectual property rights are works created in th e course of working, producing and conducting
business of h u m an beings. According to Article 3 of the
Law on Intellectual Property, objects of intellectual prope r t y rig h ts include copyrights. Copyright - re la te d rights;

and industrial property rights; rights to plant varieties.
These are as follows:
• Copyrights are the rights of organizations, individuals
to works createđ or owned by them. Objects of copyrights
are literary, artistic an d scientific works;

• Copyright ■ related rights are the rig hts of organizations, ìndiviUuals to performances, phonograms, broadcasting program s, and satellite signals carrying encrypted
program . O bjects of Copyright - related rig h ts are performances, phonograms, broadcasting programs, and satellite
signals carrying encrypted program;
■
ỉndustrial property rights are the rights of organizations,
individuals to inventions; inđustrial designs; layout-desígns
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Key issues in the Law on Intellectual Property

of semi-conductor in teg rated circuits: a n d so on. Objects of
industrial rights incỉude inventions; in d u stria ỉ designs;
layout-designs of semi-conductor in te g ra te d circuits; business secrets; tradem arks: tr a d e n am es, a n d geographical
indications;
• R ights to p la n t varieties a re th e rig h ts of organizations, individuals to the new p la n t v arieties which are created or discovered and developed by a n d fall u n d er the
ownership right of such o rg an izatio n s or individuals.
Objects of rights to p la n t v arieties include p la n t varieties
and m aterials for breeding varieties.
Intellectual property is invísible property: therefore,
the identification of tim e of a n d b ases for appearance and
establishm ents of intellectual p ro p erty rig h ts is very
im p o rta n t. According to A rticle 6 of th e Law on
Intellectual Property, bases for ap p e aran ce and establishm ent of intellectual property rig h ts are as follows:
• Copyrights shall arise a t th e m om ent w hen a work is
created an d expressed in a c e rta in m a terial form regardless of its content, quality, form, m ean. lang;uage, w hether
or not it has been published or registered;
• Copyright-related rigkts shall arise a t th e moment when
a perĩormance, a phonogram , a b ro ađ cast program and a
satellite signal carrying en cry pted program is fixed without prejudice to copyrights;

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Part one. Introduction to the Law on Intellectual Property

■
In tellectu a l property rights shall be established as
follows:
+ In d u stria l property righ ts in inventions, inđustrial
designs, layout-designs, m arks, geographical indications
shall be established on the basis of th e com petent State
a u th o rity ’s decision on th e g ra n t of Protection Title;
+ In d u stria l property righ ts to tra d e nam es shall be
established on th e basis of lawful use of the trade names;
+ In d u stria l property righ ts in business secrets shall be
established on th e basis of legal acquirem ent an d secret
keeping of th e business secrets;
+ R ight to repression of unfair competition shall be
established on th e basis of com petition iti~business.
•
R ig h ts to new p la n t varieties shall be established on
th e b asis of th e com petent State au th o rity ’s decision on the
g ra n t of P la n t V ariety Protection Title.
t.3. Prínciples for protection o f intetlectual property rights

The Lãw on Intellectual P roperty recognizes th e legal
regime for co-protection of intellectual property rights.
Accordingly, one object of intellectual property rights may
enjoy Copyright protection and enjoy other types of protection

such as invention, utility solution or industrial desig:ns
protection.
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Key issues in the Law on Intellectual Property
1.4. State administration o f intellectual property rights

M inistry of Science and Technology shall carry out
S tate adm inistration of in d u stria l property rights and
copyrights w ith regard to vvorks which are not literary and
artistic ones: the M inistry of C ulture and Information
shall carry out State adm inistratio n of copyrights with
regard to literarv and artistic vvorks; the M inistry of
Agriculture and Rural Development shall carry out S tate
adm inistration of rights to p la n t varieties.
2. C opyrights and copyrighỉs-related rights

2.1. Copyrights

- A uthors are persons who create works. With regard to
works created by more th a n one person, all such persons
are co-authors of the works.
- Works-obJects o f copyrights protection- are works created in literary, artistic and scientific Tields in any form or
by any mean. The classification of works may base on their
content. forms or tim e of publication.
■
Conditions for protectỉon o f copyrights: The Law on
Intellectual Property provides for conditions for protection
of copyrights as follows:

+ Organization an d individual having protected copy262


Part one. Introductíon to the Law on Intellectual Property

rights m ust be persons who have directly created the work
or m ust be copyrights owners:
+ Works m ust be in protected literary, artistic an d scientiĩic fields.
• Content o f Copyright protection: Copyrights are divid*
ed into personal rights and property rights.
+ Personal rights are rights attached to each person
a n d cannot be íransfered to others, unless the law otherwise provides for. Personal rights are iđentified at the time
a work is createđ and at the sam e time, property rights are
established. In fact, personal rights a re conditions for
establishm ent of property rights. Personal rights include
transferable personal rights and non-transferabIe rights.
+ Property rights are rights to enjoy m aterial benefits
Luhen a work is used in form s o ĩ performance, exhibition,
broadcasting or telecasting. Property righ ts shall arise a t
th e tim e authors publish th eir works or allow o thers to use
th e ir works.
• L im itations o f Copyright protection: th e Law on
Intellectual Property provides for lim itations of Copyright
protection in certain cases in order to ensure public interests
(Clause 1 Article 25 of the Law on Intellectual Property).
• Tim e ỉim its for Copyright protection: th e Law on
Intellectual Property provides for such tim e limits as follows:
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Key issues in the Law on Intellectual Property

+ Cinematographic works, photographic works, dramatic works, applied a r t works, anonymous works shall
have the term of protection of 50 years from th eir first publications;
+ O ther works of any other type not m entioned above
shall have the term of protection being during th e life of
the author an d for 50 years from the year of his or her
death; in respect of works created by co-authors, th e term
of protection shall end at th e 50th year after th e year of
death of th e la st surviving co-author.
Term s of protection of works above shall end a t 24
o’clock of th e date of 31 December of th e year w hen th e protection term ends.
2.2. Copyright-related rights

■
Protection conditions o f copyright-reỉated rights:
Copyright - related rights a re the rig hts of organizations,
indiviđuals tồ performances, phonograms, broađcasting
programs, satellite signals carrying encrypteđ program
provideđ for in detail in Article 16 an d Article 17 of the
Law on Intellectual Property.
•
Protection content a n d tim e ỉim its o f copyright-reỉated
rights: Contents and tim e lím its for protection of copyright-related rights are different, đepending on subjects
and objects of such copyright-related rights an d provided
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Part one. Introduction to the Law on Intellectual Property

for in detail in Article 29, Article 30 and Article 31 of the
Law on Intellectual Property.
• Protection lim ita tio n s o f copyright-reỉated rights:
Sim ilar to th e purposes of protection lim itations of copyrights, the protection lim itation s of copyright-related
rights aim a t serving the in terests of the public and society. The Law on Intellectual P roperty provides in detail for
cases w here th e use of copyright-related rights shall not
require obtaining permission and paying royaỉties and
rem uneration (Article 32).
2.3. Transter o f copyríghts and copyríght-retated ríghts

• Forms o f transfer o f copyrights a n d copyright-related
rights: the tran sfer of copyrights and copyright-related
rights m ay be carried out in th e forms of assignm ent or
licensing of copyrights a n d co p y rig h t-related rights.
A ssignm ent of copyrights, related righ ts is the assignm ent
of ow ner rights stipulated in Articles 19.3, 20, 29.3, 30 and
31 of the Law on Intellectual P roperty by copyrights and
related rightp owners to oth er organizations, individuals
under a contract or un der relev an t legislation.
• R ights that are eligibỉe fo r assignm ent o f copyrights
a n d copyright-related rights: The tra n síe r of copyrights
and copyright-related rights (including both assignm ent
and licensing of such ríghts) shall only apply to rights o f
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Key issues in the Law on intellectual Property

copyrights OLuners, rights o f perform ers, rights o f sound
a n d video recording producers, rights o f broadcasting

organUations.
2.4.

Regisưation certiíicate o f copyrights and Copyright-

related rights

The registration of copyrights, related rig h ts m eans an
author or a copyrights, reỉated rights oivner fĩles an application a n d attached docum ents w ith the com petent State
authorities to attest the inform ation o f a uthor, work. copy*
rig h ts an d related rights ovvner.
Application for registration of copyrights a n d copyrigh t-related rights and competence in g ra n tin g Copyright
R egistration Certificates an d Related R ights R egistration
C ertiĩicates are provided for in Article 50 a n d Article 51 of
th e Law on Intellectual Property.
Copyright R egistration Certificates a n d R elated Rights
R egistration Certiricates shall be effective in th e whole territory of V ietnam and recorded in th e N ational Register of
Copyrights, Related rights.
3. Industrial property rights

In addition to copyrights, rights to p la n t varieties,
in d u stria l property rights a re also one type of intellectual
property rights. In d u strial property rig h ts a re th e rig h ts of
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Part one. tntroduction to the Law on Intellectual Property

o rg a n iz a tio n s, in d iv id u als to inventions; in d u s tria l
designs; layout-designs of semi-conductor in teg rated circuits; trad em ark s; trad e nam es, geographical índications.

b u s i n e s s s e c r e t s c r e a t e d o r o w n e d b y t h e m a n d r i g h t s to
repression of u nfair competition {Clause 4 A rticỉe 4 o f the
Lau/ on ỉntellectual Property).
3.1.

Objects o f industrial property rights that are protected

and protection requirements for such objects

■Invention:
An invention shall be eligible for protection by granting of an Invention P a te n t if it m eets three conđitions,
namely; to be novel, to involve an inventive step, an d to be
susceptible of in d u strial application. Such conditions are
provided for in detail in Articles 58, 60, 61 and 62 of the
Law on Intellectual Property.
• ỉn d u stria l designs:
In d u strial design is appearance o f a product expressed
in shapes, lines, dimensions, colors or any com bination
thereoí. A ppearance of a product th a t is dictated by technical íe a tu re s of the product shall not be protected as
in d u strial đesigns. P u rsu a n t to Article 63, an in du strial
design shall be e li^ b le for protection i f it m eets three conditions, namely: to be new, to be Creative, and to be susceptible of in d u stria l appỉication.
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Key issues in the Law on Intellectual Property

• M arks
A m ark is a sign used to d istin g u ỉsh goods or services o f
dỉfferent organitatỉons a n d in d iv id u a ls. A m a rk shall be
eligible for protection if it meets conditions provided for in

A rticle 72 of the Law on Intellectual P roperty. Accordingly,
a m ark is a visible sign in th e form of letters, vvords, pictu re s, Tigures, including three-dim ensional íìgures or a
com bination thereoí. represented in One o r more colors;
a n d is capable of distinguishing goods or services of the
m a rk owner from those of others. A m a rk no t only shows
th e n am e of a product or S e r v i c e b u t also show s its origin.
A m a rk is very useíul in giving co n su m ers inform ation of
goods’ origin. Not like other subject m a tte rs of intellectual
pro perty such as inventions, or in d u stria l designs, m arks
are no t created by intellectual Creative activities. M arks
are available symbols used by b u sin essm en to m a rk th e ir
goods o r services.
- Trade na me
T rad e nam e is a designation o f a n organixation or individ u a l used in biísiness to d istin g u isk the business entity
bearing such designation from other business entities acting
in th e sam e ĩieỉd or a re a of business. T ra d e n a m e is used
to m anifest business entities, not goods or services provided by such business entities. A tra d e n a m e sh a ll b e elìgible
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Part one. Introduction to the Law on Intellectual Property

for protection if it is capable of đistinguishing th e business
e n tity b earin g such tra d e nam e from other business entìties actin g in th e sam e Tield an d locality of business.
■G eographical ỉndìcation
C lause 22 Article 4 of the Law on Intellectual Property
provides that; “Geographical indication is a sign used to
indicate a product originating from a specifĩc area, locality, region or country". A geographical ìndication shall be
eligible for protection if it m eets lwo conditions. namely, (i)
th e product having th e geographical indication originates

from th e area, locality, territory or country corresponding
to such geographicaỉ indication: and (ii) th e product having
th e geographical indication has reputation, quality or
ch aracteristics essentiallv attrib u tab le to th e geographical
conditions of th e area, locality. territorv or countrv corresponding to such geographicaỉ indication.
- B usiness secret
B usiness secret is information obtained from rinancial.
intellectual in v e stm e n t which is undisclosed in to appỉication in business. Therefore, the law only protects secret
inform ation relatin g to business; o th e r types of information vvhich are not related to busm ess shall not be protecteđ even though they have economic values.
3.2. Establishment otinơustriaìproperty ríghts to inventions,
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K«y issues in the Law on Intellectual Property
indusưial designs, layout designs, marks and geographical
indications

P u rsu a n t to th e Law on In tellectu al Property, authors
are entitled to register th e ir inventions, in d u stria l designs,
layout designs, m ark s an d geographical indications w ith
regard to th e ir works. In o rd e r to re g iste r to estab lish th e ir
intellectual property rights, they m u s t su b m it a n appỉication and other relateđ p ap ers as s tip u la te d by law.
3.3.

Owners, scope and limítations o f inđustríal property

ríghts

■
Oivners a n d scope o f in d u stria l property rights: These

are im portant issues in th e Law on Intellectu al Property.
The ovvnership of objects of in d u stria l p rop erty rig h ts shall
be esta b lish e đ a u to m a tic a lly o r by th e g r a n t of a
Protection Title as provided for in Article 121 of the Law
on Intellectụal Property. W ith reg ard to rig h ts of owners,
the Law on ỉntellectual P ro p erty provides th a t th e owners
of inventions, in d u strial designs an d layout-designs may
a t the same tim e be a u th o rs of such inventions, in d u strial
designs and layout-designs. In cases where, w here more
th a n one person together h av e directly created th e industriai property object they sh all be co-owners. T h e ow ner of
an industrial property object sh all have som e property
rights, namely (i) to use o r p e rm it o th e rs to use th e industria l property object; (ii) to prohibit o thers from using the

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Part one. Introduction to the Law on Intellectual Property

in d u stria l property object if t h a t using does not fall under
cases allowed by th e Law on Intellectual Property: an d (iii)
to đispose off th e in d u stria l property object.
•
L im ita tio n s o f in d u stria ỉ property rights: According to
th e Lavv on Intellectual Property, th e ow ner of an industrial property object shall have rights to use, dispose off or
prohibit o th e rs from using th e ín d u stria l property object.
However. such rig h ts by th e ow ner are not absolute but
m ay be lim iteđ as provided for in detail from Article 132 to
Article 135 of th e Law on Intellectua! Property.
3.4. Transter o f industrial property rights

The tra n sfe r of in d u stria l propertv rights is provided
for in C h a p te r X (from Article 138 to Article 150) with
detailed con ten ts such as assig n m en t of in d u strial property rights, licensing of in d u stria l property objects. compul*
sory tra n s íe r of inventìons an d registration o íco n tracts for
tra n sfe r of in đ u stria l propertv rights.
3.5. Inơustrial property representative

In d u stria l property rep resen tativ e ís one of many
im p o rta n t íactors con tributin g to effective protection of
rights of a u th o rs an d ovvners to indu strial property objects;
a n d a t th e sam e tim e, c re a tin g favorable conditions to
develop a Standard protection system; prom oting Creative
activities. Itid u strial p rop erty rep resentativ e is provided
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Key issues in the Law on Inỉellectual Property

for in detail from Article 151 to Article 156 of th e Law on
Intellectual Property.
4. Rights to plant varieties
4.1. Plant varíetíes and protection o f plant varíeties

In agricultural activities, p lan t v arieties are very
ím portant an d indispensable. Thereĩore, new p la n t varieties shoulđ be continuously created, an d rig h ts to such
p lan t varieties of persons creating them should be protecteđ. The Lavv on Intellectual Property devotes th e entire
P a rt 4 with 41 Articles (from Article 157 to Article 197)
providing for protectíon of plant varieties. T his is the first
time, the protection of rights to p la n t v arieties a n d o th e r
objects of intellectual property rights is provided for in a

uniíorm m anner in a specialized law w ith high position in
the legal system.
4.2. Protection conditions otríghts to p/ant varíeties

According to Article 158 of the Law on Intellectual
Propertv, conditions for protection of rig h ts to p la n t varieties are as follows: ‘T h e p lan t variety over which rights
are to be protected is a variety which is bred or discovered
and developed, beỉonging to the List of species able to be
protected by S tate issued by the M inistry of A griculture
and Rural Development, th a t variety is new, distỉnct, uni272


Part one. Introduction to the Law on Intellectual Property

form, sta ble a n d has a proper den o m ina tio n".
4.3. Establishment o f rights to plant varieties

E sta b lish m en t of ríghts to p la n l varieties is an importa n t issue in section of legal provisions on rights to plant
varieties. According to the Law on Intellectual Property, to
obtain protectíon of the rights to a new plant variety,
organizations and individuals m u st subm it the application
of reg ístration for protection to the S tate adm inistrative
au th o rity of righ ts to plant varieties. The process of handling th e application is as foỉỉows: receiving the application, revising form of the application, publishing the applicatlon a n d g ra n tin g or not g ra n tin g P lan t Varieties
Protection Certifícale.
The g ra n tin g of P lan t V arieties Protection Certificate
is a very im p o rta n t legal basis for protection of rights to
p la n t varieties.
4.4. Contents and limitations ofríghts to plant varieties

In o rd er to protect the in terests of pprsons who create

new p la n t varietíes, the Law on Intellectual Property provides for con tents and lim itations of rights to plant varieties from A rticle 185 to Article 191.
4.5. Transíer o f rights to plant varíeties

P la n ts varieties are an im p o rtan t object of intellectual
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