Pháp luật về quan hệ lao động việt nam thực trạng và phương hướng hoàn thiện

DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI
KHOA LUAT

i

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BE TAI NHOM B - BAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI

PHAP LUAT VE QUAN HE LAO D Q N G VIET NAM - THlTC
TRANG VA PHtrONG HlTdNG HO AN THIEN
MA SO: QG.10.33

Chu nhiem de tdi: PGS. TS.Le Thi Hodi Thu
r

Dcm vi: Khoa Luat - Dai hoc Quae gia Ha Noi

HA NO! - 2012


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CHU TRI DE TAI:

PGS.TS LE THI HOAI THU

Tap the tac gia:
ChiroTig I:

PGS. TS. Pham Cong Tru

Chirong II:

I S . Nguyen Xuan Thu

ChiroTig IH:

PGS.TS Le Thj Hoai Thu

Chiro-ng IV:

PGS. TS Le Thi Hoai Thu

Chu-cng V;

PGS.TS Le Thi Hoai Thu

Chiro-ng VI:

TS. Nguyin Xuan Thu

Chu-oTigVII:

PGS.TS. Le Thi Hoai Thu
HVCH. Pham Thi Thanh Viet

Chircmg VHI:

PGS.TS. Le Thi Hoai Thu
ThS. NCS Nguyen Le Thu


MUC LUC
LOT NOI DAU
NQI DUNG THir NHAT:
LY LUAN VE QUAN HE LAO DONG VA DIEU CHINH PHAP LUAT DOI Vdl
QUAN HE LAO DONG TRONG CO CHE THI TRUING O VIET NAM
CHUOTVG I: LY LUAN VE QUAN HE LAO DQNG VA QUAN HE PHAP LUAT
*
". u
LAO DONG TRONG NEN KINH TE THI T R U 6 N G
I. KHAI QUAT VE QUAN HE LAO D Q N G
12
LL Khdi niem qiian he lao dong
L2. Tinh chat ciia quan he lao dong
L3. Phdn logi quan he lao dong
1.4. Dieu kienxac lap vavgn hanh quan he lao dong
L5. Cdc nguyen tac van hanh quan he lao dong
1.6. Luac SICphdt trien quan he lao dong
2. QUAN HE PHAP LUAT LAO D O N G
2.1. Khdi niem quan he phdp luat lao dong
2.2. Dgc diem cua quan he phdp lugt lao dong
2.3. Chu the cua quan he phdp lugt lao dong
2. 4. Noi dung cua quan he phdp lugt lao dong
2.5. Phdt sinh, thay doi, chdm dut quan he phdp lugt lao dong

;2
14

77
75
ig
21

24
24
25
29
33
34

CHU^OfNG II: QUAN HE LAO D O N G O VIET NAM - HIEN TAI, TU^ONG LAI VA
NHCTNG Y E U C A U DAT RA TRONG VIEC DIEU CHINH P H A P L U A T LAO
*.
36
DONG O VIET NAM
L QUAN HE LAO D O N G T H E O P H A P LUAT LAO D O N G VIET NAM HIEN NAY36
1.1. Khdi niem
36
40
1.2. Cdc logi quan he lao dong lam congdn luwig a Viet Nam
1.3. Cdch thuc dieu chinh phdp lugt doi vai quan he lao dong lam cong an Iwoiig 42
2. XU HLTdNG P H A T TRIEN QUAN HE LAO D Q N G 6 VIETNAM VA M Q T SO
KIEN N G H I VE DIEU CHINH P H A P LUAT DOI V 6 l QUAN HE LAO D Q N G
43
NOI DUNG THU HAI :
KINH NGHIEM QUOC TE TRONG VIEC DIEU CHINH PHAP LUAT DOI VOI
QUAN HE LAO DONG VA NHUNG VAN DE DAT RA CHO VI$T NAM

CHUOTVG III: QUAN DIEM CUA TO CHlTC LAO DQNG QUOC TE VA QUY
DINH CUA MOT SO NUdC VE QUAN HE LAO D O N G TRONG CO CHE KINH
TE THI TRUCJNG VA NHlTNG VAN DE DAT RA TRONG VIEC DIEU CHINH
51
PHAP LUAT DOI VOl QUAN HE LAO DONG 6 VIET NAM
1. QUAN DIEM CUA TO CHLTC LAO D O N G QUOC TE VA QUY DINH CUA M Q T
SO NUCiC VE QUAN HE LAO D O N G TRONG NEN KINH TE THI TRUING
51
LL Quan diem cua To chicc lao dong Quoc te
^l
L2. Qiiy dinh cua mot so quoc gia ve quan he lao dong
-57
2. NHLTNG VAN DE DAT RA TRONG VIEC DIEU CHtNH PHAP LUAT DOI V6l
QUAN HE LAO D O N G
60
2.1. Quy dinh hien hanh cua phdp lugt Viet Nam ve quan he lao dong
60
2.2. Nhung vdn di dat ra trong viec dieu chinh phdp lugt doi vai quan he lao dong a
nude ta tic kinh nghiem cua ILO va quy dinh ciia mot so quoc gia tren the giai
63
IV: PHAP LUAT QUAN LY NHA N U 6 C VE QUAN HE LAO DONG 68
THUC TRANG VA H U O W G H O A N THIEN
CHUONG
•

•

•

1. KHAI QUAT CUNG PHAP LUAT QUAN LY NHA NUCJC VE QUAN HE LAO
DONG
68
1.1 Quan niem quan ly Nhd nude ve quan he lao dong
1.2 Noi dung quan ly Nhd nude ve quan he lao dong
1.3 Vaitrd quan ly Nhd nude trong quan he lao dong

2. THUC TRANG QUAN LY NHA NUOC TRONG QUAN HE LAO D Q N G

69
69
78

80

2.1 Viee ban hdnh ehinh sach vdphdp lugt
80
2.2 Ve eo quan quan ly nhd nude
°^
2.3 Ve eong tde thanh tra, kiem tra, gidm sat
84
3. NANG CAO VAI TRO QUAN LY NHA N U C J C TRONG VIEC PHAT TRIEN QUAN
88
HE LAO D O N G HAI HOA, ON DINH
3.1 Vi he thong phdp lugt lao dong
88
3.2 Vi ehuc ndng qudn ly nhd nude, td chuc vd ndng lue bo mdy qudn ly nhd nude.. 88

NQl DUNG THU BA:
THUC TRANG PHAP LUAT VE QUAN HE LAO D Q N G 6 VIET NAM VA

P H U O N G HUONG HOAN THIEN
V: THIET LAP, DUY TRI VA CHAM DITT QUAN HE LAO DONG
THEO PHAP LUAT LAO DONG VIET NAM

CHUOTVG

L QUA TRiNHTIlIET LAP QUAN HE LAO DONG
2. QUA TRINH DUY TRI QUAN HE LAO DQNG
3. CHAM DUT QUAN HE LAO DONG

92
93
96
98
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3A. Chdm dut quan he lao dong do y chi cua hai hen
9S
3.2. Chdm diet quan he lao dong do y chi cua nguai thu ba hoqc do hiin c6phdp
;
98
^
3.3. Chdm dirt quan he lao dong do y chi cua mot ben
99
4. QUYEN LOI VA TRACH NHIEM CUA CAC BEN KHI CHAM DUT QUAN HE
LAODONG

•_102

4.1. Che do tracdp (dieu 42 BLLD)
4.2. Che do hoithuang
4.3. Thai hgn thuc hien nghia vu thanh todn vd giai quyet chi do

102
104
106

CHirONG VI: PHAP LUAT VE DAI DIEN NGU'CH LAO DONG VA DAI DIEN
NGU^Ol Sir DUNG LAO DONG - THlTC TRANG VA KHUYEN NGHl'.
.'. 108
L DAI DIEN CUA NGUCSI LAO DONG
LL Thuc trangdgi dien cua ngu&i lao dong
1.2. Mot so khuyen nghi
2. DAI DIEN CUA N G U O I sir DUNG LAO DONG
2.1. Thuc trang dgi dien cua ngudi sit dung lao dong
2.2. Mot so khuyen nghi

108
108
Ill
113
113
118

CHUONG VII: PHAP LUAT VE CO CHE PHOI HOP G I U A NHA N U O C VOfI
DAI DIEN N G U O I LAO D O N G VA NGUOl StT DUNG LAO DONG TRONG VIEC
GIAI QUYET CAC VAN DE CO LIEN QUAN DEN QUAN HE LAO DONG T H U C TRANG VA KHUYEN NGHI

121
•

•

•

1. KHAI QUAT CHUNG VE CO CHE PHOI HQP GltfA NHA N U O C

V O I DAI DIEN
N G U O I L A O D Q N G V A N G U O I s i r D U N G L A O D O N G (CO CHE BA BEN)
121

LL Quan niem ve cache ba ben
121
1.2. Ban chat cua ca che ba ben
123
1.3. Hoat dong cua co che ba ben
124
1.4. Casaphdp ly cho viec hinh thanh cache ba ben a Viet Nam
126
2. THT/C TRANG PHAP LUAT VE PHOI HOP CO CHE BA BEN TRONG QUAN I IE
LAODONG
129
2.7. PhSi hop ca che ba ben tf'ongphdp lugt lao dong Viet Nam
129
2.2. Thuc trang hoat dongphoi hap ca che ba ben a Viet Nam
134
2.3. Mot sS vuang mdc trong hoat dong phoi hop ca che ba ben a Viet Nam. 138
3. MOT SO KIEN NGHI N H A M THUC DAY SU* PHOI HOP HOAT D O N G CO CHE

BA BEN 0 VIET NAM
142


CHU^ONG VIII: PHAP LUAT VE GIAI QUYET TRANH C H A P LAO DQNG VA
DINH CONG TRONG QUAN HE LAO DQNG - T H V C TRANG VA PHU'OWG
[
146
HUOTVG HOAN THIEN
L PHAP LUAT VE GlAl QUYET TRANH CHAP LAO D O N G
LL Khdi niem tranh chap lao dong vd giai quyet tranh chap lao dong
L2. Thuc trang dp dung phdp lugt giai quyet tranh chap lao dong
L3 Phuang hu&ng hodn thien
2. PHAP LUAT VE DINH CONG VA GL\I QUYET DINH CONG
2.1. Quan niem ve dinh cong vd giai quyet dinh cong.
2.2. Thuc trgng dinh cong vd giai quyet dinh conga Viet Nam
2.3. Thuc trgng phdp lugt ve giai quyet dinh cong
'

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146
146
755
156
160

160
767
772
'

2.4. Mot so kien nghi nhdm hoan thien phdp lugt ve dinh cong va giai quyet dinh
cong
779
DANH MUC TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
184


L6I NOI DAU
1. Sir can thiet cua Be tai:
Trong he thong phap luat cua nuac ta, sau Hiln phap 1992, phap luat lao dong
giii vi tri rat quan trong dihu chinh mot ITnh vuc rong Ion cac quan he lao dong c6
tinh kinh te - xa hoi sau rong, tac dong din toan bo xa hoi, moi thanh ph4n kinh tl,
mpi ca so san xuat kinh doanh dich vu va lao dong. D8n nay phap luat lao dong co
ban di vao cuoc song, phat huy vai tro to Ian trong viec tao hanh lang phap ly, chuSn
muc phap ly cho cac chii thi thik lap quan he lao dong, gop phln lanh manh quan he
lao dong, bao ve quyen va Igi ich hop phap cua cac chu thi trong quan he lao dong.
Tuy nhien, qua hon 15 nam thuc hien, phap luat vl.quan he lao dong boc 16 nhung
han che, bat cap nhu:
- Phap luat lao dong ducrc ban hanh 1994, trong thai ky nin kinh tl nuac ta vira
1

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mai chuyen sang nen kinh te thi truong dinh huong xa hoi chu nghia. Mac du, da
qua ba Ian sua doi, bo sung nhung cung chi mai sua doi, b6 sung mot s6 vdn dl cin
thiet de dap ung yeu cau thuc te, chua co dilu kien ra soat noi dung cua phap luat lao
dong mot each toan dien, ca ban. Din nay tinh hinh kinh tl - xa hoi noi chung va
quan he lao dong noi rieng do c6 nhiing buac phat triln mai, do do viec nghien cuu
de tai nay c6 y nghia ca ve mat ly luan va thuc tien.
- Trong dieu kien hoi nhap kinh te quoc te va khu vuc, la thanh vien cua To chuc
thuong mai the giai, Viet Nam do phe chuSn 17 Cong uac cua T6 chuc lao dong
quoc te, nen phap luat lao dong can phai bo sung mot so quy dinh tuong thich vai
cac cong uac va thong le quoc te ve lao dong va quan he lao dong, trong do c6 cac
qui dinh ve thuang lugng tap the, thoa uac lao dong tap the nganh...
Chinh vi vay, nghien cuu nhung van de ly luan - thuc tien va hoan thien phap
luat ve quan he lao dong trong sir nghiep cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa dat nuac vai
muc tieu: Dan giau, nuac manh, xa hoi cong bang, dan chu va van minh, phat trien
kinh te xa hoi ciia nuac ta trong qua trinh hoi nhap kinh te quoc te la rat can thiet.
Trong han 10 nam qua ke tu khi nuac ta chuyen sang nen kinh te thi truang,
chua CO mot cong trinh nghien cuu mot each dong bo, toan dien, co tinh he thong
nhung van de ly luan va thuc tien phap luat ve quan he lao dong, nhat la trong boi
canh hoi nhap kinh t^ qu6c te hien nay, cho nen viec trien khai De tai nay la co tinh
thai sir cap bach.


Ve mat ly luan: De tai do luan chumg, ly giai va xay dung dugc mot he thong cac
quan diem co tinh chat hoc thuat cua nhijrng ly luan ve quan he lao dong noi chung
va phap luat lao dong noi rieng.
Ve mat thuc tien: De tai la mot cong trinh nghien cuu cong phu danh gia thuc
trang cac qui dinh cua phap luat vh quan he lao dong cung nhu qua trinh ap dung
luat trong thuc tien va chi ra dugc nhimg uu, nhugc diem, nguyen nhan ciia nhung
han che qui pham phap luat lao dong. Dong thai, De tai dua ra nhung nhan xet
chung ve thuc tien ap dung phap luat ve quan he lao dong, hoat dong ciia cac ca

quan quan ly nha nuac ve lao dong, gop phan xay dung va hoan thien he thong phap
luat noi chung va phap luat ve quan he lao dong noi rieng trong qua trinh xay dung
nha nuac phap quyen xa hoi chu nghia a Viet Nam.
2. Muc tieu
D^ tai xay dung ca so ly luan ve quan he lao dong va hoan thien phap luat ve
quan he lao dong a Viet Nam. Ngoai ra, de tai danh gia thuc trang phap luat ve quan
he lao dong a Viet Nam de tu do dua ra cac giai phap nham hoan thien he thong cac
qui dinh ciia phap luat \h quan he lao dong a nuac ta dual hai goc do: dieu chinh
phap luat va ap dung phap luat.
- Mot la, nghien cuu, lam sang to mot s6 van de ly luan ca ban ve quan he lao
f

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dong, nhu: Cac each tiep can, quan niem hien nay, chu the, dac diem, dieu kien ton
tai va phat triln, yeu chx cua viec dieu chinh phap luat...
- Hai la, nghien cuu, tham khao cac cong uoc, khuyen nghi co lien quan cua
ILO, qui dinh cua phap luat mot s6 nuac vl quan he lao dong lam ca sa cho viec
hoan thien phap luat ve quan he lao dong a Viet Nam.
- Ba la, nghien cuu va danh gia thuc trang phap luat ve quan he lao dong a Viet
Nam, chi ra nhimg noi dung con han che, thieu sot, chua phu hap, tir do luan giai ve
nhu c4u hoan thien cac qui dinh cua phap luat ve quan he lao dong a Viet Nam.

- B6n la, tren ca sa cac vSn de ly luan va thuc tien neu tren, dl tai dua ra phuang
huong hoan thien phap luat vl quan he lao dong trong thai gian tai.
3. T6ng quan tinh hinh nf^hien cifu cua de tai:


Ngoai nuac: Chua co bit ky mot cong trinh chuyen khao nao dl cap din viec
nghien cuu ly luan va thuc tiln ap dung phu hop vai tinh hinh a Viet Nam hien nay
thuoc linh vuc cua dh tai.
Trong nicac: da co mot s6 cong trinh nghien cuu &h cap din noi dung ciia phap
luat quan he lao dong nhu:
- Dai hoc Luat Ha Noi, Hoi thdo khoa hoc cap truang: Danh gia 14 nam thuc
hien Bo lugt lao dong.
- Hoi thdo cua vu phdp che - Bo LD-TB vd XH: Danh gia thuc hien BLLD vd
nhung yeu cau sua doi trong thai gian tai nam 2008:
- Hoi thdo cua Uy ban cdc vdn di xa hoi cua Qudc hoi vi: Nghien cuu sua dSi,
bo sung hodn thien phdp lugt ve quan he lao dong vd hodn thien ca chi phoi hop
giua Nhd nuac, chu doanh nghiep vd cong dodn.
- Hoi thdo tham vdn khung chinh sdch theo huong hai hoa giita an ninh va linh
hogt trong thi trucmg lao dong cua ILO vd Bo LDTBXH (Molisa).
Co the thay cac cong trinh nay co doi tugng nghien cuu rieng, hoac la toan bo
noi dung cua Bo luat Lao dong, hoac nghien cuu quan he lao dong chu ylu duoi goc
do khuyen nghi hoan thien ca che phoi hop giiia Nha nuac, chu doanh nghiep va
cong doan (ca che ba ben), hoac nghien cuu chinh sach ap dung cho thi truang lao
dong nuac ta, ma khong nghien curu mot each toan dien, co he thong ca ve mat ly
luan va thuc tien ve quan he lao dong va phuang huong hoan thien phap luat ve
quan he lao dong a Viet Nam. Cac cong trinh khoa hoc c6 lien quan (nhu da neu
tren) deu co muc tieu, noi dung nghien cuu va phuang phap tiep can khac vai de tai
nay.
Do do, CO the khang dinh rang, de tai nay khong co su trung lap vai ly do hoan
toan CO can cu, xac dang va bao dam tinh thuyet phuc.

4. Bo cue
Nhdm noi dung 1: ''Ly luan ve quan he lao dong vd dieu chinh phdp lugt doi vai
quan he lao dong trong ca che kinh te thi truang a Viet Nam "
Chuang 1. Ly luan v^ quan he lao dong va quan he phap luat lao dong trong nen
kinh te thi truang.
Chuang 2. Quan he lao dong a Viet Nam - Hien tai va tuang lai va nhung yeu
7


cau dat ra trong viec dieu chinh phap luat lao dong a Viet Nam.
Nhdm noi dung 2: ''Kinh nghiem quoc ti trong viec dieu chinh phdp lugt doi
vai quan he lao dong vd nhrmg vdn de dat ra cho Viet Nam"
Chuang 3. Quan diem ciia T6 chuc lao dong qu6c tS (ILO) va quy dinh ciia mot
so nuac ve quan he lao dong trong ca che kmh tS thi truang va nhiing van de dat ra
trong viec dieu chinh phap luat doi vai quan he lao dong a Viet Nam.
Chuang 4. Phap luat quan ly nha nuac ve quan he lao dong - Thuc trang va
huong hoan thien
Nhdm noi dung 3: "Thuc trgng phdp lugt ve quan he lao dong a Viet Nam vd
phuang huong hoan thien'*
Chuang 5. Thiet lap, duy tri va cham dut quan he lao dong theo phap luat lao
dong Viet Nam.
Chuang 6. Phap luat ve dai dien nguoi lao dong va dai dien nguai su dung lao
dong-Thuc trang va khuyen nghi.
Chuang 7. Phap luat ve co che phoi hop giiia nha nuac vai dai dien nguai lao
dong va nguai su dung lao dong trong viec giai quyet cac van de co lien quan den
quan he lao dong - Thuc trang va khuyen nghi.
Chuang 8. Phap luat ve giai quyet tranh chap lao dong va dinh cong trong quan he
lao dong - Thuc trang va phuang huong hoan thien.
5. Cach tiep can, phuong phap nghien cuu, ky thuat su' dung
Cdch tiep can vdn di: KSt hgp viec nghian cuu nhirng thanh tuu ly luan hien dai

ciia cac chuyen nganh KHXH (nhu: ink hoc, x6 hoi hoc, lich su va nhiJng quan
digm duong loi, chii truang ciia Dang, Nha nuac ve quan he lao dong v.v...) ciing
nhu cac chuyen nganh khoa hoc phap luat lao dong ciia the giai va ciia Viet Nam vai
viec phan tich thuc tien phap luat ve quan he lao dong trong nuac de dua ra su phan
tich khoa hoc, luan chung va lam sang to nhimg van d6 ly luan dugc dg cap trong 6k
tai.
Phuang phdp nghien cuv: Dua tren ca sa ly luan cua Chu nghTa Mac-Lenin va
cac phuang phap nghien cuu dac thu cua khoa hoc phap ly nhu:
-

Phuang phap luan cua triSt hoc bien chung duy vat Mac-Lenin.
Phuang phap lich su (Khao cuu cac tai lieu va cac nguon su lieu khac nhau


-

ve phap luat ve quan he lao dong).
Phuang phap phan tich (cac quy pham phap luat thuc dinh quoc gia hien
hanh ve quan he lao dong).
Phuang phap tong hgp (cac quan di^m khac nhau ve nhan thuc khoa hoc
xung quanh cac khai niem, cac pham tru, cac quy pham va cac che dinh
phap ly).

"

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Phuang phap thong ke (cac s6 lieu thuc tiln trong cac v4n dh lien quan d§n
phap luat ve quan he lao dong).
- Phuang phap xa hoi hoc (phong vin cac can bo khoa hoc, cac can bo giang

day, cac hoc vien cao hoc, cac sinh vien dang cong tac, hoc tap nghien cuu
va hoc tap, cac thuc tien lien quan d^n chuyen nganh phap luat lao dong).
- Phuang phap so sanh luat hoc (cac quy pham phap luat tuang ung v§ quan
he lao dong ciia Viet Nam va ciia mot s6 nuac tren thi giai).
Tinh mai, tinh doc ddo, tinh sang tgo: Lam ro nhiing van d§ ly luan va thuc tien
.

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cua viec can phai hoan thien phap luat ve quan he lao dong a Viet Nam. De tai dua
ra nhirng y tuang cho viec hoan thien phap luat ve quan he lao dong a Viet Nam
nham dap ung yeu cau ciia nen kinli te thi truang djnh huong xa hoi chii nghTa.
6.

Ket qua nghien cuu cua de tai:
6.1. Ve dao tao:
He dai hoc: da huong dan va bao ve thanh cong 03 khoa luan tot
nghiep he cii nhan. Dat loai gioi.

De tai: " Dieu kien co hieu luc ciia Hgp dong lao dong" ciia sinh vien Ha Thj
Lan-thang 05/2012.
De tai: ''Mot so van de phap ly ve dinh cong va giai quyet dinh cong theo
phap luat Viet Nam'' ciia sinh vien Vii Thi Huyen Ngoc - thang 05/2012
- D§ tai: " Hgp d6ng dua nguai lao dong Viet Nam di lam viec a nuac ngoai"
ciia sinh vien Nguyen Thu Hang - thang 05/2012
He sau dai hoc da huong dan va bao ve thanh cong 06 luan van Thac sy.

Dat loai gioi


- De tai: "Phap luat ve sii dung lao dong nuac ngoai tai Viet Nam" ciia hoc vien
cao hoc Tran Thu Hxhn - thang 05/2011,
- De tai: "NhiJng van de phap ly dat ra ciia co che ba ben trong linh vuc lao dong
a Viet Nam" ciia hoc vien Vu Manh Chiln - thang 05/2011.
- De tai: "Vai tro Cong Doan trong giai quyet tranh chap lao dong va dinli cong"
cua hoc vien Le Thi Phuang Thiiy - thang 02/2011.
- De tai: "Tien luong toi thieu trong Phap luat lao dong Viet Nam" ciia hoc vien
Vu Thi La - thang 08/2011.
- De tai: "Phap luat lao dong ve viec lam va giai quyet viec lam o Viet Nam
trong thoi ki hoi nhap" ciia hoc vien Dinh Thi Nga Phugng - thang 05/2012.
- De tai: "Giai quyet tranh chap lao dong tai toa an theo Phap luat lao dong Viet
Nam" ciia hgc vien Le Thi Huong - thang 03/2012.
6.2. Ve cac bai viet dang tren tap chi khoa hoc phap ly chuyen nganh:
- " Thuc trang quan ly Nha nuac ve quan he lao dong". Tap chi Lao dong va Xa
hoi s6 408/2011.
- " Nang cao vai tro quan ly Nha nuac trong viec phat trien quan he lao dong hai
hoa, on dinh", Tap chi Lao dong va Xa hoi so 413/2011.
- "Vai tro dai dien nguai sii dung lao dong trong quan he lao dong", Tap chi lao
dong va Xa hoi s6 429/2012.
- "Vai tro dai dien ciia nguai lao dong trong quan he lao dong", Tap chi Lao
dong vaXa hoi s6 431/2012.
- " Nhirng van dh dat ra truoc thuc trang lao dong di cu trong nuac". Tap chi
Nghien cuu lap phap, so 4/2012.
Trong qua trinh nghien cuu, tap the tac gia khong tranh khdi nhimg thieu xot,
rdt mong nhimg y kiin dong gop ciia cdc chuyen gia, cdc nhd khoa hoc trong hoi
dong di di tdi co chat luang han.
Tran trong cam an!

Tap the tac gia
10


NOI DUNG THir NHAT:
LY LUAN VE QUAN HE LAO DONG VA DIEU CHINH PHAP LUAT DOI
VOI QUAN HE LAO DONG TRONG CO CHE THI TRU^C>NG 6 V I E T NAM

11


CHtrONG I
LY LUAN VE QUAN HE LAO DONG VA QUAN HE PHAP LUAT
LAO DONG TRONG NEN KINH TE THI TRUONG
1. KHAI QUAT VE QUAN HE LAO DONG
l.L Khdi niem quan he lao dong
r

f

Lao dong la hoat dong binh thuang, tat yeu ciia con nguai nhung lai dong vai
tro vT dai trong tien trinh lich sii nhan loai. Lao dong chang nhimg la nhan to co ban
dau tien tao ra con nguai ma con la dieu kien can thiet de con nguoi mai mai la
nguoi, diing nhu nhan dinh cua P. Ang-ghen: "Lao dong la dieu kien ca bdn ddu tien
cua todn ho dai song con nguai, den mot muc vd tren mot y nghia ndo do chung ta
phai noi rang: lao dong da tgo ra chinh bdn thdn con nguai"
Lao dong du co dien ra muon hinh muon ve den dau chan nira, thi tuu trung
lai ciing luon la hoat dong mang tinh sang tao cua con nguai nham lam ra nhiing gia
tri su dung dl thoa man nhu chx ngay cang da dang cua minh. Qua trinh lao dong
ciing la qua trinh con nguoi, mot mat quan he vai tu nhien, va mat khac quan he vai

nhau. Lao dong cua con nguoi, do vay, viia mang tinh chit ca nhan vira mang tinh
ch4t xa hoi. Cac Mac da nhan xet: "Khi con nhieu nguai lao dong ciing lam viec vai
nhau, nhdm muc dich chung, trong cimg mot qua trinh sdn xuat nhung trong nhung
qud trinh khdc nhau nhimg co quan he vai nhau thi lao dong cua ho mang tinh chat
hiep tdc"-. Chinh cai quan he giira nguai vai nguai, hinh thanh trong qua trinh lao
dong san xu4t c6 tinh chk chung 4y, dugc goi la quan he lao dong.
La su bilu hien cua trinh do san xu4t, bi chi ph6i bai quan he sof huu, do vay
quan he lao dong trong nhCmg xa hoi khac nhau, a nhirng thai dai khac nhau cung co
nhiing hinh thuc khac nhau. Noi each khac, moi mot nen san xuat co mot kieu to
chuc lao dong phii hgp, trong do c6 mot loai quan he lao dong tieu bieu thich img
voi no. Loai nguai da tirng h'lk d8n cac loai hinh quan he lao dong xa hoi nguyen
thuy, xa hoi chiln hiiu no le, xa hoi phong kiln, xa hoi tu ban, xa hoi xa hoi chu
nghia. Trong nin kinh te thi truang, noi quan he thue muon lao dong (hay quan he
m°ua ban sire lao dong) di6n ra ph6 bien, thi quan he lao dong "chu - thg", hay con
ggi quan he lao dong "lam cong huong luang" la quan he lao dong c6 tinh dac trung
nhat.
Hien nay, tren thi giai nhilu qu6c gia phat triln da 6 vao thai ky ciia "xa hoi
cong nghiep", hoac xa hoi "hau cong nghiep" vi vay, mot thuat ngu niia cung thuang
' Cac Mac - P Ang-ghcn TuySn tap, T5, Nxb Svr that, Ha Npi, tr.49.
2 Cac Mac: Tu ban, Q.l T.ll, Nxb Su that, Ha Npi, 1960, lr.22

12


dugc su dung ddng thai hoac thay cho thuat ngu "quan he lao dong" (labour
relation), la "quan he cong nghiep" (industrial relation). DiSu nay co nguyen do kinh
t% - xa hoi ciia no, se dugc noi ro hon a muc lich su phat trien quan he lao dong. Mot
so sach cho rang hai thuat ngu nay la nhu nhau, chSng han nhu "Giao trinh Quan he
lao dong" ciia trucmg Dai hgc Lao dgng-xa hoi vi8t ''Do vay thuat ngu ''industrial
relation " (co tdi lieu dich la quan he cong nghiep) khi mai ra dai thuang nhdn mgnh

den cdc moi quan he chu - tha trong moi truang cong nghiep. Ngdy nay, duoi tdc
dong cua cdc cuoc cdch mgng khoa hoc ky thuat, nhimg mSi quan he nhu vdy khong
chi dien ra pho bien trong linh vuc cong nghiep md trong moi ITnh vuc ciia ciia moi
nen kinh te - xa hoi. thuat ngit "industrial relation", do vay dugc hiiu dSng nghia
vai thuat ngit ''Labour relations" vd ciing co nghTa la quan he lao dong"^. Tuy
khong hoan toan dong y vai quan diem dong nhat noi dung ciia hai thuat ngii noi
tren, song xet thay, ve thuc chat khong c6 su khac biet qua Ion giiia hai thuat ngii
nay nen c6 the dung ca hai thuat ngu de thay the Ian nhau. Va trong bai viet nay,
"quan he lao dong" van la cum tu dugc sii dung chii yeu cho phu hgp voi each hieu
va each dien dat truyen thong pho bien a nuac ta bay lau nay.
Quan he cong nghiep do nha kinh te hgc nguoi My J.T Dun lop dua ra Ian dau
tien vao nhimg nam moi the ky truoc. Nam 1958, trong cuon "The Industrial
Relations" - dugc xem nhu la cuon sach dau tien ve de tai nay - ong c6 viet. Sau do,
da CO nhieu hoc gia dua ra cac dinh nghia khac nhau ve quan he lao dong. Do quan
he lao dong khong phai la mot quan he thuan nhat, no chiu tac dong ciia nhieu nhan
to kinh te, chinh tri, xa hoi, hon niia no lai xem xet duoi nhieu goc do, dac biet la cac
khoa hoc kinh \k, lao dong, xa hoi va luat phap, cho nen cac dinh nghia ma hg dua ra
cung khong hoan toan nhu nhau^. Tuy nhien, c6 the thay mot so diem chinh c6 tinh
chat tuong dong ciia cac dinh nghTa nay la:
- La m6i quan he qua lai giiJa nguoi lao dong va nguoi sir dung lao dong, theo
each nhin don tuyen
- La m6i quan he giiia nguoi lao dong va nguoi su dung cung cac to chiic dai
dien ciia hg trong m6i quan he voi chinh phii, duoi anh huong cua cac thong so
khac, theo each nhin he thong.
- Chiu su di§u chinh ciia nha nuoc thong qua cong cu phap luat va cac chinh
sach khac.
T6 chuc lao dong qu6c \k (ILO), trong cac tai lieu cua minh thuong sii dung
thuat ngu quan he cong nghiep. Theo ILO, quan he cong nghiep dugc hieu la
"nhimg moi quan he cd nhdn vd tap thi giiia nhibig nguai lao dong vd nguai sir
^ Truang dai hoc Lao dgng - Xa hoi: Gido trinh quan he lao dgng, Nxb Lao dong - Xa hoi. Ha Noi 2008, tr.9

"^ va khai niem'quan he lao dpng/quan he cong nghiep c6 the xem them: David Macdonal & Caroline Vandenabieele:
Thuat ngu quan he cong nghiep va cac khai niem lien quan, ILO/EASMAT, Ha Noi, 11/1997, tr.6.

13


dung lao dong tgi nai lam viec, ciing nhu cdc moi quan he giita cdc dgi dien ciia ho
vai Nhd nuac. Nhirng moi quan he nhu the xoay quanh cdc khia cgnh lugt phdp,
kinh te, xa hoi hoc vd tdm ly hoc vd bao gom cd nhirng vdn de nhu tuyen mo, thue
muon, sap xep cong viec, dao tgo, ky lugt, thang chirc, buoc thoi viec, kit thuc hgp
dong, lam ngoai gia, tien thuang, phdn chia lai nhugn, gido due, y te, ve sinh, gidi
tri, cho a, gia lam viec, nghi ngai, nghi phep, cdc vdn de phuc lai cho nguai that
nghiep, dm dau, tai ngn, tuoi cao vd tan tat .
L2. Tinh chat cua quan he lao dong
Quan he lao dong la mot quan he dac biet mang "tinh luang phan", the hien cu
the nhu sau:
a. Quan he lao dong vira la mot quan he kinh te viva la mot quan he xa hoi.
Truoc het, quan he lao dong la mot quan he kinh te: cac ben tham gia quan he deu
nham dat dugc nhijmg Igi ich kinh te nhat dinh:
- Doi voi ben nguoi lao dong thi Igi ich kirih te la tien luong (hoac la thu
nhap) va cac Igi ich c6 tinh chat phiic Igi khac.
- Doi voi ben nguoi sii dung lao dong thi Igi ich kinh te la Igi nhuan va cac Igi
ich khac.
- VS phia nha nuoc, mot ben dac biet ciia quan he lao dong, thong qua Igi ich
kinh te ciia cac ben ma tim thay loi ich ciia minh. Do c6 the la tien thue do cac ben
dong gop hoac la giam thieu cac thiet hai kinh te do cac tranh chap lao dong co the
gay ra.
Quan he lao dong con la mot quan he xa hoi. Tinh chat xa hoi cua quan he lao
dong thi hien truoc hit a phia nguoi lao dong. Hop dong lao dong, bieu hien ve mat
hinh thuc phap ly ciia quan he lao dong, thuc ch4t la hgp d6ng "mua ban sue lao

dong" cua nguoi lao dong. Ma sue lao dong lai la mot loai hang hoa dac biet. Tinh
chit dac biet cua hang hoa sue lao dong the hien a cho.- thir nhdt, sue lao dong
khong tach roi nguoi ban; thu hai, trong qua trinh su dung sue lao dong (khai thac
sue lao dong) no co th8 tao ra nhung gia tri Ion hon chinh ban than no. Vi vay, trong
qua trinh su dung sue lao dong cua nguoi lao dong, mot nguyen tac ma nguoi su
dung lao dong c4n phai tuan thu la ton trong ve mat danh du, nhan each cua nguoi
lao dong va khong dugc khai thac sue lao dong mot each qua dang.
r

* r

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'

'

t

'

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'

Nhirng vSn dS nhu viec lam, that nghiep, thuong lugng, dinh cong, be

xuong... deu la nhung vin dl xa hoi rong Ion, no lien quan din quyin Igi ciia chang
nhung dli voi s6 dong nguoi lao dong ma ca voi nguoi su dung lao dong, ciing nhu
ciia toan xa hoi. Co nhan thuc diing va dSy dii dugc tinh ch4t xa hoi ton tai song

14


hanh cung voi tinh chat kinh te ciia quan he lao dong moi co the co nhiing ung xu
phu hgp, nhat la co bien phap giai quyet thoa dang, mot khi co nhiing van de phat
sinh.
b. Quan he lao dong vira la mot quan he cd nhdn vira Id mot quan he tap the.
Tinh chat ca nhan ciia quan he lao dong xuat phat tir cho lao dong la hoat dong ciia
moi ca nhan. Va lai, hgp dong lao dong - co so phap ly ciia moi quan he lao dong ca
nhan - ciing la timg hgp dong rieng le ky ket giiia nguoi lao dong va nguai sii dung
lao dong. Tuy nhien, qua trinh lao dong, nhat la lao dong trong moi truang cong
nghiep hien dai, lai la nhiing hoat dong chung, dien ra giua so dong nguoi. Nhieu
nguoi lao dong cung lam viec cho mot nguoi sii dung lao dong thi se hinh thanh nen
mot tap thi lao dong. Ma da la mot tap th§ thi can co nguoi dai dien, cung nhu the
thuc de cii ra nguoi dai dien cho ca tap the. Sii dung quyen tu do lien ket (hay tu do
hiep hoi), cac tap thi lao dong hinh thanh nen cac hiep hoi ciia minh. Den lugt minh,
cac hiep hoi nay se dung ra bao ve quyen Igi cho nguai lao dong ma neu rieng le thi
ho se khong thi dat dugc vi khong c6 dii sue manh dl doi trong ve vi the va mac ca
ve Igi ich voi nguoi su dung lao dong. Kit qua ciia cac cuoc thuong lugng, mac ca
giua tap thi nguoi lao dong (ma nguoi dai dien thuang la cac to chuc cong doan) va
nguoi sii dung lao dong (la ca nhan hoac la hiep hoi ciia ho) la su ra doi cac ban thoa
uac lao dong tap the.
Tinh tap thi ciia quan he lao dong, xet ve phia nguai lao dong, co the the hien
duoi cac hinh thuc:
- Tap thi nguoi lao dong trong mot doanh nghiep (hay dan vi bo phan ciia
doanh nghiep)

- Tap thi lao dong trong mot nganh kinh te
- Tap the lao dong trong mot quoc gia
- Tap thi lao dong xuyen quoc gia
Tinh chat tap thi ciia nguai sii dung lao dong, do co c4u noi tai ciia no cho
thiy khong phai luc nao ciing r5 rang va cSn thilt bang ben nguoi lao dong. Nguoi
sir dung lao dong co thi la ca nhan song cung co thi la tap thi va neu la tap the thi
hg cGng phai c6 ca chi dl chgn nguoi dai dien cua minh khi tham gia vao moi quan
he song phuang hoac da phuang.
Viec phan biet tinh chk ca nhan va tap thi ciia quan he lao dong la can thiet
nhung dii sao cung chi la tuang d6i. Thuc tien, co su dan xen va chuyen hoa giua
tinh ch4t cac nhan va tinh chk tap thi trong quan he lao dong. Song, c6 phan biet
dugc tinh ca nhan va tinh tap thi ciia quan he lao dong cung nhu co che chuyen hoa
giiia hai tinh chk nay thi mai co can cu xac dang dl xay dung cac chinh sach, phap
luat nham dilu chinh mot each c6 hieu qua chiing trong thuc tien dai song.
15


c. Quan he lao dong vira mdu thuan vira thong nhdt ve lai ich. Xet tren binh
dien cue bo thi hai ben ciia quan he lao dong co mau thuan ve Igi ich. Nhu tren da
phan tich, Igi ich kinh te thiet than ma nguoi lao dong nham tai, chii yeu va truoc
het, la tien luong (hoac thu nhap) cao, va cac Igi ich khac, nhu an toan va ve sinh
7

trong moi truang lam viec... Con Igi ich ma nguoi su dung lao dong theo duoi la Igi
nhuan toi da. Hai Igi ich kinh te trai chieu nay co xu huong lam cho hai ben quan he
lao dong c6 mau thuan va khi gap dip co the bung no thanh xung dot, tranh chap.
Tuy nhien, xet tren binh dien toan cue thi Igi ich ciia hai ben quan he lao dong
lai la thong nhat. Noi mot each khac la ca hai ben quan he c6 mot Igi ich chung. Day
chinh la cau chuyen hoac triet ly ve "chiec banh Igi ich", hay "chiec thuyen Igi ich"
da dugc cac hgc gia phan tich trong nhieu tai lieu. He qua la, thay cho viec gianh

giat Igi ich cue bg thi hay chung sue de lam cho chiec banh Igi ich Ian len, hoac lam
cho chiec thuyen Igi ich tien len thi ben nao cung c6 phan han. Chinh Igi ich chung
nay da lam cho cac ben c6 xu huong doan ket vai nhau, coi nhau nhu cac "doi tac xa
hoi" cSn phai hgp tac voi nhau, chu khong phai la nhiing "doi thii" can phai tieu diet
nhau.
d. Quan he lao dong vua hinh dang vica khong binh dang. Quan he lao dong la
binh dang vi tham gia hay khong tham gia quan he lao dong la tu do, the hien y chi
hoan toan tu nguyen ciia ca hai ben. Hgp dong lao dong ca nhan hay thoa uoc lao
dong tap thi, la kit qua ciia nhiing thoa thuan 4y, vl mat phap ly la co tinh chat song
phuang: quyIn ben nay la nghia vu ciia ben kia va ngugc lai.
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Tuy nhien, xem xet ky thi quan he lao dong khong hoan toan birih dang giGa
hai ben nguai lao dong va nguoi su dung ca tren phuang dien kinh te va phuang
dien phap ly. Vl kinh tl, nguoi lao dong thuang la lep vl so voi nguai sii dung lao
dong: nguai sii dung lao dong la nhiing ong chii c6 mot khoi tai san thuong la Ion,
lai CO trinh do quan ly thuang la kha cao, con nguai lao dong thi thuang chi co sue
lao dong cdn phai "ban" dl kilm sing, co tu do chang thi chi la tir do ban cho bat ky
ai ckn. Do la chua noi din trong thuc tien doi sing, nan that nghiep - ban dong hanh
ciia kinh tl thi truong tu do, cang khiln cho vi thi nguai lao dong them bap benh.
D I CO viec lam va giii dugc noi lam viec nguai lao dong thuang co tam ly chap nhan
nhung thua thiet nhat dinh. Nam bat dugc tam ly nay, nguai sii dung lao dong cang
ep hg phai lam viec trong nhiing dilu kien cong xa re mat va thuang la khong an
toan.
v l mat phap ly, thi phap luat cho phep nguoi sii dung lao dong khai thac siic
lao dong ciia nguoi lao dong phu hgp vai muc tieu san xuat kinh doanh ciia ho. Noi
mot each khac, nguai sii dung lao dong co toan quyen t l chiic va dieu hanh qua trinh
lao dong ciia nguoi lao dong, kl ca ky luat sa thai hg, mien la phu hgp voi cac dieu

kien iuat dinh. Nguai lao dong lam cong viec gi, 6 dau, luang lau va dieu kien an
16


toan, ve sir^ nai lam viec tren thuc tl khong phai luc nao cung hoan toan trung hap
voi nhung dieu khoan da thoa thuan truac trong hgp ddng lao dong.
^
Sir khong hoan toan binh ding ciia quan he lao dong, nhu da phan tich tren
yeu cau nguai lao dong khi giao ket hgp d6ng lao dong cSn hilu ro vi thi ciia minh
de co nhung doi sach can thiet (chang han nhu sir trg giiip ciia t l chuc cong doan)
nioi mong do bi thua thiet. Con ca quan co thim quyIn khi hoach dinh ehinh sach
che dinh phap luat cung can luu y den tinh chit nay ciia quan he lao dong dl bao
dam sir can bang tuang doi vi the ciia cac ben trong quan he lao dong.
1.3. Phan logi quan he lao dong
Viec phan loai quan he lao dong co thi thuc hien dua tren nhiing tieu chi lay
lam can cii. Nhu vay, se co nhilu each phan loai khac nhau, cu thi:
- Neu can cii vao chu thi tham gia quan he, c6 quan he hai ben: giiia nguai
lao dong va nguai sii dung lao dong; hoac quan he ba ben: giua dai dien nguai lao
dong, dai dien nguoi sii dung lao dong va chinh phii.
^ - Neu can cii vao noi dung cua quan he, co quan he vl viec lam, quan he hoc
nghe, quan he bao hilm xa hoi, quan he vl bli thuang thiet hai, quan he ve giai
quyet tranh chap...
- Neu can cii vao trinh tu cua quan he, co quan he "tien lao dong" (hoe nghi,
thur viec); quan he "trong lao dong" (quan he ve tiln luong, thoi gio lam viec thai
gio nghi ngai, an toan ve sinh lao dong, ky luat lao dong...); quan he "hau lao dong"
(quan he bao hiem xa hoi).
- Neu can cii vao cap quan he, co quan he clp doanh nghiep (hoac bo phan
doanh nghiep); quan he cap tren doanh nghiep (eSp tinh hoac khu vuc); quan he d p
nganh, quan he cap quoc gia, va quan he xuyen qu6c gia.
r

- Neu can cu vao vi tri ciia quan he, co quan he lao dong va quan he lien quan
true tiep voi quan he lao dong (la phai sinh ciia quan he lao dong) nhu quan he viec
lam va hgc nghe, quan he boi thuang thiet hai vat ch4t, quan he bao hilm xa hoi...
- Neu can cu vao quy mo ciia quan he, co quan he lao dong ca nhan va quan
he lao dong tap the.
- Neu can cu vao tinh phdp ly, co quan he kinh te-lao dong va quan he phap
luat lao dong.
Tren day ciing chi la mot each phan loai quan he lao dong, co the c6 nhieu
each jjhan
ph loai khac dua tren cac tieu chi khac. Hon nua, cac tieu chi lay lam can cii
phan loai tren dau sao cung chi la tuang doi. Du vay, su phan loai tren cung giiip cho
nguoi nghien cuu nhan dien, nam bat tirng moi quan he trong ca he thong cac moi
quan he lao dong phong phii va kha phiic tap. Dieu quan trong la, ket qua phan loai


se la CO so de ca quan c6 tham quyen va co trach nhiem co can cu dua ra nhung
chinh sach, bien phap xii ly thich dang, phii hgp voi tirng mat, timg noi dung ciia
moi quan he trong timg truang hgp cu the.
L4. Bieu kien xac lap va van hdnh quan he lao dong
Quan he lao dong chi c6 the xac lap va van hanh mot each co hieu qua khi
thoa man nhiing dieu kien nhat dinh, neu khong se khong co quan he lao dong hoac
la CO mot each hinh thuc. Cu the cac dieu kien do bao gom:
Thir nhdt, phai co mot nen kinh te thi truang cong nghiep hoa. Day la dieu
kien tien quyet de quan he lao dong c6 the thiet lap va van hanh theo diing nghia. Co
che thi truang xac lap cac tieu chi tu do kinh te, nhu tu do mua ban, tu do thuang
lugng, ke ca tu do mua ban sue lao dong..., con nen cong nghiep la co so kinh te-xa
hoi cho su hinh thanh, ton tai thuc su "cac ben" ciia quan he lao dong. Dieu nay cat
nghia vi sao trong mot nen kinh te nong nghiep thi khong the ton tai cac ben: "nguai
lao dong" va "nguoi sii dung lao dong", theo nghia hien dai ciia thuat ngu nay, cung

nhu cac hiep hoi ciia no. Con trong cac nen kinh te to chiic va van hanh theo nguyen
tac ke hoach tap trung, thi mac dii co dai cong nghiep co khi, van khong ton tai cac
thuat ngu nhu hang hoa sue lao dong, thuong lugng, mac ca hay dinh cong, be
xuong... Noi mot each khac, kinh te thi truang cong nghiep hoa la co so kinh te-xa
hoi ciia quan he lao dong.
Thir hai, cac ben ciia quan he lao dong phai doc lap voi nhau. Doi voi quan he
lao dong ca nhan thi dieu kien phai co nguoi lao dong va nguoi sii dung lao dong thi
h§u nhu la duong nhien, it gay tranh cai. Song, dieu kien nay lai khong de thoa man
dii voi quan he lao dong tap thi. 6 cac quoc gia cong nghiep c6 thi truong lao dong
phat triln thi v4n dl t l chiic dai dien ciia nguoi lao dong va nguai sir dung lao dong
it gay tranh cai, tham chi 6 mot so nuoc da tra thanh tap quan, thanh thong le. Tuy
nhien, o cac nuoc chua phat trien hoac dang phat trien, nhat la o noi ma nen kinh te
da timg mot thoi van hanh theo co che hanh chinh bao cap thi ben "to chiic nguoi sir
dung lao dong" thuong la khong ro rang, hoac la khong day du. Con to chirc cua
nguoi lao dong, thuong do cong doan dai dien, thi co minh dinh hon nhung thuong
cung khong thoa man ddy du dilu kien ve tu do canh tranh, ciing nhu chirc nang va
phuang thuc hoat dong.
Chang nhirng cac ben ciia quan he phai ton tai thuc sir ma con phai doc lap
vai nhau vl tl chiic va hoat dong. Khong ben nao dugc can thiep vao viec to chiic
dilu hanh va quan ly noi bo cua phia ben kia, dac biet la sir can thiep tir phia nguoi
sir dung lao dong vao t l chirc ciia nguoi lao dong bang sire ep kinh te hoac bang bat
ky hinh thirc nao khac.
Thif ba, cac t l chirc dai dien cua cac ben phai du manh va^co ky nang dam
phan, thuang lugng. Quan he'lao dong vira thing nh4t vira mau thuSn ve Igi ich, nen
18


qua tmh van hanh quan he .lao dong cQng la qua trinh vira hgp tac vira ddu tranh vol
nhau de nham dat toi muc tieu chung, trong do cac ben cung co loi. Vl mat phap ly
cai cong cu chii yeu ma cac ben thuang sii dung la thuang luong va ky kit thoa uac

tap the. La mot san pham dac biet va kha diln hinh ciia kinh tl thi truang, mot ban
thoa uoc tap the co chat lugng ching nhung khiln cho m6i quan he' lao dong hki hoa
ma con tao dieu kien tan dung cac nguin luc (bang sir kit hgp giua siic lao dong va
tu ban cung voi trinh do quan ly) khoi day tli da cac tiem nang ciia doanh nghiep
cung nhu ciia dat nuoc vao sir phat triln kinh tl va 6n dinh xa hoi. Dl c6 mot bin
thoa uoc CO chat lugng, cung nhu dl van hanh suon se m6i quan he lao dong ck nhan
va tap the, doi hoi cac ben ngoai viec phai tdn tai thuc sir va dgc lap v6i nhau con
phai CO thuc lire du manh (ca vl s6 lugng va chat lugng ciia t6 chiic) va phai co kiln
thiie va ky nang dam phan, thuong lugng. Nhung kiln thiic va ky nang nay khong
phai tu nhien co dugc ma la kit qua ciia qua trinh dao tao, hgc hoi, tich luy cung nhu
thuc hanh thuong xuyen.
Thu tu, phai co co che van hanh cho quan he lao dong. Do la co chi hai ben
va CO che ba ben, noi dSy dii la eo chi "hgp tac hai ben" va "hgp tac ba ben". Vl
mat ly thuyet, co che hai ben dugc hilu la "bdt ky mot qud trinh ndo md bdng cdch
do nhimg su dan xep hap tdc true tiep giua nguai su dung lao dong vd nguai lao
dong (hoac giua cdc to chuc cua ho) duac thanh lap, duac khuyen khich vd duac tdn
thanh ". Con co che ba ben la "su tuang tdc tich cue cua Chinh phu, nguai su dung
lao dong vd nguai lao dong (qua cdc dai dien cua ho) nhu la cdc ben binh ddng vd
dgc lap trong cdc co gang tim kiem gidi phdp cho cdc vdn di ciing quan tdm. Mot
qud trinh ba ben co the bao gom viec tham khdo y kien, thuang thuyit vd/hoqc cung
ra quyet dinh, phu thuoc vao cdch thuc da duac nhdt tri giira cdc ben lien quan.
Nhimg each thuc nay co the la dgc biet theo timg vu viec hoac duac thi chi h6a"\
Hai CO che nay tuy thanh phan cac ben ciing nhu thi thiic van hanh eo nhiing dilm
khac nhau, song giiia chiing lai co moi quan he chat che voi nhau, va vl thuc chat,
chiing chi bieu hien o cac cap do khac nhau ve sir tham gia ciia cac chu thi. Co chi
hai ben hoac ba ben, neu duoc van hanh suon se, co the dat duoc su can bang ve loi
ich song phuong (Igi ich nguoi lao dong va Igi ich nguoi sir dung lao dong hoac to
chiic dai dien cua hg) hoac la Igi ich tam phuang (Igi ich nguoi lao dong, nguoi su
dung lao dong va Igi ich cua nha nuoc), giam thieu xung dot, tranh chap, thuc day
doanh nghiep, quoc gia phat trien trong the on djnh va ben vung.

1.5. Cdc nguyen tdc van hdnh quan he lao dong

^ David Macdonal & Caroline Vandenabieele: Thutil ngu quan he cong nghiep va cdc khdi niem lien quan,
ILO/EASMAT, Ha Npi, 11/1997, tr.5, 7

19


De quan he lao dong dien ra suon se va dat hieu qua cao thi no phai tuan thu
cac nguyen tic nhdt dinh. Cac nguyen tic nay khong co gi khac la nhung tu tuang
chu dao chi phoi toan bg qua trinh t l chuc va van hanh quan he lao dong.
a. Nguyen tac binh dang giira cdc ben. Nguyen tac nay doi hoi khong chi binh
dang trong cac moi quan he "song phuang" diln ra giira nguoi lao dong va nguoi sir
dung lao dong, cung nhu su binh dang giOa t6 chuc dai dien cua hg. Them nua, day
con la sir binh dang trong moi quan he "tam phuong" dien ra giiia cac to chuc dai
dien nguoi lao dong va cua nguai sir dung lao dong voi chinh phii (dai dien cho Nha
nuoc). Nguyen tac binh dang trong quan he lao dong rat quan trong vi no la co so de
van hanh cac nguyen tac khac nhu hgp tac, thoa thuan. Co binh dang thi cac ben moi
ton trong nhau, coi nhau nhu nhung "doi tac" de dam phan, thuang lugng va ket qua
thuang lugng moi phan anh trung thuc va day du y chi da dugc dung hoa giira cac
ben.
Tuy nhien, ciing khong nen tuyet doi hoa nguyen tac binh dang trong quan he
lao dong. Sir khac biet ve sue manh kinh te, ve vi tri chinh tri giiia cac ben trong
quan he lao dong la mot thuc te. Song, khi da la cac doi tac cua nhau de ciing tien
hanh dam phan, thuang lugng vi nhiing muc tieu chung, thi cac ben phai binh dang,
r

\

r

t

r

chi it la ve mat nguyen tac. Khong nhu the thi se khong the co moi quan he lao dong
hai hoa va lanh manh, chir dimg noi den ben viing va phat trien.
b. Nguyen tac hop tdc. Mot trong nhung tinh chat cua quan he lao dong, nhu
da phan tich, la vira mau thuan vira thong nhat ve riiat Igi ich. Su mau thuan khien
r

r

f

r

cac ben dau tranh voi nhau, mat thong nhat khien cac ben hgp tac voi nhau. Song,
xet ve toan cue, sir hgp tac phai la chu dao vi chi c6 nhu the thi quan he lao dong
moi on dinh lau dai va phat trien ben virng. Quan he lao dong co on dinh va phat
trien thi cac ben moi dat dugc muc tieu rieng ciia minh tren co so cua muc tieu
chung. Nguyen tic hgp tac giira cac ben cua qua he lao dong tao dong luc cho viec
phat huy va hoi tu dugc cac nguon lire o binh dien doanh nghiep, ben tren doanh
nghiep, ciing nhu binh dien quoc gia.
Nguyen tic hgp tac, hilu theo nghia ly tuang, doi hoi cac ben "ba cimg" la
ciing ban bac, cimg quySt dinh va ciing thuc hien. Con a mire do thap, thi hgp tac co
nghTa la mot ben (thuong la nguoi sir dung lao dong hoac chinh phii) tham khao y
kiln cua ben kia truoc khi ra quylt dinh. D I sir tham khao thuc sir c6 y nghia, ben
tham khao da danh la phai co thien chi thuc su, ben dugc tham khao cung phai co
thien chi dap irng tuong tu.

c. Nguyen tdc thuang luang. Thuang lugng, voi nghTa chung nhat la cac ben
ngoi voi nhau voi muc tieu la nhim tim kilm mot thoa thuan chung ma cac ben diu
chip nhan dugc. Trong quan he lao dong dam phan, thuang lugng (thuang la giua
hai ben hoac ba ben) dugc coi la nguyen tic quan trgng di liln voi nguyen tac hgp
20


tac. Thuang lugng, ve ban chat, la mot qua trinh vira hgp tac vira diu tranh voi
nhau. Co coi nhau nhu cac doi tac xa hoi thi cac ben moi c6 thien chi ton trong nhau,
cung ngoi voi nhau de dam phan, thuang lugng. Va thuang lugng chinh la qua trinh
dau tranh, thuyet phuc va nhan nhugng voi nhau nham nit ngan nhirng bat dong,
khac biet de di tai cac giai phap chung. Tiiy timg cap do va noi dung thuong lugng
ma giai phap chung do co the la mot ban thoa uac tap the a cap doanh nghiep, cap
nganh... hoac co the la mot van de can dieu chinh nhu mire tien luong, tien thuang,
thai gian lam viec...
Khac voi cac cuoc thuong lugng thong thuang dien ra mot Ian la xong,
thuong lugng trong quan he lao dong dien ra thuang xuyen, tham chi lap lai theo
dinh ky nhu viec thuong lugng va ky ket thoa uac tap the. Do vay, de thuang lugng
dat dugc ket qua doi hoi cac ben tham gia khong chi c6 thien chi ma ca ky nang dam
phan niia. Mot dieu khuyen nen nha trong moi cuoc thuang lugng la: "Ban khong
the luon luon nhan dugc nhirng gi ban muon. Nhung neu ban co gang thi doi khi,
ban ciing se tim dugc nhiing gi ban can". Nhu vay, ro rang la trong thuang lugng cac
ben can ton trong nguyen tac "Win-Wm", hay cac ben cimg co Igi.
1.6. Luge suphdt trien quan he lao dong
a. Quan he lao dong thai ky tien kinh te thi truang. Neu hieu quan he lao dong
theo each rong nhat, la quan he giiia con nguoi voi con nguoi trong qua trinh lao
dong thi quan he lao dong c6 tir rat som, ngay tir khi xuat hien loai nguoi. Co con
nguoi ciing lao dong miru sinh voi nhau thi dong thoi ciing c6 quan he lao dong. Tuy
nhien, trong cac xa hoi khac nhau, do co sir chiem him khac nhau doi voi tu lieu san
xuat, thi each thuc to chuc san xuat cung khac nhau va quan he lao dong tieu bieu

thich ung voi no ciing mang tinh chat khac biet nhau.
0 xa hoi cong san nguyen thuy, vao buoi so khai cua loai nguoi, san xuat gan
liln voi moi truang tu nhien thi to chirc lao dong dua tren nguyen tac "ba ciing":
ciing diing, ciing lam va ciing huong. Chua c6 to chirc nha nuoc do vay cung khong
CO luat phap. Tu giac va binh dang, tat nhien la theo kieu cua cong xa, la nhung quy
tic img xir giua cac thanh vien cua cong xa trong lao dong ciing nhu phan phoi san
pham cua lao dong. Co quyen luc va cuong che doi voi mot so thanh vien nao do
cua cong xa, song do la quyIn lire dua tren uy tin ciia ca nhan cac toe truang va su
cuong chi dua tren du luan cua tap the cong dong nguoi.
Trong xa hoi chilm hiru no le, chu no c6 quyen v6 han va tuyet doi doi voi no
le va thanh vien gia dinh ho. Nhimg nguoi no le tuy chiem so dong va lam ra moi
cua cai cho xa hoi nhung chi dugc chu no coi la "cong cu biet noi" ben canh ^'cong
cu cam" va "cong cu nira bilt noi". Quan he lao dong giira chii no va no le - quan he
dac trung cho xa hoi nay - la quan he cuong buc true tiep bang roi vgt. Moi thanh
qua ciia lao dong, k l ca ban than nguoi no le cung nhu vg con ho, cung deu thuoc so
21


huu ciia chu no. Nha nuoc no le, voi nhung quy dinh luat phap v6 ciing ha khac ciia
no, da hop phap hoa chi do cuong biic lao dong tan nhan ciia chii no doi voi no le.
Sang xa hoi phong kiln, dia vi ciia nguoi nong no du sao ciing co kha hon no
le, song s6 dong nguoi nong dan van bi phu thuoc vao chiia phong kien, nhumg chiia
dat. Trong nin kinh tl tu cung tu edp, nhin bl ngoai nguoi nong dan c6 ve tu do, ho
CO thi cay cu6c tren manh dit ciia minh hay lam thue cho lanh chiia. Du vay, nguoi
nong dan van khong thoat dugc kilp lao dong cuong biic true tiep hay gian tiep va
bi boc lot tham te bang dia to (tiln hay hien vat) va bang cac hinh thiic lao dich
khac. Phap luat phong kiln la cong cu huu hieu trong tay chiia phong kiln de duy tri
quan he lao dong phong kiln, ma dac trung diln hinh la quan he phu thuoc ciia
nguoi nong dan duoi nhilu hinh thiic khac nhau vao cac chiia phong kien.
b. Quan he lao dong trong kinh ti thi truang. Sir phan cong lao dong va trao

dii hang hoa, dich vu som phat triln a cac nuoc chau Au vao the ky thii 15-16 da
thiic day sir ra dai va phat triln kinh tl hang hoa. Trai voi nIn kinh tl tu nhien hay tu
cung tu cap truoc do, trong nIn kinh tl hang hoa nguoi ta tu do trap dii hang hoa
tren co so gia ca ciia thi truong, kl ca hang hoa siic lao dong. Giai cdp tu san a Tay
Au va Bac My, con de cua nen kinh tl san xudt hang hoa, ngay cang Ion manh da laii
lugt lam cuoc each mang tu san lat d l chi do phong kien vao the ky thii 16 -18. Che
do tu ban ra dai danh dau mot buoc tiln bo vT dai trong lich su nhan loai.
Cuoc Cach mang cong nghiep dien ra vao cuoi thi ky 18 dau the ky thii 19^
khoi dau tir nuoc Anh rli Ian ra toan chau Au va Bac My, da lam thay doi bo mat the
giai. Nin kinh tl san xudt hang hoa gian don, quy mo nho, dua tren lao dong thu
cong duoc thay thi bang cong nghiep va chi tao may moc quy mo Ian. Qua trinh
cong nghiep hoa va cung ding thai la qua trinh do thi hoa dien ra nhanh ehong da
chang nhung da cho ra dai giai cip tu san ma con khai sinh ra "nguoi anh em siiJi
doi" cua no la doi quan v6 san dong dao - nhung nguai lao dong lam thue. Mot moi
quan he lao dong moi ra doi, mang d4u 4n ciia t l chiic lao dong cong nghiep, la moi
quan he "chu-tho", hay mli quan he "lam cong huong luong". Trong giai doan canh
tranh tu ban tu do, bi giai chii boc lot tham te nen giai cap cong nhan lien da hen ket
voi nhau dau" tranh doi phai cai thien dilu kien lao dong. Nhieu cuoc dinh cong,
tranh dau n l ra khip ca chau Au va Bac My din mot miic ma nha nuac tu san buoc
phai can thiep bang luat phap vao moi quan he chii thg.
Mli quan he lao dong lam cong huong luong moi dSu chii ylu dugc dieu
chinh bang cac quy dinh ciia luat dan sir, duoi hinh thiic hgp dong thue muon djch
vu Tuy nhien, do su phat triln ciia mli quan he lao dong nay cung yai nhung dac
dilm rieng vl chii thi (ben canh ca nhan nguai lao dong con co tap the lao dong ma
nguai dai dien la cong doan) cung nhu each thiic t l chiic lao dong (quan he lao dong
diln ra thuong la lau dai, trong do nguai lao dong phu thuoc vao su dieu hanh cua
22


nguoi su dung lao dong) ma cai ao phap ly cua luat dan su ngay cang to ra khong

con thich hgp. Hgp dong lao dong ra doi thay the cho hgp dong dich vu dan sir truoc
do, va ciing voi no, mot nganh luat non tre ciing din hinh thanh vao cu6i thi ky thu
19 - nganh luat lao dong.
Thai ky dau, phap luat lao dong chi moi dan gian la nhiing quy dinh vl dieu
kien lao dong, sau do moi mo rong sang cac linh vuc khac. Nuoc Anh di diu trong
cuoc each mang cong nghiep ciing la nuoc som ban hanh phap luat ve lao dong. Mot
dao luat ve bao ve sue khoe va tinh than cua nguai lao dong trong cac nha may det
da dugc Quoc hoi nuoc nay thong qua vao nam 1802, tiep den la Luat cong xuong
(1833) quy dinh ve ngay lam viec 15 gio doi voi lao dong nguoi li5rn, 12 gio doi voi
lao dong tir 13 den 18 tuoi va 8 gio doi vai lao dong tir 9 den 12 tuoi, dong thai cam
su dung nguoi duoi 18 tuoi lam dem, Quy che ve tien luong toi thieu da dugc ban
hanh o Tan Tay Ian (1884), 6 Oxtralia (1898), a Anh (1909), My (1913)," Phap
(1915), Che do bao hiem xa hoi Ian dau tien dugc thiet lap a Due trong khoang thoi
gian tir 1883-1889 de trg giiip nguoi lam cong an luong do gap riii ro ma bi giam siit
hoac mat thu nhap voi sir tham gia cua ba ben: nguoi lao dong, nguoi sir dung lao
dong va chinh phu. Kinh nghiem cua Due da kich thich cac quoc gia khac tren the
gioi thiet lap che do bao hiem xa hoi 6 nuoc minh. Mot dao luat ve cong doan ciing
som dugc ban hanh tai Anh vao nam 1871...
Khi To chirc lao dong quoc te (ILO) ra doi vao nam 1919 thi quan he lao dong
da mang mot sac thai moi do la quan he ba ben: nguoi lao dong (ma dai dien la to
chirc cong doan) nguoi sir dung lao dong (ma to chuc dien la cac hiep hoi) va chinh
phii. Voi tu each la mot to chuc lien chinh phu, ILO da dieu tiet quan he lao dong
thong qua cac tieu chuan quoc te ve lao dong chua dung trong nhirng cong uoc va
khuyen nghi ma to chuc nay thong qua, nham toi muc tieu dugc xem nhu chan ly
dugc ghi trong Hien chuang cua to chiic nay la "mot nen hoa binh bao quat va ben
vimg chi co the xay dung tren co so cong bang xa hoi".
c. Quan he lao dong trong kinh te ke hoach hoa tap trung. Trong he thong cac
nuoc XHCN truoc day bao gom Lien X6 (cii) va cac nuoc Dong Au nhu CHDC
Diic, Tiep Khac, Ba Lan, Bungari, Hungari, Trung Quic, Viet Nam... nen kinh te
dugc van hanh theo co chi ke hoach hoa tap trung bao cap. Quan he lao dong chii

ylu dugc thilt lap giiia nguoi lao dong va cac doanh nghiep nha nuoc (cac xi
nghiep, nong lam truong...) ciing chiu su chi phoi ciia co che kinh te ke hoach tap
trung bao cap. Theo do, nha nuoc, voi tu each la nguoi so hiiu Ion nhat, cung dong
thai la nguoi su dung lao dong Ion nhdt, thong qua giam die xi nghiep, cong nong
lam truang tiln hanh tuyin dung lao dong vao lam viec voi danh nghia la cong nhan
vien chiic thuoc "bien chi nha nuoc". Moi van dl trong quan he lao dong nhu viec
lam, tiln luong, bao hilm xa hoi... dIu do nha nuoc bao dam thuc hien thong qua ca
chi bao cap. Co t l chiic cong doan trong cac co quan, xi nghiep, song chi hoat dong
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