Nghiên cứu phương pháp dạy học văn bản văn học theo đặc điểm thể loại và loại hình cho sinh viên chuyên pháp

DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI
TRLTCJNG DAI HOC NGOAI NGU'
DE TAI NGHIEN ClTU KHOA HOC
CAP DAI HOC QUOC GIA

NGHIEN CUtJ PHlTONG PHAP DAY-HOC VAN BAN
VAN HOC THEO DAC DIEM THE LOAI VA
•

•

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LOAI HINH CHO SINH VIEN CHUYEN PHAP
MA SO: QN.03.07
CHUYEN NG; A N H : P H U O N G PHAP G I A N G DAY

CHU NHIEM DE TAI
DEA. NGUYEN THI HUYEN-KHOA NN VA VAN HOA PHAP

NHUlMG N G U O I P H O I HOP THl/C HIEN:
_

NCS. NGUYEN THI BINH
DHNN-DHQGHN

', .> n O C Q U O C GIA -- > . _•
[RUNG TAM THONG TIN THU VIEN

DTieo^
HA NOI - 2005

MUC LUC
tr

PHAN M d DAU

1

CHU'ONG 1. VAN BAN VAN HOC VOfI GIANG DAY

6

TIENG PHAP CHO NGUOI NU*6C NGOAI
1.1. Van ban van hoc la gi ?

6

y. 1.1 Nguon goc cua van hoc gdn lien v&i khdi niem chit viet

8

/. 1.2. Tinh da nghia cua van ban van hoc

9

1.1.3. Tinh khep kin cita van ban van hoc

10

1.1.4. Vein hoc la mot the che van hod

11

1.2. Van ban van hoc vdi giang day tieng Phap cho ngirai nuffc ngoai

11

1.2.1. Van ban van hoc trong gidng day truyen thong

12

1.2.2. C Yic plmong phcip nghe nhin: thai ky suy ihoc'd

13

1.2.3. Phu'ong phdp giao tiep: cjuan niem mai ve van ban van hoc

14

1.3. Day van ban van hoc a khoa Ngon ngu* va Van hoa Phap, DHNN,

18

DHQG Ha noi
1.3.1. SInh vien

18

1.3.2. Gido vien

19

1.3.3. CInrang trinh, gido trinh

19

Ti^u kk

20

CHUONG II : PHUONG PHAP TIEP CAN VAN BAN VAN HOC

23

THEO DAC DIEM THE LOAI VA LOAI HINH
2.1. Phan bict the loai van hoc va loai hinh van ban

23

2.1.1. The loai van hoc (genres litteraires)

23

- rieii ihiiyet

24

- Kjeh

25

- Tho

26


2.1.2. Loai hinh van ban (types de textes)

27

- Van ban ke chuyen

27

- Van ban mieu ta

28

- Van ban lap luan

28

2.1.3. Phdn biet giua the loai vo loai hinh

30

2.2. Tam quan trong cua day van ban van hoc theo dac trirng the

31

loai va loai hinh
2.3. Phu'ffng phap giang day theo dac trirng the loai va loai hinh

32

2.3.1. Vai trd cua von hoa trong gidng day van hoc

33

- Nang luc van hoa cua nguoi doc

33

- Chang duong doc

34

2.3.2. Bcii doc theo phuang phdp

35

- Bai doc theo phuang phdp la gi?

35

- Muc dich cua bdi doc theo phuang phdp

36

- Tam quan trong cua bdi doc theo phuang phdp

37

-Thiphap

38

- Phep lu tu moi

39

2.3.3. Cdc cong cii (outils ) phdn tich van ban

40

- Hop cong cu phan tich van ban (le referentiel d'analyse)

40

- Cae mau cau hoi khai thac van ban (les grilles de lecture)

47

Cac niau cau hoi chung cho moi van ban

49

Cac mau cau hoi cho tirng the loai

50

Cdc can hoi cho van ban tieu thuyet

51

Cdc cau hoi cho van ban kich

53

Cdc cau hoi cho van ban tlia

55

Tieu kct

57

CHUONG HI: CAC VI DU MINH HOA

60

3.1. Van ban tieu thuyet

61


Vi du 1. " Quan tro cua ba Vauquer " Honore de Balzac.

61

Vi du 2. " Trai tim c6 ta lai tro nen trong rdng" Gustave Flaubert.

63

Vi du 3. "Hai trieu ke dien anh diing va thoat xieng"

65

Louis-Ferdinand Celine.
Vi du 4. "Mot phan tu qua ca chua" Alain Robbe-Grillet.

68

Vi du 5. "Can ho nay ggi lai cho toi nhirng ky niem xa xua"

70

Patrick Modiano.
3.2. Van ban kjch

73

Vi du 6. Canh dau trong Suxdo trd cita Scapin Moliere.

73

Vi du 7. Truong thoai ve cai mui cua Cyrano

75

Edmond Rostand.

Vi du 8. " Hay la minh tu treo c6 di? " Samuel Beckett.

79

3.3. Van ban tho'

82

Vi du 9. Ngay mai, ngay tir liic binh minh...Vicior Hugo.

82

Vi du 10. " Duong cong doi mat em.... " Paul Eluard.

84

Vi du 11. Con so Francis Ponge.

86

Vi du 12. " Louis Cure! 6 vung Sorgue " Rene Char.

88

I ieu ket

90

KET LUAN

93

DANH MUC SACH THAM KHAO

95


PHAN MO DAU

1. Tinh cap thiet va cai mai cua de tai
Hien nay o truong ta cung nhu o cac truong c6 giang day tieng Phap, van hoc
Phap dugc giang day theo cac dong van hoc, tac gia, lac pham tieu bieu. Viee giang
day van hoc chi gioi han 6 muc do doc hieu. Nhung dac diem cua lung the loai van
hoc khong dugc de cap den trong chuong trinh. Tinh da ngliTa cua van ban van hoe
bj bo qua. Hau qua la sinh vien doe tac pham mot each Ihu dong, tham chi ral ngai
doc sach. Ngoai bai giang cua thay, sinh vien khong eo kha nang tu kham pha cai
hay, cai dep cua mot tac pham van hoc, tham chi doi voi nhung van ban ral don
gian ca ve tu ngij" Ian ngii phap. Viec doc cac tieu thuyet cua Phap tro nen ral kho
khan ngay ca doi voi nhiing nguoi doe thong viet Ihao bang lieng Phap. Mot nen
van hoc do so voi ca mgl be day lich su c6 nguy co cang ngay cang it dugc biel den
a Viet nam.
Dung Iriroc tinh hinh do, viec Ihay doi phuong phap giang day la can Ihiet
nham giup hoc sinh c6 kha nang tiep can van ban mot each doc lap. Cung cap
nhung khai niem co ban ve the loai va loai hinh van ban chinh la Irao cho nguoi hoc
chiec chia khoa giup ho doc sach moi each de dang va khong con cam ihay van hoc
la qua kho nhu iruoc nua.

2. Dong gop moi ve mat khoa hoc ciia de tai
De tai neu len nhung dac diem chinh cua cac Ihe loai va loai hinh van ban
chinh, Ihuang gap irong van hoe. Due kel nhung dang cau hoi ihuong sir dung khi
tiep can cac van ban van hoc do. Dua ra nhung duong huang cho viec giang day
van ban van hoc Iheo dac diem Ihe loai va loai hinh. De lai nay gop phan d6i mai
phirong phaj-) giang day van hoc a khoa Ngon ngu va Van hoa Phap. Do !a phuang
phap giang day Iheo cac dong van hoc, lac gia, lac pham lieu bieu chiu anh huong
ciia cac sikh giao khoa day van hoc Phap cho nguoi ban ngij* va cung la nguyen


nhan gay tam ly chan nan va tranh xa viec doc sach cua sinh vien.
Viec xac dinh cac the loai va loai hinh giup nguoi doc tim cac Ihong tin irong
vSn ban mot each de dang. Trong van hoc, co ba the loai chinh: tieu thuyet, kich va
tho. Moi the loai co dac diem rieng va ket cau rieng. Trong moi the loai co the xual
hien cac loai hinh nhu ke chuyen, mieu la va lap luan. Mot nguoi doc nhanh khong
chi do phat hien nhanh cac chii diem ma con biet phan biel so do (schema) cua lung
Ihc loai va loai hinh van ban.
Nam dugc dac diem moi the loai hoac loai hinh cho phep ap dung doc hieu
bat ky van ban nao ciing loai mot each de dang, tiel kiem ihoi gian giang day Iren
lap, giam tai chuong trinh, lang thoi gian cho bai tap thue hanh va cac hoal dong
khac.

3. Muc dich va nhicm vu ciia de tai
De lai nham giup hoc sinh phan biel dugc nhung dac diem chinh cua cac Ihe
loai va loai hinh van ban, dira ra nhung duong huong tiep can doi voi lung the loai
van hoc, due ket nhung dang cau hoi dac trung cho tirng Ihe loai nham nang cao kha
nang doe hieu va chat lugng giang day van hoc Phap.
Lam the nao de giup sinh vien ham doc sach hon, doc sach mot each chii
dong, hung Ihi'i va de dang ban? Tu cai nhin long quat nguoi doc co ihe xac dinh
van ban thuoc the loai nao sau do c6 the ap dung nhung kien Ihi'rc ve the loai cua

van ban do de kham pha nhung net doc dao dan den viec hieu than dao nhung y
nghla sau xa cua van ban.
Nghien ci'ru ve the loai va loai hinh van ban nham giup sinh vien:
- lu bo Ihoi quen doc sach mot each thu dong ;
- CO mot cai nhin moi trong viec tiep can van ban van hoc ;
- loai bo lam ly ngai doc nhung tac pham van hoc.

4. Doi tuoiig va pham vi nghien cuu
De tai di sfiu nghien cuu nhung dac diem chinh cua cac Ihe loai van hoe nhu

-2


tieu thuyet, kjch, tho va cac loai hinh nhu ke chuyen, mieu ta va lap luan. Cung cap
cac cong cu phan tich van ban va cac dang cau hoi dac Irung cho lung loai hinh va
the loai. Trong de tai nay, ngon ngu dugc su dung trong cac trich doan minh hoa la
tieng Phap.

5. Gia thiet khoa hoc
Giao vien va hoc sinh tieng Phap gap rat nhieu kho khan trong day va hoc
van hoc. Mot trong nhung ly do can tro la do phuong phap giang day thien ve cac
dong van hoc, tac gia, lac pham tieu bieu da lam cho chuong Irinh tro nen qua nang.
Giao vien dung truoc ganh nang phai ket thue het chuong trinh con hoc sinh thi
hoang mang Iruoc mot khoi lugog kien thue qua Ion. Dieu do da lam giam chat
luong hoc tap moi each dang ke. Nhat la trong thai gian gan day, chal lugng hoc tap
cua sinh vien khoa tieng Phap dang 6 muc bao dong.

6. Phuong phap nghien cuu
Phuang phap nghien cuu cua chung toi la phan tich, long hgp cac dac diem
chinh cua tirng the loai (lieu Ihuyet, kich, tho) va loai hinh van ban (ke chuyen,

mieu ta, lap luan). Phan loai va he thong cac dang cau hoi chung co Ihe ap dung doi
vai nhieu van ban va nhung cau hoi chuyen sau cho mot the loai.

7. Gia trj ly hian va thue tien ciia cong trinh nghien cuu
z'. /. Gia Iri ly luan
Cong Irinh nay cung cap nhung khai niem ve van ban van hoc noi chung va
dac diem lung the loai va loai hinh van ban noi rieng. Cong irinh nay con gioi Ihieu
moi each co he thong qua Irinh van ban van hoc dugc sir dung irong giang day va
cung cap cho giao vien va sinh vien tieng Phap mot phuong phap day-hoc d*} cao
tinh chii dong ciia nguoi hoc, coi nguoi hoc la Irung lam va ehu trong den ylu l6
van hoa ciia ngirai hoc nham nang cao chal lugng giang day, cung cap cac cong cu
(outils) phan lich van ban bao gom hop cong cu phan lich van ban (le referenlicl


d'analyse) va cac mau cau hoi khai thac van ban (les grilles de lecture).
7,2. Gid trj thue tien
Voi each dan d^t cac cau hoi tu tdng quat den chuyen sau, cu the va phii hgp
voi muc do tilp thu va IK duy cua nguoi Viet, nguoi hoc hieu van ban de dang hon
va sau hon, dan dan tao nen hung thu hoc tap.
Nam dugc dac di^m cua lung the loai van hoc cho phep ap dung doe hieu bai
ky van ban nao cung loai mot each de dang, tiet kiem thoi gian giang day tren lop,
giam tai chuong Irinh, tang thoi gian cho bai tap thue hanh va cae boat dong khac.
Nhung k^t qua thu dugc trong cong trinh nay co the dugc su dung de giang
day mon ''Phdn tich van ban van hoc"' trong khung chuong Irinh bo mon van hoc
Phap.

8. Nguon tai lieu sir dung
Tai lieu ciia chung toi dua vao nhung nghien cuu mai nhal ciia J.M Adam, A
SeoLide, M. Nalurel, J. Biard & F. Denis, J. -P Goldenslein, M. Raimond, A.
Vaillant, B. Valelte ve cac loai hinh van ban va giang day van hoc theo ihe loai,

giang day van hoc cho nguoi nuac ngoai, cac lai lieu nghien cuu ve tho, kich, tieu
Ihuyet.

9. Cau true ciia cong trinh
Ngoai phan ma dau va kel luan, de lai bao gom ba chuong: van ban van hoc
vai giang day lieng Phap cho nguoi nuac ngoai, phuong phap giang day van ban
van hoc Phap Iheo dac diem loai hinh va the loai va cac bai tap minh hoa.
Chuong thir nhat djnh nghia nhu the nao la van ban van hoc, vai iro cua van
ban van hoc Irong giang day tieng Phap cho nguoi nuac ngoai.
Chuong thu hai, phuang phap giang day van ban van hoc Phap Ihco dac diem
loai hinh va the loai tren ca so bdi doc iheo phuang phdp, nham khac phuc each
hieu theo chu quan cua mon trich giang van hoc Iruyen thong. No cho phep liep can
van ban mot each ky Ihiiat hon va kliach quan hon bang viec cung cap nhung cong

-4


cu (outils ) phdn tich van ban.
Chuong thu ba, cac bai tap minh boa, dua chu yen vao cac Irieh doan trong
hai giao trinh Van hoc Phdp thi ky 19 vd Van hoc Phdp the ky 20 hien dang dugc
luu hanh 6 khoa Ngon ngii va Van boa Phap.

5-


CHU'ONG 1

VAN BAN VAN HOC VOI GIANG DAY TIENG PHAP
CHO N G U d l NU^OC NGOAI

1.1. Van ban van hoc la gi?
Trong Giao trinh Tiep can van ban van hoc, Laurence Vignes [50] cho rang
CO the ma rong pham vi djnh nghia ve van hoc. Tac gia dan cuon Dai tir dien cdc
nen van hoc {Le Grand Atlas des litteratures de TUniversalis) de chung minh rang
ngay nay nguoi ta khong con coi chau Au lam trung tam trong viec nghien cuu ve
cac tac pham va tac gia ma xay dung khai niem van hoe theo nhung hinh thi'rc da
dang ciia cac nen van hoa khac nhau."giong dieu ", "van viet ", "girong mai lac gia
va ban doc", "van ban van hoe " vv...la nhiing khai niem thuong xuyen dugc de cap
den. 1'ac gia cho rang: "Ngay nay nguoi ta it dung khai niem ngon ngu van hoc hay
ITnh virc van hoc ma noi loi van ban van hoc. No c6 the de dang nhan biet bai ket
can rieng, luat rieng va boat dong rieng."
M. Nalurel {Ddnh cho van hoc Tir trich doan den toL- pham) cung Ihong nhal
rang so nhieu '"cdc nen van hoc" 6 ten cuon tu dien chung to van hoc khong con
dirge xcm nhu mot long the luyel doi ma nhu nhung hinh Ihuc lh6 hien da dang.
Khai niem Atlas thay the cho khai niem Lich sir noi len "u^m quan Irong ciia khong
gian, ciia su so sanh cac nen van hoc each xa ve dia ly va co van hoa khac nhau". Vi
vay, "nghien cuu van hoc khong chi gioi ban a cac kiet tac, ckn phai quan lam den
nhung yen id lam nen lac pham: each viet, giong vidt, hinh ihi'rc, cac guong nial nhu
nha van, nguoi doc, nha xuat ban, nguoi ban sach, nha phe binh, ihii ihu..." [36. Ir.

Trong bai viet "Giang day van hoc? Quan niem ciia giao vien d6i vai van ban
van hoc" Van hoc vd day lieng nuac ngoai [19.Tr.77-93], Dominique Bourgain da
lien hanh dieu tra ve quan niem cua cac giao vien ve van hoc. Dai da s6 cac giao

6-


vien cam thay lung tung khi dua ra dinh nghia. Mot so tieu chi khong ro rang, tham
chi dang tranh cai nhu tieu chi dp dai, chu diem, loai tu vung vv.
Sau day la mot so tieu chi gay tranh cai: Do la mot van ban do mot lac gia co

m|it trong cac sach giao khoa, tung dugc giai thuong van hoc, nhiing nhan vat co
ten tuoi, dugc in tai cac nha xuat ban tieng tam. Nhung tieu chi do lam xuat hien
van de doi voi nhung tac pham ban chay: lieu tieu su cac minh tinh man bac, cac
chinh khach rat an khach co dugc coi la van ban van hoc hay khong ? Va lieu co
phai tat cac tac pham cua mot nha van noi tieng, thu tu, ban ihao chua dugc cong bo
khi tac gia con song co phai deu la van hoc khong ?
Neu coi ngon ngir van hoc la thu ngon ngu chau chuot (tu vung, cau true cau
chuan muc ngu phap) thi se phai danh gia nhu the nao doi voi cac tac pham cua
Queneau hay Celine?'
No la tha, tieu thuyel. kich nhung con mot so the loai khac nhu Hch su, bai
hat, tieu thuyel trinh tham co the dugc coi la van hoe khong ?
Mac du con rat nhieu lieu chi gay tranh cai, mot so tieu chi khac dugc nhac
den nhieu irong dieu tra ciia Dominique Bourgain, do la:
Tieu chi ve chirc nang cua van ban van hoc: "no chia se mot cam xuc", "lao
nen mot su thich thu dac biet", khac ban khi ta doc mot van ban khoa hoc. Van ban
van hoc khong nham de lam gi va cung khong mang linh vu Igi. Van ban van hoc
nham toi cai dep: No khong that sir mang tinh thue dung. Dieu do khong co nghia la
van ban van hoc ehang de lam gi nhung no dugc viet ra khong phai vai muc dich d6
lam mgl cai gi cu the nhu la lap dal mot chiec may rua bat, day nau mot mon an. No
nham lai muc dich my hoc. Dae diem nay gan bo chal che voi tinh da nghia.
Tieu chi ve ban chal: Van ban van hoc mang linh van hoa, no la moi di san.
No kho hieu, chi danh cho nhung nguoi ihong thao. No ihieng lieng va khong the
vai lai duo'c.

' R Qiienaud va F-D Celine la nhung lac gia sir dung ihuong xuyen sir dung ngon
ngu noi, than mat, lieng long irong cac Uic pham cua ho.


Mot tieu chi nua la nien hgn, mot van ban rat co nhu cua Montaigne, Plalon
vin CO th€ dugc doc mot each thich thu cho den tan ngay nay irong khi mot bai bao

cua nSm ngoai lai khong co cai may m^n nhu vay. Chae chan chuc nang van ban
khong thay doi nhung gia tri thong tin ciia mot bai bao se can kiel ngay sau khi doc,
tham chi ngay tai thoi diem phat hanh trong khi gia tn tham my cua van ban van
hoc truong ton mai mai.
Tieu chi vephdm chat: no mang trong minh cai dep va cho thay ve dep "day
dac" ciia ngon ngij.
Tuy nhien, de xac dinh van hoc la gi, ngoai nhijng tieu chi dugc neu qua dieu
tra ciia Dominique Bourgain, mot so tieu chi luon dugc nhac den nhu la co so de
xac djnh van ban van hoc, do la van ban van hoc co nguon goc tir chu viet, no mang
linh da nghia, tinh khep kin va la mot the che van hod.
1. 1.1. Van hoc co nguon goc gdn chal v&i khdi niem chu viet
Theo "Tir dien tir nguyen tieng Phdp'' ciia Oscar Bloch va Waller Von
Warlbur (1989), khai niem van hoc bat nguon lu lu viet trong tieng latinh. Ngay tir
nam 1120 lu van hoc dugc mugn tu tieng lalinh "litleratura" co nghia la "chu viel",
"day chu". Bai vay van hoc co lien quan den chu viet. Nguoi thay day thu chu viet
do dugc goi la "liUerator". Sang den the ky 15*^, nghia lu gan voi "nhijng hieu biel
ve khoa hoc", sau do chi "nhung hieu biet lien quan den long the nhijng kien Ihuc,
van hoa noi chung". Mai den the ky 18*^, ihuat ngu "van hoc" moi mang nghia hien
dai ma chiing la dugc biel cho den ngay nay. The ky 19 no co nghia "lao dong ciia
nha van" va bat dau am chi nhung gi co Irong lieu thuyet, doi lap voi hien ihuc, doi
khi mang nghia xau. Cuoi Ihe ky 19 tu nay dugc chuyen mon hoa Irong linh vuc
giang day va mang nghia "long hgp cac lac pham dugc xuat ban ve mot di6u nao
do" va "long ihe cac van ban va tac pham Ihuoc linh vuc van chuong". Nghia ihir
hai bao ham nhung van ban viet ham y lat ca nhiTrng gi lien quan den cac Uic phfim
van hoc va tac gia ciia chiing. The ky 20 nghia ciia tu nay mo rong de chi lat ca
nhung su dung mang linh my hoc ciia ngon ngu tham chi khong bang chij vi^t.
Qua qua trinh tien trien ciia nghia tu van hoc, chiing ta ihay rang ngu6n g6c


ciia tir g^n chat voi khai niem chu viet va khong the ap dung dugc doi voi nhiing

nen vSn hoa co truyen thong noi (oral).
1.1.2. Tinh da nghia cua van ban van hoc
Ngon ngiJ van hoc khac voi ngon ngu doi thuong bdi tinh da nghia, no cho
phep bi6u theo nhi8u each khac nhau trong khi ngon ngu doi thuong chi co mot
nghia duy nhat.
Theo Amor Seoud, trong cuon

Ve phuang phdp gidng day van hoc

[46.tr.47], CO mot thu ngon ngit thuan ngon ngu, ngon ngij cua tat ca moi nguoi va
mot thu ngon ngu khdng ngon ngii; thu ngon ngu cua cac nha tho, cac hoa sy, nha
dieu khac. Tac gia cho rang co mot thu ngon ngu da ngon ngu ma nguoi ta co the
doc khong biet chan. Jean Burgos nhac lai y tuong cua Valery ve viec dua ra mot
djnh nghia thue su ve van hoc va tinh van hoc: "Ngon ngu van hoc khong bao gio
can kiel nhu ngon ngir dai thuong, thuong bien mat sau khi thong diep dugc gui,
sau khi noi dung da dugc nhan". [20.lr.9]
M. Nalurel {Ddnh cho van hoc) cung dua ra dinh nghia: "Ro rang rang van
ban khong van hoc chi co mot nghia va chi mot nghia duy nhal trong khi van ban
van hoc c6 the hieu theo nhieu nghia" [36.tr.8].
Thue le cho thay rang, chi nhijng cuon sach khong mang tinh van hoc moi
dua ra he Ihong y nghia ro rang, chang ban nhu nhijng cuon sach ve chii nghia Mac
hoac ve kinh te hoc. Trai lai, mot van ban van hoc co the an chua nhieu y nghia ma
nguoi doc, luy lung goc dp khac nhau co the cam nhan. Van ban khong van hoc chi
CO mot nghia trong khi van ban van hpc cho phep hieu Iheo nhieu each khac nhau.
Amor Seoud, {Ve phuang phdp gidng day van hpc), cho rang: "Loai van hpc
chi chuyen tai mpl nghia duy nhat chang ban nhu cac van ban co nhiem vu bao ve
mpl he tu tuong ciia "hien thue xa hoi chu nghia" co ve mang ral it chal van hpc".
[46.lr.49]
Tinh da nghia ciia van ban van hpc cho phep mpl lac pham co dai co the virgl
qua thai gian va khong gian de den voi nguoi doc thai hien dai. Vugt qua ca ranh

giai ciia ngon ngii, no co the giao tiep voi tat ca moi nguoi 6 moi noi Iren the gioi.


Moi nguoi doc deu thay tinh cam, cupc song cua minh va co the hieu theo y cua
minh.
Tuy nhien, khong the hieu van ban van hoc mpl each tuy tien. Mpl mat.
Amor Seoud {Ve phuong phdp gidng day van hoc), khang dinh tinh da nghia ciia
van ban van hpc: "duong nhu dac diem ngon ngiJ chinh cua van hpc la tinh da
nghia", mat khac, tac gia cho rang van ban van hpc cho phep hieu theo nhieu each
khac nhau nhung khong co nghia la co the hieu ihe nao cung dugc. Can phai ion
trong nguyen tac tranh hieu ngugc. Cach hieu van ban khong the trai ngugc lai voi
nhiing dau an ma tac gia de lai tren giay. Khong the ep bupc van ban noi vugt qua
nhCrng gi no muon noi, gan cho no y nghia khac. Moi van ban la mot he Ihong y
nghia ma bang viec dpc nguoi ta eo the kich boat no. Hanh dong lai tao van ban phu
Ihupc vao nang lire ciia nguoi dpc. Nhirng cap dp dpc khac nhau (triel ly, tugng
trung) se xuat hien dan dan khi dpc di dpc lai.
/. 1.3. Tinh khep kin cua van bdn van hoc
Theo J. Dubois Irong cuon The che van hpc thi "van ban van hpc la mot the
che CO l6 chii'c dpc lap. No co mot vj tri dac biel va dugc danh gia cao Irong xa hoi
va dam nhiem mot so chuc nang rieng biet". [24]
Tinh van hpc dugc the hien qua nhij*ng cau triic noi lai va nhung hang rao
khep kin. Tac pham van hpc cho la cam giac dong va khep kin. A. Jarry so sanh van
ban van hpc vai mpl hon dao [30]. Trong lap chi Ngon ngu xd hoi s6 6, 1983, M.
Arrive de cap den khai niem "nhung hang rao ciia van ban". [8]
Cam giac khep kin cua van ban van hpc la do cau tnic chinh xac ciia I6i noi
dang doi, doi lap ve hinh ihuc (chu viet, am Ihanh, s6 lugng am li^l, lap lai c^u iriic
ngu phap) va y nghia. Nhijng dac di8m do lam mpl bai tho hoac mot van ban van
hpc tro thanh mot the thong nhat ma 6 do moi Ihanh ph^n d6u eo mot vi tri va gSn
ket voi nhau. Bai tho Con so ciia Francis Ponge dua ra hinh anh dn du con so dd noi
lai linh khep kin ciia mpl bai Iha. Do la mpl the giai ihu nho va phai m^l nhidu cong

sire moi co Ihe ma dugc (hieu dugc van ban). Mong lay phai irdy xirac, dao phai sin
me moi mo diroc con so.

10


1.1.4. Van hoc Id mot the che van hod
Chung toi nhac lai y kien cua J. Dubois trong cuon The che van hoc, rang van
ban vSn hpc la mot the che co to chuc dpc lap. No co kha nang cung cap nhung hieu
biet ve nhieu ITnh vuc, trong do co van boa, xa hoi va con nguoi.
H. Besse trong bai viet "Cac yeu l6 de giang day van ban van hpc" coi van
ban van hpc nhu mot tai lieu thue, no "cung cap nhijng hieu biet ve van hoa, xa hoi,
ve con nguoi. Dieu quan trong la phai biet thira nhan dieu do va biet each dpc, hieu
va danh gia phu hgp voi nhung chuan muc van hoa ma sinh vien da nam dugc tir
truoc do", "no an chira mpi tiem nang mang tinh thue tien va van boa". Nha no ma
nguoi hpc CO the kham pha mpi binh dien ciia mpl tieng nuoc ngoai nhu ngu am,
chu viet, cii phap, ngu nghia. [13] J. Peytard nhan xet: "Dpc mpl van ban van hpc
chinh la lim each nhan biet nhirng van dong ciia mpl thir tieng 6 mire dp cao
nhat".[36]
Mac dii ngon ngir va van hoa dpc lap voi nhau nhung khong the tach roi vi
van hoa nam trong ngon ngij va ngugc lai. Nho su lien quan mat thiet do, nguoi
hpc, thong qua van ban van hpc, co the nam dugc ciing mot liic ca ngon ngu va van
boa.
G. Mounin trong cuon Ngon ngu vd dich thudt, cung khang djnh: "Van hoc
luon dugc coi la mpl lai lieu mieu ta con nguoi va xa hoi duy nhat va tot nhal ciia
mpl nen van hoa voi dung nghia ciia dan ipc hpc: hau nhu tat ca hinh anh va quan
niem cu the cua chiing la Ion tai mot each lau ben ve nguoi Anh, nguoi Nga hay
nguoi 1 ly lap deu xuat phai tir nhirng tac pham van hpc "[34.Tr.53]
Qua nhiing co gang dinh nghia nhu the nao la van hpc, chiing loi chi co the
ket luan rang van hpc vo cimg phirc lap va phong phii ve ban chal. Kho co the dua

ra mpl kel luan ve van ban van hpc mac dii co mpl so lieu chi xac dang hon cac tieu
chi khac. Cang xac dang hon thi cang nhieu y kien phe phan ho"n. Can ihiel phai co
mpl cai nhin diing dan ve van ban van hpc.

1.2. Van ban van hoc voi giang day tieng Phap cho nguoi nuoc ngoai


Trong qua trinh giang day tieng phap cho nguoi nuoc ngoai, van ban van hpc
dugc su dung nhu nbiing tai lieu giang day. Tuy nhien, khong phai liic nao van ban
van hpc cung giu vai tro doc ton ma da trai qua bao thang tram Iheo quan niem khac
nhau ciia cac nha su pham. Van ban van hpc da tirng trai qua thoi ky hoang kim tiep
d6n la thoi ky suy thoai va de cu6i ciing dugc ton vinh nhu mpl lai lieu ihuc co kha
nang chuyen tai nhirng ki^n tbire ve van hoa, xa hoi, eon nguoi.
Cac tai lieu tham khao cho phan nay la bai viet cua Henri Besse "Cac yeu to
d6 giang day

van ban van bpc"[13], Daniel Cosle "Hpc lieng qua van hpc?"

[23.Tr.59-74] trong Van hoc vd lop hoc tieng va ciia Henri Besse "Mot vai suy nghl
v^ van ban van hpc va viec ap dung no Irong giang day ngoai ngu hai bang lieng
Phap (FLS) hoac giang day ti6ng Phap cho nguoi nuoc ngoai (FLE), Le Tretle, so 9
[14].
1.2. L Van bdn van hpc trong gidng day truyen thong
Quan niem truyen thong cho rang van ban van hpc (trich doan van hpc)
ihuong dugc coi nhu mpl cai ca de day mot ngon ngir. No dugc coi nhu mot khuon
mau de than phiic va de bat chuoc each viet, nhu la chuan muc mang linh han lam.
Chuong trinh hpc bao gom tieu sir lac gia, vi Iri tac pham trong van hpc ciia ca mpl
giai doan.
Theo phuong phap truyen Ihong, viec giang day lieng Phap hien dai dugc mo
phong theo phuang phap giang day cac ngon ngir co: tieng lalinh va Hy lap. Theo

phirong phap do, nguoi la day ngon ngu thong qua cac van ban van hpc va no dugc
coi nhu khuon vang thuoc ngpc, nguon tai lieu duy nhal va tot nhal de giang day
lieng nuac ngoai mot each co he thong.
Phirong phap nay uu tien giang day ngir phap va dich. Van ban van hpc dugc
coi la cai co de dua ra nhirng bai lap ve tir vung, ngir phap va djch xuoi, dich ngugc.
Miic dich ciia pjurong phap nay khong nham muc dich chinh la giang day mpl he
ihong ngon ngu ma nham chii yeu cung cap von van hoa thuoc linh vuc van hpc. Ky
nang giao tiep chi la thir yeu. Phuong phap giang day do nham uu lien lang lop uu
Hi ve xa hoi, van hoa va tai chinh. Trong loi tua ciia cuon Mauger co neu ro:

- 12-


"Nhung cong dan 6 nhung qu6c gia xa xoi va nhirng nguoi nuoc ngoai hpc tieng
Phap se dugc tilp xuc voi mot trong nhurng nen van minh phong phii nhal the gioi
hien dai, trau d6i tri tue bang viec tiep thu mot nen van hoc rue ro de tro thanh
nhirng nguoi uu tu thue thu." [34]
Voi phuong phap nay, nguoi hpc luon phai so sanh hai he thong ngon ngir,
chuydn tir ngon ngii nay sang ngon ngir kia, lam giau va sir dung thanh thao ngon
ngu me de bang cac bai tap djch xuoi. Vi vay nhat thiet phai nam vung ngon ngir
me de de co the hpc dugc ngoai ngu:.
Ky nang dugc dal len hang diu la ky nang viet voi cae bai tap sieu ngon ngir
nhu giai thich, hpc thuoc cac quy tac ngir phap, liet ke tir vung. Ngon ngu can phai
hoc gi6ng nhu mot tap hgp cac qui tac ngu phap dat canh mot lap hgp van ban kem
Iheo la mot danh muc cae tir va tat ca deu o dang van viet. Nguoi hpc phai hpc
thupe cac doan van chpn Ipe. Theo quan niem nay nguoi hpc phai co kha nang ve tri
tue cung nhu ngon ngir, b'lk thiet lap cac gia thuyet, suy luan, xac minh, xay dung
nhung chien thual cho rieng minh.
Hinh anh ciia van hpc Iheo quan niem nay dugc danh dau chat lugng, la long
hgp cac doan trich, cac lac gia tieng tam, cac tac pham Ion. Doi khi nhirng trich

doan nay khong khong neu ro ciia ai, nam trong lac pham nao. No khong cho phep
nguoi dpc kha nang hieu nhieu each khac nhau: chi co mpl ban dich hay nhal, mpl
nghia diing dan nhal co the chuyen sang ngon ngu ciia nguoi hpc mpl each chinh
xac nhcil. Cac van ban dugc chpn Ipc thong Ihuong la mieu ta vi no cho phep khai
thac tir vung theo ehu diem.
Nhung nhirgc diem ciia phirong phap nay:
- qua de cao tam co van hpc ciia van ban ;
- day ngoai ngir dua vao so lugng Ion nhirng tir nhieu an y ;
- ap dal mpl chuan muc van viel eo ;
- de cao nghien ciru cac lac pham va tac gia lieu bieu.
1.2.2. C \'fc phuang phap nghe nhin : ihdi ky suy ihodi
Doi lap vai phuong phap truyen Ihong, cac phuong phap nghe nhin quan lam

- 13-


"Nhung cong dan a nhiing quoc gia xa xoi va nhirng nguoi nuoc ngoai hpc tieng
Phap se dugc tiep xuc voi mot trong nhirng nen van minh phong phii nhat the gioi
hien dai, trau doi tri tue bang viec tiep thu mot nen van hpc rue ro de tro thanh
nhirng nguoi uu tu thue thu." [34]
Voi phuong phap nay, nguoi hpc luon phai so sanh hai he thong ngon ngij,
chuyen tir ngon ngir nay sang ngon ngir kia, lam giau va sir dung thanh thao ngon
ngir me de bang cac bai tap djch xuoi. Vi vay nhat thiet phai nam vung ngon ngu
me de de co the hpc dugc ngoai ngir.
Ky nang dugc dat len hang dau la ky nang viet voi cac bai tap sieu ngon ngir
nhu giai thich, hpc thuoc cac quy tac ngir phap, liet ke tir vung. Ngon ngir can phai
hoc giong nhu mot tap hgp cac qui tac ngir phap dat canh mot tap hgp van ban kem
theo la mpl danh muc cac tir va tat ca deu o dang van viet. Nguoi hpc phai hpc
Ihupc cac doan van chpn Ipc. Theo quan niem nay nguoi hpc phai c6 kJia nang ve Iri
tue cung nhu ngon ngir, biet thiet lap cac gia thuyet, suy luan, xac minh, xay dung

nhirng chien Ihuat cho rieng minh.
Hinh anh cua van hpc theo quan niem nay dugc danh dau chat lugng, la t6ng
hgp cac doan trich, cac lac gia tieng tam, cac tac pham Ion. Doi khi nhirng trich
doan nay khong khong neu ro ciia ai, nam trong lac pham nao. No khong cho phep
ngui^i dpc kha nang hieu nhieu each khac nhau: chi co mot ban djch hay nhat, mpl
nghia diing dan nhat eo the chuyen sang ngon ngiJ ciia nguoi hpc mot each chinh
xac nhat. Cac van ban dugc chpn Ipc thong thuong la mieu la vi no cho phep khai
thac tir vung theo chii diem.
Nhung nhirge diem ciia phuong phap nay:
- qua de cao lam co van hpc ciia van ban ;
- day ngoai ngir dua vao so lugng Ion nhung lir nhilu Sn y ;
- ap dat mot chuan muc van viet c6 ;
- de cao nghien ciru cac tac pham va tac gia lieu bieu.
/. 2.2. C 'dc phuang phdp nghe nhin : thai ky suy thoai
D6i lap voi phuang phap truyen lh6ng, cac phuang phap nghe nhin quan lam

13


chu y^u den ngon ngu noi. Vi vay, van ban van hpc mat dan vi tri quan trpng nhat la
6 giai doan dau voi ly do ve ngon ngii la bao gio nguoi ta cung noi truoc khi viet va
CO nhidu ngon ngur chi dugc noi ma khong co chii viet. Va tren thue te, biet tra loi
mot nhan vien hai quan bay moi mot nguoi ban di xem phim co Igi hon la thuoc
mot bai tho ciia Baudelaire.
Cac phuong phap nghe nhin sir dung chii yeu nhCrng van ban dugc tao ra voi
muc dich phuc vu cho cong viec giang day. Chi khi nguoi hpc dal toi trinh dp cao
moi dugc tiep xiic voi van ban van hpc. Van ban van hpc dugc coi la qua kho doi
voi nguoi moi hpc dong ihoi qua xa la voi ngon ngir noi, thir ngon ngu can thiet doi
voi nguoi moi hpc.
Tai lieu hoc tap chii yeu la cac bai hoi thoai voi cac nhan vat nhu trong cac

doan kich. Van ban van hpc chi dugc dua vao chuong trinh khi nguoi hpc dii trinh
dp de hieu va cac tac gia dugc chpn thuong la Camus, Prevert, Eluard voi muc dich
danh gia nhung kien thue da dugc hpc truoc do.
Van ban van hpc con dugc sira doi cho phii hgp voi nguoi hpc, don gian hoa
nham loai bo nhiing lir va nhirng cau true cau kho. Nhieu tieu thuyet noi tieng dugc
viet lai trong khuon kho cua Tieng Phap Co So (le Franeais Fondamenlal) chang
han nhu Nhung ngirai khon kho ciia Victor Hugo. Mot cau hoi dugc dal ra la nhirng
tac pham dugc viet bang tieng Phap Co So co con dugc coi la ciia Balzac, Stendhal
hay Hugo nua khong ? Va co con dugc coi la tac pham van hpc nm khong ?
Cac van ban trong cac phuong phap nghe nhin la cac bai hoi thoai vai cac
nhan vat. Cac thuat ngii thong dung trong phuang phap nay la kich ban, tieu pham,
kich. Nguoi hpc sau moi bai phai dien lai cac cupc hoi thoai de on bai truoc ca lop.
Neu van ban van hpc co mat trong phuang phap nay thi chi a giai doan cuoi khi ma
ngucTi hpc da dat dugc mot ky nang nhal djnh.
/. 1.3. Phuang phdp giao tiep: quan niem mai ve van bdn van hpc
- Su' khac biet giira giang day van ban van hoc bang tieng me de voi
giiing day bang tieng nuoc ngoai
Cac cuon sach Tieu luan ve ngon ngu dai cirang (1963) [3 11 ciia Jakobson,

14-


chQ y^u din ngon ngu noi. Vi vay, van ban van hpc mat dkn vi tri quan trpng nhal la
6 giai doan dau voi ly do v^ ngon ngu la bao gio nguoi ta cung noi truoc khi vi^t va
CO nhieu ngon ngir chi dugc noi ma khong c6 chir Vik. Va tren thue d, biel Ira loi
mot nhan vien hai quan hay moi mot nguoi ban di xem phim co Igi hon la thuoc
mot bai tho cua Baudelaire.
Cac phuong phap nghe nhin sir dung chii ylu nhung van ban dugc tao ra voi
muc dich phuc vu cho cong viec giang day. Chi khi nguoi hpc dat tai trinh dp cao
moi dugc tilp xuc voi van ban van hpc. Van ban van hpc dugc coi la qua kho doi

voi nguoi moi hpc d6ng thoi qua xa la voi ngon ngii noi, thir ngon ngir cSn thiet doi
voi nguoi moi hpc.
Tai lieu hpc tap chu yk\ la cac bai hoi thoai voi cac nhan vat nhu trong cac
doan kjch. Van ban van hpc chi dugc dua vao chuong trinh khi nguoi hpc dii trinh
dp d^ hiSu va cac tac gia dugc chpn thuong la Camus, Prevert, Eluard vai muc dich
danh gia nhung kidn tbire da dugc hpc truoc do.
van ban van hpc con dugc sira d6i cho phii hgp voi nguoi hpc, don gian boa
nham loai bo nhirng tir va nhQ-ng cau true cau kho. Nhieu tieu thuyel noi lieng dugc
v\k lai trong khuon kho ciia Ti^ng Phap Co So (le Franeais Fondamenlal) chang
ban nhu Nhung ngirai khon kho ciia Vicior Hugo. Mpl cau hoi dugc dat ra la nhu'ng
tac pham dugc vi^l bang ti^ng Phap Co So co con dugc coi la ciia Balzac, Stendhal
hay I lugo nCia khong ? Va c6 con dugc coi la tac pham van hpc nira khong ?
Cac van ban trong cac phuang phap nghe nhin la cac bai hoi thoai voi cac
nhan vat. Cac thuat ngir thong dung trong phuong phap nay la kich ban, tieu pham,
kjch. Nguoi hpc sau moi bai phai dien lai cac cupc hoi thoai de on bai Iruoc ca lop.
Neu van ban van hpc co mat trong phuong phap nay thi chi a giai doan cuoi khi ma
nguoi hpc da dal dugc mpl ky nang nhal djnh.
1.1.3. Phuang phdp giao tiep: quan niem nidi ve van bdn van hpc
- Su" khac biet giiia giang day van ban van hoc bang tieng me de voi
giiing day bang tieng nuoc ngoai
Cac cuon sach Tieu luan ve ngon ngu dai cuang (1963) [31| ciia Jakobson,

14-


Cap do zero cita von viet (1968) [9] cua Barthes va cupc Hoi thao ve ngon ngir va
van hoc 6 Cluny (1968) dS mo ra nhirng viln canh moi cho sir gap go giira chu
nghia cau true voi van hpc. Do la viec cac chuc nang thi phap va sieu ngon ngir
dugc dat song song.
Hai chuc nang nay luon dugc de cap den trong cac bai viet ve phuong phap

giang day van hpc. Truoc tien can phan biet sir khac biet giiia giang day mot van
ban van hpc bang tieng me de voi giang day bang tieng nuoc ngoai:
- Muc dich cua lop day ngoai ngu la dat dugc cai co san trong lop day bang
tieng me de. Vi vay khong the day theo cimg mot phuang phap, dac biel doi voi
nhirng lop moi hpc va nhung lap o mire dp trung binh ve nang luc lieng nuoc ngoai.
- Mat khac, sinh vien nuoc ngoai co nhirng hieu biet va thoi quen van hoa
rieng nen hp khong the tiep nhan mot van ban tieng Phap giong nhu nguoi Phap.
- lYong lop hpc bang tieng me de, mon van hpc la mon bat bupc, hpc sinh
phai thi hel mon, thi dau vao. Trong lop hpc bang tieng nuac ngoai, chi co the tiep
can van hpc khi nguoi hpc cam thay hung thii hoac co dong co.
- Trong lop bang lieng me de, nguoi hpc eo kha nang phe phan danh gia qua
mot loat bai tap va bai binh luan trong khi o lop hpc tieng khong the thue hanh cac
dang bai tap nay dugc, it nhal la a giai doan dau.

Vi vay doi voi hai doi lugng khac nhau, Irong giang day van hpc phai ap
dung phuong phap khac nhau.
Co the dua vao ly thuyet cac chirc nang ciia R. Jakobson de lam ro mdi lien
he gan bo giira hai chirc nang nay:
Chuc nang thi phdp (poetique): la chirc nang lam ro tinh cu thi ciia cac ky
hieu, nhan manh chii yeu toi thong bao. Mpl lai lieu van hpc la mot lai lieu ma chirc
nang thi phap la ehu dao so voi cac chirc nang khac. No nhan manh din hinh ihirc
nhieu hon den noi dung. No cho thay boat dong ciia ban than ngon ngir.
Chuc nang sieu ngon ngir (metalinguistique): do la khi ngon ngu* noi vk
chinh ban than ngon ngu, khi nguoi ta phai djnh nghia mpl tir va phai sir dung cac

15


Cop dp zero cua van viit (1968) [9] cua Barthes va cupc Hoi thao ve ngon ngir va
van hpc o Cluny (1968) da mo ra nhung vien canh moi cho su gap go giira chii

nghTa cau true voi van hpc. Do la viec cac chirc nang thi phap va sieu ngon ngii
dugc dat song song.
Hai chirc nang nay luon dugc de cap den trong cac bai viel ve phuang phap
giang day van hpc. Truoc tien can phan biet sir khac biet giiia giang day mot van
ban van hpc bang tieng me de voi giang day bang tieng nuoc ngoai:
- Muc dich cua lop day ngoai ngir la dat dugc cai eo sSn trong lop day bang
ti6ng me de. Vi vay khong the day theo ciing mot phuong phap, dac biel doi vai
nhirng lop moi hpc va nhung lop 6 mire dp trung binh ve nang lire tieng nuac ngoai.
- Mat khac, sinh vien nuoc ngoai eo nhirng hieu biet va thoi quen van hoa
rieng nen hp khong the tiep nhan mot van ban tieng Phap giong nhu nguoi Phap.
- Trong lop hpc bang tieng me de, mon van hpc la mon bat bupc, hpc sinh
phai thi het mon, thi dau vao. Trong lop hpc bang tieng nuoc ngoai, chi co the liep
can van hpc khi nguoi hpc cam thay hirng thii hoac co dong co.
- Trong lop bang tieng me de, nguoi hpc co kha nang phe phan danh gia qua
mot loat bai tap va bai binh luan trong khi 6 lop hpc tieng khong the thue hanh cac
dang bai tap nay dugc, it nhal la a giai doan dau.

Vi vay doi voi hai doi lugng khac nhau, trong giang day van hpc phai ap
dung phuong phap khac nhau.
Co the dua vao ly thuyel cac chirc nang ciia R. Jakobson de lam ro moi lien
he gan bo giira hai chirc nang nay:
Chirc nang thi phdp (poetique): la chirc nang lam ro tinh cu the ciia cac ky
hieu, nhan manh chii yeu toi Ihong bao. Mpl lai lieu van hpc la mot lai lieu ma chirc
nang thi phap la chu dao so voi cac chirc nang khac. No nhan manh den hinh thirc
nhieu hon den noi dung. No cho thay boat dong ciia ban than ngon ngir.
Chuc nang sieu ngon ngir (metalinguistique): do la khi ngon ngir noi ve
chinh ban than ngon ngu, khi nguoi la phai djnh nghia mpl tir va phai sir dung cac

- 15

bien phap so sanh tuong duong ve ngir nghia.
Chuc nang thi phap cung su dung so sanh tuong duong nhung theo chieu
ngugc lai vi no can co them dong tac giai ma. Thi du nhu trong cau tho cua Eluard:
"trai dat mau xanh lo nhu qua cam " can phai so sanh bai Ian: - qua cam hinh tron
va - trai dat nhin tir tren cao xuong eo mau xanh lo. Nguoi dpc phai lien tuong de
nam dugc y nghia cua cau tho.
Trong mot lop hpc ngoai ngu*, chirc nang sieu ngon ngir dong vai tro chu dao.
De hpc tieng, sinh vien phai luon luon so sanh tuong duong, tim nhung yeu to lap
lai, hoac cac yeu to hinh tbire tuong dong. Khong phai liie nao nguoi ta cung y thirc
dugc boat dong sieu ngon ngir nay mac dii no luon eo mat.
Theo Jakobson, chuc nang thi phap co the dugc mieu ta nhu mot bieu hien
ciia chirc nang sieu ngon ngir boi le hpc mot tieng nuoc ngoai cung nhu dpc mot
van ban van hpc deu can mot bp ma dac biet de co the hieu no.
- Van ban van hoc la mot tai lieu thue
Neu doi voi phuang phap nghe nhin, van ban van hpc giir vai tro thir yeu thi
phuong phap giao tiep eo mot quan niem hoan loan moi me ve van ban van hpc.
Sau nhung nghien ciru cua Jakobson va Barthes ve moi tuong quan giira chii nghia
can tnic va van hpc, hoan loan co the khang djnh rang van ban van hpc co the dugc
sir dung nhu mpl lai lieu giang day ngoai ngu va co the dua vao giang day ngay a
giai doan dau.
Phuong phap giao tiep coi van ban van hpc la mot lai lieu ihue, no cung cdp
nhung hieu biet ve van hoa, xa hoi, con nguoi. Dieu quan trpng la phai biel thira
nhan dieu do va biet each dpc, hieu va danh gia phii hgp vai nhirng chuan muc van
hoa ma sinh vien da nam dugc tir truoc do. Nho no ma nguoi hpc co thi kham pha
mpi binh dien ciia mot tieng nuoc ngoai nhu ngii am, chir viet, eii phap, ngir nghia.
No an chira mpi tiem nang mang tinh thue tiln va van hoa. J. Peytard trong Van hpc
vd lap hpc lieng, nhan xet: "Dpc mpl van ban van hpc chinh la tim each nhan hilt
nhung van dong ciia mot thir tieng o mire dp cao nhat". [39]
Doi voi Cling mot tai lieu thue co the co hai thai dp tilp nhan: nguoi ban ngir

16


bien phap so sanh tuong duong vl ngir nghia.
Chuc nang thi phap cung su dung so sanh tuong duong nliung theo chilu
ngugc lai vi no ckn c6 them dong tac giai ma. Thi du nhu trong cau tho ciia Eluard:
"trai ddt mliu xanh lo nhu qua cam " ckn phai so sanh bai Ian: - qua cam hinh iron
va - trai dk nhin tir tren cao xuong eo mau xanh lo. Nguoi dpc phai lien tuong de
nam dugc y nghia ciia cau tho.
Trong mot lop hpc ngoai ngir, chirc nang sieu ngon ngii dong vai tro chii dao.
D6 hpc tilng, sinh vien phai luon luon so sanh tuong duong, tim nhirng yeu to lap
lai, hoac cac ylu t6 hinh thirc tuong d6ng. Khong phai liic nao nguoi ta cung y thirc
dugc boat dong sieu ngon ngii* nay mac dii no luon co mat.
Theo Jakobson, chirc nang thi phap c6 thi dugc mieu ta nhu mot bieu hien
ciia chirc nang sieu ngon ngir boi le hpc mot tieng nuoc ngoai ciing nhu dpc mpl
van ban van hpc deu can mot bp ma dac biet de eo the hieu no.
- Van biin van hoc la mot tai lieu thue
NIU doi voi phuong phap nghe nhin, van ban van hpc giir vai tro thir yeu thi
phuong phap giao tilp co mot quan niem hoan loan moi me ve van ban van hpc.
Sau nhirng nghien ciru ciia Jakobson va Barthes ve moi tuong quan giira chii nghia
cAu tnic va van hpc, hoan loan c6 the khang djnh rang van ban van hpc co the dugc
sir dung nhu mot tai lieu giang day ngoai ngu va c6 the dua vao giang day ngay 6
giai doan dau.
Phuong phap giao liep coi van ban van hpc la mot tai lieu thue, no cung cap
nhung hieu biet ve van hoa, xa hoi, con nguoi. Dieu quan Irpng la phai biel thira
nhan dieu do va biet each dpc, hieu va danh gia phii hgp voi nhirng chuan muc van
hoa ma sinh vien da nam dugc tir truoc do. Nho no ma nguoi hpc co the kham pha
mpi binh dien eiia mot tieng nuoc ngoai nhu ngii am, chir viet, cii phap, ngir nghia.
No an chira mpi tiem nang mang tinh thue lien va van boa. J. Peytard trong Van hpc

vd lop hpc tieng, nhan xet: "Dpc mpl van ban van hpc chinh la lim each nhan biel
nhung van dong ciia mpl thir tieng a mire dp cao nhat". [39]
Doi voi cimg mot lai lieu thue co the co hai thai dp tiep nhan: nguoi ban ngu

- 16


doc tai li^u do dua vao nang luc ngon ngir, giao tiep va van boa ciia minh con sinh
vien nuoc ngoai dpc dk dat dugc nhung nang luc do bang viec van dung bai he
th6ng, he thdng tieng nuoc ngoai va tilng me de. Trong truong hgp do, nguoi dpc
phai hit sue chu y din ban than van ban, den be thong ngon ngir cua no.
ckn phai nhic lai rang qui tac dpc mot van ban van hpc gan giong qui tac tam
ly dua vao do sinh vien hpc mot ngoai ngii.
- Phu'orng phap giao tiep lay nguoi hoc lam trung tam
Voi phuong phap giao tilp, ngon ngii khong con giir vai tro trung tam. Thay
thi vao do la viec dl cao vai tro ciia nguoi hpc. Viec to chirc hpc tap va giang day
dugc hinh thanh theo nang lire ma nguoi hpc da co tir truoc do, theo tirng doi lugng:
Ire em, thanh nien hay nguoi Ion. Dieu do eon phu thuoc vao viec hp co phai la
nguoi ham dpc sach bang tilng me de bay khong. Ngon ngu cua hp co chu viet hay
khong ?
Trong Manieres de classe [42], Louis Porcher quan niem rang moi nen van
hoa, dan tpc, khu vuc hoac dia phuong co nhirng dac trung rieng khac biet voi tat ca
cae nen van boa khac. Do do, nguoi ta eo the dua ra nhirng loai hinh bai tap dua
vao kinh nghiem song, so thich va bieu biet ciia nguoi hpc. Dieu do chang khac gi
viee bac chiec cau noi giira hai nen van hoa. Nhirng chu diem nhu cac con vat, tinh
yeu, nuoc, thoi gian... giiip nguoi hpc, dua vao kinh nghiem song va hieu biet ve
mat xa hoi, lien he voi chinh nen van hoa ciia minh. Dirng truoc nhirng thue te do,
bat ky mot nguoi hpc nao cung co cai gi de noi, khong mot ai co cam giac la nguoi
thira. Va nhu vay se co doi thoai thue su xung quanh nhung chii diem tuong lu voi
thai dp tiep nhan van boa dich boi le ai cung co co hoi dien dat nhung hieu biet ciia

minh. Nguoi nao cung co eo hoi so sanh doi chieu voi nen van hoa ciia chinh minh.
Dieu nay doi lap hoan loan voi nhirng buoi hpc tap trung ma 6 do chi mot minh
giao vien truyen dat nhirng kien thirc ma minh co.
Trong boi canh nhu vay, nhung bai hpc tap Irung voi nhirng van ban chpn
Ipe, tieu bieu ciia '*nen van hpc Phap" la hoan loan vo nghia. Neu cho rang day van

OAi HOC Q U O C GIA HA HO^
•RUNG TAM THONG TIM THU VlEN

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