Tình trạng cầm cố ruộng nương của người Khơ - mú ở bản Tra, xã Chiềng Lương, huyện Mai Sơn, tỉnh Sơn La

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<i><b>Khd - mu d ban Tra, xa Chieng LUdng, </b></i>

<b>huyen Mai Sdn, tmh Sdn La </b>

<b>CHU THI THU HA* </b>

<b>TRAN THI BICH CANH** </b>

B

a n T r a la b a n duy n h i t c i a xa
Chieng LUdng cd ngUdi Khd Mu
sinh sd'ng. Hoat dpng k i n h te c i a hp chu
yeu dUa vao trdng trpt la chinh. Hien nay,
tai b a n Tra da va dang xay r a Men tUdng
ngudi dan m a n g rupng dat di d m co' do
khdng cd k h a n a n g t r a vo'n va lai cho c h i
np. H a u q u i c i a t i n h t r a n g nay khong
nhflng a n h hudng nghiem trpng den ddi
sd'ng c i a chinh ngUdi Khd Mfl ndi day ma
cdn a n h hudng ldn den md'i q u a n he doan
ket cac dan tpc tai dia phUdng.

I. THUC TRANG CAM CO RUONG DAT

N h u cac b a n lang v u n g ddng bao dan
tpc thieu so'khac, d b a n Tra ben c a n h dat
chung c i a b i n thi mdi ca n h a n hoac hp
gia dinh deu cd p h a n dat rieng. TrUdc day
do tai nguyen dat cdn phong p h i , cdng vdi
t a p q u a n du c a n h du cU nen do'i vdi ngUdi
Khd M i dat tU hflu khong q u i q u a n
trpng, trong xa hdi t r u y e n thd'ng It cd sU
t r a n h chap ve dat dai, h i u b e t viec

chuyen nhupng d a t dai la do thfla ke.

Nam 1993, L u a t dat dai r a ddi vdi
nhflng quy dinh cu t h e trong viec q u a n ly
va s i dung d i t dai. Theo dd, N h a nUdc se
giao dat cho cac hd gia dinh, c l n h a n s i
dung trong thdi gian dn dinh lau dai. Cac
loai d i t thudc quyen sd hflu c i a tU n h a n
thudng la cac loai dat rflng, dat k h o a n h

nuoi bao ve, d a t k h a i hoang, d i t s a n xuat,
dat thd cU... Dd'i vdi loai dat nay, c h i sd
hflu cd q u y e n s i d u n g , b a n , chuyen
nhupng, cho t h u e , thfla ke, t h e chap
quyen s i d u n g dat.

"Mac dfl Iuat dat dai 1993 da cd nhUng
d Chieng Ludng, cu t h e la b a n Tra cho den
nhflng n a m 1999 d a t rupng va nUdng c i a
b a n mdi dupc chia cho cac hp de canh tac.
Vao thdi diem nay, toan b a n cd 42 hp binh
q u a n moi n h a n k h a u dupc chia la 88m
rupng va 2.500 m d a t nUdng. T i n h den
thdi diem n a m 2004 b a n T r a chi cd 32 hp
dupc chia rupng va dat nUdng. So' hp cdn
lai do tach hp n a m 1999 nen cd the dUdc
bo' me chia d a t nhUng cflng cd t h e khdng
dupc chia vi bd' me da h e t dat hoac lap gia
dinh d ndi k h a c rdi chuyen di. Tinh den
thdi diem Men nay mdi n h a n k h a u d ban

Tra chi cdn b i n h q u a n 75m d i t rudng.
Con dat nUdng, do cac hp ngheo bi gat nd
15,4 h a trong 8 n a m qua nen binh quan
d i u ngUdi chi cdn xap xi 156m "[1, tr
47]. Dieu t r a dien da cua PGS. TS T r i n
Binh (Dai hpc Van boa Ha Npi) cflng cho
t h a y : n a m 2002 b a n Tra, xa Chieng
LUdng cd 38 hd ngUdi Khd M u do vay np
lai c i a ngUdi Kinh tai thi t r a n Cd Noi,
huyen Mai Sdn vi khdng cd tien m a t de
tra nd hp da dflng d i t ndng nghiep de gan
np, den nay d b a n chi cdn 5ha dat s a n

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<i>Chu Thi Thu Hd, Trdn Thi Bieh Cdnh - Tinh trgng cdm cd rudng nUang ... </i>

<b>59 </b>

xuat, 37/38 hp la con np khdng cd k h a
n a n g t h a n h toan. Tong so' np c i a cac gia
dinh trong b a n len tdi 290.000.000 ddng.
Theo t r u d n g b a n Tra la ong Ha Van
Nguyen thi 90% sd' hd trong b a n p h a i vay
vo'n t u n h a n de s a n x u a t va 3/4 hp khdng
cc k h a n a n g h o a n t r a . Muc dich vay lai
cao c i a ngudi Khd Mfl d b a n Tra c h i yeu
la de d i u tU vao s a n x u a t (mua giong,
p h a n bdn...). "Dau nhflng n a m 90 c i a the
ky trudc, ddng bao Khd M i tai b a n T r a da
t i trdng l i a nUdng chuyen s a n g trdng ngo
lai, nhUng lai l a m vao t i n h t r a n g thieu
vo'n d i u tu, gid'ng va p h a n bdn. Theo t i n h
toan c i a ddng bao thi d i u tU cho I h a d i t

nUdng trdng ngo vao thdi diem dd thi p h a i
mat tfl 500.000 den 600.000 ddng (gidng
ngo va p h a n dam, Ian). De g i i i quyet t i n h
t r a n g thieu vo'n, ddng bao da c h i dpng vay
Iai tfl ben ngoai" [1, t r 46]. Ngoai muc
dich vay vo'n de d i u tU cho s i n xuat, ddng
bao con vay de tieu dflng cho sinh boat gia
dinh (mua lUdng thUc, thUc p h a m , my
chinh, hot canh, muo'i ), s i m s i a cac
tien nghi trong gia d i n h (xe may, dai, vd
tuyen ).

Khong t r a dUdc np, ngUdi Khd M i d
ban Tra chpn h i n h t h i c d m co' nUdng de
t r i np. Tdng dien tich d a t c a n h t i c va sd
n a m cam co' se p h u thupc vao viec con nd
vay c i a c h i np bao nhieu tien m a t va t u y
thupc vao c h a t lupng td't hoac x i u c i a
m a n h nUdng. Theo k e t qua dieu t r a c i a
c h i n g toi, thdi gian d m co' rupng dat c i a
ngudi Khd Mu d b a n T r a tdi thieu t i 5
nam trd len. Cu t h e m i c tfl 5 - 10 n a m
chiem 55%, tfl 10 - 15 n a m chiem 40%, 15
- 20 n a m chiem 5%.

Ca biet cd nhflng trUdng hdp np n i n
cdn dai d a n g keo dai, chuyen tfl ddi nay
sang ddi khac, tfl ddi bd' s a n g ddi con, the
he trUdc chet di rdi nhflng t h e he sau lai
p h a i g a n h chiu nhflng k h o a n np do cha me

de lai. Tieu bieu cho trUdng hdp n a y la gia

dinh a n h Q u a n g Van Cdng , 25 tudi. Anh
vfla l l y vd chUa dUpc bao lau, bo' mat, a n h
Cdng p h l i hflng chiu k h o a n np Idn do bd'
a n h de lai. Theo giay ghi nd c i a c h i nd thi
bd' a n h Cong da gan dat s a n x u a t c i a
m i n h t i n a m 1985 va t i n h den n a m 2010
van cdn 6 n a m gan np nfla. Dieu nay ddng
nghia vdi viec trong 6 n a m s l p tdi, a n h
Cong va ngUdi vd t r e se p h a i di Iam t h u e
de kiem song.

Do'i vdi nhflng chu np, viec cMem nUdng
de t h u np la mpt Mnh thflc hdc lot sflc lao
dpng c i a nhflng ngudi dan b a n Tra, bd t i i
nhflng k h o a n tien tfl np Iai cao t h u dupc.
Neu I l y dupc rupng d i t hp cd the t h u e
n h a n cong tai cho vdi Iy do tao cong an viec
Iam cho ddng bao tfl do da vo h i n h trd
t h a n h ngUdi bde lot. Mpt dieu dang ndi la
neu trUdc kia trong canh tac nUdng ngUdi
Khd M u d ban T r a da tich Ifly dUdc nhieu
k i n h nghiem sao cho b a n che viec r i a trdi
xdi mdn gay hai cho dat, thi nay khi d i t
dai rdi vao tay cac c h i np, hp cM chfl trpng
k h a i thac v l t kiet dat dai de t h u hoa lpi td'i
da ma khong q u a n t a m viec phuc hdi dat
khien dat dai ngay cang bac mau.

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vat quy Mem vi p h a m p h a p Mat. Viec p h a
rflng bfla bai de Iam nUdng hoac k h a i thac
gd da k h i e n t a i nguyen rflng can kiet,
nhflng "tang p h a m " c i a tU n h i e n bien
mat, cac hoat dpng s a n b a t hai lupm cflng
theo dd khong con, nhflng net van hda
trong flng x i vdi tU n h i e n va mdi t r u d n g
cflng khong con dupc ton trpng, ngUdi Khd
M i It hoac khong con nghi Ie cflng rflng
hay nhflng tri thflc tpc ngudi ve san b a t
hai lupm cflng m i t di cflng vdi viec tai
nguyen rflng dang d i n can kiet.

<b>II. ANH H U 6 N G CUA VIEC CAM CO </b>
<b>R U O N G D A T D O I VCil S I N H K E </b>
<b>TRUYEN T H O N G </b>

Neu n h u sinh ke t r u y e n tho'ng c i a
ngudi Khd Mfl d b a n Tra, xa Chieng
LUdng, Mai Sdn, Sdn La la k i n h te trdng
trpt vdi ndng nghiep nUdng ray la c h i dao
thi nay t i n h t r a n g d m cd' rudng dat s a n
xuat (dac biet la dat nUdng) khien ngudi
Khd m i d b a n Tra dan m a t h e t tU lieu san
x u l t t i dd hp phai tim nhflng phUdng thflc
mdi de mUu sinh.

Theo ket qua dieu t r a c i a chung tdi,
90% ngUdi dan b i n T r a da chpn h i n h t h i c
lam t h u e de kiem sd'ng. Sau khi da d m co'

het so' rupng dat c a n h tac c i a minh,
nhflng con nd ngudi Khd m i d b a n Tra trd
t h a n h nhflng ngUdi lam t h u e cho cac c h i
np t r e n chinh m a n h rupng, m a n h nUdng
c i a minh. Hien nay mdi cong lam t h u e
cho canh tac nUdng ray dUdc t i n h vdi gia
50.000d/ngay mdt cdng ngudi ldn,
30.000d/ngay mdt cdng tre em. Lam t h u e
t r e n cM'nh m a n h nUdng c i a m i n h dang la
bien p h a p tdl Uu ma h i u b e t ngUdi Khd
m i d b a n Tra lUa chpn. Tien cdng it di
b i n g cay t h u e cuoc mUdn da Iam cho cupc
sd'ng c i a ngUdi Khd mfl d b a n Tra dang
gap r a t nhieu khd k h a n .

Ben canh viec lam t h u e , mdt sd' hd
chuyen sang budn b a n nhd. Trong boat

dpng k i n h te t r u y e n thd'ng c i a ngudi Khd
M i d ban Tra, viec t r a o ddi h a n g boa chi cd
t i n h chat npi bp trong ban, hp khdng m a n g
s i n p h i m di trao ddi ma nhflng ngudi cd
n h u c l u t u tim den n h a de trao ddi cac san
p h a m theo t h o a t h u a n . S a n p h a m la
nhflng m a t h a n g gia dinh san x u l t dUpc
n h u : cac san p h i m tfl trdng trpt, cac san
p h a m chan nuoi, d c san p h a m t h i cdng
dudi M n h t h i c vat ddi vat. It quy r a tien.
Nay cflng vdi xu the chung c i a xa hpi, dat
san x u a t khong cdn, de cd t h e m t h u nhap

mpt so' gia dinh ngUdi Khd m u d ban Tra
da md t h e m cac c i a h a n g buon b a n nhd
bang each lay h a n g tfl nhflng dai Iy tai thi
t r a n Cd Ndi. Do vo'n It va ngudi dan trong
b a n c h i yeu la ddi ngheo nen viec buon
b i n chUa m a n g Iai hieu q u i k i n h te cao
n h u n g dfl sao di nfla, boat dpng budn b i n
nay cflng da gdp p h l n Iam t h a y ddi nhflng
nep suy nghi cfl, lam da dang hoa boat
dpng sinh ke c i a ngUdi dan b i n Tra.

Trong t h i cdng nghiep, ngudi Khd Mu
ndi tieng vdi n g h e d a n l i t . Dd dan lat c i a
ngUdi Khd M u r a t dep va t i n h xao vdi
nhieu c h i n g loai phong p h i , nhieu kieu
dang la mat. Viec dan lat tfl lau da cd y
nghia q u a n trpng trong cupc ddi c i a mdi
ngudi Khd M i . Nhflng b o a t dpng c i a
n g a n h t h i cdng nghiep nay dang dUdc day
m a n h de t a n g t h e m t h u n h a p trong gia
dinh. Hien n a y cac s i n p h a m c i a nghe
dan dupc b a n d thi trUdng nhU: ghe may
cd gia 50.000 ddng/chiec, m a m may cd gia

100.000 ddng/chiec. N h u vay, hieu qua
k i n h te ma nghe d a n lat dang dem lai la
khdng nhd, neu dUpc d i u tU trong san
x u a t va tim dupc thi trUdng thi day la mdt
hudng di nhieu tiem n a n g giup ngUdi Khd
m u d b a n Tra giam dUdc ddi ngheo.

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<i>Chu Thi Thu Hd, Trdn Thi Bieh Cdnh - Tinh trgng cdm cd rudng nUang </i>

<b>61 </b>

k i n h te cao, dupc t h u m u a chuyen ve xudi
hoac dupc b a n cho cac n h a h a n g dupc ddng
dao cac t h u c k h a c h yeu thich. Viec chan
nuoi nay neu dau t u cd hieu qua thi ngUdi
dan se cd t h e m nhflng khoan t h u n h a p bd
xung cho k i n h te gia dinh.

Do nhflng t h a y ddi trong cupc song, do
nhflng khd k h a n c i a t i n h t r a n g ddi ngheo
ma mpt so' hp gia dinh ngUdi Khd m i d
b i n Tra da tim hudng di mdi cho con em
c i a hp, tfl viec chi biet nhflng phUdng thflc
sinh ke cd t r u y e n hp d i u tU cho con em
minh di hpc cac nghe mdi n h u di lam cdng
nhan, hpc lai may xflc may i i , hpc may,
hpc t r u n g d p ke toan... Vdi Id'i suy nghi
mdi ddng bao da va dang hi vpng con em
c i a hp se t h o a t dupc ddi ngheo. Tuy
nhien, nhflng trUdng hdp nhU vay cdn
chUa nhieu d b a n Tra.

Nhflng phUdng thflc sinh ke mdi ke
tren chi x u a t Men m a n h m i n va chUa cd
phUdng thflc nao cd vi t r i c h i dao d a m bao
kinh te dn dinh n h u trdng trpt dd'i vdi ddi
sdng trUdc kia cua ddng bao. Nhflng ngudi
Khd Mfl d b a n Tra h i u het la nhflng ngudi

cd t r i n h dp hpc van t h i p , chi quen vdi
canh tac nUdng r i y , nay m a t dat nUdng
ddi sd'ng c i a ddng b a o rdi vao d n h lao dao
cflng q u i n vdi vdng trdn M a n q u a n ddi
ngheo. Theo bao cao c i a t r u d n g b i n Ha
Van Nguygn, n a m 2008 d b i n cd 25/44 hp
ngheo chiem 56,8%. Cd nhflng t h a n g
nhieu gia dinh lam vao d n h thieu an,
p h l n ldn nhflng t h a n g dd rdi vao Iflc s l p
gieo trdng tfl t h a n g 4 - t h a n g 9 giai doan
d i u mfla mUa, trong khi dd g a n h t r e n vai
cac k h o i n np nhflng gia dinh b a n Tra
dang het sflc khd k h a n .

Di doi vdi ddi ngheo d b a n Tra la cac te
nan xa hpi nay sinh. Tai dia phUdng da
xay r a cac trUPng hdp vi p h a m p h a p Mat
n h u budn b a n t a n g trfl c h i t ma tfly, trdm
cap tai san cdng d a n hi p h a t tfl. Nhflng te
n a n xa hpi d a n g xay r a l a m m a t t r a t t u an

n i n h lam xao trpn cupc so'ng yen binh xUa
kia c i a ddng bao.

<b>III. MOT SO Y K I E N D E XUAT </b>

Trudc het d n xae dinh van de khd
k h a n mau chdt d b a n Tra la van de thieu
ngudn lUc tai chinh. Ngudn luc tai chinh
bao gdm tai san v a t chat, tien, vd'n tiet

kiem... Ngudn luc nay khong chi giflp duy
tri cupc sd'ng c i a con ngUdi ma cdn dam
b i o a n toan cho cupc sorig c i a hp trudc
nhflng r i i ro, b a t t h u d n g n h u tai nan, d'm
dau, con cai den tudi den trudng... Ngudn
Iuc tai chinh b a n che khien ngudi Khd Mfl
d ban Tra khdng cd k h a n a n g tich My de
cd the chd'ng chpi vdi nhflng bien cd bat
t h u d n g x i y ra. Su b a n che ve tai chinh
cdn la nguyen n h a n cd b a n tri hoan k h i
n a n g chuyen ddi cd d u cay trdng, ap dung
khoa hpc ky t h u a t trong s a n xuat.

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dupc day m a n h g i n vdi t a p h u a n kien
thflc ve phdng chdng dich benh, c i c h
cham sdc vat nuoi khoa hpc cho ddng bao
KhP Mfl d b i n Tra.

Can p h a t h u y vai trd c i a cac td c h i c
chinh tri xa hpi h a y d c doan t h e d dia
phUPng n h u Hpi p h u nfl, Doan t h a n h
men, Hpi nong dan... trong cong tac tuyen
t r u y e n ddng bao xay dUng nep sd'ng van
hoa mdi, trong viec thUc Men tiet kiem
cflng n h u ap dung cac kien thflc khoa hpc
ky t h u a t vao s a n xuat.

Mpt nguyen n h a n nfla d a n den n a n tU
do d m co' rupng d a t la tai b a n Tra, viec
quan ly va s i d u n g dat dai cdn chUa chat

che, chinh quyen xa, va t r u d n g b a n chi
n i m dupc cac so' lieu t r e n giay td cdn thUc
te cac hp tU y s i d u n g dat dai c i a m i n h
khong thong qua chinh quyen ke d khi cd
sU trao ddi m u a ban, chuyen nhupng. Viec
nay d n phai t h i t c h a t hdn nfla thong qua
cac cupc kiem t r a dinh ky va dot x u a t c i a
can bp dia chinh xa. Dd'i vdi nhflng trUdng
hdp vi p h a m p h a p Iuat d n p h l i cd h i n h
thflc x i p h a t n g h i e m k h i c de lam gUdng.

Trong cupc chien chd'ng lai ddi ngheo,
ngoai sU giup dd c i a D i n g va N h a nudc
thi sU nd lUc vUdn len c i a chinh ngUdi dan
la vo cung q u a n trpng. Nhieu hp gia dinh
ngUdi KhP Mfl d b a n T r a chUa thUe sU quy
trpng dat san x u a t c i a minh, chUa thUc sU
quyet t a m vUdn len xoa ddi giam ngheo.
C h i n g toi cd phdng v a n mpt so' hp Khd M i
d b a n Tra ve t h a i dp c i a hp trUdc viec p h a i
d m co' rupng dat. Mot so' It t h a y budn ve
t i n h d n h khd k h a n c i a m i n h nhUng chUa
cd d e h giai quyet, da sd' t h a y viec d m co^
rupng dat cho ngUdi k h a c la b i n h thudng,
chi cd mpt vai trUdng hdp la cd' gang t h u
xep de I l y lai dat. Mpt s d g i a dinh Khd Mu
d ban Tra cdn dflng so' tien vay dupc vdi lai
x u l t cao de m u a s i m nhflng vat dung xa
xi trong gia d i n h n h u tivi, xe may, dai
va de tieu dflng h a n g ngay. A n h Ld Van

P a n 36 tudi - mot ngUdi dan d b a n cho
biet : "d b a n nay nhieu ngUdi p h a i gan np
dat l l m , hp thich tieu tien trudc m i t , vay
tien de tieu xai a n ud'ng, hp a n con sUdng
hdn m i n h day... ". Quy dat cflng chUa dupc
ba con t a n d u n g triet de. D a t dai chi dUdc
k h a i thac mdi n a m mpt vu, va chi trdng
duy n h a t cay lUdng thUc hoac ngo, n h u
vay dat dai hi bd rdi, lang p h i trong khi
ngudi dan v a n cdn thieu ddi. C h i n h vi vay
d n tuyen t r u y e n van dpng cho n h a n dan
t h a y ddi ne'p song cfl, t h a y ddi tU tudng an
p h a n trudc m i t , p h a t h u y nhflng kinh
nghiem tich cUc va m a n h dan tiep t h u
nhflng kien thflc mdi trong s a n xuat.

Ndi tdm Iai, v a n de ddi nghee, n a n cho
vay n a n g lai va d m co' rupng dat d ban
Tra la mpt bai t o a n khd khong the giai
quyet mpt sdm mot chieu, ddi hdi sU hdp
tac, sU quyet t a m r a t ldn c i a cac d p
chinh quyen dia phUdng va dac biet la sU
quyet t a m t h o a t khdi vdng xoay np n i n va
ddi ngheo de vUdn tdi mot cupc sd'ng tot
dep hdn c i a chinh nhflng ngudi dan Khd
Mu ndi day./.

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

<i>1. Le Minh Anh (2 - 2006); Vdn di doi ngheo </i>
<i>cua ngUdi Kha Mu d bdn Tra xd Chieng </i>
<i>Luang, huyen Mai San, tinh Sc/n La. Tap </i>
chi Dan toc hoc so' 2.

<i>2. Khdng Diln (1999), Bdn tgc Kha Mu d Viet </i>
<i>Nam, Nxb. Van hoa dan toe. </i>

<i>3. Dang Minh Ngoc (2004).- Canh tdc nUang </i>
<i>rdy cua ngUdi Kha Mu d bdn Co Chai, xd </i>
<i>Hdt Lot, Mai San, San La. Bao eao tiem </i>
nang nam 2004. Vien Dan toe hoc Viet
Nam, Ha Noi.

4. Luat dat dai (1994). Nxb. Chinh tri quo'c gia.
<i>5. Chu Thai Sdn, Vi Van An (2006): Ngudi </i>

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