Bài soạn Prefixes & Suffixes

Prefixes & Suffixes
Building Vocabulary Through Prefixes, Roots &
Suffixes
Introduction
re you looking for an element of English language study that is utilized in every aspect of
language usage? Are you frustrated that vocabulary building in textbooks is limited to
memorization of individual words? Would you like to systematize vocabulary building so that your
students can continue to learn vocabulary once they are out of your class? If this is the case with
you, I recommend the study of prefixes roots and suffixes. This is not a single class exercise, nor a
single lesson plan. It is an introduction to the most utilized word parts that, in their many
combinations, make up 50% of the English language. It requires perseverance, but is rewarded by
students who are grateful that they have become comfortable with the ability to recognize words
they are not immediately familiar with. And confidence with vocabulary goes a long way in
reading, writing, listening, speaking, and with standardized test-taking.
A
Purpose
nglish vocabulary is enormous and grows steadily with technological and cultural
assimilations. The vast majority of the new words introduced, and a great percentage of the
words used to express abstract ideas, are complex words that are made up of simple word parts
(prefixes, roots, and suffixes) that have their own definitions and, when familiar to the student of
English, can be understood in context without an exact definition. This is the foundation of the
system which I present to my students. By slowly and steadily studying the most prominent
prefixes, roots, and suffixes, students can acquire a vocabulary that is far greater than the sum of its
parts.
E
Necessities
he most crucial requirement in this system is a basic understanding of the most prominent
prefixes, roots and suffixes in the English language. There are many resources for obtaining
support information, on the Internet and in books, but below is a short list of some of the
predominant prefixes, roots and suffixes:
T

Prefixes Roots Suffixes
ab - away vis, vid - to see -tion, -ion, -sion - n. condition
ad - to, toward ject - push -al - adj., relating to
con, com, co - with, together press- press -e - makes a noun or verb
de - down, from cis, cid - cut, kill -ive - adj., relating to
ex, e - out of, from pend, pens - hang -able, -ible - able to, can
in, im - in or not fac, fici, fec - make, do -ia - n. condition, disorder
micro - small lat- carry -ly - adverb
mono - one mit, mis- send, do -ology -study
multi - many nav, naut - sail, boat -ary, -ory - place
ob - to, toward ten,tend,tain - hold
pre,pro - before, near ped, pod, pus - foot
re - back, again cept, ceiv - take
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Prefixes & Suffixes
rupt - break
he source I use is the dictionary The Structure of English Words, 4th ed., by Clarence Sloat and
Sharon Taylor, Kendall Hunt Publishing Company, 1996, ISBN 0-7872-2248-8. I have never
seen any book with a better collection of prefixes, roots and suffixes, as well as listings of the words
that each word part is used in. Another book worth looking into is English Words from Latin-Greek
Elements, by Donald Ayers and Thomas Worthen, University of Arizona Press, 1986. Check out
these websites for more truncated, but still effective, lists:
T
• www.ccps.org/ccps/pvms/Challenge/Vocabbuild.html
• www.lexfiles.info
• www.southampton.liunet.edu
Method
t does not matter if you are teaching a reading, writing, or listening/speaking class. It does not
matter what text is being used, or if there is any text at all. Any paragraph written in English will
have at least a few words that are made up of prefixes, roots and suffixes, and this is where the

method begins. This system should be introduced on the first day of class (to great
incomprehension, no doubt), and should be dealt with in no more than 10 or 15 minutes per class.
I
fter reading a paragraph, the teacher should excerpt a few complex words, for example
'invisible' and 'decision.' The teacher then tells the students that these words are made up from
word parts and that a great many words in English are as well, and that studying these parts increases
vocabulary immensely. The teacher breaks the words down into their parts, writing on the board
what each part means. Then, introduce other words that have the same roots in them, for 'vis,vid'
television, video, and even view, for 'cis, cid' scissors, homicide, and suicide. Then define the
prefixes and suffixes of those words. This will lead to a list of 8 or 10 words. This kind of
brainstorming should be kept to a minimum in the first weeks and then indulged in more freely as
the students gain in confidence. The students will be confused at first. Just remind them that this is
a process that gets easier with repetition. The next week, quiz the students on how to break down
last week's words into prefixes, roots and suffixes, and what each word part means. I usually chose
5 words and the quiz is worth 10 points, one point for identifying the correct prefix, root, and suffix,
and one point for correct definitions of each word part. (If the word is broken down incorrectly, for
example 'inv- in, -isi- to see, -ble- able to,' one point is taken off. If one part is defined incorrectly, '-
vis- to scare', one point is taken off.) After the quiz, or during the reading time in class, I introduce
half a dozen new words and word parts for the following week.
A
here are complications, for example 'in' in invisible become 'im' in impossible, and 'ob' in
obvious becomes 'op' in opposite. There are 'stem extenders' which mean nothing but help with
pronunciation, like '-ac-' in tenacity, which is a noun related to holding. But these exceptions
dwindle in significance as the presentation of new word parts and words and the repetition of
quizzes occurs over a period of weeks. In my classes, students' scores begin at the 2s and 3s, and
increase to 8s, 9s, and 10s over a few weeks.
T
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Prefixes & Suffixes
Conclusion

n a matter of weeks, students will not only be comfortable identifying complex words in their own
reading and writing, but also of breaking those words (and others with which they are not
familiar) down and attempting to understand their meaning by the meanings of their parts. They will
know the most popular prefixes and suffixes (ad-, de-, ex-, in-, and –tion, -ate, -al) because they will
have seen them and heard them repeated many times over. I reward students who utilize complex
words in their writing or speaking with extra credit points. This system is daunting at first, but over
time and with repetition, students naturally become more confident, and learn how to teach
themselves the language. Their growing confidence is easy to see in their increasing quiz scores. I
generally finish the term presenting the students with a list of the words that they have encountered –
students are astonished at just how many words they have seen and can handle. The ultimate reward
any ESL teacher can attain is to see the students learn a difficult task and apply their learning to their
everyday lives. To my mind, there is no aspect of language that is more important than vocabulary
building and comprehension. Using this system, I have been rewarded over and over again by
grateful students. With patience and perseverance, I am sure you will have the same experience.
I
Preparation for an American University Program
Vocabulary Workshop
Prefixes
refixes and suffixes were originally words themselves but they are now groups of letters added
to words or to roots to create new words. Prefixes [pre (before) + fix (fasten) = fasten before]
are groups of letters placed before words or roots. Prefixes modify or extend the meanings of words
and roots. Following is a list of commonly used prefixes and sample vocabulary.
P
INDEX: A B C D E I M N O P R S T U
Back to Vocabulary Workshop
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Prefixes & Suffixes
• a-, ac-, ad-, af-, ag-, al-, an-, ap-, as-, at- to, toward, near, in addition to
o aside (adverb): to or toward the side
 a + side

o accompany (verb): to go with someone as a companion
 ac + com + pan + y
o adjust (verb): to correct, to move closer to a correct position
 ad + just
o affix (verb): to attach to something, to fasten
 af + fix
o aggression (noun): hostile behavior towards someone or something
 ag + gress + ion
o allocate (verb): to distribute to specific people or for specific purposes
 al + loc + ate
o annihilate (verb): to destroy
 an + nihil + ate
o associate (verb): to join with
 as + soci + ate
o attend (verb): to look after, to go to
 at + tend
• a-, an- not, without
o apolitical (adjective): without interest in politics
 a + polit + ic + al
o anemia (noun): the condition (disease) of not having enough red blood cells
 an + em + ia
• ab-, abs- away from, off
o abrupt (adjective): unexpected change
 ab + rupt
o absolve (verb): to be set free from one's actions or obligations
 ab + solve
• ante- before
o anterior (adjective): before or near the front
 ante + rior
• anti- against

o antipathy (noun): dislike, opposite feeling
 anti + path + y
• auto- self
o automotive (adjective): related to self-propelled machines
 auto + mot + ive
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Prefixes & Suffixes
• bi- two
o biped (noun): a two-footed animal
 bi + ped
o biennial (adjective): happening every two years bi + enni + al
• cat-, cata-, cath- down, with
o category (noun): a class or set to which a thing belongs
 cate + gor + y
o catalogue (noun): a book or pamphlet that lists and describes
 cata + log + ue
o catheter (noun): a medical device used to tranfer fluids cath +eter
• circum- around
o circumvent (verb): to manage to get around a situation
 circum + vent
• co-, cog-, col-, com-, con-, cor together, with
o cohesiveness (noun): the ability to stick together
 co + hes + ive + ness
o cognate (adjective): related, similar in nature
 cog + nate
o collaborate (verb): to work together
 col + lab + or + ate
o commitment (noun): to entrust, to put into a place
 com + mit + ment
o convenient (adjective): handy, nearby

 con + veni + ent
o correct (verb): to set right, to be right
 cor + rect
• contra- against, opposite
o contradict (verb) to state the opposite
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Prefixes & Suffixes
 contra + dict
• de- to do the opposite, to take away from
o decrease (verb): to grow smaller, to become less
 de + cre + ase
• di-, dif-, dis- apart, separate, two, opposite, not
o divide (verb): to separate into two or more parts
 di + vide
o differ (verb): to be unlike
 dif + fer
• dis- not, opposite of, exclude
o distrust (verb): to have no confidence or trust
 dis + trust
• e-, ex- out, out of, from
o emit (verb) to send out
 e + mit
o expel (verb): to force out ex + pel
• en-, em- put into
o enamor (verb): to cause to love, to "put" someone "into" love
 en + am + + or
o empower (verb): to give power, to put into power em + pow + er
• epi-, upon, beside, over
o epilogue (noun): the concluding section of a play or literary work
 epi + logue

• extra- beyond
o extraordinary (adjective): going beyond normal
 extra + ordin + ary
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Prefixes & Suffixes
• il-, im-, in-, ir, not, in
o illegible (adjective): cannot be read
 il + leg + ible
o imposter (noun): someone who poses as someone else
 im + post + er
o inaction (noun): lack of motion, idle
 in + act + ion
o irresolute (adjective): uncertain about hot to act, undecided, not having a solution
 ir + re + solute
• in-, im-, il- in, into
o instead (adverb): in place of, an alternative
 in + stead
o import (verb): to bring into a country from another country
 im + port
• inter- between, among
o interject (verb): to throw something (usually a comment) between other things
 inter + ject
• intro- into
o introspection (noun): to look into one's own thoughts and feelings
 intro + spect + ion
• mal- bad
o malfunction (noun): when something does not work properly
 mal + funct + ion
• mis- wrong
o misconduct (noun): wrong doing, bad behavior

 mis + con + duct
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Prefixes & Suffixes
• mono- one
o monologue (noun): a dramatic performance or speech given by one actor
 mono + logue
• multi- many
o multiply (verb): to increase in number
 multi + ply
• non- not, no
o nonsense (noun): something that has no meaning or makes no sense
 non + sense
• ob-, oc-, of-, op- toward, against, in the way
o obtain (verb): to gain or get, to get a hold of
 ob + tain
o occur (verb): to happen, to come to mind
 oc + cur
o offer (verb): to attempt to give, to propose, to try to hand out
 of + fer
o oppose (verb): to be against, to stand in the way of something
 op + pose
• over- excessive, above
o overwork (verb): to have too much work
 over + work
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Prefixes & Suffixes
• para- beside
o paradox (noun): a statement that seems true and contradictory at the same time
 para + dox
• per- through

o persecute (verb): to go after, to pursue
 per + secute
• post- after
o postpone (verb): to put off to a later time, to delay
 post + pone
• pre- before
o precede (verb): to go before, to come in front of
 pre + cede
• pro- for, foward
o propel (verb): to push forward
 pro + pel
• re- back, again
o readmit (verb): to allow in again
 re + ad + mit
• retro- backward
o retrospect (noun) to look back at past events
 retro + spect
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Prefixes & Suffixes
• se- apart, move away from
o secede (verb): to withdraw from an organization
 se + cede
• semi- half
o semiannual (adjective): occurring twice a year
 semi + annu + al
• sub-, suc-, suf-, sup-, sur-, sus under, beneath, near, from below, secretly, above, up
o submarine (adjective): underwater
 sub + mar + ine
o succeed (verb): to do well, to come after
 suc + ceed

o suffice (verb): to be enough
 suf + fice
o support (verb): to hold up, too keep up
 sup + port
o survive (verb): to live, to live through something, to exist
 sur + vive
o sustain (verb): to keep up, to hold up,
 sus + tain
• super- over, above
o superimpose (verb): to place something on top of something else
 super + im + pose
• syn-, sym- together, at the same time
o synchronous (adjective): happening at the same time
 syn + chron + ous
o sympathy (noun): sharing another person's feelings, compassion
 sym + path + y
• trans- across, beyond, change
o transform (verb): to change shape
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Prefixes & Suffixes
 trans + form
• tri- three
o tripod (noun): a three-legged stand
 tri + pod
• un- not, against, opposite
o unceasing (adjective): never ending, continuous
 un + ceas + ing
• uni- one
o uniform (adjective): having the same form or consistancy
 uni + form

SOME MORE EXPLANATIONS
prefix is placed at the beginning of a word to modify or change its meaning. This is a list of the most common
prefixes in English, together with their basic meaning and some examples. You can find more detail or
precision for each prefix in any good dictionary. The origins of words are extremely complicated. You should
use this list as a guide only, to help you understand possible meanings. But be very careful, because often what appears
to be a prefix is not a prefix at all. Note also that this list does not include elements like "auto-" or " bio-", because these
are "combining forms", not prefixes.
A
Prefix Meaning Examples
a- also an- not, without atheist, anaemic
a-
to, towards aside, aback
in the process of, in a
particular state
a-hunting, aglow
a-
of anew
completely abashed
ab- also abs- away, from abdicate, abstract
ad- also a-, ac-, af-, ag- movement to, change into, advance, adulterate, adjunct, ascend, affiliate, affirm,
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Prefixes & Suffixes
al-, an-, ap-, at- as-,
at-
addition or increase
aggravate, alleviate, annotate, apprehend, arrive, assemble,
attend
ante- before, preceding antecedent, ante-room
anti- also ant-
opposing, against, the

opposite
anti-aircraft, antibiotic, anticlimax, Antarctic
be-
all over, all around bespatter, beset
completely bewitch, bemuse
having, covered with bejewelled
affect with (added to nouns) befog
cause to be (added to
adjectives)
becalm
com-
also co-, col-, con-,
cor-
with, jointly, completely combat, codriver, collude, confide, corrode
contra- against, opposite contraceptive
counter-
opposition, opposite
direction
counter-attack, counteract
de-
down, away descend, despair, depend, deduct
completely denude, denigrate
removal, reversal de-ice, decamp
dia- also di- through, across diagonal
dis- also di-
negation, removal,
expulsion
disadvantage, dismount, disbud, disbar
en- also em-
put into or on engulf, enmesh

bring into the condition of enlighten, embitter
intensification entangle, enrage
ex- also e-, ef-
out exit, exclude, expand
upward exalt, extol
completely excruciate, exasperate
previous ex-wife
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Prefixes & Suffixes
extra- outside, beyond extracurricular
hemi- half hemisphere
hyper-
beyond, more than, more
than normal
hypersonic, hyperactive
hypo- under hypodermic, hypothermia
in-
also il-, im- not, without infertile, inappropriate, impossible
also il-, im-, ir- in, into, towards, inside influence, influx, imbibe
infra- below infrared, infrastructure
inter- between, among interact, interchange
intra- inside, within intramural, intravenous
non- absence, negation non-smoker, non-alcoholic
ob- also oc-, of-, op-
blocking, against,
concealing
obstruct, occult, offend, oppose
out-
surpassing, exceeding outperform
external, away from outbuilding, outboard

over-
excessively, completely overconfident, overburdened, overjoyed
upper, outer, over, above overcoat, overcast
peri- round, about perimeter
post- after in time or order postpone
pre-
before in time, place, order
or importance
pre-adolescent, prelude, precondition
pro-
favouring, in support of pro-African
acting for proconsul
motion forwards or away propulsion
before in time, place or
order
prologue
re- again repaint, reappraise, reawake
semi- half, partly semicircle, semi-conscious
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Prefixes & Suffixes
sub-
also suc-, suf-, sug-,
sup-, sur-, sus-
at a lower position submarine, subsoil
lower in rank sub-lieutenant
nearly, approximately sub-tropical
syn- also sym- in union, acting together synchronize, symmetry
trans-
across, beyond transnational, transatlantic
into a different state translate

ultra-
beyond ultraviolet, ultrasonic
extreme ultramicroscopic
un-
not unacceptable, unreal, unhappy, unmanned
reversal or cancellation of
action or state
unplug, unmask
under-
beneath, below underarm, undercarriage
lower in rank undersecretary
not enough underdeveloped
Suffixes
uffixes are groups of letters attached to the ends of roots, words, and word groups.
Suffixes serve a grammatical function. A suffix can indicate what part of speech (noun,
verb, adjective, adverb) to which the word belongs. Suffixes can also modify and
extend meaning. The following suffixes are grouped beneath the grammatical function they
perform.
S
NOUNS
Nouns perform the function of naming. Nouns name persons, places animals or things, as well as groups, ideas and
qualities. In a sentence, nouns can be subjects, objects, or appositives.
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Prefixes & Suffixes
INDEX: A D E F I M N O S U Y
• -acy, -cy
o Noun: state or quality
 privacy: the state of being alone
 priv + acy
 infancy: the state of being a baby or young child

 in + fan + cy
• -age
o Noun: activity, or result of action
 courage : having the spirit to overcome fear
 cour + age
• -al
o Noun: action, result of action
 referral : the action of directing a person to another place, person or thing
 re + ferr + al
• -an
o Noun: person
 artisan : a craftsperson
 arti + san
• -ance, -ence
o Noun: action, state, quality or process
 resistance : the action of opposing something
 re + sist + ance
 independence: the state of not being under the control of others, free, self-governing
 in + de + pend + ence
• -ancy, -ency
o Noun: state, quality or capacity
 vacancy : an empty room or position
 vac + ancy
 agency: the capacity to exert power or influence, a position or person that performs a function
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Prefixes & Suffixes
 ag + ency
• -ant, -ent
o Noun: an agent, something that performs the action
 disinfectant : an agent that destroys germs, somthing that cleans

 dis + in + fect + ant
 dependent: a thing supported by another, a thing determined by another
 de + pend + ent
• -ate
o Noun: state, office, fuction
 candidate : a person nominated for an office or position
 candid + ate
• -ation
o Noun: action, resulting state
 specialization : the result of being distinguished by one quality or ability
 spec + ial + iz + ation
• -dom
o Noun: place, state of being
 wisdom : possessing knowledge
 wis + dom
• -er, -or
o Noun: person or thing that does something
 porter : a person who carries things
 port + er
 collector: a person who collects or gathers things
 col + lect + or
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Prefixes & Suffixes
• -ful
o Noun: an amount or quanity that fills
 mouthful : an amount that fills the mouth
 mouth + ful
• -ian, an
o Noun: related to, one that is
 pedestrian : a person who walks

 ped + estr + ian
 human: a person
 hum + an
• -ia
o Noun: names, diseases
 phobia : an illogical fear of something
 phob + ia
• -iatry
o Noun: art of healing
 psychiatry : branch of medicine that deals with the mind and emotions
 psych + iatry
• -ic, ics
o Noun: related to the arts and sciences
 arithmetic : a branch of math that usually deals with non-negative numbers
 arithm + et + ic
 economics: the social science related to studying business
 eco + nom + ics
• -ice
o Noun: act
 malice : the desire to do evil
 mal + ice
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Prefixes & Suffixes
• -ing
o Noun: material made for, activity, result of an activity
 flooring : a material made for floors
 floor + ing
 swimming: the activity of swimming or moving through water
 swim(m) + ing
 building: the result of making a structure

 build + ing
• -ion
o Noun: condition or action
 abduction : the action of carrying someone away by force
 ab + duct + ion
• -ism
o Noun: doctrine, belief, action or conduct
 formalism : a belief in sticking to prescribed forms or artistic styles
 form + al + ism
• -ist
o Noun: person or member
 podiatrist : a foot doctor
 pod + iatr + ist
• -ite
o Noun: product or part
 graphite : a black material used in making pencils
 graph + ite
• -ity, ty
o Noun: state or quality
 lucidity : clear thinking
 luc + id + ity
 novelty: something new or unusual
 nov + el + ty
• -ive
o Noun: condition
 native : a person born in a specific place
 nat + ive
• -ment
o Noun: condition or result
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Prefixes & Suffixes
 document : an official paper usually showinf proof or evidence of something
 doc u + ment
• -ness
o Noun: state, condition, quality
 kindness : the quality of being kind or nice
 kind + ness
• -or
o Noun: condition or activity
 valor : bravery, courage
 val + or
• -ory
o Noun: place for, serves for
 territory : an area around a place
 territ + ory
• -ship
o Noun: status, condition
 relationship : the state of being related or connected to something or someone
 re + lat + ion + ship
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Prefixes & Suffixes
• -ure
o Noun: act, condition, process, function
 exposure : the condition of being exposed or unprotected
 pos + ure
• -y
o Noun: state, condition, result of an activity
 society : companionship
 soci + et + y
 victory: the result of winning something

 vict + or + y
VERBS
Verbs make statements about nouns, ask questions, give commands, or show states of being. Verbs can be active or
passive. Verbs also show tense or time of action.
INDEX: A E I U
• -ate
o Verb: cause to be
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Prefixes & Suffixes
 graduate : to give a degree to, to pass from one stage to the next
 grad u + ate
• -ed
o Verb: past tense
 attained : something that has been reached or grasped
 at + tain + ed
• -en
o Verb: to cause to become
 moisten : to cause to become moist or damp
 moist + en
• -er, -or
o Verb: action
 ponder : to think about
 pond + er
 clamor: to make noise, to call for loudly
 clam + or
• -ify
o Verb: cause
 specify : to name or indicate in detail
 spec + ify
• -ing

o Verb: present participle
 depicting : showing, describing with images or pictures
 de + pict + ing
• -ize
o Verb: cause
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Prefixes & Suffixes
 fantasize : to dream about something, to create images in the mind
 fant + as + ize
• -ure
o act
 Verb: conjecture : to come to a conclusion by supposition or guesswork
 con + ject + ure
Back to Vocabulary Workshop Home Page, vocabulary, prefixes, or suffixes.
ADJECTIVES
Adjectives describe or modify nouns. Adjectives tell the reader more about the noun used in the sentence.
INDEX: A E F I L O Y
• -able, -ible
o Adjective: worth, ability
 solvable : able to be solved or explained
 solv + able
 incredible: not able to be believed, amazing
 in + cred + ible
• -al, -ial, -ical
o Adjective: quality, relation
 structural : related to the physical make up of a thing
 struct + ure + al
 territorial: related to nearby or local areas
 territ + or + ial
 categorical: related to a category, aboslute

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Prefixes & Suffixes
 cate + gor + ical
• -ant, -ent, -ient
o Adjective: kind of agent, indication
 important : marked by worth
 im + port + ant
 dependent: determined or relying upon something else
 de + pend + ent
 convenient: at hand, easy to use
 con + ven + ient
• -ar, -ary
o Adjective: resembling, related to
 spectacular : related to something that is eye-catching or amazing
 spectac + ul + ar
 unitary : related to units or single groups representing quantities
 unit + ary
• -ate
o Adjective: kind of state
 inviolate : not disturbed, pure
 in + viol + ate
• -ed
o Adjective: having the quality of
 terraced : having terraces or steps
 terra c + ed
• -en
o Adjective: material
 silken : made from silk, a fiber produced by worms
 silk + en
• -er

o Adjective: comparative
 brighter : more light
 bright + er
• -est
o Adjective: superlative
 strongest : having the most strength
 strong + est
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Prefixes & Suffixes
• -ful
o Adjective: having, giving, marked by
 fanciful : marked by imagination
 fanc i + ful
• -ic
o Adjective: quality, relation
 generic : related to a whole group
 gener + ic
• -ile
o Adjective: having the qualities of
 projectile : something thrown with an outside force
 pro + ject + ile
• -ing
o Adjective: activity
 cohering : the act of sticking together
 co + her + ing
• -ish
o Adjective: having the character of
 newish : modern, recent
 new + ish
• -ive, -ative, -itive

o Adjective: having the quality of
 festive : having the quality of a festival or party
 fest + ive
 cooperative : being able or willing to work with another person or thing
 co + oper + ative
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Prefixes & Suffixes
 sensitive: easily felt, responsive to the senses
 sens + itive
• -less
o Adjective: without, missing
 motiveless : a reason for someone to do something
 mot + ive + less
• -ous, -eous, -ose, -ious
o Adjective: having the quality of, relating to
 adventurous : charcterized by the desire to seek new experiences or risks
 ad + vent + ur + ous
 courageous : characterized by courage, brave
 cour + ag + eous
 verbose: having more words than needed
 verb + ose
 fractious: characterized by being difficult or troublesome
 fract + ious
• -y
o Adjective: marked by, having
 hungry : having hunger, marked by a desire
 hungr + y
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