Phát triển hạ tầng đô thị nhanh và bền vững

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NhCTng van de xd hoi

<b>Phat trien ha t^ng do thi </b>

<b>nhanh va b^n vtrng </b>

• PGS.TS. LUU D t r c H A I

<i>Phd Chd tich Hdi Quy hogch phdt triin dd thi Vi$tNam </i>

T

rong nhiing nfim qua, Dang,
Nhk nude vk nhan dfin ta dfi
dknh su quan tfim 16n cho
diu tu phfit triSci hg thing kit
d u ha ting ldnh t^ xfi hdi. Nhb dd, hg
t h ^ kit dii ha ting ndi ehung vk ha
ting dfi thi nffl rifing dk tung bude phfit
triln, dap ung ygu d u xfiy dung vk bao
<i>vg To quoc, gdp phin bao dkan tfing </i>
truong kinh te nhanh, phat triln d c
tinh vue vfin hofi, xa hci, giam nhe thign
tai, bk) dam quic phbng, an ninh, nfing
<i>cao din sang nhfin dfin, x d ddi, giam </i>
ngheo, nit ngan khoang each giua d c
vimg, miln. Mdt s i d n g trinh Men dai
dupe dau tu xfiy dung dat tifiu c h u ^
khu vue va quoc te, gdp phan tao difin
mao mdi cho dat niroe. Nfing luc dng
n^ig va ehfi^ lupng nguin nhfin Iw trgn
cac tinh vue xfiy dung, quan Iy va van
hanh kit d u ha tang dupe nang Ien...

Tuy nhign, bgn canh nhung k ^ qua
tieh etic da dat dupe, kit dii ha ting dd
thi bnuoc ta noi chung vabcac dfi thi len
ndi rieng. Men dang cbn nMeu han che^
y ^ kem, can sdm 00 giai p h ^ khac phuc
Trong bai vilt m^ chi de cfip dm k ^
d u ha ting 1^ thufit dfi thi, la mdt phin
quan trpng trong he thing kit d u ha
ting ^ thufit vk xfi hdi Men dang d
nMlu han chi, d n khac phuc

Thuc t r a i ^ I d t ciCu ha t l i ^ dd
thi or nude ta M ^ nay

<i>Hg^nggiao thdngi^th^-'tyle^sn </i>
tieh dsft dknh eho giao thdng dfi thi rit
thip (hiu hit dat dudi 10% dfiit xay
dung dd thi), thieii he thong bfii do xe
(dign tfch tai dl xe <1% dfii xfiy dung
<i>dd thi). He th6ag giao thdng dng cdng </i>

chua d£^ ung dupe nhu d u eua nguin
dfin vk cbn thilii loai phuong tifin giao
thdng c&ig o^ig d sue ebb Ion (tku difin
nglm, dubng sit trfin cao). Long dubng,
via hb bi c h i ^ dung vko nhilu mue
dich khfie nhau, trong kM dd, ty Ig
phirong tign d nhfin tfing manh (tai Hk
Ndi la 10-15 %^nam) dan din tMh trang
un tfic giao thong, tai nan giao thdng

xay ra n ^ g m trgng o cac dd thi Idn
(trung Mnh 30-33 ngma c h ^ A i ^ do tai
nan giao thdng).

<i>Hg tdng c^ nude i^thi.Ty^danca </i>
dfi thi dupe c£^ nude qua he thoog cap
nude tap tnmg mdi dat 77%, khoang
450/755 dd tM d hfi thcng e£q> nude tap
<i>trung, mue six dung nude sach trung </i>
binh cho 1 nginri dfin dd thi la 90
tit^igmriAi^y la chua cao. T^ le th^
thoat, that thu nude d n Idn, chi giam
dupe 1% so vdi nam 2010 (ty le that
thoat Irinh qufin 29% nfim 2011). Mat
khac chat lugng nude b nhieu dd thi
<i>chua tfit nfin khdng the \i6ng ngay tai </i>
vbi (nhu mdt so nude trfin the gidi).

<i>Hgt tdng thodt nude dd thi: Lmh vue </i>
thoat nude con it dupe coi trgng ode do
thi, mdi cM d 40/755 dd thi ^ hofic
dsuig dxlu an thoat nude vk xur ly nude
thai dd thi. T^nh trang ngap ung tai dd
thi cbn dien ra phi birai, he thraig thoat
nude mua va nude thai chuyliila dimg
chung. l^*" Ig thu gran va xu ly nude thai
dd thi chua cao. Cac ho, kgnli, muong,
sdng n ^ trong dd thi vdi vai trb dilu
hba va thofit nude mua dd thi i ^ miia
mua Iti it dugc quan tfim bao vfi (qua

trinh dd thi hda oTP. Hi CM Minh da
dan tdi sir biai mat cua 47 con kenh vdi

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ting dien tieh 16,4 ha). CM
trong vbng 10 nfim k h a nang
chua nude cua hg thong ao h i
giam gan 10 Iln. l i n h trang
d i ^ hda d c kenh, muong,
sfing, sum add thi da lam m i t di
nhiing eanh quan tMgn nMgn
vrai cd cua dd thi TO lam t h u hep
Jong chay, dd ciing Ik nguyen
nhfin dan den tinh trang ngap
lutdd thi vao mua mua lii

<i>Vk qudn l^ ehdt thdi ran dd </i>
<i>thi: 1 ^ lg thu gom, vfin chuyai </i>
va xuly chat thai rfin dfi thi mdi
dat 83%. Hien mdi d gan 40/63
tinh, thknh pho d quy hoach
qiian ly chat thai ran dang dupe
1 ^ hofic da dupe phg duyet. Viec
quan ly chat thai ran dd thi can
quan tam nMlu hon d ^ chat
thai ran y te va chfit tluu r a n
cdng n^riep nguy hai. Cac bai
chon lap chfi't thid rfin hgp ve
sinh tnmg dfi thi cbn it, viec tai
che^ tai s u dung chat thai r a n
chua diKJC day manh (ty le thu

hoi cac c h ^ d kha nfing tai s u
dung khoang 20-30%). Phfin
loai rae thai tai nguon vfin chua
CO chuyin bien Idn, chi mdi tM
diem omdt vai dd thi.

<i>Hg tdng C£§? diin, vim. thdng </i>
<i>vd chi^ sdng d6 thi: Cac cM </i>
tieu v e c M ^ sang dd thi mdi chi
tinh d ^ cac dirong pho chinh
trong dfi thi. NMlu ngd xdm
troi^ dd thi khdng du dp sang
hoac chua d he t h i n g cMeii
sang. Vail d l t i l t kiem nang
lupng trong cMlu sang do thi
chuadupe quan tfim diing miie.
Mang ludi d p d i a i va d p vien
tiidng do thi lai do d c co quan
chuygn ngknh v l dien luc vk
buu chmh vien thfing quan ly.
\^ the d s u phfin d p ehua ro
ikng giiia chinh quyen dd thi va
CO quan c[uan ly n h a nude

chuygn nganh trong lmh vue
<i>liay. Tiiih t r a i ^ treo cfip viln </i>
thdng Ign eae efit difin mdt each
tiiy tign, lam anh hirong drai my
<i>quan vk an toan dien trong dfi </i>
thi. Dfiy ciiiig la mdt ndi dung

ching cheo trong quan ly dd thi.
<i>Hg tdng cdng van, cdy xanh </i>
<i>dd thu CM tifiu dien tich efiy </i>
xanh trung binh theo bao d o
eua mfit so dia phuong dfi g i n
dap ung dupe cM tifiu m2 efiy
xanh/ngmn, ting vdi mli loai dd
thi. Trudc dfiy, linh vue nky it
dupe quan tfim, thubng chi dupe
nfiu trong eac do an quy hoach
ddthimkit dupe nhlc d m trong
tinh vue quan ly vk phfit tri4i dd
t h i Gan day, chmh quyen do thi
da quan tam nMlu hon d ^ nfii
dung nay, tuy nMen can bd
quan Iy efiy xanh dd thi tir d p
Trung uong d a i dia phuong d n
thigii ngtroi d chuyen mdn sau,
dupe dko tao diing ehuyen
nffinh ve ITnh vue nky.

<i>Hg tdng an tdng vd nghld </i>
(Tun^ do tfti: Nglua trang tai eac
dfi thi Idn dang ngky ckng qua
tid. Hinh thue tang trong eac dd
thi ehuyeii van la dia tfing, bao
gom hung tfing, d t tang, chdn
CE^ mfit lan khdng d i tang. Hinh
<i>thiic nay tmi kka d i t xfiy dung </i>
dd thi. Hinh thiK hba tfing, dien

tang (cM chian k h d n g 10-15%
tai Hk Ndi va TP. Ho CM Minh)
d uu diem la it gay d nMem den
mdi trubng, tilt Idem d i t xay
dung dd thi nhung lai chua pho
bien trong tap quan tang eua
ngubi dan. Nha tang l l ehua
dupe xem la mfit d n g trinh
quan trpng trong dfi thi. Vi the
•ttulu nhk tang le do chmh
quyen dfi thi quan Iy la Men
tuong cbn phibiaianiidc ta. Tir
dd d i n d ^ to ehiic t a i ^ le tai

<b>NhuTng van de xd hoi </b>
nhk a nMeu dd thi, anh huong
d ^ mdi tnibng sing.

Han chi, ylu kem cua he
t h ^ g ha t i n g dd thi neu tren d
d nguy gn nhfin khach quan vk
chu quan, trong dd nguygn
nhfin chu quan la chu y ^ Cu
thelk: Tu duy v l phat triln kit
d u ha ting dfi thi cham doi moi,
ehua phii hgp vdi co c h i thi
trubng; hfi thing phap lufit
tMlu ding bfi, eac van ban phap
quy v l ha t i n g 1^ thufit mdi a
mue N ^ dinh, ehua dupe nfing

Ifin thanh Luat ( N ^ dinh
117/2007/ND-CP v l d p nude,
Nghi dinh B8/2007/ND-CP v l
thofit nude, Nghi dinh
59/2007/ND-CP ve chat thai
rfin, Nghi dinh 7a2009/J«)-CP
vecMeii sfing...); nMeu q i ^ dinh
ehua phii hpp; phan d p manh,
nhung tMlu co che giam sat va
cpaan Iy d Meu qua; quan ly xfiy
dung dfi thi theo quy hoach dm
chua tuong xiing, tMlu tinh
ding bp, bao quat, ket nli vk
tam nhm dm ban; Lufit Quy
hoach dd thi yeu d u phai d cac.
quy hoach diuyen nganh (giao
thdng, cfip thoat nude, dial thai
ran, efiy xanh...), soi^, trong
thuc t l , cfic quy hoach chuyen
n ^ m h v l d c loai ha tang 1^
thuat chua dupe %) Mp thbi sau
kM quy hoach chung dupe phg
duygt; Chinh quyln d c dia
phuong chua xfiy dung Chuong
trinh phfit trien do thi cho hg
thing dd thi eua tinh, huyen,
ciing n h u cua timg dd thi (theo
quy dinh tai Nghi dinh
42^009/ND-CP ye phan loai dd
thi), d i n tdi phfin b l nguin luc

dan trai, thilu dong bp, ehua d
ke hoach phfin bo vrai trung vk
dai han de toi uu hda nguon luc,
tap trung vao eac cdng trinh

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<b>NhCTng vd'n de xd hoi </b>
trpng dilm tMit ylu, d c edng
trinh ha ting d n ylu vk ebn
tMlu; dng tae qmin 1^ nhk nude
ve ha ting dd tM cbn nMlu bit
dp, dfic bigt Ik vl tl chiic bfi may
vk bo tri du can bfi d nfing luc
trong bd may; nguin luc diu tu
vSn chu ylu dua vko ngfin sfich
nhk nude, ehua huy ddng dupe
nMoi nguin lye ngoki nhk nude,
ehua tao dupe au ung hfi manh
mg vk cMa se trach nMfim cua
tokn dfin; ehua d ca chi, chinh
sach tMch hpp dl huy dfing tiim
nfing vk ngudn luc, nhit lk dit
dai eho diu tu phat trien kit d u
hating.

<i>Gifii phfip phfit tri&a ha </i>
ting dd thi theo h u d i ^
"^«nh, b ^ vdng trong giai
^>antdi

N ^ quylt so 13-NQTW

Hdi n ^ iln thu tu Ban Chl^
hanh Trung uong Dang khda XI
ve Xfiy dung he thong kit d u
ha tang ding bd nhfim dua niroc
ta CO ban trb thknh nude dng
n^iiep theo hudng Men dai vao
nam 2020 da duara quan diem,
mue tieu, dinh hudng va eae giai
phfip phfit trien hg thing ha
ting ding bfi. Trong dd, dfit ra 4
dinh hudng Idn dl phfit trien ha
ting dd thi nhanh va bin viing
trong thbi ^an tdi.

Dl khfie phuc dugc nhiing
han ch^ yai kem vl co»xha ting
ky thufit dfi thi neu tren va dat
<i>dupe nhiing dinh hudng TC& </i>
<i>Nghi quyk 13-NQTW dfit ra </i>
can phai thuc Men d ^ b f i nhilu
giai p h ^ cap bach, trong dd d 3
nhdm giai ph£^ Idn dlphattri^
he thmig ket d u ha tang.

Sau dfiy Ik nhung viec cin
lam d l cu the hda 3 nhdm
giai phap Idn tai NgM quyg't
13-NQ/rW:

<i>M0t Id, ndng cao ch^ lugng </i>

<i>xdy difng vd thipe hi$n quy </i>
<i>hogch phdt triin kit cdu hg, tdng </i>

<i>- Rk sofit, dieu ehinh, bo </i>
sung, hokn tMgn thi chi ciing
nhu quy hoach phat triln kit
clu ha ting dd thi cua d c dia
phuong dl nfing eao chit lugng
quy hoach nhfim dam bao tfnh
kit nS dIngbO, dfip ting ygu d u
dng n ^ g p hda, Mdn dai hda.

- Tiln hknh Ifip d c quy
hoach chuygn ngknh vl d c loai
ha ting I^ thufit (giao thfing,
d p thofit nude, chit thai rIn,
efiy xanh...) theo ygu d u cua
Lufit Quy hoach dfi thi ngay
sau kM quy hoach chung dupe
phg duygt.

- Tfing ciibng dng tac quan
Iy nhk nude vl quy hoach dd thi
vk quy hoach chuygn nganh ha
ting ky thuat dfi thi, de eao
trach nMem eua ngiroi diing
diu trong xfiy dung va to chiie
thuc Mgn quy hoach, bao dam
Meu qua va tinh kha thi. Coi
trpng edng tae ^am sat, kiSn

tra, thanh tra viec thuc Mm xfiy
dung theo quy hoach.

- NMn nhfin lai each tilp cfin
trong cfich Ikm qi^ hoach dd thi
ndi ehung va quy hoach ehuyfin
ngknh thoat nude ndi rifing theo
hudng d& phd vdi nhiing ylii t l
khdng chic chfin trong dieu
kifin bilii doi kM hfiu vk nude
bien dfing. Vigc giai quyet vfiii
dl nky thdng qua quy hoach dfi
thi phai dupe n^fin eiiu tirbki
toan quy hoach tang thi cho d ^
thilt kl cM tilt cho twng khu dfi
thi, timg dng trinh theo hudng
ti^ cfin mem deo, tfin trgng tur
nMfin, cfin bfing giua bao vg
-tMch n ^ - nit lui phii hpp voi
dac diSn timg khu vue cti the.
Thay vige dging giam tan SU&

rui ro bfing viee tMch ngM voi
rui ro va giam tMet hai. Quan
tfim nMeu hon din quy hoadi
san nen, thoat nude mua, khac
phuc tinh trang ngap lut dfi thi
<i>HcU Id, thu hiit mgnh vd sd </i>
<i>dungcdhi$uqudcdcngudnv6n. </i>
<i>ddu tuphdt triin hi thing kit </i>

<i>cduhgitdng </i>

<i>• Thu hiit manh vk sudung </i>
d Mfiu qua nguin vin ODA.
Diy manh vfin ddng cac da tac,
cac nhk tki trg ti^ tuc cung c ^
ODA de phat triSi kit d u ha
ting dd thi, nh^t lk eac cdng
trinh Idn. Uii tifin bitri v ^ dra
ling ^^ thao g&khd khfin dl d^
nhanh ti^ dp giai ngfin, hokn
thknh eac duan.

- Tang eubng thU hut cac
thknh phin kinh te, kl d cfic
nhk dau tu nude ngoai tham gia
diu tu phat triln k ^ d u ha
ting dfi thi, bao cUun Ipi ieh thd
dang cua nha dau ttr Moidng
hinh thiic Nha nude vk nhan
dfin cimg lam Doi mdi, tfing
eubng dng tac xiic tiln diu tu
nude ngoai; d eoeh^ diinh sad
phii hpp de thu hut dau tuvko
cac lmh vue k ^ d i i ha ting.
Hoan tMen co chl^ chMh sach
khuy^ kMch diu tu theo cac
hinh thuc PPP, BT, BGT...

- Sua d&, bo sung d c quy

dinh ve chinh sach ho trg tai
chinh, thul, gia, pM, Ifi pM,
nhugi^ quyln... dl tang t&ih
thuong mai cua dir an vk su
ddng gdp cua ngubi sudung.

- Hoan tMen oochlphan dp
<i>dau tu^ phfin bo nguin v6n de </i>
vita phat huy tinh chu ddng,
sfing tao, dl eao trach nMon eua
chinh quyln dia phirong dc
d p , viia bao dam su quan ly
thing nhat ciia Tmng uor^,
dong thbi tfing eubng gifim sfit.

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kiem tra, thanh t r a va x u ly
n ^ g m d c hanh vi vi pham.

- Dm mdi co ehe, ehinh sfich
de huy ddng manh nguon lue
dit dai vko phat triln ha tang.
Thdng qua chinh sach khai thac
dia td chenh lech do xfiy dung
cfing trinh dem lai, chinh sfich
phit hpp thu hoi dat d l tao vrai
hS trg cho xfiy dung d n g trinh
ha ting. Thue Men dau gia
qu^en sudung d i t d d vdi cac d u
an kiiih doanh.

<i>Ba Id, ndng cao hiiu luc, </i>
<i>hi$u qud qudn IS nhd nude vk </i>
<i>diu tuk^ edu hg tdng </i>

- NMeu vfin ban ducd Lufit ve
quan ly ha tang ky thufit dd thi
d u a dupe Luat hda n h u giao
thong, d p nude, thoat nude
mua, t h d t nude thai, chat thai
ran, cMlu sang, cong trinh
ngam... can phai luat hda va
dua vko Luat Dd thi. Soan thao,
ban hanh Lufit Dd thi, trong dd
can 00 cac ndi dung quy dinh v l
ha tang ky thuat dd thi.

- Xfiy dung dong bfi, dong
thbi giiia Lufit Dd thi va Lufit
Thu dd hoi Thu dd ciing la 1 dd
thi, trong dd luu y phan ndi
dung quy dinh ve h a tang ky
thufit dfi thi.

- Sua dS, b i s u n g , ban hanh
mdi cae nghi dinh, thdng t u quy
dinh, hudng d i n edng tfic quan
lyxfiy dung dd thi theo hudng
tao ca ehlthmn dinh dpc l£^, t£^
hung, do mdt dau moi chiu
trach nMem.

- Sua doi, bo sung, hoan
thign cac quy dinh cua phap
lufit vl thu h i i dat, den bu, giai
phdng mat bang phuc vu xfiy
(Jung ket d u ha tang ky thuat
do thi theo hudng n i t ngan thbi
^an, tao dieu kien thufin led hon
ch^fiy d m ^ eac d n g trinh k i t

c l u h a tang, dfic biet la d n g
trtnh t r p i ^ dian.

- Phat trien nguon nhan luc
lam cfing tae quan ly, xfiy
dung, van hknh, khai thac eac
cfing trinh k i t eau ha tang ky
t h u a t dd thi. Nfing cao nfing
luc eua d e co quan, don vi nhk
nude, dfic biet lk cfic tfip dokn,
doanh ngMgp nhk nude, bao
dam thuc Mgn td't chiic nfing
chu d i u tu, ehu so huu nhk
nude doi vdi cfic dur fin ket d u
h a tang ky thufit do thi.

- tJhg dung hg thing thdng
tin dia ly (GIS) vk phuong phap
quan ly Men dai trong viec to
chiie xfiy dung, khai thac va

quan ly cac cdng trtnh k i t d u
ha tang dfi thi.

- Lam tot cfing tfic tuyen
tmyen, van ddng, tao su dong
thufin trong xa hdi d l mpi ngiibi
dan ung hd va cMa se trach
nMem vdi Nhk nude trong dau
t u p h a t t r i ^ k ^ d u ha t i n g dd
thi cua dl^ nude.

- Tilp tuc xfiy dung, phfit
trirai cac loai phuong tien giao
thdng edng cpng d siic d i o Ion
dong bd giiia cae t u y a i diibng,
ea ve d n g nghfi vk ky^ thufit.
Nfing cao ty lg dien tich dat
danh cho dd thi vk dien tich de
bo tri bai do xe trong dd thi. Doi
mdi quan di«n ve quy hoach:
uu tign giai quylt vail de cho de
xe, ban che dan va cana ban viee
s u dung long - l l dmmg sai ehiic
nfing. Dli vdi loai hinh do xe
cfing d n g trong khu vue han
chlphfit trien khuyrai kMch ap
dungmd hinh dilm cS xe nMeu
tang vk san do xe kieu eo gidi
<i>hda (dimg thang may). </i>

<i>- Tfing ciibng cac giai phfip </i>
d n g nghe trong cac dur an d p
nude, nfing cao dieh vu vk mue

NhChig van de xa hoi
dp phuc vu cfip nude eho ngiroi
dan dd thi. Giam bdt ty le that
thoat, that thu trong cac du an
d p nude dd thi. Cfic nguygn tac
thoat nude sinh thai can dupe ap
dung vko tMet k l d i ^ trinh
k i ^ true, canh quan nhfim tang
dign tich dilu tilt nude thay vi
eac giai phfip bom sach, rut
nhanh n h u Men nay. Han ch^
ti^ tdi ngimg viec cho phep cac
dur an d n g hda kenh muoi^
t r o i ^ dd thi.

- Khuyen kMch cac du an
tai chi, tai s u dung chat thai
ran, phfin loai ehfi't thai ran
tai nguon.

- Tang ciibng cfic duan cMlu
sang dd thi a d c 1^6, xdm. Su
dung cfic loai den coi^ sua^
<i>thfip, Meu qpk anh sang cao </i>
t r o i ^ CMIU sfing dd thi. Tang
eubng Mlm tra an toan dien

trdn eae tuyai dign, cdt difin lue,
buu chmh, viin thdng. Tiep tuc
ha nglm cfic tuyai dien luc, d p
thdng tin do thi.

- Tang eubr^ xay dung
nghia t r a i ^ d n g vifin trong dd
thi. Xfiy dung cae du an dien
t a i ^ , hba tang nham tiet Mem
dat xay dung ngMa trang trong
do thi. Xfiy dung nha t a i ^ le tai
cae dd thi de thay dm tap quan
tang odd thi.

NgM quylt 13-NQmV ve
xay dung hg thing k i t d u ha
tang dong bfi nham dua nuoc ta
eo ban t i o thknh nude d n g
nghiep theo hirong Men dai vao
nam 2020 ban hanh kip thbi,
chae ehan se gdp p h i n rat Ion
<i>thiic d ^ s u phfit trien dong bfi, </i>
nhanh va ben viing cua he
thong k i t d u ha tang dd thi,
gdp p h i n lam cho qua trinh
cdng n ^ g p hda va dd ttu h d o
<i>nude t a ckng thgm khoi sac J. </i>

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