(Luận văn thạc sĩ) tìm hiểu nhu cầu giáo dục tiếng mẹ đẻ của các dân tộc thiểu số ở malaysia

BO GIAO DUG VA DAO TAO
DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI
TRL/CJNG DAI HOC KHOA HOC XA HOI VA NHAN VAN

LE MINH HA

TIM fflEU NHU CAU GIAO DUC
TIENG ME DE CUA CAC DAN TOC THIEU SO
d MALAYSIA

LUAN VAN THAC SI NGON NGlT HOC

Chuydn nganh: Ngon ngff cac dan toe Dong Nam A
Ma so: 5.04.25

Hl/CfNG D A N KHOA HOC
Pho Gido sii-Tien si
TRAN TRI DOT

NGUCJI

r:

1

i!-'.

i/
HA NOI, 2003

\i-vL\An

Ldl CAM ON

Toi xin bay to long cam an sdu sac tdi Pho Gido sK-Tien sT Trdn Tri Doi da
tan tinh giiip dd vd dong gop nhieu y kien quy bdu cho ban ludn van cua toi. Toi
Cling xin chdn thdnh cam cfn gia dinh vd be ban dd dong vien, giup dd vd tqo mgi
dieu kien de toi hodn thdnh ban ludn van ndy.
Ban ludn van ndy chdc chdn khong trdnh khoi khiem khuyet, kinh mong quy
thdy CO vd doc gia lUdng thii, dong thdi chi ra nhQng thieu sot can khac phuc de
nhOng cong trinh nghien cvtu sau ndy dKcfc thUc hien tot hcfn.


MUC LUC
Trang
MUC LUC
BANG KE N H C N G C H O VIET TAT
PHAN Md DAU
Chtfdng I: NHLfNG VAN DE CHUNG VE CHINH SACH NGON N G O
CUA MALAYSIA
I. Khai quat ve tinh hinh kinh te-xa hoi d Malaysia sau khi gianh doc lap
(1957) den nay
1) Malaysia la quoc gia da dan toe, da ngon ngff
2) Tinh hinh kinh te-xa hoi d Malaysia tff 1957 den nay
II. Chinh sach Ngon ngff cua Malaysia
1) Tieng Melayu trS thanh Ngon ngff Quoc gia
a) Chinh sach Giao due Quoc gia va mot so chinh sach xa hoi
khac h5 trd cho ngon ngff quo^c gia
b) Chinh sach Ngon ngff Quoc gia difdc tien hanh tffng bffcfe,
than trong va khon kheo

c) Tieng Melayu diTdc md rong chffc nang xa hoi va pham vi siJ dung
2) Moi quan he giffa Ngon ngff Quoc gia va ngon ngff cac dan toe khac
3) Moi quan he giffa Ngon ngff Quoc gia va tieng Anh
Chrftfng II: TINH HINH GIANG DAY N H O N G NGON N G O DA SO
Cf MALAYSIA
I. Tie'ng Melayu vdi tuf each la ngon ngff quoc gia
1) Ngon ngff siJ dung trong cac ITnh viTc kiem soat cua dat nifde
va su* dung cf ca'p do chinh thffc
2) Ngon ngff giao tie'p giffa cac dan toe va cl cap do khong chinh thffe
II. Tieng Hoa
III. Tieng Tamil
IV. Tieng Anh
^
Chi/(/ng HI: TINH HINH GIANG DAY MOT VAI NGON N G 0 THIEU SO
6 MALAYSIA
L Kadazandusun
1) Cong dong Kadazandusun
2) Tieng Kadazandusun va tinh hinh giang day
3) Chuan hoa ngon ngff Kadazandusun
4) Cac van de va tu'dng lai cua giao due ngon ngff Kadazandusun
11. Iban
1) Cong dong Iban
2) Tie'ng Iban va tinh hinh giang day

1
5
5
5
9
12

13
14
16
18
19
22
26
26
26
29
33
38
44
52
52
52
53
54
55
57
57
57


3) Vai tro cua cac to chffc phi chinh phu trong viee phat trien tieng Iban
4) Cac van de va tufdng lai cua giao due ngon ngff Iban
IIl.Bidayuh
1) Cong dong Bidayuh
2) Tieng Bidayuh va tinh hinh giang day
3) Cac van de va tiTcfng lai cua giao due ngon ngff Bidayuh

IV.Murut
1) Cong dong Murut
2) Tieng Murut va tinh hinh giang day
V. OrangAsU
1) Ngifdi Orang Asli (tho dan)
2) Ngon ngff cua ngffdi Orang Asli va tinh hinh giang day
PHAN KET LUAN
T A I LIEU THAM K H A O CHINH
Phu luc 1: Dan so^theo toe ngiTdi - nam 2000 - Lien bang Malaysia
Phu luc 2: Thanh phan dan toe - Lien bang Malaysia
Phu luc 3: Cac ngon ngff d Malaysia
Phan Ban dao
Phan Sabah
Phan Sarawak
Phu luc 4: He tho^ng giao due quo'c gia Malaysia

59
60
61
61
62
64
65
65
66
70
70
71
75
81

85
87
89
89
92
97
102


BANG KE NHLfNG C H O VIET TAT

POL
H
L
SNN
DB
TGK
PN
SIL
DTDS

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

Pupils' Own Languages - ngon ngff cua hoe sinh
Bien the phu'dng ngff cao
Bie'n the phu'dng ngff thap
Songirdinoi
Diabancfftru
Ten goi khac
Phu'dng ngff
Vien Ngon ngff hoc Mua he
Dieu tra dan so'


77m hieu nhu cdu gido due tieng me de cita cac dan toe thieu so d Malaysia

PHAN Md DAU
L Tinh cap thie't cua de tai
Ngay nay, cac quo'c gia ddn ngff, ddn dan toe da trd thanh hien tu'dng hie'm hoi
tren the gidi. Qua trinh phan ra va sat nhap cac bo toe cung nhff lanh thd trong
lich sff, ehu nghia de quoc, Ian song di cU 6 at... da khien hau he't cac quoc gia
tren the gidi trcf thanh da ngff, da sac toe. Co chang sff khac nhau chi ve tinh chat
va mffe do. Trong do, Dong Nam A la khu vifc da ngff d mffe do cao.
Ngon ngff, nhff chung ta da biet, giff mot vi tri trung tam trong viee xac dinh va
nhan dien mot dan toe. No ra ddi eiing vdi viee hinh thanh dan toe va chi mat di
khi dan toe do bi diet vong hay bi dong hoa vao dan toe khac, danh mat di ban
sac cua minh. No luon luon la bieu tu'dng, niem tff hao va la "effu canh cuoi
Cling" trong viee eo gang giff gin ban sac cua mot dan toe. Bat ky hanh dong nao
lam phffdng hai den ngon ngff deu lam ton thffdng long i\X ai dan toe, va do la mot
trong nhieu ly do dan den nhffng xung dot sac toe dam mau trong Ijch suf ma ta da
tffng dffde biet. Ngon ngff, do do, luon luon la van de nhay cam d cac quoc gia da
dan toe.
Trong van de nay, viee giai quyet to't moi quan he giffa ngon ngff quoc gia,

ngon ngff nffdc ngoai (neu c6) va cac ngon ngff khac la tieng me de ciia nhffng
toe ngffdi dffde goi la thieu so' trd thanh nhiem vu v6 cung quan trong, can phai
dffde giai quyet mot each kheo leo, uyen chuyen vdi mue dich phat trien quoc gia
mot each toan dien va ben vffng. Dieu do dffde the hien d chinh sach ngon ngff
cua quoc gia, ma hien than cua no, cu the nha't d mot linh vffe, la chinh sach giao
due tieng me de cho cac dan toe thieu so.
Viet Nam va Malaysia khong nam ngoai tien trinh tren. Tuy khac nhau ve
hoan canh va each giai quyet van de, nhffng hai nffdc eiing cd chung mue dich
cung c6' khoi doan ke't toan dan va phat trien quoc gia vffng manh. Trong qua
trinh thffe hien, ben canh nhffng thanh cong, hai nffdc cung khong the tranh khoi
nhffng thieu sot nhat dinh. Malaysia la quoc gia da dan toe nhffng tinh chat phffc
tap hdn nhieu so vdi Viet Nam. Viee nghien cffu chinh sach ngon ngff do'i vdi cac
dan toe thieu so cua Malaysia vdi tinh each nffdc lang gieng gan gui ve mat dia ly
va lich sur se giiip cho Viet Nam cd mot kinh nghiem khu vffc, tff dd rut ra dffdc
nhffng bai hoc bd ich.


77m hieu nhu cdu gido due tieng me de cua cdc ddn iQc thieu so d Malaysia

H. Mue dich nghien cufu
Bdi canh, hien trang ngon ngff cua cac dan toe thieu so trong mot quo'c gia da
dan toe phong phu va da dang tuy thuoe vao vi tri dia ly, so Iffdng ngffdi ndi, tinh
hinh phat trien kinh te'-xa hoi va y thffe giff gin ban sac van hoa ciia dan toe do.
Dffng trffdc mue dich phat trien da't nffdc ben vffng nham nang cao ddi song kinh
te'-van hda cho cac dan toe thieu so' va xu the' phat trien da dang van hoa (trong
dd CO ngon ngff) cua the gidi, mdi quo'c gia phai dam bao quyen ngon ngff cua cac
cong dong va ca nhan cung nhff dieu kien kinh te' de thffe thi chung. Viee de ra
mot chinh sach ngon ngff thich hdp se la rat khd neu khong nghien cffu ky thffe
cha't nhu cau giao due tieng me de cua cac dan toe. Moi cd gang deu trd nen that
bai hay lang phi neu khong dap ffng nhu cau thffe te' cua nhffng dan toe thu hffdng

chinh sach.
Dd chinh la ly do de ngffdi viet chon de tai: "Tim hieu nhu cau giao due tieng
me de cua cac dan toe thieu so d Malaysia" cho luan van cao hoc cua minh.
Malaysia khong nhffng chi cd "dan toe thieu so it ngffdi" nhff d Viet Nam ma eon
cd ca "dan toe thieu so dong ngffdi" (Trung Hoa, A'n Do). Do dd, nhffng thanh
cong va that bai, cai tot va ehffa to't trong viee thffe hien chinh sach giao due ngon
ngff do'i vdi cac dan toe thieu so' d Malaysia se la mot kinh nghiem khu vffc cho
Viet Nam, tff dd gdp phan vao viee danh gia lai chinh sach giao due ngon ngff cua
Viet Nam do'i vdi vung dan toe thieu so^ von con dang gay nhieu bffe xuc.
III. DPI ttfrfng. pham vi nghien cuTu
1. Chinh sach ngon ngff cua quo'c gia bao gom nhieu bp phan hdp thanh nhff
hoach dinh dia vi, xay dffng ngon ngff, chinh sach giao due ngon ngff, chinh sach
truyen ba ngon ngff... Tuy nhien, do tinh chat cua de tai, chiing toi se chi tim hieu
sau ve chinh sach giao due ngon ngff cua nha nffdc Malaysia ddi vdi cac dan toe
thieu so. Qua dd, chung ta se hieu ro ve nhu cau giao due tieng me de cua chinh
cac dan toe ay.
2. Khai niem dan toe thieu so d day khong phai chi la it ngffdi ma dffdc diing
vdi y nghia do'i lap vdi dan toe chu the ndi ngon ngff quo'c gia. Do dd, khai niem
dan toe thieu so dffdc dung trong luan van cd the la dan toe thieu so' thffe sff thieu
so, tffc la "thieu so it ngffdi" va cung cd the la dan toe thieu so cd so dan dong
dao dffdc xep vao loai da so (Trung Hoa, An Do), tffc la "thieu sd dong ngffdi".
Chung toi dffa vao tieu chi phan loai cua A. H. Omar (tac gia nay lai dffa vao tieu


77m hieu nhu cdu gido due tieng me de cua cdc ddn toe thieu so or Malaysia

chi cua Ferguson 1971) de phan chia "thieu sd da sd" va "thieu sd thieu sd".
Theo tac gia [23;15], d Malaysia, nhffng ngon ngff cd it nha't mot trieu ngffdi ndi
cd the dffdc coi la ngon ngff chinh cua da't nffdc, eon it hdn sd dd dffdc coi la ngon
ngff thieu sd. CJ day, tieng Anh cung dffdc xep vao loai da sd, tuy no khong cd

cong dong ndi nang nhff mot dan toe nhffng lai dffdc sff dung rat rong rai. Viee
tdng hdp va phan tieh nhu cau giao due ngon ngff cua cac dan toe da sd chii ye'u
dffa vao ngudn tff lieu da cong bo' va mot sd quan sat cua chung toi. Tff lieu ve
cac dan toe thieu sd rat han che, nen chung toi chi cd the tim hieu dffdc 5 dan toe
lam dai dien la Kadazandusun, Iban, Bidayuh, Murut va Orang Asli.
3. Ddi vdi cong dong ngffdi Hoa, tuy tieng me de thuoe nhieu phffdng ngff
khac nhau cua Trung Qudc, nhffng ho deu coi tieng pho thong Trung Qudc nhff
tieng me de va "mu chff Hoa cd nghia la mat gdc" [12;162]. Do dd, viee giao due
tieng pho thong Trung Quo'c dffdc chung toi xem la viee giao due tie'ng me de ddi
vdi cong dong ngffdi Hoa d Malaysia.
4. Tuy mue dich cua luan van la tim hieu nhu cau giao due tie'ng me de cua
cac dan toe thieu so', nhffng nhu cau dd khong the ton tai ben ngoai mdi lien he
vdi cac nhu cau khac va chiu sif tac dong cua cac chinh sach khac. Do dd, tim
hieu ve vai trd va nhu cau tie'p nhan tie'ng Malay vdi tff each ngon ngff quo'c gia
va tie'ng Anh (ngon ngff thff hai quan trong nha't) cung la mot noi dung cua luan
van nay.
5. La mot bo phan quan trong cua ngon ngff hoc xa hoi, chinh sach ngon ngff
vffa mang tinh ngon ngff, vffa mang tinh xa hoi. Nhu cau tie'p nhan giao due ngon
ngff lai cang mang tinh xa hoi nhieu hdn. Chung khong the ton tai ben ngoai mdi
lien he vdi cac van de xa hoi khac. Do dd, chung toi danh ra mot phan chffdng
dau de ndi ve tinh hinh kinh te'-xa hoi cua Malaysia va d nhffng chffdng tie'p theo,
chiing toi cung tap trung phan tich mot so' khia canh chinh tri-xa hoi de tha'y ro
hdn tac dong cua cac nhan to' xa hoi khac do'i vdi ngon ngff, ma theo chiing toi, la
rat quan trong.
6. Dffa tren nhffng phan tieh ve chinh sach giao due ngon ngff va qua nhan
biet tinh hinh giao due ngon ngff, chung toi se rut ra ke't luan ve sff tffdng thich
giffa nhu cau giao due tie'ng me de cua cac dan toe thieu so' so vdi chinh sach
ngon ngff da de ra va danh gia tinh hieu qua cua chinh sach dd. Tff dd, so sanh sd
bo vdi chinh sach ngon ngff cua Viet Nam de nit ra bai hoe kinh nghiem.
7. Chiing toi se tien hanh nghien cffu nhu cau giao due tie'ng me de cua cac

dan toe thieu sd d Malaysia trong vong hai thap ky trd lai day, bat dau tff nam
1982. Sd di chiing toi chon mdc thdi gian nay vi 1982 la nam he thdng giao due

-3-


77m hieu nhu cdu gido due tieng me de ciia cdc ddn tQc thieu so d Malaysia

Malaysia da hoan toan dffdc tien hanh bang tieng Malaysia. Dd la ke't qua dau
tien cua Chinh sach Ngon ngff, va tff day, nhffng van de mdi bat dau nay sinh.
IV. Phrfdng phap nghien ciiTu
Chiing toi ap dung phffdng phap phan tich cua ngon ngff hoc xa hoi, thong qua
nhffng van de xa hoi ngon ngff de phan tich va danh gia chinh sach ngon ngff.
Cach lam nhff the thffe chat la dung phffdng phap quy nap.
V. Bo cue cua luan van
Ngoai phan Md dau va Ket luan, noi dung cua luan van dffdc chia thanh 3
chffdng nhff sau:
Chffdng I: Nhffng van de chung ve chinh sach ngon ngff cua Malaysia.
I. Khai quat ve tinh hinh kinh te'-xa hoi cua Malaysia sau khi gianh
doe lap (1957) den nay.
II. Chinh sach ngon ngff cua Malaysia: chinh sach giao due ngon
ngff.
Chffdng II: Tinh hinh giang day nhffng ngon ngff da sd d Malaysia.
I. Tie'ng Malay vdi tff each la ngon ngff quo'c gia
II. Tieng Anh vdi tff each la ngon ngff thff hai quan trong nha't
III. Tie'ng Hoa
IV. Tie'ng Tamil
Chffdng III: Tinh hinh giang day mot vai ngon ngff thieu sd d Malaysia.
I. Kadazandusun
II. Iban

III. Bidayuh
IV. Murut
V. Orang Asli


77m hieu nhu cdu gido due tieng me de cua cdc ddn tQC thieu so d Malaysia

ChiTcfng I
N H C N G V A N D E CHUNG VE
CHINH SACH NGON NG0 CUA MALAYSIA
I. Khai quat ve tinh hinh kinh te-xa hpi cf Malaysia sau khi gianh
doc lap (1957) d^'n nay
1) Malaysia Id quoc gia da ddn toe, da ngon ngit
Malaysia la qudc gia tre d khu vffc Dong Nam A, dffdc thanh lap vao ngay
16/9/1963. Nam d vi tri trung tam cua Dong Nam A, gan xich dao, giffa 1*^ va 7^ vT
bac, 100*^ va 119^ kinh dong, Malaysia cd tdng dien tich 329.847 km^ va gan 5.000
km bd bien, bao gdm hai phan lanh thd rieng biet bi chia cat bdi vung bien Dong
rong khoang 750 km, la:
- Tay Malaysia (hay Ban dao Ma Lai), cd dien tich 131.778 km^ gdm 11 bang
la Perlis, Kedah, Perak, Kelantan, Terengganu, Pahang, Selangor, Negeri
Sembilan, Johor, Pulau Pinang, Melaka va hai Vung lanh thd Lien bang la Kuala
Lumpur (tff nam 1973) va Labuan (tff nam 1984).
- Dong Malaysia (nam d phia bac dao Borneo) cd dien tich 198.069 km^ gdm
hai bang Sabah va Sarawak. Hai bang nay mdi chi sat nhap vao Malaysia nam
1963.
Mot ngan nam trffdc Cong nguyen, ca Ban dao Ma Lai va bd bien bac Borneo
deu la ndi cap ben quan trong cho cac tau buon trong he thong thffdng mai dffdng
bien no'i Dong Nam A vdi chau Phi, Trung Dong, An Do va Trung Hoa. Malaysia
da trd thanh ndi lui tdi cua cac thffdng gia nffdc ngoai tff nhffng ngay dau tien.
Vffa nam tren dffdng buon ban Dong Tay, lai vffa nam tren dffdng giao Iffu Nam

Bac (tff nam Thai Binh Dffdng len bac Thai Binh Dffdng), ban dao Ma Lai tff thdi
tien sff da dffdc mo ta nhff la mot chiee cau de nhffng ngffdi di cff noi tie'p nhau
nam tien tff luc dia chau A den quan dao phia Dong Nam chau A. Chinh vi tri dia
ly la nga tff dffdng cua Dong Nam A va nam giffa hai nffdc Idn la An Do va Trung
Hoa, Malaysia hang the ky la ndi tie'p xiic vdi nhffng con ngffdi, nen van hda,
thffdng mai va chinh tri mdi [36;ix].
Do dd, da sac toe luon luon la net dac trffng cua da't nffdc nay. Cd the tim tha'y
dieu dd d 64 nhdm chung toe hay van hda khac nhau d Malaysia (phu luc 2).
Nhffng net ndi bat nha't la sff chia cat cff dan ra thanh bo phan Bumiputera va
khong phai Bumiputera (ban dia va khong phai ban dia).


77m hieu nhu cdu gido due tieng me de cua cdc ddn toe thieu so o Malaysia

Theo A.H. Omar [26;26-27], Bumiputera la nhffng ngffdi da sinh song d day tff
lau ddi, cd moi quan he ngon ngff va van hda chung, gan gui va thuoe ve mot khu
vffc dac trffng chff khong chi bd hep trong mot ranh gidi chinh tri da dffdc xac dinh
hay mot vung dia ly han che'. Do dd, ngffdi ban dia d Malaysia bao gdm nhffng toe
ngffdi "chinh gdc" ban dia Ian nhffng toe ngffdi di cff de'n tff nhffng ndi khac (nhff
Bajau, Java, Achen...) va da nhanh chdng bi dong hda vao cong dong ban dia do
cd chung lich sff van hda va ngon ngff. Bp phan Bumiputera gdm cd:
- Ngffdi Melayu (cd sd dan dong nha't trong sd cff dan ban dia) dffdc cho la di
cff tff Van Nam (Dong Nam Trung Qudc) den trong khoang nam 2500-1500 trffdc
Cong Nguyen. Theo Hien phap Malaysia, ngffdi Melayu dffdc xac dinh la ngffdi
ndi tie'ng Melayu nhff tieng me de, cd idi sdng Melayu va theo Hoi giao. Dai bo
phan dan sd la nong dan, lam lua nffdc, mot it lam lua nffdng tren cac vung cao.
Ho cung lam ngff nghiep, chu nhffng vffdn cao su nhd hay lam thue d nhffng ddn
dien Idn hdn. Chi mot sd it ngffdi lam viee d cac khu vffc kinh te ca'p cao hdn. Ne'u
nhff d Ban dao Ma Lai, ngffdi Melayu la nhdm dan toe cd sd ngffdi dong nha't thi
d Sabah va Sarawak, ho chi la mot nhdm thieu sd.

- Orang Asli (thd dan), dffdc phan ra lam 3 nhdm theo sff phan loai tren binh
dien nhan loai hoc: Negrito, Senoi va Proto-Malay. Ta't ca deu sdng tren Ban dao
Ma Lai, trong trot, san bat thu, hai qua rffng, bat ca..., va theo ton giao vat linh.
- Cac dan toe ban dia d Sabah va Sarawak, Iban la toe ngffdi ban dia cd sd dan
dong nhat d Sarawak, con d Sabah la Kadazandusun. Trffdc day, ngffdi Dong
Malaysia khong nhan thffe dffdc dan toe minh, ho thffdng gop tat ca dan ban xff
khac nhau vao chung mot nhdm goi la "Dayak" d Sarawak va "Ida'an" d Sabah.
Nhffng ten goi cua cac dan toe nhff Dusun, Murut... chi dffdc bie't de'n khi ngffdi
phffdng Tay xua't hien va dieu tra dan sd. Ngay xffa, va d mot mffe do nao dd cho
de'n tan ngay nay, nhieu dan toe d Sabah va Sarawak chi nhan thffe ban than gan
lien vdi ndi ho sdng, dac biet la dong song cua vung dd. Vi du, ngffdi Melanau
trong qua khff goi minh la "liko" nghia la ngffdi vung song, trong khi "Bidayuh"
la ten goi ngay nay cua "Land Dayak", cd nghia la "ngffdi vung noi dia" [26;2930].
Nhffng cff dan nay la cff dan ndng nghiep tff ca'p tff tuc va danh ca, chi mot sd
dan toe biet trong cac loai nong san hang hda nhff cao su, dffa va tieu. Trong khi
ngffdi Melayu d Ban dao da chuyen sang trong lua nffdc thi hau nhff tat ca cac
dan toe d Sabah va Sarawak van con lam lua nffdng. Ho deu gidi dan lat, det vai,
khac go... Ta't ca cac dan toe dang ndi tdi deu cd tap quan va tin ngffdng truyen
thdng nhff nhau. Mot sd dan toe da cai dao sang Hoi giao hay Cd Ddc giao. Do
dd, cd mot tieu chi khac dung de phan loai nhdm ngffdi ban dia nay la Hoi giao

-6-


jm hieu nhu cdu ^ido due tie'ng me de cua cdc ddn toe thieu so ('/ Malaysia

va khong Hoi giao. M. C. Roff [dan theo 26;28] chia cac dan tgc ban dia d Sabah
va Sarawak ra lam Malayo-Muslim va khong Muslim, va sff phan chia nay hoan
toan thd^ng nhat vdi nhan thffe cua chinh ngffdi ban dia. O ca hai bang nay, tif
"Malay" hay "Melayu" deu dffdc xem la dong nghia vdi "Muslim" (ngffdi theo dao

Hoi). Do do, nhffng toe ngffdi theo dao Hoi (nhff Bajau, Ilanun) hay nhffng ngffdi
da cai dao sang Hoi giao (nhff dai bo phan ngffdi Melanau va Bliun, mot bo phan
ngffdi Dusun va Murut) deu tff goi minh la "Melayu". Chinh vi vay, thanh ngff
tieng Melayu chi sff cai dao la "masuk Melayu" (trd thanh ngffdi Melayu) chff
khong phai la "masuk Islam". Con nhffng ngffdi khong Hoi giao dffdc goi la
"Ida'an" d Sabah va la "Dayak" d Sarawak.
Nhffng ngffdi khong phai Bumiputera la dan cd ngudn go'c va moi quan he van
hda ngoai khu vffc. Hai cong dong nhap cff chu yeu d Malaysia la Trung Quo^c (cd
so" dan dong nhat) va An Do. Ca hai da den Ban dao Ma Lai tff thdi tien siJ, nhffng
mai den cuo'i the ky 19, dau the ky 20 mdi dinh cff vdi so" Iffdng Idn.
- Anh hffdng cua An Do len Ban dao Ma Lai bat dau tff nhffng the" ky dau tien
sau Cong nguyen. Nhffng ngffdi An Do dau tien de"n Ban dao Ma Lai la nhffng
thffdng gia va nha truyen giao cua dao Hindu va dao Phat. Mot so" da chon d lai
ket hon vdi phu nff dia phffdng. Do do, anh hffdng cua van hda An Do khong
nhffng chi rong ma con tham sau vao g6"c rl cua van hda Ma Lai. Nhieu tap quan
va nghi le mang dam net van hda An Do vin con ton tai. Va dao Hoi, sau nay
dffdc ngffdi Melayu chap nhan lam ton giao cua minh, cung khong the nao thu tieu
ndi chung. Ngffdi Melayu tie"p nhan nen van hoc An Do qua nhffng tac pham cd
gia tri Idn, dac biet la cac thien anh hung ca Hindu nhff Ramayana, Mahabharata
va nhffng cau chuyen ve Phat giao. Sau the ky thff X, Hoi giao dffdc gidi thieu d
Malaysia nhd nhffng ngffdi Hoi giao An Do. Do cung chung tin ngffdng, cac cuoc
hdp hon lai dien ra Ian nffa khong may khd khan. Chi den the he thff hai, con chau
ho da goi minh la Melayu. Ldp con chau sau nay boat dong tich cffc trong ITnh vffc
bao chi va xuat ban van hoc bang tie'ng Melayu vao cu6"i the ky XIX, dau the ky
XX va tap trung d Pinang [26;22,30]. Nhffng ngffdi nay dffdc goi la Indian Muslim
(ngffdi Hoi giao An Do). Tuy nhien, da so" ngffdi An Do cua Malaysia ngay nay la
con chau cua nhffng ngffdi bi thffe dan Anh dffa de"n vao dau the ky trffdc de lam
cong nhan d cac ddn dien cao su. Da so" ho la ngffdi Tamil, mot so khac la ngffdi
Telegu, Ceylon, Punjab, Sikh... Phan Idn ho theo dao Hindu, mot it theo dao Sikh,
Hoi giao va Cd doc giao.

- Mac du ngffdi Trung Qu6"c da de"n cac cang cua Melayu tff thdi tien siJ, nhffng
Sajarah Melayu (Truyen siJ Melayu) la van ban cd nhat cho biet ngffdi Trung
Qu6"c CO mat d Ban dao, dac biet la Melaka vao the" ky XV. Chuyen ke ve


Tim hieu nhu cdu gido due tieng me de cua cdc ddn toe thieu so d Malaysia

chuyen vieng tham trieu dinh Hoang de Trung Hoa cua Sultan (Qudc vffdng Hoi
giao) Melaka la Mansur Shah va khi trd ve, ong mang theo mot c6 dau Trung
Qudc cung vdi 500 tuy tung, dinh cff d Melaka. Hau due cua nhffng ngffdi nay goi
la Baba, cd nghia la nhffng ngffdi Trung Qudc ndi tie'ng Melayu (da Creole hda,
hay Baba Malay) nhff la ngon ngff thff nha't va cd Idi sdng gidng nhff ngffdi Melayu
hdn la Trung Qudc, khong phai la tin dd Hoi giao. Cong dong ngffdi Baba sdng tap
trung d Melaka nhffng cd mot nhdm nhd sdng d Pinang va Singapore.
Ngffdi Trung Quo'c bat dau di cff d at den Malaysia vao cudi the" ky XIX vdi
viee md cac md thiee cd qui mo Idn. Khong bao lau sau khi dinh cff d Malaysia, ho
da chiem ITnh nganh thffdng mai cua da't nffdc. Ngffdi Trung Qudc khong cd xu
hffdng truyen giao. Mae du ho cung cd lich sff dai bang lich sff cua ngffdi An Do d
Malaysia, nhffng anh hffdng van hda phi vat chat lln vat chat cua ho len ddi sd'ng
van hda cua ngffdi Melayu ban dia hau nhff khong dang ke. Tap quan va truyen
thdng Trung Quo'c khong tham nhap vao ddi sdng Ma Lai. Chi mot sd it tff Trung
Qudc lot vao tff vffng Melayu, chu yeu la ten goi cac loai thffe pham. Ngffdi
Melayu ehffa tffng dffdc nghe truyen Trung Qudc, chff dffng ndi de'n cac tac pham
van hoc cd gia tri cao. Da sd ngffdi Trung Qudc theo Phat giao, mot sd theo Cd do'e
giao va Hoi giao. Phan Idn ho la ngffdi Phuc Kie"n va Quang Dong, ngoai ra con cd
ngffdi Trieu Chau, Hae Ca, Hailam, Phuc Chau... [39;178].
- Ngoai ra, eon cd cac cong ddng nhap cff thieu so" khac nhff A Rap, Bo Dao
Nha, Anh, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thai Lan...
sinh sdng d Malaysia.
Da sac toe d mffe do cao nhff vay nen khong cd gi dang ngae nhien khi mot dac

diem keo theo ndi bat khac cua da't nffdc nay la da ngff xa hoi. Trffdc khi cong
ddng ngffdi nffdc ngoai di cff den day, Malaysia da la "ngdi nha chung ciia v6 so"
ngon ngff ban dia" [dSn theo 17; 11]. Mffe do da ngff lai cang phffc tap hdn vdi sff
cd mat cua cac dan toe mdi. Tuy nhien, ehffa cd mot eon sd chinh xac ve sd Iffdng
ngon ngff ban dia, dac biet la cac ngon ngff d Sabah va Sarawak. Cd mot so*
nguyen nhan khien cho viee dieu tra gap khd khan:
- Cac dan toe d Sabah va Sarawak dffdc xac dinh bang mot ten goi nhat dinh lai
cd the gdm mot nhdm ngffdi thuan nha't ve ngon ngff nhffng cung cd the la khong
thuan nha't ve ngon ngff. Cac bao cao dieu tra dan sd cd xu hffdng gop cac nhdm
ngffdi ndi cac ngon ngff khong thuan nhat lai lam mot, ddng thdi lai coi mot ngon
ngff duy nha't nhff la mot nhdm gdm cd vai ngon ngff.
- Them vao do, mot vai nhdm ngffdi lai goi minh bang mot ten goi hoan toan
khac han vdi ten goi ma cac dan toe khac hay chinh phu dat cho.


77m hieu nhu cdu gido due tieng me de cua cdc ddn toe thieu so d Malaysia

- Viee xac dinh dan toe theo cong ddng ngon ngff hay phffdng ngff cung la van
de nan giai. Vi nhffng phffdng phap ngon ngff hoe dung de xac dinh dau la ngon
ngff, dau la phffdng ngff qua "so sanh tff vffng" hay "thff tinh dl hieu lan nhau"
khong phai liic nao cung mang lai ket qua diing. A. H. Omar [26;xi] dffa ra dan
chffng ve tie'ng Melayu va tie'ng Kentakbong cd 85% tff vffng cung gdc nhffng lai
thuoe ve hai ho ngon ngff khac nhau.
- Dieu quan trong nhat la ehffa cd cuoc dieu tra dan sd tren phffdng dien ngon
ngff hoc nao dffdc tien hanh d hai bang nay [24;57].
Theo A. H. Omar [24;56], cd khong dffdi 70 ngon ngff d ca hai phan lanh thd
cua Malaysia. Con theo Mohd. Adib Bin Haji Adam (Bo trffdng Thong tin
Malaysia) [19;xxiii] thi Malaysia cd khong it hdn 100 ngon ngff. Vien Ngon ngff
hoe Mua he tdng ke't dffdc 137 ngon ngff d Malaysia (phu luc 3). Cung nhff sff chia
eat dan sd, ngon ngff d Malaysia cung dffdc phan ra lam ban dia va khong ban

dia:
- Cac ngon ngff ban dia d Malaysia thuoe ve hai ho ngon ngff Idn la Nam A va
Nam Dao. Ho Nam A gdm cd cac ngon ngff thd dan (ngoai trff Jakun va Temuan
la phffdng ngff cua tie'ng Melayu) va cd khoang 20 ngon ngff thd dan. Trong khi
ho Nam A chi cd mat d Ban dao Ma Lai thi ho Nam Dao cd d ca Ban dao Ma Lai
lan Borneo. Thuoe ve ho ngon ngff nay cd cac ngon ngff: Malay, Java, Kerinei va
Aceh d Ban dao [24;56-57] va cac ngon ngff ban dia d Sabah va Sarawak [26;37].
- Cac ngon ngff khong phai ban dia thuoe cac ho ngon ngff Han-Tang (tieng
Trung Qudc va cac phffdng ngff cua no), ho An-Au (tieng Anh, Bo Dao Nha,
Bengali, Sinhalese, cac ngon ngff mien Bac An Do nhff Hindi, Punjabi), ho Dravid
(cac ngon ngff mien Nam An Do nhff Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu), ho Afro-Asiatic
(A Rap) va ho Tay-Thai (tieng Thai).
Tieng A Rap va tie'ng Anh tuy khong cd cong ddng ndi nhff ngon ngff thff nha't
nhffng dffdc giang day trong nha trffdng. Tie'ng A Rap la ngon ngff giang day cua
cac trffdng Hoi giao. Tieng Anh dffdc sff dung rong rai va dffdc coi la ngon ngff
thff hai quan trong nha't.
2) Tinh hinh kinh te-xa hgi d Malaysia tit 1957 den nay
Sau khi gianh dffdc doc lap vao nam 1957, Malaysia da thffa hffdng mot nen
kinh te thffe dan cu lac hau, phu thuoe vao cac nffdc khac rat nhieu ve Iffdng thffe,
hdn % dan so' (chu yeu la ngffdi Melayu) sdng dffdi mffe ngheo ddi eiing vdi cac
van de chinh tri, xa hoi thffe dan Anh de lai. Malaysia da phai giai quyet ta't ca

-9-


77m hieu nhu cdu gido due tieng me de ciia cdc ddn toe thieu so d Malaysia

cac van de ma cac quo'c gia non tre phai do'i mat, dau tien la dam bao sinh nhai
cho moi ngffdi dan.
Malaysia da khdi dau cong cuoc phat trien kinh te cua minh bang mot ehuoi

cac ke hoach 5 nam, bat dau tff nam 1956. O mot mat tran rong hdn, bao trum len
tren ta't ca la cac ke hoach phat trien dai han, nhff Chinh sach Kinh te Mdi (19711991), Chinh sach Phat trien Mdi (1991-2000). Dffdc danh gia la "cd cac chien
Iffdc cung nhff chinh sach phat trien kinh te linh boat, mem deo thich ffng vdi tffng
giai doan phat trien" [11;268], kinh te Malaysia da dat dffdc nhffng thanh tffu to
Idn, vffng chae va dang tff hao. Tdng san pham quo'c noi (GDP) hang nam cd mffe
tang trffdng trung binh dang khich le, tff 5 - 8% [39;342-343], trong nhffng nam
gan day la 8% [11;255]. Mot trong nhffng mue tieu cua chinh sach phat trien kinh
te'-xa hoi la nham xda bo hoan toan ngheo ddi va giam nhffng gi lien quan de'n
ngheo ddi, nang cao thu nhap va tao cd hoi viee lam cho tat ca nhan dan. O nong
thon, Chinh phu da xay dffng nhffng vung dinh cff mdi, giup dd cong cu san xua't
nong nghiep, dich vu tff van, trd cap gio'ng va phan, cho vay tin diang, tim hieu thi
trffdng va md nhffng trung tam phat trien mdi... O thanh thi, Chinh phu tap trung
vao viee tao va phat trien cong an viee lam mang lai hieu qua, di ddi dan tff ngoai
vao trong thanh pho'... Ti le ngheo ddi giam xuo'ng con 7,2% vao nam 2000.
Malaysia nam 1995 chi cd dffdi 1% dan so' sdng dffdi mffe ngheo ddi lUSD/ngay
(mffe tieu dung to'i thieu cua mdi ca nhan dffdc quo'c te'ehap nhan) [14;287]. Mffe
so'ng cua nhan dan tang len mot each dang ke: thu nhap binh quan dau ngffdi hang
nam tang tff 300USD (trffdc Doe lap) len 4.000USD (nam 2000) [49]. Dau nam
1990, Malaysia da thanh cong trong viee nang quyen sd hffu v6"n cua minh len
76% so vdi 38,3% nam 1971. 24% eon lai la vdn nffdc ngoai [39;361-366]. Ti le
that nghiep giam xu6"ng chi con 4,5% nam 1995 [39;368].
Sabah va Sarawak trffdc khi gia nhap vao Lien bang Malaysia la nhffng bang
con lac hau hdn ve kinh te so vdi Tay Malaysia. Do dia hinh nui non hiem trd,
giao thong bang dffdng bo d hai bang nay rat khd khan, han che" den phat trien
kinh te". Sarawak nam 1962 chi gdm "nhffng eon sdng Idn day bun va mot he thdng
rdi ram cac phu liTu, kenh rach... tao thanh dffdng giao thong chii yeu. 6 dd chi cd
vai con dffdng va cau thi con it hdn" [36;339]. Sarawak ngay nay cd cac do thi Idn
va cac trung tam cong nghiep vdi he tho'ng dffdng sa to't nhat, phffdng tien lien lac
hien dai, hai cang dffdc trang bi day du, d moi do thi deu cd san bay va he tho'ng
viln thong hien dai [39; 105]. Hai bang nay chu trong den nong nghiep va phat

trien nong thdn ndi chung, tuy nhien van con nhffng tan dff cua Idi lam ndng
nghiep thd sd va lang phi.

10-


77m hieu nhu cdu gido due tie'ng me de cua cdc ddn tgc thieu so d Malaysia

Sau doc lap, Chinh phu da cd nhffng cd gang nham tai dinh cff thd dan, va
cang ngay cang cd nhieu thd dan Malaysia ngffng du cff. Cac ke hoach tai dinh cff
cd mat d khap moi ndi, tap hdp va day thd dan lam chdi de sdng va cung tham
gia vao nen kinh te dang phat trien cua Malaysia nhff nganh cong nghiep cao su.
Tff nam 1957 trd di, chi tieu cho cac dich vu xa hoi dffdc danh cho mot mffe ifu
tien ra't cao. Chi phi cho viee md rong chffdng trinh giao due dffdc xem nhff la mot
hinh thffe dau tff cua quo'c gia. Hau nhff nam nao chi phi cho giao due cung la mot
hang mue Idn nha't, cd luc len de'n hoac hdn 1/5 tdng chi tieu. Sabah va Sarawak
cung ffu tien phan nhieu cho phuc Idi xa hoi, dac biet la giao due va y te'. Trffdc
kia, viee dau tff cho giao due d hai bang nay cffc ky han che, phan Idn la khoan
trang cho cac doan truyen giao.
Trong ky nguyen thuoe dia, vdi chinh sach "chia de tri" ciia thffe dan Anh,
ngffdi Melayu, dan toe chu the cua da't nffdc da bi day vao vi tri xa hoi be nhd va
bi gat ra ngoai le phat trien kinh te'. Ngffdi Melayu chu yeu la ndng dan, sdng d
ndng thon, cac vung heo lanh, thu nhap rat tha'p, khong on dinh va xa la vdi cac
vung thanh thi. Cong ddng ngffdi Hoa chu yeu song tap trung d thanh thi, buon
ban va kiem soat cac nganh thffdng mai Idn nho, giff mot vai trd kinh te quan
trong. Cong ddng ngffdi An hau het sdng d cac ddn dien cao su, mot sd buon ban
d thanh pho. Sff each biet ve van hda, ngon ngff giffa cac dan toe lai cang bi chia
re sau sac hdn bdi sff each biet ve ndi cff tni, nganh nghe, vi tri xa hoi, giau
ngheo... Mau thuin xa hoi trd nen gay gat. Van de dan toe da trd thanh van de
hang dau ngay tff nhffng ngay dau tien sau doc lap. Do dd, tff tffdng cong bang xa

hoi, nhff mot sdi chi do, da xuyen sud't toan bo cac ke hoach phat trien kinh te ciia
Malaysia.
Chinh phu de ra cac mue tieu: Ta't ca cac dan toe deu phai tham gia vao cac
khu vffc cua nen kinh te; dam bao hinh thanh mot xa hoi thffdng mai va cong
nghiep trong cong ddng ngffdi Melayu va ban dia khac de cac dan toe ban dia sd
hffu va quan ly it nha't 30% cac boat ddng cong thffdng nghiep trong nen kinh te
vao nam 1990 [39;361-366]. De cd cd ca'u lao dong phan anh tat ca cac thanh
phan dan toe, dau tff cho giao due va dao tao da dffdc ffu tien cho ngffdi Melayu
va ban dia khac dang tut hau kha xa trong nhip do hien dai hda cua da't nffdc
nham tang sd Iffdng ngffdi ban dia cd tay nghe, dac biet d bac dai hoc. Ket qua la,
dau nam 1990, sd hffu cd phan cua ngffdi ban dia tang tff dffdi 2% (1970) [36;350351] len 20% [39;361-366]. So vdi mue tieu 30% de ra, con so nay dffdc xem la
khong thanh cong lam do suy thoai kinh te' xay ra vao nhffng nam 80. Tuy nhien.

-11-


77m hieu nhu cdu gido due tie'ng me de eua cdc ddn toe thieu so d Malaysia

Chinh phu cung tao ra mot the' can bang de dam bao quyen Idi cua cac dan toe
khong phai ban dia va dam bao mot chd dffng vffng chac cho sff nhay ben kinh
doanh cua ngffdi Hoa trong sff tang trffdng kinh te'qude gia [36;350-351]. Trinh dp
hoc van cua ngffdi Melayu cung tang len dang ke. Nam 1970 chi cd 37,9% Iffc
Iffdng lao dong ngffdi Melayu cd trinh do dai hoc; 30,8% - trung hoc va 67,6% tieu hoc thi tdi nam 1990, cac chi so' nay da tang len tffdng ffng la 51%, 48% va
71,2% [11;291]. Malaysia cung la mot trong nhffng nffdc cd chinh sach viing sdm
nha't ASEAN va la mot trong nhffng nffdc dau tien thdng nha't khai niem va quan
diem phat trien vung trong phat trien qudc gia. Tuy sff khac biet lanh thd van con
Idn nhffng Malaysia da thanh cong trong viee nang cac bang ngheo va lac hau len
mot bffdc phat trien dang ke, tao dong Iffc cho cac bffdc phat trien tie'p theo, giam
ti le dan ngheo khd d cac viing nay tff 60-70% xudng eon xa'p xi 30% vao nam
1990 [ll;276-284]. Viee cai thien dieu kien sdng d cac bang ngheo, ndi ngffdi

Melayu chiem da so', cung la mot ddng gdp quan trong vao viee giai quyet mau
thuan sac toe trong xa hoi, va cung la mot trong nhffng mue tieu chinh tri cd ban
nha't cua Malaysia.
Tuy nhien, cac chinh sach ff\i dai ngffdi ban dia dffdc thffe hien qua lau da lam
cho cong ddng nay cd thai do le thuoe vao Nha nffdc [49; The Star, 17/6/2002],
cung nhff gay ra sff bat binh trong cac cong ddng nhap cff.

11. Chinh sach Ngdn ngi? cua Malaysia
Sau doc lap, Malaysia cung nhff cac quo'c gia A-Phi da sac toe non tre khac
deu nhan thffe rd tam quan trong cua ngdn ngff trong viee giai quyet van de dan
toe, cung cd khd'i doan ke't cua nhan dan, ddng thdi khang dinh chu quyen qudc
gia cua minh. Dd la van de chinh tri-xa hoi, van hda he't sffe nhay cam.
Chinh sach ngdn ngff la mot trong nhffng bp phan cau thanh quan trpng cua
chinh sach dan toe. Chinh sach ngdn ngff phai phan anh dffdc ndi dung cua chinh
sach dan toe, giai quye't dffdc nhffng van de ngdn ngff do Nha nffdc dat ra va gdp
phan thffe hien ehinh sach dan toe va cac chinh sach xa hoi khac [17;39].
Thdng thffdng, chinh sach ngdn ngff cua mot quo'c gia gdm cd 3 bd phan:
- Chinh sach do'i vdi ngdn ngff quo'c gia hay ngdn ngff chinh thffe;
- Chinh sach ddi vdi ngdn ngff cac dan toe thieu sd;
- Chinh sach ddi vdi tieng nffdc ngoai.

12-


77m hieu nhu cdu gido due tieng me de cua cdc ddn toe thieu sod Malaysia

Trong dd, chffc nang xa hoi ciia cac ngdn ngff dffdc qui dinh khong nhff nhau
va dieu dd phu thuoe vao y chi ehinh tri cua giai cap thdng tri, nhu cau phat trien
kinh te'-xa hoi cua da't nffdc va nhu cau thffe te cua nhan dan, sff dap ffng cua nha
nffdc trong kha nang kinh te cho phep...

1) Tieng Melayu trd thdnh Ngon ngit Quoc gia
Khai niem "ngdn ngff qudc gia" dffdc hinh thanh gSn lien vdi cac qudc gia mdi
gianh dffdc ddc lap, dac biet trong phong trao dan toe the' ky XIX-XX. Tuy nhien,
mot so' qudc gia lai chi tuyen bd ngdn ngff chinh thffe. O mot so' nffdc, hai khai
niem "ngdn ngff qudc gia" va "ngdn ngff chinh thffe" khong tach rdi nhau, Chang
han nhff tie'ng Viet d Viet Nam chi dffdc tuyen bd' la ngdn ngff phd thdng nhffng
ddi khi dffdc hieu la ngdn ngff qudc gia hay ngdn ngff chinh thffe cua da't nffdc.
Khi quye't dinh chpn ngdn ngff ehinh thffe cho minh, nhffng nffdc nay thffdng dffng
trffdc bdn Iffa chpn: ngdn ngff cua dan toe nao do (nhff cac nffdc Viet Nam,
Indonesia, Brunei...), ngdn ngff ngoai lai (thffdng la ngdn ngff cua thffe dan de lai),
ca hai (nhff Philippines) hay ta't ca cac ngdn ngff chu yeu ciia dat nffdc (nhff
Singapore). Phan Idn, ngdn ngff quo'c gia lai chi cd mot va thffdng la ngdn ngff ciia
mot dan toe.
Malaysia da chpn cho minh theo each thff nha't, Dieu 152(1) cua Hien phap
Lien bang Malaysia da qui dinh dia vi ngdn ngff qudc gia cho tie'ng Melayu. Ngay
sau dd, Chinh sach Ngdn ngff Quo'c gia 1957 ra ddi.
Viee dffa tie'ng Melayu len dia vi ngdn ngff qudc gia bao gdm hai mue dich:
xay dffng ban sac dan toe (national identity) va hoi nhap toan qudc (national
integration). Ban sac cua dan toe dffdc hieu la mot tap hdp nhffng net dac trffng
eua mot dan toe nhff mot thffe the khu biet vdi cac dan toe khac [24;1]. Mot thanh
to*
quan
trpng
gdp
phan
lam
nen
ban
sac
dd ehinh la ngdn ngff qudc gia. Ddi vdi Malaysia, ngdn ngff quo'c gia la bieu

tffdng ciia ehu quyen qudc gia (cung vdi qudc ky va quo'c ca), vdi khau hieu
"Ngdn ngff la linh hdn cua qudc gia" ("Bahasa Jiwa Bangsa"). Vdi mot quo'c gia
da dan toe nhff Malaysia ma moi dan toe "chi goi minh trong cong ddng, truyen
thdng va ehii nghia sd-vanh cua dan toe dd" [24;37] thi viee hoi nhap, tffc thdng
qua mot ngdn ngff chung, cac dan toe khong nhffng chi cd the giao tie'p vdi nhau
va giao tiep vdi ehinh phii, ma edn hieu nhau hdn la vd cung can thiet [24;62-63].

13-


77m hieu nhu cdu gido due tieng me de cua cdc ddn t()c thieu so d Malaysia

Ngdn ngff quo'c gia theo hffdng di thff nhat phai la ngdn ngff ciia dan toe ehii
the (chiem sd ddng, cd trinh dp phat trien cao hdn, cd vai trd to Idn trong qua trinh
dffng nffdc va giff nffdc.) [8;19] va ban than ngdn ngff dd cung phai la mot ngdn
ngff phat trien de dap ffng dffdc ta't ca cac chffc nang xa hoi can thiet. Tie'ng
Melayu hoi du dffdc ca hai dieu dd. Ngffdi Melayu cd mot lich sii lau ddi va tff the
ky XV, hp da cd mot nen van hda Hoi giao dang tff hao. Dd la nen van hda
Melayu ciia Melaka dffdc ngffdng md va chap nhan d nhieu ndi tren Ban dao va
Quan dao, bao gdm ca mien bac Borneo. Melaka vffa la trung tam thffdng mai
giau cd va the life, vffa la trung tam van hda Idn. Hdn mot the' ky tie'p theo, cac
thanh phd' cang trong vung lan Iffdt chap nhan ton giao va di theo md hinh chinh
phu ciia ke manh nha't, cd uy tin va van hda nang ddng nha't nay, cung vdi ngdn
ngff ciia Melaka la tieng Melayu [16;115-116]. Do vay, tie'ng Melayu trd thanh
ngdn ngff dffdc sff dung rong rai nha't trong viing. Cac phong trao giai phdng dan
toe chdng ach dd hp ciia thffe dan deu chpn tie'ng Melayu lam ngdn ngff dau
tranh, la phffdng tien thdng nha't cac dan toe trong cuoc dau tranh gianh doe lap,
la bieu tffdng eiia tinh than va van hda dan toe. Tie'ng Melayu cd truyen thdng
chff vie't tff the' ky thff VII. Tie'ng Melayu da dffdc sff dung trong cong ddng ndi
tie'ng Melayu nhff ngdn ngff giao tie'p, ngdn ngff ciia van hpc, trie't hpc, van hda va

ton giao cua ngffdi Melayu cung nhff la ngdn ngff hanh chinh cua cac nha nffdc
Melayu. Ngoai ra, day la mot ngdn ngff dl hpc, dg nhd, cd he tho'ng chff viet khoa
hpc, nen da gianh dffdc cho minh uy tin trd thanh lingua franca trong giao tie'p
giffa cac nhdm dan toe va trong thffdng mai d Quan dao Ma Lai. Cd the ndi rang,
tie'ng Melayu trong qua khff da phat trien day du nhff mot ngdn ngff dap ffng dffdc
mpi nhu cau ciia xa hoi minh va khu vffc, lam cd sd cho ngdn ngff qudc gia hay
chinh thffe ciia cac nffdc khac nhff Indonesia, Brunei va Singapore. Khong mot
ngdn ngff ban dia nao d Malaysia cd dffdc sff phat trien nhff the.
Tuy nhien, nhff tren da ndi, thffe dan Anh da day ngffdi Melayu va tieng
Melayu ra khdi vi the' xa hoi cua minh. Nam 1931, ngffdi Melayu khdng con
chiem da sd trong tdng sd" dan cff cua Ban dao nffa. Hp cung da thffe sff tut hau
kha xa so vdi cac cong ddng nhap cff khac ve kinh te', van hda, giao due. Ngdn
ngff qudc gia da khdng edn mot nen tang vffng chac de nang dd minh, do dd
khdng the tranh khdi lao dao trong nhffng ngay dau nhff gap phai phan khang cua
cac cong ddng nhap cff, ehii yeu la ngffdi Hoa hay tham chi ca tff mot sd ngffdi
Melayu dffde giao due bang tieng Anh. Chinh sach ngdn ngff thffe sff tff nd khdng
the xoay sd ndi mot minh. Malaysia y thffe ro dieu dd nen eiing vdi Dao luat
Ngdn ngff Qudc gia suTa ddi 1971 la cac Chinh sach Kinh te Mdi va Chinh sach

-14-


77m hieu nhu cdu gido due tieng me de cua cdc ddn toe thieu sod Malaysia

Giao due Qudc gia dffdc thffe hien ddng thdi, trong do, phat trien kinh te dffde coi
la tien de eua sff phat trien.
a) Chinh sach Gido due Quoc gia vd mgt so chinh sach xd hoi khac ho trd cho
ngon ngU quoc gia
Trffdc 1970, d Malaysia cd 4 loai trffdng la trffdng tie'ng Anh, Melayu, Trung
Qudc va Tamil vdi cac ngdn ngff giang day khac nhau tffdng ffng. Trff trffdng

tie'ng Anh la khdng phan biet sac toe, cac trffdng edn lai chi gidi han trong so' hpc
sinh cua dan toe minh, gpi la trffdng ban dia. Chffdng trinh giang day cung khac
nhau: trffdng Anh theo chffdng trinh hpc ciia cac trffdng d Anh Qudc, cac trffdng
edn lai chii yeu dinh hffdng ve que hffdng da't nffdc minh, phan anh nhffng md'i
ban tam eua mdi cong ddng. Sach vd, giao vien cung dffdc mang sang tff que nha.
Dieu ed't yeu la trffdc Ddc lap, trong so' cac trffdng ban dia, chi trff trffdng Trung
Qudc cd giao due trung hpc, cac trffdng edn lai thffdng khdng qua tieu hpc. Ke't
qua la cac hpc sinh Trung Quo'c ra trffdng cd viee lam tot hdn, tham chi vdi dau de
kinh doanh nhay ben hp khdng can dffa vao viee lam ciia Nha nffdc. Hp chiem
ITnh khdng nhffng thffdng mai ma edn ca nghe nghiep chuyen mdn. Cac hpc sinh
Tamil quay ve cao mu cao su va Melayu ve vdi ddng rupng, chai Iffdi. Cd chang
la hp cd chut chff hdn cha dng hp ma thdi. Viee hpc ciia ngffdi Melayu chi dffdc
danh cho nhffng mue tieu khiem ton nhff the. Con trffdng Anh chi de cho eon chau
tff san ngffdi Hoa, eon chau cac thffdng gia An Dp va giai cap quy toe Melayu,
dffdc dao tao de quan ly lai ngffdi Melayu. He tho'ng giao due nhff the cang tang
them viee chia re dan toe theo nganh nghe, thue day mau thuan xa hoi. Chinh
sach Giao due Quo'c gia 1970 da thdng nha't tat ca cac loai trffdng tren vao mot he
thdng giao due quo'c gia, dung ngdn ngff qudc gia lam ngdn ngff giang day ehinh
vdi mot chffdng trinh hpc chung "Malaysia" hdn. Cac trffdng nay dffde gpi la
trffdng qudc gia, bao gdm ca nhffng trffdng mdi thanh lap lan nhffng trffdng tie'ng
Anh chuyen sang.
Co' gang de can bang tinh the trong giao due cung dffde ap dung vao viee
tuyen sinh dai hpc. Theo qui dinh, thanh phan sinh vien ciia ta't ca cac trffdng dai
hpc phai phan anh dffde thanh phan dan toe eua ca nffdc, cd nghia la neu
bumiputera chie'm 50% dan so' va cac dan toe khac la 50% thi ty le dd cung phai
dffdc ap dung vao tuyen sinh dai hpc. Che dp "cd-ta" nay cung dffdc ap dung
trong viee lam giam sff ma't can ddi d ca'p khoa. A. H. Omar [24;68-69] dan vi du
ve trffdng Dai hpc Tdng hdp Malaya, ndi cac khoa tff nhien cd phan Idn sinh vien
theo hpc la ngffdi Trung Qudc, trong khi cac nganh van chffdng va nhan van (trff

15-


77m hieu nhu cdu gido due tieng me de cua cdc ddn tQC thieu sod Malaysia

khoa kinh te) lai ddng sinh vien ban dia. De thffe hien dieu nay, mot sd trffdng dai
hpc da ap dung chffdng trinh "dd dau" cac trffdng phd thdng, ndi cd nhieu hpc
sinh ban dia de chpn ra nhffng em cd kha nang ve cac mdn khoa hpc tff nhien.
Cac em dffdc bdi dffdng rieng va dffde tuyen thang vao dai hpc ne'u vffdt qua dffdc
mot ky thi dac biet.
Mot ehinh sach xa hoi nffa khdng kern phan quan trpng de lam can bang xa
hoi cung nhff lam cd sd vffng chac cho Chinh sach Ngdn ngff Qudc gia la khuyen
khich gia tang dan sd trong cong ddng ban dia. Ti le tang dan sd hang nam (tff
1991) ciia ngffdi ban dia la 2,7%, trong khi ciia ngffdi Trung Quo'c la 1,3% va An
Dp la 1,5% [39;179].
Cach day vai nam, Hdi ddng Ngdn ngff va Van hpc da bat dau van ddng hanh
lang de tie'ng Melayu trd thanh mot trong nhffng ngdn ngff chinh thffe dffde dung
tai Lien Hdp Qudc, ben canh cac ngdn ngff chinh thffe khac la Anh, Nga, Trung
Qudc, Phap va Tay Ban Nha [The Star, 10/8/2002]. Day cung la mot boat ddng
nham khang dinh vi tri cua tieng Melayu.
b) Chinh sach Ngon ngff Quoc gia dUffc tien hanh tUng hU&c, than trong vd
khon kheo
Lich sff Malaysia da chffng kien nhffng cuoc xung dot sac toe nghiem trpng
nhff bien ddng vao nhffng nam 50, ndi loan 11/1967 d Pinang, xung dot 5/1969 d
Kuala Lumpur; tham chi ca xung dot trong ndi bd dan tpc Melayu nhff cuoc khung
hoang hien phap nhd nhffng nhay cam d Kelantan nam 1977 hay nhffng nhdm Hdi
giao cffc doan chd'ng chu nghia vat chat tim each pha hoai viee xay dffng cuoc
sdng hien dai nam 1978. Dd la sff canh bao kinh hoang ve nhffng mdi hiem nguy
tiem tang trong bat ky hinh thffe nao ciia mdi thu han dan toe, la bai hpc dang nhd
trong thdi gian dai cho tha'y hda hdp chinh tri va xa hdi khdng phai la dieu tff

nhien cd dffdc. Malaysia hieu dieu dd nen van de ngdn ngff quo'c gia cung phai
tien hanh tffng bffdc, than trpng va khon kheo.
Dieu 152(1) ciia Hiep phap qui dinh dia vi la ngdn ngff qudc gia cho tie^ng
Melayu. Nhffng Hien phap cung cho phep tie'ng Anh duy tri song song vdi tie'ng
Melayu nhff ngdn ngff chinh thffe trong quan ly hanh ehinh va nhffng sff kien ehinh
thffe trong thdi gian 10 nam de nhan dan cd thdi gian lam quen va chuan bi tinh
than. Tuy nhien, Dff thao Dao luat Ngdn ngff ngay 1/9/1967, trong khi mffu cau
ngdn ngff qudc gia la ngdn ngff ehinh thffe duy nha't, van cho phep duy tri tie'ng

-16-


77m hieu nhu cdu gido due tieng me de cua cdc ddn toe thieu sod

Malaysia

Anh va cac ngdn ngff khac. Khoan 3 eua Dff luat nay cho phep chinh quyen Lien
bang hay cac bang quyen dffde dung bat cff ngdn ngff cua bat cff cong ddng nao
trong Lien bang vao nhffng mue dich dffdc cho la can thiet do'i vdi quyen Idi eua
cong chiing. Chi khi cd Dao luat Ngdn ngff Qudc gia Sffa ddi 1971, tie'ng Melayu
mdi dffde trao cho dia vi va vai trd la ngdn ngff chinh thffe duy nha't. Sabah va
Sarawak cung cd 10 nam chuyen ddi nhff vay. Nhffng do mot sd nguyen nhan,
viee sff dung tieng Melayu nhff ngdn ngff chinh thffe duy nha't d Sarawak dffdc
thffe hien mudn hdn, tffc tff 1/9/1985.
Trong linh vffc giao due, viee sff dung tieng Melayu nhff ngdn ngff giang day
chinh cung dffdc thffe hien tffng bffdc, nham cd thdi gian chuan bi. Bao cao ciia A.
H. Razak (Bd trffdng Giao due Lien bang Ma Lai) (1956) viet: "Mue dich cudi
cung eua ehinh sach giao due nay la tho'ng nha't hpc sinh ciia ta't ca cac dan toe lai
dffdi mot he tho'ng giao due qudc gia vdi viee sff dung ngdn ngff qudc gia lam
ngdn ngff giang day. Mae du vay, qua trinh nay phai dffde thffe hien tffng bffdc va

khdng the ep bude dot ngpt". Do dd, mac du tff tffdng bie'n tie'ng Melayu thanh
ngdn ngff giang day chinh cua he thdng giao due qudc gia va cac van de lien quan
de'n cac ngdn ngff khac da dffde de cap de'n tff nam 1956 trong bao cao ciia Razak
va Chinh sach Ngdn ngff Qudc gia 1957 cung nhff Sac lenh Giao due 1957, nhffng
chi de'n nam 1970, vdi Chinh sach Giao due Qudc gia, tie'ng Malaysia mdi ehinh
thffe thay the tie'ng Anh trong giao due. Viee thay the' nay cung phai dffde tie'n
hanh dan dan, tff ldp 1 tieu hpc vdi cac mdn xa hdi trffdc (khdng ddi hdi nhieu
thuat ngff va da cd sach viet bang tie'ng Melayu tff trffdc), sau dd mdi de'n cac
mdn tff nhien. Thffe ra viee thay the dan dan nay da dffde bat dau tff dau nam
1968, nhffng chi nhffng hpc sinh bffdc vao ldp 1 nam 1970 mdi dffde hoan toan
giang day bang tie'ng Malaysia. Nhffng hpc sinh Idn hdn trai qua chffdng trinh
song ngff, nghia la mot sd' mdn day bang tieng Anh, mot sd khac bang tie'ng
Melayu. Con nhffng hpc sinh nao da vao trffdng trung hpc tieng Anh se van hpc
hoan toan bang tie'ng Anh. Nam 1982 danh dau sff ke't thiie viee loai bd hoan toan
tie'ng Anh, thay the' bang tie'ng Melayu nhff ngdn ngff giang day chinh trong nha
trffdng Malaysia. O ca'p dai hpc, nhffng trffdng thanh lap sau nam 1970 ehu ye'u
day bang tieng Melayu. Con nhffng trffdng lau ddi hdn, viee thay the nhffng mdn
day bang tie'ng Anh cung bat dau tff nam 1983.
Sau cuoc xung dot sac toe vao nam 1969, tie'ng Melayu (bahasa Melayu) da
dffdc ddi ten thanh "tieng Malaysia" (bahasa Malaysia), nham lam cho cac dan
toe khac cam tha'y ngdn ngff qud'c gia la cua ta't ca mpi ngffdi khdng ke sac toe,
mang lai tinh cam thuoe ve mot da't nffdc, mot qud'c gia thdng nha't. Dong thdi

-17-

' iKii:

'

\j-iiim \

77m hieu nhu cdu gido due tieng me de cua ede ddn toe thieu so'd Malaysia

cung xda bd quan niem cho rang tie'ng Melayu la ciia rieng ngffdi Melayu. Tuy
nhien, khi mpi ngffdi da thay ddi quan niem, quay lai hpc va diing ngdn ngff qud'c
gia thi ten gpi khdng edn la van de Idn nffa.
Tff thdi thuoe dia den nhffng nam dau sau Doe lap, chff Jawi (mau tff A Rap)
dffdc dung phd bien va dffde coi la chuan. De nhan dan de dang hpc ngdn ngff
qudc gia, chff Rumi (Latinh hda) da dffdc Dao luat Ngdn ngff Qud'c gia trao cho
dia vi ehinh thffe, bat chap sff phan ddi ciia ngffdi Melayu ddi sff dung lai chff Jawi
d cac linh vffc ngoai ton giao.
c) Tieng Melayu dUdc md rgng chvtc ndng xd hoi vd pham vi sH dung
Trong nhffng thang nam thuoe dia, tieng Melayu - lingua franca ngay xffa chi edn dffde dung trong nhffng tinh hud'ng giao tie'p ddn gian, khdng phffc tap,
khdng ddi hdi sff tinh te nhff trong quan he buon ban d chd hay quan he chu td
khac dan tpc ma thdi. Nhffng tff nam 1957, khi dffdc khdi phuc va nang dia vi len
thanh ngdn ngff qud'c gia, tie'ng Malaysia da dffdc md rong chffc nang xa hdi eua
minh. A. H. Omar [24;2] dinh nghia "chffc nang" la "trach nhiem xa hdi dat len
mot ngdn ngff trong xa hdi dd". Tie'ng Malaysia da trd thanh ngdn ngff giao tie'p,
la phffdng tien de dat de'n sff hieu biet va doan ke't cua cac cong ddng dan tpc
khac nhau d Malaysia. Tie'ng Malaysia cung la phffdng tien de nhan dan cac dan
tpc tie'p nhan nen giao due qud'c gia nhff da ndi d tren va la ngdn ngff ehinh thffe
eua da't nffdc. Mot ngdn ngff chinh thffe trong bd'i canh Malaysia, cung theo A. H.
Omar, la ngdn ngff dung trong hanh chinh cua ehinh quyen (nhff viet bao cao va
bien ban cac cuoc hpp, trong thff tin, hdi hpp, phdng van v.v...) va nhffng budi le
chinh thffe (nhff dien van, tuyen bd, tuyen the, cam ket v.v...) cung nhff giao tie'p
giffa Chinh phii va nhan dan (nhff thdng tff, thdng bao, ddn tff cac loai...)
[24;72,157-158]. Tie'ng Malaysia cung dffdc md rong cac linh vffc sff dung cua
minh trong xa hdi. Ngoai nhffng linh vffc tie'ng Malayu da dffdc sff dung tff trffdc
ma chung tdi da de cap de'n tren day, tieng Melayu gid day edn vffdn ra cac linh

vffc khac nhff hpc thuat, khoa hpc, kinh te..., la nhffng linh vffc ddi hdi phai cd he
thdng thuat ngff va phong each rieng.
Nhff vay, chiing ta cd the thay Chinh sach Ngdn ngff Qudc gia cua Malaysia cd
nhffng dac diem sau:
- Lffa chpn ngdn ngff dan tpc chii the lam ngdn ngff qudc gia, vdi mue dich xay
dffng ban sac cho dan tpc Malaysia va hdi nhap toan qud'c.

-18-


77m hieu nhu cdu gido due tieng me de cua cdc ddn toe thieu so d Malaysia

- Ngdn ngff qudc gia cd chffc nang lam ngdn ngff giao tie'p chung giffa cac dan
tpc trong nffdc, tff dd lam phffdng tien dat de'n sff hieu biet va doan ke't toan dan;
la phffdng tien chinh de nhan dan cac dan toe tie'p nhan nen giao due qudc gia va
la ngdn ngff chinh thffe cua da't nffdc.
- Do hoan canh lich sff, ngdn ngff qudc gia lam vao the bat Idi hdn so vdi mot
vai ngdn ngff trong nffdc. Do dd, Malaysia da khon kheo cung cd vi tri ciia ngdn
ngff qud'c gia bang cac chinh sach kinh te va giao due ddng thdi, cung vdi viee
thffe hien dan tffng bffdc de tranh gay ma't dn dinh ehinh tri, chuan bi tam ly cho
nhan dan cac dan toe va cd thdi gian xay dffng ngdn ngff qudc gia len ngang tam
nhiem vu mdi. Tuy edn nhieu va'n de phai ban cai chung quanh bien phap thffe
hien chinh sach kinh te va giao due, nhffng ro rang y tffdng hau thuSn chinh sach
ngdn ngff bang cac ehinh sach xa hdi khac la hoan toan diing.
- Giao due la hat nhan eua viee thffe hien chinh sach ngdn ngff d Malaysia.
2) Moi quan h^ giUa Ngon ngU Quoc gia vd ngon ngit cdc ddn toe khac
Dieu 152(1) eua Hie'n phap Malaysia qui dinh rd:
"Ngdn ngff qud'c gia se la tieng Melayu... Vdi dieu kien la (a) se khdng
ai bi ngan can sff dung (ngoai nhffng mue dich ehinh thffe) hoac day hay
hpc bat ky ngdn ngff nao; va (b) se khdng cd van de gi trong Khoan nay

xam hai de'n quyen cua Chinh phii Lien bang hay ciia Chinh quyen cac
Bang dffdc giff gin va duy tri viee dung va hpc ngdn ngff ciia bat ky cong
ddng nao trong Lien bang".
Do dd, ke tff khi thffe hien Chinh sach Giao due Qud'c gia vao nam 1970, eiing
vdi viee bien cac trffdng tie'ng Anh thanh trffdng qudc gia dung tie'ng Malaysia
lam ngdn ngff giang day chinh, cac trffdng tieu hpc Trung Qud'c va Tamil cung
dffdc nhap vao he thdng giao due qudc gia. Chiing dffde gpi la "trffdng loai qud'c
gia" (national-type school) do van giff nguyen ngdn ngff giang day la tie'ng me de.
O cac trffdng nay, ngdn ngff qud'c gia va tie'ng Anh la hai mdn hpc bat bude. Khi
len den trung hpc, hpc sinh cac trffdng nay phai chuyen sang hpc d trffdng qud'c
gia sau khi da qua mot nam hpc d ldp chuyen ddi de nam vffng tie'ng Melayu la
ngdn ngff giang day d day. Ddi vdi nhffng hpc sinh chpn hpc d trffdng qud'c gia,
cac em nay cd the hpc tie'ng me de ciia minh nhff mot mdn hpc ne'u mudn, thdng
qua ldp POL (Pupils' Own Languages - ngdn ngff cua hpc sinh) vdi dieu kien
phai CO du 15 hpc sinh dang ky.

19-


Tim hieu nhu cdu gido due tieng me de ciia cdc ddn toe thieu sod Malaysia

Rieng cong ddng ngffdi Hoa, do da cd giao due trung hpc tff trffdc nen mot sd
trffdng trung hpc dung tieng phd thdng Trung Qud'c lam ngdn ngff giang day cung
dffdc nhap vao he thd'ng giao due qud'c gia (nhffng mot sd" tai lieu cho la chi cd
trffdng tieu hpc loai qud'c gia mdi dffdc nha nffdc tai trd, edn trung hpc thi khdng).
Do dd cac hpc sinh Trung Qud'c sau khi hpc xong tieu hpc d trffdng loai qudc gia
cd hai lffa chpn: hoac tiep tuc hpc het trung hoe hoan toan bang tieng phd thdng
Trung Qud'c, hoac vao trffdng qud'c gia sau khi da qua mot nam lam quen vdi tie'ng
Melayu d ldp chuyen ddi nhff cac ddng mdn An Dp. Ngoai ra, mot sd" trffdng Trung
Qud"e khdng vao he thdng cong lap va tdn tai de'n ngay nay vdi tff each la trffdng

"ddc lap" hay trffdng tff, khdng dffde nha nffdc tai trd, A. H. Omar (1987) dff doan
rang cung vdi thdi gian, cac trffdng trung hpc loai qud'c gia (Trung Qudc) cd the se
bi loai bd do giao due dai hpc dffdc tien hanh bang ngdn ngff qudc gia, nen to't nha't
la cho sinh vien Trung Qudc dffde chuan bi cho van de nay tff bac trung hpc.
Bao cao ciia Uy ban Ndi cac ve Thffe hien Chinh sach Giao due Qud'c gia 1980
(do Thii tffdng Malaysia M. Mohamad lam chu tpa) [24;63 va 81] da de nghi rang
cac ldp POL d trffdng qud'c gia nen md effa cho hpc sinh cac dan tpc khac ne'u hp
mud'n hpc cac thff tie'ng nay va khdng nen chi gidi ban trong cong ddng ndi ngdn
ngff thff nha't ma thdi. Dong thdi, Uy ban cung de nghi cac trffdng loai qud'c gia,
cho du dd la trffdng Trung Qud'c hay Tamil, cung nen md cffa cho hpc sinh cac dan
tpc khac ngoai dan tpc minh ra ne'u hp mudn hpc bang cac thff tiding dd.
Ngoai nhffng mue dich ehinh thffe nhff da ndi d tren, cac dan tpc d Malaysia
dffde tff do dung tieng me de ciia minh trong bat ky canh hud'ng nao. Du vay, cac
van ban chinh thffe dffdc viet bang tie'ng Melayu, ne'u can, van dffdc phep dich ra
^

9

9

cac thff tieng khac de mpi ngffdi eiing hieu rd.
Tuy nhien, van de chinh sach dd'i vdi ngdn ngff cac dan toe khac d Malaysia
khdng chi ddn gian nhff the". Mot sd" van de ve phap ly lam cho cac cong ddng
khdng phai Melayu lo lang khdng yen. Chang ban Dao luat Giao due 1961 da tffdc
bd mot sd'doan quan trpng (gach chan) trong Dieu 3 ciia Sac lenh Giao due 1957:
"Chinh sach Giao due cua Lien bang nham thiet lap nen mot he thd'ng giao due
qud'c gia dffdc chap nhan bdi toan the nhan dan, thda man nhu cau ciia hp va thue
day sff phat trien van hda, xa hdi, kinh te' va chinh tri ciia hp vdi tff each la mot
qud'c gia, vdi mue dich lam cho tie'ng Melayu trd thanh ngdn ngff qud'c gia ciia da't
nffdc trong khi van giff gin va duy tri sff phat trien ciia ngdn ngff va van hda ciia

cac dan toe khac Melayu sd'ng d da't nffdc nav" [54;40]. Chinh phii thinh

•20-