Động từ kết chuỗi trong tiếng anh có đối chiếu với một số nhóm động từ tương ứng trong tiếng việt

DONG

TD KET C H U O I T R O N G TIENG A N H ,

c6 D6\ CHIEU vdi MOT SO NHOM DONG TD
TUONG Q N G TRONG TIENG VIET
Nguyin Thi Hong Hanh
Ban Qiian he Quoc te, DHQG Hd Not
Trong tieng Anh c6 nhieu nhdm dong t\i, vi du nhu dong tiif chuyen
dong, dong til tong hdp, dong gidi tif... trong dd dong t\i ket ehuoi (eaternatives) la mot nhdm dong tit kha dac biet, luon doi hoi cac dong tu:
khdng chia khac ciing xuat hien.

Vi du:
He kept talking. (Anh ay tiep tue ndi chuyen.)
I saw John come up the street. (Toi nhin thay John di tren pho.)
Trong hai vi du tren, cac dong tijt "kept", "saw", dting d vi tri dau
tien trong dong ngii chinh la dong tu: ket chudi. Chung ddi hoi cac dong
tif di sau chung phai xuat hien d dang thijfe khong chia cua dong tijf:
"talking"- hinh thai -ing (V-ing); "come" - dong tif nguyen dang khong
CO "to".

So' lUdng cae dong t\i ciing xuat hien trong mot ngfl theo kieu nay
la khong cd gidi ban: tat ca cac dong tir, trif dong i\i diing sau ciing,
deu la dong tuf ket chudi. Trong mot dong ngiJ cd the cd hdn hai dong
ttt ket ehuoi.

Vi du:
He kept on ashing her to help him get it finished.
(Anh ay tiep tue de nghi c6 ay giup anh ket thue cong viec.)
*Dong t\X ket ehuoi' va cac dong tii di sau no cd mot moi quan he
cu phap va ngijt nghia kha 'chat che', vi du khong the ndi "He kept to

talk", "I want going to London".
630


Trong bai viet nay, chung toi se tim hieu cac cau true cd ban va
ngut nghia cua nhdm dong tu: ket ehuoi, lam cd sd doi chieu mot so'
nhdm dong tii tUdng dUdng trong tieng Viet.
I. TifiU CHI PHAN LOAI D O N G Ttf K^T C H u 6 l
F.R.Palmer trong cud'n "The Grammar English Verb", 1974 da
dua ra hai bo tieu chi de phan loai dong t\i ket ehuoi trong tieng Anh
dUa tren cac cau tnic ma chung xuat hien:
(i) Thii nhdty c6 4 hinh thai cua dong ti£ c6 thedi

sau dong til ket

ehuoi:
• Dong tijf nguyen dang khdng cd tieu tuf 'to":
He didn't hear her get

up.

(Anh khong nghe thay c6 ay thufe day.)
I saw him come out of the house.
(Toi nhin thay anh ay ra khdi nha.)

- Dong tix nguyen dang cd ti§u t\i "to":
I didn*t want to look at the time.
(Toi khong muon xem dong ho.)
I don't want anyone to touch you. (Toi khong mud'n bat cijf ai
cham vao ngudi em.)

- Dong til CO duoi -ing (-ing form):
After a time, she quit talking.
She kept talking.

(Sau mot hoi, c6 ay ngijtng ndi.)

(Cd ay v i n tiep tue ndi.)

- Dong ttt cd dudi -en (-en form) :
He got short in the riot. (Anh ay bi bin trong cuoe noi loan.)
Tuy nhien, chi cd hinh thai thii hai va thii ba la thich hdp doi vdi
phan Idn cac dong tii ket ehuoi.
631


(it) ThiJt hai, danh

ngit c6 the xuat hien givta dong tii ket chuSi

vd dong tit di sau no, theo trqt tit:
(a) Dong tu: ket ehuoi + (b) ed/khong cd danh ngi3 (vdi chiic nang
bd ngut) + (c) dong tuf khdng chia.
John wanted to talk. (John mud'n ndi ehuy§n)
a
+ e (nguyen dang cd tieu ttr "to")
John kept

talking. (John tiep tue ndi chuyen.)
a + c (V-ing)

John wanted
the m a n
a +
b
+

to talk.
e (nguyen dang cd tieu tif "to")

(John mud'n ngUdi dan dng ndi chuyen.)
John

kept
the man
a +
b
+

talking.
e (nguyen dang khong cd tieu ttf "to")

John ctJt de ngUdi dan ong ndi chuyen.)
Trong hai vi du dau, chu ngut cua "to talk" va "talking" la "John".
Trong hai dong ngut nay khdng cd danh ngii "chen" vao giula dong tiif
ket ehuoi - "wanted", "kept" va dong tii khdng chia.
Trong hai vi du sau, chu ngu[ cua "to talk" va "talking" khdng phai
la "John" ma la "the man". Trong trudng hdp nay, danh ngd "the man"
da "chen" vao giiia dong tijf ket ehuoi - "wanted", "kept'* va dong i\i
khdng chia - "to talk", "talking".
Theo tac gia, hai bo tieu chi phan loai dong t\i ket ehuoi vrta neu

tren ehi ap dung cho dong ngii phiic (complex phrase). Mot dac diem
quan trong phan biet dong ngii ddn va dong ngii phiic chinh la kha
nang "chen" vao giiia dong tu: ket chudi va dong ttf di sau nd cua danh
nguc (NP). Chi cd dong ngii phijfc mdi cd kha nang nay.

Vi du:
John wanted the man to talk.
John kept the man talking.

632


Trong hai dong ngQ phlie trong hai vi du tren, cd sU xuat hien cua
danh ngii "the man". Trong trUdng hdp nay, "the man" la chu ngii cua
menh de phu/doan ngii khdng chia, la chu ngii cua hanh dong "to talk"
v^ "talking".
Ngodi ra, dong ngiJt phiic con c6 mot so dac tritng sau

day:

(i) Dang phu dinh cd the dUde sxi dung vdi dong ttf ket chudi trong
dong ngii phiic. Phu dinh cd the dUde danh dau vdi mdi mot dong tijf
xuat hien trong ciing mot dong ngii mot each doc lap.
He did not agree to do anything. (Anh ay khdng dong y lam bat
cii viec gi.)
He agreed not to do anything. (Anh ^'y dong y khong lam bat eti
vi§c gi.)
...I enjoy not being married, really. (Toi thUe sU thich thu la ngUdi
khdng cd vd).
Dong ttf nguyen dang khdng cd tieu ttf 'to' va qua khii phan ttf

thudng khdng de cf dang phu dinh. Tuy nhien, doi khi ciing cd nhiing
trUdng hdp ngoai le:
I don't like children not taught road safety. (Toi khdng mud'n tre
em khdng dUde day ve an toan giao thong.)
Nhiing ban che nay thudng vi ly do ngii nghia ehtf khdng phai vi
ly do ngii phap. Cae dong ttf 'help' (giup dd), 'fail' (that bai) hoae 'get'
(1^'y, nhan) khdng dUde sii dung de diln dat cac hanh dong hoae trang
thai phu dinh va thudng khdng diing vdi sU kien khdng ed that.

(ii) Doi vdi mot so'cau true cua dong tit ket chudi, ciing c6 the danh
dau thdi (tense) d moi mot dong tii (vdi "have").
I prefer to have finished before he comes. (Toi mud'n ket thue
cdng viec trude khi anh ay den.)
Trong vi du tren, dong tif ket chudi "prefer" ket hdp vdi "to have
finished" - dang thtic hoan thanh nguyen dang.
Trong vi du dUdi day "prefer" lai ket hdp vdi to finish - dong ttf
633


nguyen dang cd tieu ttf to .
I prefer to finish before he comes.
Su khac nhau giiia hai cau tren chinh la sU khae nhau ve thdi.
(Hi) Hdu nhu khong c6 gidi han ndo trong viec diing dang thiCc bi dong
doi vdi cac menh de phu.
He saw them eat. (Anh ay nhin thay ho an.)
He saw them eaten. (Anh ay nhin thay ehiing dang bi an
thit)

^

He had them beat the carpet. (Anh ay yeu cau ho dap saeh
tham.)
He had them beaten. (Anh ^y sai ngUdi dap saeh tham.)

Trong mot so' trUdng hdp ca mot cau ddy du trong dd cd dong ttf
ket chudi ciing cd the chuyen sang dang thtfc bi dong.
John seems to have seen Mary. (John cd ve nhU da gap
Mary)
Mary seems to have been seen by John. (Mary cd ve nhU da
dUde John tiep.)
Day la cac dong ttf 'bo nghia cho chu ngii'. Trong dang thiie bi
dong, chung gidng cac trd dong ttf hdn la cac dong ttf chinh va ve mat
ngii nghia chung ed mot so' dac trUng ctia dong ttf tinh thai - dUdng
nhu, dang xay r a v.v. Nhu vay ed the thay la khdng cd sU phan biet rd
rang giiia cac trd dong ttf chinh cap (primary auxiliaries), cac dong ttf
tinh thai (modals) va dong ttf ket chudi.
Cd the nhan thay s^c thai nghia khac nhau giiia hai c^'u tnic bi
dong sau day:
He saw them punished. (Anh ay nhin thay ho bi trtfng phat)
He saw them to be punished. (Anh ay nhin thay ho s^p hi trtfng
phat)
Theo chung toi, sU khac biet chti yeu giiia hai cau true bi dong
tren chinh la ve thdi gian.

634


Hinh thai qua khii phan til la dang hi dong ctia dong ttf nguyen
dang cd tieu ttf 'to'. Tuy nhien, ciing cd the cd dang nguyen the d dang
bi dong vdi it khac biet ve nghia:

I want the carpet

beaten.

(Toi mud'n tarn tham dUde dap saeh bui)
I want the carpet to be

beaten.

Tuy nhien, each ndi bi dong khdng thUe hien dUde ddi vdi mot so'
dong txX, nhat la vdi dang dong ttf dudi -ing khi ed danh nguf chen d
giiia:
He kept them working. (Anh bat chung lam viec.)
They kept them being taught. (-)
I want them working. (Toi mud'n ho lam viec.)
I want them being taught. (-)
TrUdng hdp ngoai le nay chu yeu mang tinh ngii nghia (NgUdi ta
thudng 'keeps' (khien, b^t) hoae 'wants' (mud'n) ngUdi khac hanh
dong). Mac dti v^y cd the cd each ndi bi dong trong cau "I want them
being taught" (cau sai) hkng each s i dung dong ttf nguyen dang cd tieu
ttf 'to' thay vi stf dung dong ttf dang -ing:
I want them to be taught. (Toi mud'n ho dUde day dd.)
(iv) Dong tit ket chudi c6 the xuat hien trong 4 cau trdc cO ban sau day:
- N P l V [(NPl) V]
- N P l V [NP2 V]
- N P l V NP2 [(NP2) V]
- NPl V NP2 [(NPl) V]
Trong dd :
- N P l la danh ngfl thii nhat vdi ehtfc nang chu ngii;
- V la dong ttf;

- NP2 la danh ngii thtf hai vdi chiJtc nang bo ngii/chu ngii cua doan
ngii khdng chia;
- Dau ngoac ddn ( ) chi ra xem danh ngii cl phan phu cd trung vdi
635


danh ngii d^u tien (NPl, vdi chijfc nang chu ngut) hay triing vdi
danh ngii thuf hai NP2 (vdi chiic nang bo ngii);
- dau [ ] chi sU phu thude.
a. NPl V [(NPl) V]
I
hope
to go
to China
for this summer
NPl
V
/(NPl)V
A
A/
(Toi hy vong di Trung Qud'c vao ky nghi he nay)

holiday.

She began
to read
a novel.
NPl
V
/(NPl)V

NP2/
(Cd ay bat dau doc mot quyen tieu thuyet)
Trong hai vi du tren, danh ngii d phan phu (ehu ngii cua menh de
phu) triing vdi danh ngii d^u tien ("I", "she") cua cau.
b.NPl

VINP2V]

I
want
him
to go to China for this summer
NPl V
/NP2
V
A
A/
(Tdi mud'n anh §'y di Trung Qud'c vao ky nghi hd nay.)
/ wanted
NPl V

her to play
/NP2
V

holiday.

^/lepmno, (Tdi mud'n cd ay chdi piano).
NP3/

Trong hai vi du tren, danh ngii NP2 xuat hien vdi chttc nang bo
ngti cua doan ngii khdng chia;
c. NPl VNP2 [(NP2) V]
I persuade
him to go to China for this summer
holiday.
NPl
V
NP2 /(NP2)V
A
A/
(Tdi thuyet phue anh ay di Trung Qud'c vao ky nghi he nay)
/
advised
him
to study
NPl
V
NP2
/(NP2)V
(Tdi khuyen anh ay hoe tieng Nga).

636

Russian.
NP3/


It
made

NPl V

me
NP2

think. (Dieu dd khien tdi nghi.)
/(NP2)V

Khac vdi e^'u true (a), trong cau true nay danh ngO (NP2) chen vao
giiia dong ttf k^'t chudi ("persuade", "advised") va dong ttf di sau ("to
go'*, "to study") khdng triing vdi danh ngii N P l . Trong trUdng hdp nay,
NP2 ("him") vtfa la bo ngii cua menh de chinh (bo ngii cua "persuade"
va "advised"), vtfa la chu ngii cua menh de phu (chii ngii cua "to go" va
"to study").
d.NPl

V NP2 [(NPl) V]

I
promised
him
to go
to China.
NPl
V
NP2
/(NPl)V
A
(Tdi hiia vdi anh ta la toi se di Trung Qud'c).
Trong cau true nay danh ngii lam chu ngii cua menh de phu trung

vdi ehu ngii cua menh de chinh (chti ngii cua "promised" triing vdi chu
ngii cua "to go". Vdi y nghia nay, dong ttf "promise" la dong ttf duy
nh^'t khdng can den gidi ttf trUdc danh ngti.

II. PHAN LOAI DONG itT K^T CHu6l
Dua vao cac eiiu true ed ban eung vdi cae hinh thai khdng chia cua
dong ttf ciing xu^'t hien, cae dong ttf ket chudi cd the dUde chia thanh
cac nhdm nhd sau day. Tuy nhien, sU phan chia nay ciing mang tinh
vd doan va ddn gian boa bdi vi cd kha nhieu dong ttf nlim d ranh gidi
giOa cac nhdm khac nhau.
1. N h o m d o n g tii ttftfng l a i
Nhdm dong ttf tUdng lai md ta h a n h dong, dU dinh cho tUdng lai,
hoae da dUde len k e b o a e h . Nhdm dong ttf nay cd the xuat hien trong
ca bd'n cau true neu tren va dUdc phan biet ve hinh thiic hkng kha
nang ket hdp vdi cac trang ngii chi thdi gian tUdng lai trong menh
de phu.
637


Co the chia nhom dong tit nay thdnh cac tieu loai ngit nghia

sau:

a. Cac dong ttf mang y nghia thuyet phue ehi xuat hien trong cau
tnic NPl V NP2 [(NP2) V], trong dd ludn ed ngUdi dUdeA)i thuyet phue
thue hien hanh dong, vi du nhU persuade, advise, challange, force,
teach, assist, bring, direct, invite, lead, remind, request, tempt, expect...
I
persuade
the doctor

to examine
the boy.
NPl
V
NP2
/(NP2)V
NP3/
(Tdi thuyet phue bac si kham benh cho cau be)
b. Cac dong ttf mang y nghia ra lenh, bat buoc chi xuat hien trong
hai cau true:
- N P 1 V N P 2 [(NP2) V];
- N P l V [NP2 V]
trong dd mot ngUdi nao dd nhan lenh, hoae mot hanh dong cd the dUdc
ra lenh thUe hien ma khdng n h i c den ngUdi nh^n lenh dd, vi du nhU
order, cause, enable, permit, allow...
My papa has ordered
me to return to you these
presents.
NPl
V
NP2 /(NP2)V
A
NP3/
(Bd' tdi lenh cho tdi phai tra lai anh nhiing mdn qua nay.)
Cac dong ttf nhU expect, mean, intend... xuat hien trong cac cau
tnic:
- NPl V [NPl V]
- NPl V [NP2 V]
- N P l V NP2 [(NP2) V]
/

expect
to see
a ghost
in the room.
NPl
V
/(NPl)V
NP2
A/
(Tdi trong ddi se nhin thay mot eon ma d trong phdng.)
/
expect
the doctor
to examine
NPl
V
NP2
/(NP2)V
(Tdi trong ddi bac si se kham cho John.)
638

John.
NP3


c. Cac dong ttf mang y nghia yeu cau xuat hien trong cac eifu true:
- N P 1 V N P 2 [(NP2)V]; va
- N P l V [(NPl) V],
trong dd ngUdi ndi cd the yeu cau mot ai dd thUe hien mot hanh dong
hoae yeu cau dd lam viec dd, vi du nhu ask, aim, choose, require, beg,

dare...
...anybody
dared
to hate
NPl
V
/(NPl)V/
(...cd ai dam ghet cd ay.)

her.
NP2

/ asked
John to meet
Mary.
NPl V
NP2 /(NP2)V
NP3
(Tdi da yeu cfiu John gap Mary.)
- Cac dong ttf chi xuat hien vdi cau true : N P l V [(NPl) V], vi du
nhu decide, decline, determine, elect, fear, hesitate, hope, long, look,
lust, prepare, refuse, swear...
She determined
to render
her
position...
NPl
V
/(NPl)V/
NP3

(Cd ay quyet dinh ttf bd vi tri cua minh.)
/
hope
NPl V

to come
/(NPl)V/

soon. (Tdi hy vong den sdm.)
A

- Dong ttf ehi xuat hien trong hai c^'u true:
-NP1V[(NP1)V];
- NP1VNP2 [(NPl)V]
vi du nhu dong tii ''promise".
I
promised
NPl
V
/ promised
NPl
V

to go. (Tdi hiia se di.)
/(NPl)V/
John
NP2

to go. (Tdi htfa vdi John la tdi se di.)
/(NPl)V/

639


- Cac dong ttf chi xuat hien vdi cau true:
- NP1V[(NP1)V];
- NP1V[(NP2V]/
nhu dong ttf "want" va mot sd'ddng ttf yeu cau cd gidi tijf nhU : agree,
undertake, offer.
/
want
to see
NPl
V /(NPl)V/

you, ... (Tdi mud'n gap anh...)
NP2

/
agreed with John to prepare
the speech.
NPl
V
NP2
/(NPl)V
NP3
(Tdi dong y vdi John tdi se chuan bi bai phat bieu.)
- ''Need" ed the xuat hien vdi dong ttf nguyen dang mang y nghia
chu dong va vdi dong ttf dudi -ing nhUng mang y nghia bi dong. Vdi hai
y nghia khac nhau thi se cd hai cau tnic khac nhau:
The boy

NPl

needed
V

to wash. (Cau be can t i m )
/(NPl)V/

The boy
NPl

needed
V

washing. (Cku be cSn dUde tam)
A^(NPl)/

(The boy needed to be washed).
Nhiing dong tii thude nhdm nay bao gom: advise,

recommend....

I
wound't advise taking the car...
NPl
Aux
V
/(NP)V
NP2
(Tdi se khdng khuyen mua chiee xe dd.)

/
wouldn't advise you
to take the car... (nt)
NPl
Aux
V
NP2 /(NP2)V
NP3
(Tdi se khdng khuyen anh mua chiee xe dd.)
Dong t\i "advise" ket hdp vdi hinh thai -ing khi bo ngii chi ngUdi
khdng dUde de c^p den. NgUdc lai, nd ket hdp vdi dong ttf nguyen dang
ed "to" khi de cap den bo ngii ehi ngUdi ("you") .

640


2. N h o m d o n g tijf c h i n g u y e n n h a n
Nhdm dong ttf chi nguyen nhan cd the xu^'t hien vdi dong ttf
nguyen dang khdng ed tieu ttf "to" hoae ed "to". Dong ttf thude nhdm
nay gom ed: have, help, let, make.
Trong nhdm nay ed dong tii cd the xuat hien trong hai cau true:
NPlV[(NPl)V];va
N P 1 V N P 2 [(NP2)V],
-' ' •
nhUng ed dong ttf ehi xu§.'t hien vdi cau true: N P l V NP2 /(NP2)V/.

-

Let
me

buy
you a drink.
(NPl)V
NP2 (NP2)V
NP3
NP4
- • '•
(De tdi mua cho anh mot ly.)
•!
It made
me
cry
NPl V
NP2 /(NP2)V/
(Dieu ay khien tdi khde.)-

•
••n:i (

'^iii^!:^:- i^;^>!b
,

,^;'

• ! • /

:•

••

'^A\

\:-i>A

1 /

i '•-( • /
/
- "Help": xuat hien trong cau true : N P l V [(NPl) V] vdi dong ttf
nguyen dang khdng cd tieu ttf "to"; va N P l V NP2 [(NP2) V] vdi dong
ttf nguyen dang khdng cd tieu tijf "to" v^ dong tii nguyen dang cd tieu
tii "to".

You can help
push
NPl
Aux V
(NPl)V
(Anh cd the giup d^y xe d to.)
He helped
them
build
NPl V
NP2
(NP2)V
(Anh ay giup ho xay nha.)

the car.
NP2
'

'" " ' '
'" '• '"'"

f/ic/lousc.
NP3

^ ' *

V ' ^''^^^'' '*

•Ji

- "Make": xuat hien trong cau true N P l V NP2 [(NP2) V] vdi dong
tif nguyen dang khdng ed tieu tijf "to"; vdi dong ttf nguyen dang cd tieu
ttf "to" khi menh de chinh d dang hi dong.
^ - He
made
the boy finish
''^•'' ->JPl' V
NP2
/(NP2)V/
"" (Anh ay b^t cau be lam xong bai tap.)

his work.
NP3

'

"• ';

641


The boy was made to finish
his work.
NPl
V
NP2
(Cau be bi bdt buoc phai lam xong bai tap.)
- "Let": xuat hien trong ca'u true N P l V NP2 [(NP2) V], cd danh
ngti "chen" vao giiia nd va dong ttf di sau va ket hdp vdi dong ttf
nguyen dang khdng cd tieu tii "to".
/
will let
them
stay
NPl
Ax
V
NP2
/(NP2)V/
(Tdi se cho phep ho d lai mot lue.)

a

while.
A

- "Have" xuat hidn trong cau true : N P l V [NP2 V] vdi dong tif

nguyen dang khdng cd tieu ttf "to"; vdi dang thtfe -ing (-ing form) va
dang thxic qua khtf phan ttf. Trong cau true n^y menh de chinh khdng
dUde phep chuyen sang dang bi dong.
He
had them come
early,
NPl V
NP2 /(NP2)V/
A
(Anh ay hit buoc ho den sdm.)
He had
NPl V

them all singing.
NP2
V

(Anh ay yeu c^u tat ca deu hat.)

Cd the thay, ve mat ngii nghia bd'n dong ttf "have" (khien, buoc),
"make" (b4t), "help" (giup, giup dd), "let" (de) ed nhieu diem chung va
deu dien ta y nghia 'tUdng lai' ("help" cd le khdng rd lim).
3. N h o m d o n g tit tvicing t h u a t
Nhdm dong ttf tUdng thuiit ed the ket hdp vdi danh ngii lam bo
ngii/menh de bd ngii va hau het deu xu^'t hien vdi ca menh de chinh
va menh de phu khi doi thanh dang bi dong. Trong thuc te, the bi dong
dUde stf dung thdng dung hdn. Dong tijf thude nhdm nay gom cd: believe, think, consider, admit, deny, remember,..
Trong nhdm dong ttf nay, mot so' dong ttf nhU believe, think, consider, declare, discover ehi xuat hien vdi cau true: N P l V NP2[(NP2)
V], ket hdp vdi danh ngti, vdi dong ttf nguyen dang cd "to", dang thtic
qua khtf phan ttf (-en form).

642


/
consider
John
to be
NPl
V
NP2 /(NP2)V
(Toi coi John la ngUdi thdng minh.)
/
believe
John
to be
NPl
V
NP2 /(NP2)V
(Tdi tin John la ngUdi thdng minh.)

clever.
Adj
clever.
Adj/

Mot sd'ddng ttf khac nhu admit, deny, remember, confess...c6 the
xuli't hien trong ca c^'u true: NPl V [(NPl) V NP2], vdi dong tuf nguyen
dang cd "to", hinh thai -ing (-ing form).
I
remember your father going

NPl
V
NP2
/(NP2)V
(Tdi nhd cha anh da ttfng di Luan ddn.)

to London.
A

I remember to go to the post office.
(Tdi nhd la phai di ra buu dien.)
Su khac bi§t ve y nghia giiia hai hinh thai -ing va dong tijf nguyen
dang cd "to" cua cae dong ttf nhu remember, stop, forget, regret, thudng
lien quan den thdi gian. Hinh thai -ing thudng de cap den nhiing sU
viec xay ra trUdc, dong ttf nguyen dang ed "to" thudng de e^p den
nhflng sU viec xay ra sau hanh dong dUde diln dat b^ng cac dong ttf
k§'t chudi ndi tren.
Dong tii "admit" va "confess" thUdng ket hdp vdi gidi ttf khi dong
ttf di sau ed hinh thai -ing (-ing form).
/ admit to being a fool. (Tdi thtfa nh^n la thang ngd'c.)
Dong tii "deny" it khi ket hdp vdi danh ngut va dong ttf nguyen
dang ed "to".
4. Dong tif chi c a m giac
Dong tii chi cam giac ludn xuat hien vdi danh ngii va dong ttf
nguyen dang khdng cd 'to*, dong ttf dang -ing va qua khii phan ttf (-en
form), vi the ed th^ danh d^'u ca th^ (aspect) va dang thtfc (voice).
643


Dong ttf thude nhdm nay gom cd: see, feel, know, hear, smell, watch,

imagine...
Nhdm dong nay ed the xu^'t hien trong cau true:
N P l V NP2[(NP2)V NP3/A]
I
saw
the children
eat
NPl
V
NP2
/(NP2)V
(Tdi nhin thay bon tre an trUa.)

/

saw a girl

standing

their
lunch.
NP3/

in the goldfish

pond.

NPl V NP2 /(NP2)V
A/
(Tdi nhin thay cd gai dang dtfng trong ao ca vang.)

Qua cac vi du tren ed the thay sU thay doi ve s^c thai nghia giiia
cau true: dong ttf ket chudi + V-ing va dong ttf k§'t chudi + dong ttf
nguyen dang cd/khdng ed "to". Su khac biet ehu yeu la sU khac biet ve
the (aspect).
The trong cau bi dong cd the dUde danh dau bang phan ttf tiep
diln (-ing form).
I saw the children being beaten by their rivals.
(Tdi nhin thay bon tre dang bi dd'i thu cua chung danh.)
I watch Mary being taught (by Bob).
(Tdi xem Mary dang dUde day hoc (bdi Bob.)
Menh de chinh cd the chuyen sang dang bi dong, nhUng khi dd cl
menh de phu chi ed sU ddi l^p ve dang thtie - ehu dong va bi dong, ehtt
khdng ed dau hieu ve the.
The ehildrren were seen eating their lunch.
The children were seen eat their lunch. (-)
Phan Idn cae dong ttf cam giac ciing dong vai trd nhU nhiing dong
ttf tUdng thuat, ngoai trtf "smell" va "watch".

644


Trong nhdm dong ttf nay ed nhiing dong ttf chi ket hdp vdi hinh
thai -ing (-ing form) va khdng cd sU phan biet ve the. Dieu nay dUdc
the hien rat rd qua sU xuat hien cua hinh thai -ing ctia dong tu: khdng
cd dang tiep diin (non-progressive verbs).
/
can't imagine
him
knowing
all that.

NPl Aux
V
NP2
/(NP2) V NP3/
(Tdi khdng the tUdng tUdng dUde la anh ay biet tat ca chuyen dd.)
Dong tu: "know", gid'ng nhU dong ttf tUdng thuat, thUdng xuat hien
vdi dong ttf nguyen dang khdng cd tieu ttf "to", vdi danh nguE va vdi
dong ttf nguyen dang cd tieu ttf "to" khi menh de chinh d dang bi dong.
Vdi t u each la dong tii nhan thiic, "know" khdng xuSft hien vdi
dang thiic -ing hoae qua khii phan ttf (-en form).
Have you ever known them come on time?
NP
V
(Cd bao gid anh biet la ho den dung gid chua?)
5. Nhom dong tii qua trinh
Nhdm dong ttf qua trinh ed the xuat hien vdi hinh thai -ing (-ing
form), hoae vdi dong ttf nguyen dang ed "to". Nhdm dong ttf nay gom:
keep, start, finish, cease, leave, prevent, ...Mot sd'ddng tijf trong nhdm
nay ed the xuat hien trong cau true:
- N P l V [(NPl) V NP2]
- NPl V NP2 [(NP2) V]
va mot sd'khae chi xuat hien vdi cau true: N P l V [(NPl) V NP2]
General Daguilet had kept him waiting at the Horse
NPl
V
NP2 /(NP2)V
A
(Tudng Daguilet da bat anh ta chd d Doi can ve.)

Guards.

Cd the ndi ve mat hinh thtfc, cac dong ttf dUde chia vao eung nhdm
bcti vi phan Idn trong so' dd cd the xuat hien vdi dong ttf dang -ing va
dac trUng md ta "qua trinh" cd the ap dung cho nhieu dong ttf trong so'
645


nay. Tuy nhien, xet ve mat ngii nghia, cac dong tii nay khdng rd rang
thude ban ve mot nhdm.
Trong nhdm nay mot so' dong ttf nhU "keep", "stop", "get" ket hdp
vdi hinh thai -ing, va cho phep menh de chinh chuyen sang dang bi
dong.
He
NPl

kept
V

them
NP2

talking.
/(NP2)V

(Anh ay ctf de ho ndi chuyen.)

"Keep" ciing xuat hien eung vdi dang thtfc qua khtf phan ttf (-en
form):
He
NPl

kept
V

his mounth shut. (Anh ta giii mom.)
NP2
/(NP2)V/

Dong ttf "stop" vtfa cd the ket hdp vdi hinh thai -ing, vtfa cd the
ket hdp vdi dong ttf nguyen dang cd tieu ttf "to", nhUng y nghia hoan
toan khac nhau.
I really must stop smoking.

(Tdi thUc stf phai bd thud'e la).

Vdi y nghia "phai bd thud'e la", thi khdng the ndi: "You should stop
to smoke". Dieu nay dUdc hieu la "ngtfng" (cdng viec nao dd) de hut
thud'e.
Vi du: I stop (work) to smoke a cigarette. (Tdi ngtfng (cdng viec)
de hut thud'e.)
Dong tii "start" va "begin" khdng xuat hien vdi danh ngii, ket hdp
vdi ca dong ttf nguyen dang cd "to" va cd kha nang danh d^'u vi the.
He started to speak but stopped because she objected.
(Anh ay b i t d^u ndi nhUng phai dtfng lai vi ed Ky phan dd'i.)
He started speaking and kept on for than an hour.
(Anh ay b i t dau ndi chuyen va ndi hdn mot tieng dong ho.)
Hai vi du tren khac nhau ve y nghia. Dong ttf "start" + hinh thai
-ing thUdng dien dat stf thUe hien (fulfilment), con "start" + dong ttf
nguyen dang cd "to" thudng diln dat "tiem nang" (potentiality).
646

Trong nhdm nay cd mot sd'ddng ttf mang hai loai ngii nghia: "ket
thiic" ("ending"), "tranh" ("avoiding") va "nd lUc" ("effort"), khong ket
hdp vdi danh ngii va xuat hien vdi hinh thai -ing (-ing form), vi du nhU
"avoid", "complete", "escape", "finish", "quit", "postpone",...
You should try working a bit harder.
(Anh nen ed'ging lam viec cham hdn mot chiit.)
Mot vai dong ttf nhU "catch", "leave", "send" ... thudng xuat hien
vdi nhiing dong ttf diln ta hanh dong, vdi danh ngii va dang thtfc -ing
va cho phep menh de chinh chuyen sang dang bi dong.
He
left
them
standing
NPl V
NP2
/(NP2)V/
(Anh ^'y bd ho dtfng ngoai dUdng.)

in the
A

street.

Dong tii "prevent" ddi bdi gidi t\i "from" diing trUde hinh thai -ing.
He prevented
the men from
leaving.
(Anh ay ngan chan nhiing ngUdi dan dng khdng dUdc di.)

6. N h o m d o n g tii c h i svf c o g a n g v a k e t q u a
Ve mat hinh thtfc, nhiing dong ttf thude nhdm nay thudng xuat
hien vdi dong ttf nguyen dang ed "to" (nhung ehiing khdng phai la
nhiing dong ttf cd y nghia tUdng lai) va khdng ket hdp vdi danh ngii.
Nhiing dong ttf thude nhdm nay gom: manage, try, fail, neglect, omit,
proceed...va ehi xu^'t hien trong cau true : N P l V [(NPl) V NP2].
She ....tried
NPl
V
/ remember
NPl
V

to obey. (Cd ay... co ging nghe Idi.)
/(NPl)V/
to visit him. (Tdi nhd la phai den tham anh ay.)
/(NPl)V/
NP2

Xet ve mat ngii nghia, cae dong ttf nay thude nhieu loai khac
nhau.
Nhiing dong ttf nay neu len hoan eanh ma cac boat dong d menh
de phu dUdc thtfc hien.
647


Mot so' dong ttf nhu "fail", "neglect", "serve", "proceed", "omif,
"strive", "strugle"...deu mang y nghia phu dinh.
He failed to see the truth. (Anh ay da khdng nhin th^'y sU that.)
NPl

V /(NPl)V/
NP2

7. Nhom dong tvf chi thai do
Nhdm dong ttf ehi thai do, vi du nhU like, hate, miss, regret, deplore.... ludn di vdi menh de phu thude "gid'ng nhU bo ngii" nhUng khdng
the chuyen sang dang bi dong dUdc.
Cac dong ttf trong nhdm nay cd the xuat hien trong cau tnic:
-NPlV[(NPl)V];va
-NP1V[(NP2)V],
ed the ket hdp vdi dong ttf nguyen dang ed "to" hoae hinh thai - ing (ing form), vi du nhU like, miss, discuss, enjoy, resent, risk, deplore...
I
like
NPl
V

going
/(NPl)V

to the cinema. (Tdi thich di xem phim.)
A/

/ like
to go to the cinema.
N P l V ' /(NPl)V
A/

(Tdi thich di xem phim (bay gid)

Cd sU khac biet ve y nghia trong hai vi du tren: Vi du thtf nhat
ham y chi sd thich; edn vi du thU hai ham y ehi sU lUa chon trong mot

phat ngdn cu the.
Dong ttf "hate", xet ve mat cau true, khi xuat hien vdi dong tif
nguyen dang cd tieu ttf "to" thi gan vdi dong ttf "remember" hdn (xem
"remember" d muc 6: Nhdm dong ttf chi sU cd' ging va no lUe), va ve mat
ngii nghia thi gan vdi dong ttf "regret".
I

hate

to tell

you

this. (Tdi ghet ndi vdi anh dieu nay.)

Dieu nay cd nghia la "I say with regret", "I tell you, though I hate
to do so" ("Tdi tiec phai ndi len dieu dd", "Tdi ke vdi anh, mac du tdi
khdng thich ke".)

648


Cac dong tiX nhU "miss", "enjoy", "risk" chi ket hdp vdi hinh thai -ing.
/
miss
NPl V

going
/(NPl)V

to the theatre.
A/

(Tdi 15 buoi xem kich.)

8. D o n g tif c h i svf c a n t h i e t
Cac dong ttf trong nhdm nay, vi du nhU "need", "deserve", "want"
cd the xuat hien trong cau true: N P l V[(NPl)V] va ket hdp vdi dong tii
nguyen dang cd "to" va hinh thai -ing.]
The boy
NPl

needs
V

to wash. (C^u be can tim.)
/(NPl)V/

The boy
NPl

needs
V

washing.
V

(Cau be c i n dUde t i m rufa.)

Trong hai vi du tren ed sU dd'i lap dang chu ddngA)i dong giiia hinh

thai dong ttf nguyen dang cd "to" va hinh thai -ing vdi dong ttf "need":
"to wash" cd y nghia chii dong, cdn "washing" mang y nghia bi dong.
Cd the ndi r i n g vdi hinh thai dong ttf nguyen dang cd "to" cd sU
dong nhat giiia chu ngii cua menh de chinh va chii ngii cua menh de
phu, cdn vdi hinh thai -ing lai cd sU dong nhat giiia chu ngii ctia m^nh
de chinh va bd ngii ctia menh de phu (chti ngii eiia menh de phu khdng
dUdc de cap d§'n).
Nghia cua dong ttf "want" trong bai vi du sau eung cd sic thai
nghia khac nhau.
The boy wants to wash. (Cau be mud'n tam.)
Trong vi du nay "want" cd nghia la "mud'n" hoae "can thiet".
The boy wants washing. (Cau be cin dUdc tim.)
Trong VI du nay "want" chi cd nghia "can thiet".

III. DOI CHIEU M O T SO NHOM DONG TlTTl/ONG DUONG
TRONG TifiNG VIET
1. Nhdm dong ttf chi nguyen nhan trong tieng Anh vdi cau true
NPl V NP2 [(NP2)V] ("make", "have", "help",...) tUdng dUdng vdi nhdm
649


dong ttf gay khien trong tieng Viet vdi cau true: N P l VI NP2 V2; va
NPl VI NP2 V2 NP3 (bao, bit, de nghi, yeu ciu, ...)
Hai nhdm dong ttf nay ludn ddi hoi cd hai bd ngii di kem.
He made the boy finish
NPl
V
NP2
/(NP2)V
Anh ay bat

NPl
VI

his work.
NP3)

cau be lam xong bdi tap.
NP2
V2
NP3

Dong ttf "made" va "bit" trong hai cau tren deu yeu cau cd hai bo
ngii di ding sau: Bo ngii thii nhat la mot danh ngii (NP2) bieu thi doi
tUdng chiu tac dong cua dong tii ehi nguyen nhan va gay khien, bd ngii
thtf hai la dong ttf "finish" va "lam xong" - boat dong cua bo ngii thtt
nhat.
Diem khac biet giiia hai nhdm dong ttf nay la nhdm dong tii gay
khien, vi du nhU khien (cho), de (cho), lam (cho) cd bo ngii thti hai la
mot tinh ttf.
Cac anh dtfng lam nhd toi no then.
adj
Kieu cau true nay khdng cd tUdng dUdng trong nhdm dong ttf ehi
nguyen nhan trong tieng Anh. Day chinh la stf khac biet ve mat hinh
thtfc.
2. Nhdm dong ttf tUdng lai trong tieng Anh vdi cau tnic NPlV
NP2[(NP2)V] (vi du nhu "force", "request", "order", "cause", "ask",
"require") tUdng dUdng vdi nhdm dong ttf gay khien trong tieng Viet.
My papa has ordered
V

me
NP2

to return to you these presents.
/(NP2)V

Bd' tdi ra lenh cho toi trd anh nhiing mdn qua nay.
VI
NP2
V2
'
Qua cau dich tren, chung ta thay hai dong ttf "order" va "ra lenh"
deu yeu cau hai bd ngii di sau. Bo ngii thii nhat mot danh ngii (NP2)
bieu thi dd'i tUdng chiu tac dong cua dong ttf tUdng lai va gay khien, bo
650


ngii thtf hai la dong ttf ("return", "phai tra") - boat dong cua bd ngii
thii nhat.
Tuy nhien, diing trUdc dong ttf "return" la tieu ttf "to" (dong ttf
nguyen dang cd "to"). Day chinh la dieu khac biet giiia hai ngdn ngii
thuoc hai loai hinh khac nhau. Ti§'ng Viet, ngdn ngii khdng bien ddi
hinh thai nen dong ttf khdng bien ddi. Trong tieng Anh, ngdn ngii bien
ddi hinh thai, khi hai dong ttf dtfng eanh nhau thi dong ttf thii hai
("finish", "return") khdng chia, cd the cd hinh thai nguyen dang cd "to"
hoae khdng cd "to". Dieu nay chiu sU chi phd'i cua dong tii diing trUde
do, vi du "make someone do smt; ask someone to do smt)
I asked John to meet Mary. (Tdi yeu cau John gap Mary.)
3. Nhdm dong ttf tudng thuat trong tieng Anh vdi cau true N P l V
NP2 [(NP2)V] (vi du nhu think, consider, admit, deny, remember,...)

tUdng dUdng vdi nhdm dong ttf danh gia - nhan xet vdi cau true N P l
V NP2 Cop NP3 (vi du nhU coi, ggi, nhan, xdc nhan,...) trong tieng
Viet.
I consider John
NP2
Tdi coi John
NP2

Id
Cop

to he
/(NP2)V

clever
adj

ngiiai thong
NP3

minh

Hai dong tii "consider" va "coi" deu yeu cau cd hai bd ngii di kem.
Bo ngti thii nhat deu dUde diln dat b i n g mot danh ngii ("John"). Bd
ngfi thii hai trong nhdm dong ttf nhan xet-danh gia cd c^'u tnic " dong
ttf - he tii(Cop) + NP3, cdn bd ngii thii hai trong nhdm dong ttf tUdng
thuat la mot dong ttf (to be) + adj.
Su khac biet v^ loai ttf trong hai cau true cua hai nhdm dong ttf
nay la dtfng sau dong ttf "to be" cd the la mot tinh ttf (clever) hoae mot
danh ngii (a clever person), cdn trong tieng Viet, diing sau dong ttf-he

ttf (Cop) thudng la mot danh ngii. Tuy nhien cau tren ciing ed the dUde
dich la "Toi cho rang John thong minh". Trong cau dich nay, an dong
ttf "la", cdn "thdng minh" eung la tinh ttf.

651


Ngoai ra, sU khac biet cdn dUdc the hien d chd nhdm dong ttf tUdng
thuat thUdng dUdc stf dung d dang thtfc bi dong nhieu hdn.
John is considered

to be clever.

NgUdc lai, trong tieng Viet, dang thtfc bi dong it dUdc stf dung. Cd
the ndi "John Id ngitdi thong minh" eung cd nghia la moi ngUdi danh
gia John la ngudi thdng minh.
I remember your father going
V
NP2
/(NP2)V
Tdi nhd bo cau dd den

to London.

Luan Ddn.

Bo ngii thii hai cua dong ttf "remember" la dong ttf dudi -ing, cdn
bd ngii thii hai cua dong ttf "nhd" la dong ttf khdng bien ddi hinh thai.
Day la diem khac biet ve loai hinh giiia hai ngdn ngii.
4. Nhdm dong tif cam giac (perception) trong tieng Anh vdi cau

true NPl V NP2/(NP2)V NP3/A/ (vi du nhU see, hear, watch, smell,
know, imagine,...) tUdng dUdng vdi nhdm dong ttf cam nghi - ndi nang
vdi cau triic NP V S-Pred. trong tieng Viet (vi du nhU nghe, nhin, thay,
trong, xem, biet, hieu,...)
I saw children
trUa).

eat their lunch. (Tdi nhin thay bon tre an edm

I saw children
an cdm trUa.)

eating their lunch. (Tdi nhin thay bon tre dang

Hai nhdm dong ttf nay ("see" va "nhin thay") din ddi hoi bd ngii di
sau. Ve y nghia, ed the thay hai cau dich tren tUdng dUdng vdi nhau.
Ve mat cau true, bd ngii cua dong ttf cam nghl-ndi nang thUdng dUdc
diin dat bdi mot cum ttf tUdng thuat (S-Pred).
Thdi gian trong hai cap vi du tren dUde dien dat b i n g each khac
nhau. De diln dat hanh dong dang diin ra, trong tieng Anh stf dung
dang thtfc -ing cua dong tiif, cdn trong tieng Viet, ngdn ngii khdng bien
ddi hinh thai phai sU dung ttf phu dtfng trUdc dong tii ("dang").
652


Nhdm dong ttf cam giac cd the dUde sii dung d dang thiic bi dong,
cdn dong tii cam nghi - ndi nang it dUdc stf dung vdi each ndi bi dong.
5. Nhdm dong ttf ehi can thiet vdi cau true N P l V /(NPl)V/ trong
tieng Anh (vi du nhU need, want, deserve,...) tUdng dUdng vdi nhdm
dong ttf tinh thai-ngii phap trong tieng Viet (vi du nhU can, mud'n,

dinh, toan, ...)
The boy needs to wash. (Cau be muon

tam.)

Trong trUdng hdp nay, hai nhdm dong ttf gid'ng nhau d cho ehu
ngii cua menh de chinh va menh de phu la dong nhat.
Dong ttf tinh thai-ngii phap trong tieng Viet la nhiing dong ttf
mang y nghia tif vUng rat it, hay cdn goi la dong ttf trong nghia, bdi
v^y, chung thudng ket hdp vdi dong ttf trung tam de tao thanh vi ngii
cua cau. Dieu nay khac biet vdi nhdm dong tif chi sU c i n thiet trong
tieng Anh.
Mot stf khac biet ni3a giiia hai nhdm dong ttf nay the hien d chd,
nhdm dong ttf tinh thai ngii phap trong tieng Viet vtfa cd vai trd la tieu
chi ngii phap, viia mang y nghia tinh thai dien dat tinh muc dich ctia
phat ngdn.

Tom lai, tren day chung tdi da de cap den cac tieu ehi phan loai
ciing nhu cae tieu nhdm eiia dong ttf ket chudi, cd so sanh vdi mot so'
nhdm dong ttf tUdng iing trong tieng Viet.
Qua ph§n tich tren day, cd the nhan thay rang viec nghien ciiu
dong ttf ket chudi vdi cac cau triic va ngii nghia cd ban ciing nhU viec
ddi chieu vdi mot so'nhdm dong ttf tUdng dUdng trong tieng Viet la het
stfe ein thiet. Dieu nay giiip cho viec nang cao chat lUdng giang day va
hoe tap tieng Anh va tieng Viet nhU mot ngoai ngii. Hdn niia viec
nghien ciiu nay edn tao cd sd ly luan cho cdng tac dich thuat.

653

TAI LifiU THAM KHAO
I. Tai l i e u t i e n g V i e t
1. Diep Quang Ban, Ngit phap tieng Viet, tap I. NXB. Giao due,
Ha Noi, 1998.
2. Nguyin Tai C^n, NgQ phap tieng Viet N ^ ^ - ^ ^ Q ^ ^ a Noi,
1998.
3. Dinh Van Dtfc, Ngit phap tieng Viet, Ttf loai. NXB. DH va
THCN, 1986.
4. Nguyen Kim Than, Bong tU trong tieng Viet, 1997.
5. Nguyen Kim Than, Nghien citu ve ngit phap tieng Viet, NXB.
Giao due, 1963/1964.
4. Uy Ban KHXH Viet Nam, NgU phap tieng Viet, NXB. KHXH,
Ha Ndi 1983.
II. Tai l i e u t i e n g A n h
1. Alexander L.G. - Longman English Grammar, Longman Group
U.K. Limited, 1998.
2. Austin J. - How to do things with words, Cambridge, 1962.
3. G.Leech & J.Svartvik - A Com'minicative English Grammar,
Longman Group U.K.Limited, 1978, 1990.
4. Palmer, F. - The Grammar English Verb, Longman Group
Limited, London, 1974.
5. Quirk, R. & Greenbaum, S. - A University Grammar of English,
Longman Group Limited, London, 1979, 1990.
6. Swan. M. - English Practical Usage. Oxford University Press,
1986.

III. Cac tac pham, nguon t\i lieu tieng Anh
1. Canadian Short Stories, Oxford University Press, 1978.
2. Fitzgerald S.F. - The Collected Short Stories, Penguin Books
Limited, 2000.

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